Unnatural, hygroscopic amino acids are useful to enhance the moisture retention and uptake properties of skin. In particular, such amino acids are N-hydroxyserine, N- hydroxyglycine, L-homoserine,alpha-hydroxyglycine, 2-(aminooxy) -2-hydroxyacetic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino) acetic acid, 2- (aininooxy)acetic ...

Saturated, monophasic solutions of drug in a solvent and propellant mixture, together with a film-forming agent, exhibit transdermal diffusion fluxes greater than those predicted by Fick's law when applied topically.

Application of a reducing agent followed by an oxidising agent to a nail substantially increases the permeability thereof, thereby enabling the passage of drugs across the nail.