11-beta HSDl Inhibitors CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 60/771,262, filed on February 7, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to inhibiting 11 βHSD1. BACKGROUND Diabetes is generally characterized by relatively high levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia) in the fasting state. Patients having type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)) produce insulin (and even exhibit hyperinsulinemia), whilst demonstrating hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetics can often develop insulin resistance, in which the effect of insulin in stimulating glucose and lipid metabolism is diminished. Further, patients having insulin resistance, but have not developed type 2 diabetes, are also at risk of developing Syndrome X (metabolic syndrome). Syndrome X is characterized by insulin resistance, along with obesity (e.g., abdominal obesity), hyperinsulinemia, high blood pressure, relatively low HDL and relatively high VLDL. Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents) are counter regulatory hormones that oppose the action of insulin. It is established that glucocorticoid activity is controlled at the tissue level by intracellular interconversion of active cortisol and inactive cortisone by the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, 11βHSD1, which activates cortisone and 11βHSD2, which inactivates cortisol. Excess levels of glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) can cause metabolic complications. For example, excess cortisol is associated with disorders including NIDDM, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. It is believed that inhibition of 1lβHSDl can reduce the effects of excessive amounts of 11 P-hydroxysteroids, e.g., cortisol, and therefore can be useful for the treatment and control of diseases mediated by abnormally high levels of cortiso] and other 1 l(3-hydroxysteroids, e.g., NIDDM, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. SUMMARY In one aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I): in which: R'is: (i) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or (ii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; (C1-C12 alkyl)-(C3-C16 cycloalkyl); heteroaralky] including 6-20 atoms; arylheterocyclyl including 8-20 atoms,* arylcycloalkenyl including 8-20 atoms; arylheterocycloalkenyl including 8-20 atoms (e.g., arylheterocyclyl including 8-20 atoms or arylheterocycloalkenyl including 8-20 atoms); C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or hetcrocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms,; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; R2is: (i) C6-C18 aryl orheteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (ii) C3-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iii) OR1; SRl; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R1;or (iv) C(O)R5, wherein R5 is Cj-C2o alkyl or C7-C20 aralkoxy; X is CO, S(O)n, or S(O)nNR6, wherein n is 1 or 2, and R6 is hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, or C3-C16 cycloalkyl; each of V and Y is, independently, CR7 or N, wherein R7 is hydrogen or C1-C12 alkyl, provided that Y and V cannot both be CR7; each of W1, Z\ W2, and Z2 is, independently: (i) hydrogen; or (ii) oxo; or (iii) C1-C12 alkyl; or (iv) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or (ii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; R2 at each occurrence is, independently: (i) halo; NRdRc; nitro; azido; hydroxy; C1-C12 alkoxy or C1-C12 thioalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; C6-C16 aryloxy, C6-C16 thioaryloxy, heteroaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, or thioaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 R"'; C2-C12 alkenyloxy; C2-C12 alkynyloxy; C3-C16 cycloalkyloxy, C3-C16cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3- 16 atoms, heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-16 atoms, C7-C20 aralkoxy, or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Rb; mercapto; cyano; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy, -C(O)R8, -C(O)OR8; -0C(O)Rg; -C(O)SRs; - SC(O)Rg; -C(S)SR8; -SC(S)R8; -C(O)NRdR'; -NRbC(O)R!; -OC(O)NRdRc; or (ii) C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rj; or (iii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl; or (v) C6-C16 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R"'; R*' at each occurrence is, independently, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 haloalkyl, C2-C12 alkenyl; C2-C12 alkynyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms, heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkyl; C6-C16 aryl; heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms; halo; NRdRe; nitro; azido, hydroxy; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1- C12 thioalkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; C6-C16 aryloxy, C6-C16 thioaryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-20 atoms; thioaryloxy including 5-20 atoms; C2-C12 alkenyloxy; C2-C12 alkynyloxy; C3-C16 cycloalkyloxy; C3-C16 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3- 16 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; mercapto; cyano; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)R8, -C(O)OR8; - OC(O)R8; -C(O)SRE; -SC(O)R8; -C(S)SRg; -SC(S)R8; -C(O)NRdRe; -NRhC(O)Ri; or - Rb at each occurrence is, independently: (i) halo; NRdRe; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo, thioxo, =NRk,C1-C12 alkoxy or C1-C12 thioalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; C6- C16 aryloxy, C6-C16 thioaryloxy, heteroaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, or thioaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Ra; C2-C12 alkenyloxy; C2-C12 alkynyloxy; C3-C16 cycloalkyloxy, C3-C16 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-16 atoms, heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-16 atoms, C7- C20 aralkoxy, or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Rb; mercapto; cyano; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)Rg, -C(O)ORg; - OC(O)Rg; -C(O)SR8; -SC(O)Rg; -C(S)SRg; -SC(S)Rg; -C(O)NRdRe; -NRhC(O)Ri; - OC(O)NRdRe; or (ii) C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 RJ; or (iii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl; or (v) C6-C16 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R*; Rc at each occurrence is, independently: (i) halo; nitro; hydroxy; C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; or SO2R111; or (ii) C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rj; or (iii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl; or (v) C6-C16 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; each of Rd, Re, R8, Rh, and Rk, at each occurrence is, independently: (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rj; or (iii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl; or (v) C6-C16 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; Rf is NRdRe; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo, thioxo, =NRk,C1-C12 alkoxy or C1-C12 thioalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 R; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; C6 C16 aryloxy, C6-C16 thioaryloxy, heteroaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, or thioaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Ra; C2-C12 alkenyloxy; C2-C12 alkynyloxy; C3-C16 cycloalkyloxy, C3-C16 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-16 atoms, heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-16 atoms, C7- C20 aralkoxy, or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Rb; mercapto; cyano; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)Rg, -OC(O)Rg; - C(O)SR8; -SC(O)RE; -C(S)SR8; -SC(S)R8; -C(O)NRdRe; -NRhC(O)Rl; ~OC(O)NRdRe; R! is R8; ORg; NRdR"; or heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; RJ is NRdRe; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo, thioxo, =NRk,C1-C12 alkoxy or C1-C12 thioalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C]-Ci2 haloalkoxy; C6- C16 aryloxy, C6-C16 thioaryloxy, heteroaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, or thioaryloxy including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Ra.; C2-C12 alkenyloxy; C2-C12 alkynyloxy; C3-C16 cycloalkyloxy, C3-C16 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-16 atoms, heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-16 atoms, C7- C20 aralkoxy, or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-5 Rb; mercapto; cyano; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)R8, -C(O)OR8; - OC(O)Rg; -C(O)SRg; -SC(O)Rg; -C(S)SRg; -SC(S)Rg; -C(O)NRdRe; -NRhC(O)Ri; - OC(O)NRdRe; and Rm is (i) C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl; each of which is optionally substituted with firom 1-5 R1; or (ii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; orheterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iii) C6-C16 aryl orheteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra In some embodiments, one, two, three, or four of the following conditions apply: (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2Rm; (b) when V and Y are both N, X is SO2, and R2 is C3-C16 cycloalkyl, then R1 cannot be a monosubstituted phenyl ring that is substituted at the para-position with either substituted C1-C12 alkyl or substituted C1-C12 haloalkyl; (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; (d) when V is N and Y is CH, and X is CO, then R2 cannot be C(O)R5. In certain embodiments, conditions (a), (b), (c), and (d) apply. In certain embodiments, conditions (b), (c), and (d) apply. In certain embodiments, (a), (b), and (d) apply. In certain embodiments, (b) and (d) apply. In another aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rn; (ii) C3-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rh; or (iii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R1; or (iv) C(O)R5, wherein R5 is C1-C20 alkyl or C7-C20 aralkoxy; Rn at each occurrence is, independently: (i) halo; nitro; hydroxy; cyano; or C1-C3 alkylenedioxy (e.g., halo; nitro; hydroxy, cyano); or (ii) C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl; each of which is optionally substituted with from l-5Rj;or (iii) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl; or (v) C6-C16 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; provided: (b) when V and Y are both N, X is SO2, and R2 is C3-C16 cycloalkyl, then R1 cannot be a monosubstituted phenyl ring that is substituted at the para-position with either substituted C1-C12 alkyl or substituted C1-C12 haloalkyl; and (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazolo [l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and • (d) when V is N and Y is CH, and X is CO, then R2 cannot be C(O)R5; and R1, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z1 W2, Z2, R\ Ra>, Rbs Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, R8, Rh, R', Rj, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (ii) C6-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iii) OR1; SR1; ot NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R1;or (iv) C(O)RS, wherein R5 is C1-C20 alkyl or C7-C20 aralkoxy; provided: (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2Rm; and (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and (d) when V is N and Y is CH, and X is CO, then R2 cannot be C(O)R5; and R1, R3, R\ R5, R6, R7, X, V, Y, Wl, Z1, W2, Z2, Ra, Ra', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, RB, Rh, R', RJ, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In another aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (ii) C3-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iii) OR1; SR1; orNR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R!; provided: (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2Rm; and (b) when V and Y are both N, X is SOz, and R2 is C3-C16 cycloalkyl, then R1 cannot be a monosubstituted phenyl ring that is substituted at the para-position with either substituted C1-C12 alkyl or substituted C1-C12 haloalkyl; and (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and R1, R3, R\ RS, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z1, W2, Z2, Ra, Ra', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, Rg, Rh, Ki Rj, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2is: (i) C6-C16 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rn; (ii) C6-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (•iii) OR1; SR1; orNR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R';or (iv) C(O)R5, wherein R5 is C1-C20 alkyl or C7-C20 aralkoxy; provided: (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazo]o[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and (d) when V is N and Y is CH, and X is CO, then R2 cannot be C(O)R5; and R1, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z1, W2, Z2, Ra, Ra>, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, R8, Rh, R1, RJ, Rk, Rm, and Rn can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or heteroaryl including S-20 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 R"; (ii) C3-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen of R1; provided: (b) when V and Y are both N, X is SO2, and R2 is C3-C]6 cycloalkyl, then R1 cannot be a monosubstituted phenyl ring that is substituted at the para-position with either substituted C1-C12 alkyl or substituted C1-C12 haloalkyl; and (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then Rl cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstiruted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and R1 R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z1, W2,Z2, RB, R°', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, Rh, Rs, R*, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. ■In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2is: (i) C6-C18 aryl orheteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -10 Rc; or (ii) C6-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with fioml-10Rb;or (iii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R*, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R1; provided (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, then Re cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 -5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2R1"; and (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and R1, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z1, W2, Z2, R*, Ra', Rb, Rc, Rd, Rfl, Rf, Rs, Rh, R1, RJ, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2is: (i) C6-C18 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rn; (ii) C6-C16 cycloalkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iii) OR1; SR1; orNR3R4, wherein R3 and K* are each, independently, hydrogen or R1; provided: (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then Rl cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and R1, R3, R4, Rs, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z1, W2, Z2, R\ R'\ Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, R8, Rh, R1, R", Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (iii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R* are each, independently, hydrogen or R';or (iv) C(O)R5, wherein R5 is C1-C20 alkyl or C7-C20 aralkoxy, provided: (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2Rm; and (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstituted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and (d) when V is N and Y is CH, and X is CO, then R2 cannot be C(O)R5; and R\ R3, R4, Rs, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z1, W2, Z2, R1, Ra Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, R8, Rh, R!, RJ, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 R"; (iii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R';or (iv) C(O)R5, wherein R5 is C1-C20 alkyl or C7-C20 aralkoxy; provided: (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstitutedpyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-y]; and (d) when V is N and Y is CH, and X is CO, then R2 cannot be C(O)R5; and R1, R3, R4, Rs, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Zx, W2, Z2, Ra, Ra', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, Rh, R', Rj, Rk, Rm, and Rn can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2is: (i) C6-C16 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -10 Rc; or (iii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R1; provided (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl, then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SCfcR"1; and (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, or trisubstiruted pvrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and R1, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X, V, Y, Wt Z1, W2, Z2, Ra, Ra', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, Rs, Rh, R1, RJ, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In a further aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R2is: (i) C6-C18 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 R"; (iii) OR1; SR1; orNR3R4, wherein R3 and R* are each, independently, hydrogen or R1; provided: (c) when V and Y are both N, X is CO, then R1 cannot be unsubstituted or mono, di, ortrisubstituted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl; and R1, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z\ W2, Z2, Ra, Ra', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, R8, Rh, R', K1, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In one aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R'is: (i) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R*; or (ii) C7-C20 aralkyi; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; arylheterocyclyl including 8-20 atoms; arylcycloalkenyl including 8-20 atoms; or arylheterocycloalkenyl including 8-20 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; R2 is C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; X is S(O)n or S(O)nNR6, wherein n is 1 or 2, and R6 is hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, or C3-C16 cycloalkyl; one, two, three, or four of W1, Z1, W2, and Z2 are each, independently: (i) C1-C12 alkyl; or (ii) oxo; or (iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or (iv) C7-C20 aralkyl; C3-C16 cycloalkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; and the others are hydrogen; and R6, R7, V, Y, Ra, R"', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, R* Rh, R1, Rj, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In some embodiments, one or more of the following conditions apply: (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2Rm; (e) when V and Y are both N, X is SO2, one of Z1 and W2 is C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and R2 is phenyl substituted with from 1-5 Rc, then 1 Rc must be halo; Q-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; or C1-C12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rj (i.e., if 1 Rc is present, then mat Rc substituent must be halo; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; or C1-C12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 RJ; if more than 1 Rc is present, then one of the Rc substituents must be one of the four aforementioned substituents); (f) when V and Y are both N, X is SO2, and R2 is phenyl substituted with from 1-5 Rc, then 1 Rc must be halo; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; or C1-C12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rj; (g) when V and Y are both N, X is SO2, and one of Z1 and W2 is C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), then R1 cannot be 4-chlorophenyl; (h) when V and Y are both N and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be 4-chlorophenyl; (i) when V and Y are both N, X is SO2, and one of Z1 and W2 is C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), then R2 cannot be phenyl monosubstituted with C1-C4 alkyl (CH3) or C1-C4 alkoxy (OCH3); (j) when V and Y are both N and X is SO2, then R2 cannot be phenyl monosubstituted with C1-C4 alkyl (CH3) or C1-C4 alkoxy (OCH3). In certain embodiments, (a) applies. In certain embodiments, (a) and any one of (e)-(j) apply. In certain embodiments, any one of (e)-(j) applies. In certain embodiments, any two or three of (e)-(j) applies, optionally in combination with (a). For example, (e) or (i) and (g) or (h) and/or (i) and (j), optionally in combination with (a). In one aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: Rlis: (i) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or (ii) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (iii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or Rl; X is S(O)n or S(O)nNR6, wherein n is 1 or 2, and R6 is hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, or C3-C16 cycloalkyl; each of W1, Z1, W2, and Z2 is hydrogen; and R3, R4, R6, R7, V, Y, Ra, R1', Rb, Rc, Rd, R°, Rf, Rg, Rh, R1, Rj, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In some embodiments, one or more of the following conditions apply: (a) when V and Y are both N, and R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl, then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2Rm; (k) when V and Y are both N and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be 4-chIorophenyl; (1) when V and Y are both N and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be 1-chlorophenyl when R2 is: phenyl monosubstituted with hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, chloro, or nitro; unsubstituted pyridyl; pyridyl monosubstituted with hydroxyl, chloro, or nitro; unsubstituted thiazolyl; thiazolyl monosubstituted with nitro or hydroxymethyl; unsubstituted indolyl; or unsubstituted indazolyl; (m) when V and Y are both N and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be naphthyl when R2 is: unsubstituted pyridyl; unsubstituted pyrimidinyl; phenyl monosubstituted with hydroxyl or C1-C6 alkoxy; unsubstituted thiazolyl; or 5-chloro-2-methylphenyl; (n) when Y is N and V is CH and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be 1-chlorophenyl when R2 is: phenyl monosubstituted with C1-C6 alkoxy or C1-C6 alkyl; or substituted benzo[d]isoxazole; (o) when Y is N and V is CH and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be naphthyl when R2 is phenyl monosubstituted with hydroxymethyl. In certain embodiments, (a) applies. In certain embodiments, (a) and/or (k) applies. In certain embodiments, (a), (k) and any one, two, three, or four of (l)-(o) apply- In one aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R1 is C7-C20 aralkyl, C3-C16 cycloalkyl, or (C1-C12 alkyl)-(C3-C16 cycloalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl orhetcroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (ii) OR1; SR1; or NR3R4, wherein R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R1; X is CO; and R3, R4, R6, R7, V, Y, W1, ZJ, W2, Z2, R", Ra>, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, R«, R\ RS, Rj, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In one aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (I), in which: R1 is C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R*; R2 is C6-C16 cycloalkyl; C6-C16 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms; or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; X is S(O)n or S(O)nNR6, wherein n is 1 or 2, and R6 is hydrogen, C1-C12 alky], or C3-C16 cycloalkyl; and R6, R7, V, Y, W1, Z1, W2, Z2, R\ R'\ Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, R«, Rh, R!, Rj, Rk, and Rm can be as defined anywhere herein. In some embodiments, (p) and/or (q) apply: (p) when V and Y are both N and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be 1-chlorophenyl when R2 is unsubstituted adamantyl or substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl; and (q) when Y is N, V is CH, and X is SO2, then R1 cannot be 1-chlorophenyl when R2 is unsubstituted piperidyl, piperidyl substituted with oxo, unsubstituted morpholinyl, or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one aspect, this invention relates to a compound of formula (VI-A): in which: one or two of Ra2, Ra3, Ra4, and Rn6 are each, independently, halo; NRdRe; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rj; C1-C12 alfcoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"'; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra>; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkoxy orheteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)ORg; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(O)R''; and the others are hydrogen; W1 is C,-C4 alky]; and one or two of Rc22, Rc23, R024, Rc25, and Rc2< are each, independently, halo; C1,-C0 alkyl orC1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R1; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; or C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -2 Ra; and the others are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one or more of the conditions delineated in the Summary can apply. For example, (a) can apply. In certain embodiments, (a) and any one of (e)-(j) apply. In certain embodiments, any one of (e)-(j) applies. In certain embodiments, any two or three of (e)-(j) applies, optionally in combination with (a). For example, (e) or (i) and (g) or (h) and/or (i) and (j)» optionally in combination with (a). In certain embodiments, (a) applies. In certain embodiments, (a) and/or (k) applies. In certain embodiments, (a), (k) and any one, two, three, or four of (l)-(o) apply. •Embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The compounds can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The compounds can be an N-oxide thereof and can also be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Each of V and Y can both be N. V can be CR7 (e.g., CH), and Y can be N. Y can be CR7 (e.g., CH), and V can be N. X can be SO2, SO2NH, or C(O). One or two of Wl, Z1, W2, and Z2 (e.g., W1 and Zz, e.g., Wl) can each be, independently, other than hydrogen (e.g., C1-C4 alkyl or oxo), and the others can be hydrogen. One or two of W1, Z\ W2, and Z2 (e.g., W1 and Z2, e.g., W1) can each be, independently, C1 -C4 alkyl, and the others can be hydrogen. Each of Z1 and W2 can be hydrogen. One or both of W1 and Z2 (e.g., W1) can each be, independently, C1-C4 alkyl; and each of Z1 and W2 can be hydrogen. W1 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). Each of W1, Zl, W2, and Z2 can be hydrogen. R1 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with 1-4 R". Tn some embodiments, R1 is other than substituted or unsubsn'tuted naphthyl. R" at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra'; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; C3-C10 heterocyclyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb; or -NRhC(O)R'. In some embodiments, R" is other than halo (e.g., chloro). Ra at each occurrence is, independently, halo; NRdRc; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R1; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra'; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra"; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7- C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb; -C(O)ORB; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(0)R\ In some embodiments, RB is other than halo (e.g., chloro). R1 can be 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, or phenyl (i.e., unsubstituted). R1 can have formula (II): In certain embodiments, one of Ra2, R*3, and Ra4 is halo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 RJ; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; C6-C10 aryloxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra>; C3-C10 heterocyclyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or C7-C12 aralkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb; or -NRhC(O)R'; and the others are hydrogen. In other embodiments, one of Ra2, Ra3, and Ra4 is halo; NRdRc; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7- C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)ORg; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(O)R!; and the others are hydrogen. Ra2, R"3, or Ra4 (e.g., Ra3 orRa4, e.g., Ra3) can be C1-C2 haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C4 haloalkyl), optionally substituted with 1-2 (e.g., 1) RJ. For example, Ra3 or Ra4 can be l,l,l-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-propyl, in which the stereogenic carbon (i.e., the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group) can have the R or S configuration or some combination thereof (e.g., about 50% R and about 50% S or any other non-racemic combination of configurations). In some embodiments, R"3 or R*4 (e.g., R"3) can be: . In these embodiments, each of the remaining substituents can be hydrogen. Ra2, R"3, or Ra4 can be C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 RJ". For example, R*4 can be CH3 or a C3-C12 branched alkyl, such as tert-butyl. As another example, Ra3 or Ra4 can be C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rj (e.g., 2-hydroxy- 2-propyl). R"3 or R*4 (e.g., Ra3) can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1) Rb. In embodiments, Ra3 or R"4 (e.g., R'3) can be piperazinyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, or pyrrolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1) Rb. For example, Ra3 or R"4 (e.g., R*3) can be 3- hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl or 3-carboxypyrrolidin-l-yl. In embodiments, Rb at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; NRdRc; hydroxyl; oxo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms or C3-C10 cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)RB; -C(O)ORe; -C(O)NRdRe; -OC(O)R8; or -NRhC(O)RR"3 or Ra4 (e.g., Ra3) can beheteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra> (e.g., lH-l,2,4-triazolyl). Ra2, R*3, or Ra4 can be halo (e.g., chloro). R*3 or R"4 can be phenyl or phenoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 halo. Ra4 can be C1-C4 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1 Rf. R"4 can be -NHC(O)R!. In embodiments, R1 can be C1- C4 alkyl; or R1 can be NRdRc, in which Rd and Re can each be, independently, hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl; or R1 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms. Ra2, R*3, or R*4 can be C3- C10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., l-hydroxycyclopropyl). R1 can have formula (H-A): In certain embodiments, two of R*2, R"3, R*4, and R*6 can each be, independently, halo; NR'k6; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb; heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra>; -C(O)OR8; - C(O)NRdRe; or-NRhC(O)R1; and the others can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, one or two of R*2, R"3, R"4, and R*6 can each be, independently, halo; NRdfee; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 RJ; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)ORg; - C(O)NRdRe; or -NR^O)Ra4; and the others can be hydrogen. R*2 can be halo (e.g., chloro), and Ra4 can be a substituent other than hydrogen, such as halo; NRdRe; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb; heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra<; - C(O)ORg; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(O)R'. For example, Ra2 can be halo (e.g., chloro), and R"4 can be heterocyclyl including 5-S atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb. R1 can be 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-4-bromophenyl, 2,6-dichlorophenyl, 2,4- difluorophenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2- bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, or R1 can be heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-2) Ra. R1 can be a monocyclic heteroaryl including 5-6 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra' In embodiments, R1 can be thienyl, isoxazolyl, or pyridinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra, wherein R* at each occurrence is, independently, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, or heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms. In certain embodiments, R1 can have formula (II-B): In some embodiments, R*222 and R"223 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NRdRe; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 RJ; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is. optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)R*; -C(O)ORg; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(O)R'. R"222 can be halo; NRdRe; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 RJ; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)R8; -C(O)OR8; -C(O)NRdRe; or - NRhC(O)R'; and R*223 can be hydrogen. For example, R8222 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb (e.g., piperazinyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, or pyrrolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 R*). R1 can be a bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaryl including 8-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R\ For example, R1 can be quinolyl, benzothienyl, dibenzothienyl, benzofuryl, dibenzofuryl, or benzothiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R", wherein R* at each occurrence is, independently, halo, Ci- C4 alky], or heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms. R1 can be C3-C12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb. For example, Rl can be cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or adamantyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb, wherein Rb at each occurrence is, independently, halo or C1-C4 alkyl. R1 can be (C1-C6 alkyl)-(C3-C12 cycloalkyl), wherein the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb. For example, R1 can be -CH2-(cyclopentyl), - CH2-(cyclohexyl), or -CH2-(bicycloheptyl), wherein the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 C1-C4 alkyl. R1 can be C7-C12 aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rb (e.g., benzyl, optionally substituted with from 1-2 halo). R1 can be arylheterocyclyl including 9-12 atoms. R2 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rc. R2 can have formula (IV): In some embodiments, one of Rc22, R"33, and Rc24 is halo; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; or C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"; and the others are hydrogen. R622 or R023 (e.g., R022) can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3). R622 can be C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 alkoxy. R022, R*3, or R*24 (e.g., Rc23 or R024, e.g., R024) can be halo (e.g., fluoro). R024 can be phenyl substituted with 1 RR2 can have formula (TV-A): In certain embodiments, two of Rc22, R023, Rc24, R625, and R"26 can each be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl; cyano, C1-C12 alkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rb; heteroraryl including from 5-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or SO2Rm; and the others are hydrogen. In other embodiments, one or two of Rc22, R023, Rc24, Rc25, and R*26 can each be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; or C1-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -2 R"; and the others are hydrogen. . Two of Rc22, R"23, R"24, R025, and R026 can each be, independently, halo; d-C4 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 RJ; cyano; or heteroaryl including 5-6 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 R". R622 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3); and one of R023, Rc24, and Rc2s can be: heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb; heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 R°; or halo. In embodiments, Rc22 can be CF3, chloro, OCH3, cyano, or CH3; and one of R023, Rc24, and Rc25 can be: heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb; heteroaryl including S or 6 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 R"; or halo. In these embodiments, one of Rc23, R"24, and Rc2S can be piperazinyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rb; morpholinyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rb; lH-l,2,4-triazolyl; or fluoro. Two of R022, R123, R024, R025, and Rc26 can each be, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro) or C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3). R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rj; and Rc24 can be halo; C1-C4 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 RJ; cyano; or heteroaryl including 5-6 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*. For example, R022 can be CF3. Rc22 can be CF3, and R024 can be halo (and the others can be hydrogen). R022 and Rc24 can each be, independently, fluoro or chloro. For example, R*22 can be chloro, and Rc24 can be fluoro. R2 can be 4-fluoro-2-(sulfonylmemyl)phenyl; 4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; 2,3-dichlorophenyl; 2,4-difluorophenyl; 2,4-dimethylphenyl; 2,6-dichlorophenyl; 2,6- dimethylphenyl; 3,4-dichlorophenyl; or 3-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl. R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g.,l-2)Rc. R2 can have formula (III): In some embodiments, one or two of Rc3, Rc4, Rc5, and Rc6 can each be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 RJ; cyano; or nitro; and the others are hydrogen. One of R03, R04, or R05 (e.g., Rc3) can be C1-C4, haloalkyl (e.g., CF3). Rc3 or Rc5 can be chloro or fluoro. Rc3 can be C1-C4 alkyl. R03 can be CF3, chloro, fluoro, cyano, CH3, or nitro. Two of Ra, R*4, Rc5, and Rc6 are each, independently, halo or C1-C4 haloalkyl. For example, two of R03, R°\ R^, and R06 are each, independently, fluoro or CF3. R2 can be 1-quinolyl, 2-quinoIyl, 1-isoquinolyl, or 3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl. R2 can be OR1, wherein R1 is C6-C10 aryl, orheteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R*; or C7-C12 aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb. R2 can have formula (V): In some embodiments, one of R032, Rc", and R034 can be halo; C1-C12 alkyl; C1- C12 haloalkyl; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy, cyano; or nitro; and the others can be hydrogen. Rc32 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3) or C1-C4 alkyl- R032 or R034 can be C1-C4- alkoxy. R032 can be halo. For example, R2 can be 2,6-dichlorophenoxy. R2 can be NR3R4, in which one of R3 and R* is hydrogen, and the other can be C6- C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1 -3 R". For example, R2 can be 2- chlorophenylamino. R2 is C3-C12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with fiom 1-5 Rb (e.g., C6-C12 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1 -5 R*). For example, R2 can be cyclohexyl, bicycloheptyl, cycloheptyl, or adamantyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rb, in which Rb at each occurrence can be, independently, halo or C1-C4 alkyl. Each of V and Y is N, and X is SO2, and embodiments can include one or more of the features described anywhere herein. The compound of formula (I) can be (2R)-l,l,l-trifluoro-2-[3-({(2R)-4-[4-fluoro- 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpiperazin-l -yl} sulfonyl)phenyl]propan-2-ol. In one aspect, this invention features a pharmaceutical composition, which includes a compound of formula (I) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) or aprodrug thereof (e.g., an effective amount thereof) and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier or diluent. In some embodiments, the composition can further include an additional therapeutic agent. In one aspect, this invention relates to a method for treating a disease or condition mediated by excess or uncontrolled amounts of cortisol and/or other corticosteroids, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) or prodrug thereof. In. one aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating diabetes (e.g., type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating Syndrome X, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a further aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating hyperglycemia, diabetes or insulin resistance, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating obesity, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating a lipid disorder selected from the group consisting of dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a further aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating atherosclerosis, which include administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating a cognitive disorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for promoting wound healing, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a further aspect aspect of the invention, this invention relates to methods for treating, controlling, ameliorating, preventing, delaying the onset of, or reducing the risk of developing one or more of diabetes (e.g., type 1 or type 2 diabetes), Syndrome X, hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis and its sequelae, vascular restenosis, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, Cushing's syndrome, glaucoma, osteoperosis, hyperinsulinemia, tuberculosis, psoriasis, cognitive disorders and dementia (e.g., impairment associated with aging and of neuronal dysfunction, e.g., Alzheimer's disease), depression, viral diseases, inflammatory disorders, immune disorders); or promoting wound healing, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. ' The invention also relates generally to inhibiting 11-beta HSD1 with a compound having formula (I). In some embodiments, the methods can include, e.g., contacting an 11βHSDl in a sample (e.g., a tissue) with a compound having formula (I). In other embodiments, the methods can include administering a compound having formula (I) to a subject (e.g., a mamma], e.g., a mammal subject to or at risk for diseases mediated by abnormally high levels of cortisol and other 1 l|3-hydroxysteroids, e.g., NIDDM, obesity, dyslipidemia, syndrome X, and hypertension). Accordingly, in yet another aspect, this invention includes methods of screening for compounds that inhibit 11βHSD1. In some embodiments, the subject can be a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject identified as being in need of such treatment). Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method). In some embodiments, the subject can be a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In a further aspect, this invention also relates to methods of making compounds described herein. Alternatively, the method includes taking any one of the intermediate compounds described herein and reacting it with one or more chemical reagents in one or more steps to produce a compound described herein. In one aspect, this invention relates to any of the compounds described herein. In one aspect, this invention relates to a packaged product. The packaged product includes a container, one of the aforementioned compounds in the container, and a legend (e.g., a labet or an insert) associated with the container and indicating administration of the compound for treatment and control of diseases mediated by abnormally high levels of cortisol and other 11 p-hydroxysteroids, e.g., NIDDM and Syndrome X. The term "mammal" includes organisms, which include mice, rats, cows, sheep, pigs, rabbits, goats, and horses, monkeys, dogs, cats, and preferably humans. "An effective amount" refers to an amount of a compound that confers a therapeutic effect (e.g., treats, controls, ameliorates, prevents, delays the onset of, or reduces the risk of developing a disease, disorder, or condition or symptoms thereof) on the treated subject The therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect). An effective amount of the compound described above may range from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 1000 mg/Kg, (e.g., from about 0.1 to about 100 mg/Kg, from about 1 to about 100 mg/Kg). Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents. The term "halo" or "halogen" refers to any radical of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. The term "carboxy" refers to the -COOH radical. In general, and unless otherwise indicated, substituent (radical) prefix names are derived from the parent hydride by either (i) replacing the "ane" in the parent hydride with the suffixes "yl," "diyl," "triyl," "tetrayl," etc.; or (ii) replacing the "e" in the parent hydride with the suffixes "yl," "diyl," "triyl," "tetrayl," etc. (here the atom(s) with the free valence, when specified, is (are) given numbers as low as is consistent with any established numbering of the parent hydride). Accepted contracted names, e.g., adamantyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, furyl, pyridyl, isoquinolyl, quinoly], and piperidyl, and trivial names, e.g., vinyl, allyl, phenyl, and thienyl are also used herein throughout. Conventional numbering/lettering systems are also adhered to for substituent numbering and the nomenclature of fused, bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic rings. The term "alky!" refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C1-C20 alkyl indicates that the group may have from 1 to 20 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it Any atom can be substituted. Examples of alkyl groups include without limitation methyl, ethyl, and /er/-butyl. The term "cycloalkyl" refers to saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. A ring carbon serves as the point of attachment of a cycloalkyl group to another moiety. Cycloalkyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Cycloalkyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl (provided that the methylcyclohexyl group is attached to another moiety via a cyclohexyl ring carbon and not the methyl group), adamantyl, and norbornyl (bicycle[2.2.1]heptyl). The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group, in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by halo. In some embodiments, more man one hydrogen atom (2,3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9,10, 11,12,13,14, 15, 16,17, 18,19, 20,21, 22,23,24,25,26,etc. hydrogen atoms) on a alkyl group can be replaced by more than one halogen (e.g., 2,3,4,5,6,7, 8, 9,10, 11,12, 13, 14,15,16, 17,18, 19,20, 21, 22, 23,24, 25,26, etc. halogen atoms). In these embodiments, the hydrogen atoms can each be replaced by the same halogen (e.g., fluoro) or the hydrogen atoms can be replaced by a combination of different halogens (e.g., fluoro and chloro). The term "haloalkyl" also includes alkyl moieties in which all hydrogens have been replaced by halo (e.g., sometimes referred to as perhaloalkyl moieties, such as trifluoromethyl). The term "aralkyl" refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group. One of the carbons of the alkyl moiety serves as the point of attachment of the aralkyl group to another moiety. Aralkyl includes groups in which more man one hydrogen atom on an alkyl moiety has been replaced by an aryl group. Any ring or chain atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents. Examples of "aralkyl" include without limitation benzyl, 2-phenyIethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl), and trityl (triphenylmethyl) groups. The term "heteroaralkyl" refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a heteroaryl group. One of the carbons of the alkyl moiety serves as the point of attachment of the aralkyl group to another moiety. Heteroaralkyl includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom on an alkyl moiety has been replaced by a heteroaryl group. Any ring or chain atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents. Heteroaralkyl can include, for example, 2-pyridylethyl. The term "(alkyl)-(cycloalkyl)" refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a cycloalkyl group. One of the carbons of the alkyl moiety serves as the point of attachment of the (alkyl)-(cycloalkyl) to another moiety. Any ring or chain atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents. (alkyl)-(cycloalkyl) can include, for example: The term "alkenyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-20 carbon atoms and having one or more double bonds. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Alkenyl groups can include, e.g., allyl, 1-butenyl, 2- hexenyl and 3-octenyl groups. One of the double bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl substituent The term "alkynyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-20 carbon atoms and having one or more triple bonds. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Alkynyl groups can include, e.g., ethynyl, propargyl, and 3-hexynyl. One of the triple bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkynyl substituent. The term "alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl radical. The term "mercapto" refers to an SH radical. The term "thioalkoxy" refers to an -S-alkyl radical. The terms "aryloxy" and "heteroaryloxy" refer to an -O-aryl radical and -O-heteroaryl radical, respectively. The term "thioaryloxy" refers to an -S-aryl radical. The terms "aralkoxy" and "heteroaralkoxy" refer to an -O-aralkyl radical and -O-heteroaralkyl radical, respectively. The term "cycloalkoxy" refers to an -O-cycloalkyl radical. The terms "cycloalkenyloxy" and "heterocycloalkenyloxy" refer to an -O-cycloalkenyl radical and -O- heterocycloalkenyl radical, respectively. The term "heterocyclyloxy" refers to an -O- heterocyclyl radical. The terms "alkenyloxy" and "alkynyloxy" refer to -O-alkenyl and - O-alkynyl radicals, respectively. The term "heterocyclyl" refers to a saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or other polycyclic ring system having 1-4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1 -8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4,1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). The heteroatom or ring carbon is the point of attachment of the heterocyclyl substituent to another moiety. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. The heterocyclyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Heterocyclyl groups can include, e.g., tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidyl (piperidino), piperazinyl, morpholinyl (morpholino), pyrrolinyl, and pyrrolidinyl. The term "cycloalkenyl" refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups. A ring carbon (e.g., saturated or unsaturated) is the point of attachment of the cycloalkenyl substituent. Any atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents. The cycloalkenyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Cycloalkenyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, or norbomenyl. The term "heterocycloalkenyl" refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having 1-4 heteroatoms if rnonocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1 -4, 1 -8, or 1 -10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). A ring carbon (e.g., saturated or unsaturated) or heteroatom is the point of attachment of the heterocycloalkenyl substituent Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. The heterocycloalkenyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Heterocycloalkenyl groups can include, e.g., tetrahydropyridyl, and dihydropyranyl. The term "aryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system, wherein any ring atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Aryl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Ary] moieties can include, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and pyrenyl. The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having 1-4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4,1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Heteroaryl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, thienyl, fury] (furanyl), imidazolyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl and pyrrolyl. The terms "arylcycloalkenyl," "arylheterocyclyl," and "arylheterocycloalkenyl" refer to bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic ring systems that include an aryl ring fused to a cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocycloalkenyl, respectively. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. For example, arylcycloalkenyl can include indenyl; arylheterocyclyl can include 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolyl, and 2,2-dimethylchromanyl; and arylheterocycloalkenyl can include 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxynaphthyl. The term lloxon refers to an oxygen atom, which forms a carbonyl (C=O) when attached to carbon or which forms part of a sulfinyl or sulfonyl group when attached to a sulfur atom. The term "thioxo" refers to an oxygen atom, which forms a thiocarbonyl (O=S) when attached to carbon. The term "substituent" refers to a group "substituted" on, e.g., an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcycloalkenyl, arylheterocyclyl, or arylheterocycloalkenyl group at any atom of that group. In one aspect, the substituent(s) (e.g., Ra) on a group are independently any one single, or any combination of two or more of the permissible atoms or groups of atoms delineated for that substituent. La another aspect, a substituent may itself be substitutedwith anyone of the above substituents (e.g., substituent R" can be substituted with R" ). In general, when a definition for a particular variable includes both hydrogen and non-hydrogen (halo, alkyl, aryl, etc.) possibilities, the term "substituent(s) other than hydrogen" and the like refers collectively to the non-hydrogen possibilities for that particular variable. The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features and advantages of the invention are in the claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION This invention relates to 11-beta HSDl inhibitor compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and related methods. The 11-beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds have the general formula (I) below: in which R1, R2, R3, R4, RJ, R*, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z\ W2, Z2, R\ R1', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, RB, Rh, R1, Rj, Rk, Rm, and Rn can be as defined anywhere herein. For ease of exposition, it is understood that where in this specification (including the claims), a group is defined by "as defined anywhere herein" (or the like), the definitions for that particular group include the first occurring and broadest generic definition as well as any subgeneric and specific definitions delineated anywhere in this specification. For ease of exposition, it is understood that any recitation of ranges (e.g., C1-C2o, 1-3) or subranges of a particular range (e.g., C1-C4, C2-C6, 1-2) for any of R1, R2, R3, R4, Rs, R6, R7, X, V, Y, W1, Z\ W2, Z2, R\ Ra>, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, R8, Rh, R!, RJ, Rk, Rm, and Rn expressly includes each of the individual values that fall within the recited range, including the upper and lower limits of the recited range. For example, the range C1-C4 alkyl is understood to mean C1, C2, C3, or C4 alkyl or the range 1-3 R* is understood to mean 1,2, or 3 R*. In some embodiments, R1 can be: (A) C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5,1-t, 1-3,1-2, or 1)R"; or (B) C3-C16 (e.g., C3-C14 or C3-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4,1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb; or (Q (C1-C12 alkyl)-(C3-C16 cycloalkyl) (e.g., (C1-C6 alkyl)-(C3-C2 cycloalkyl) or (CH2)-(C3-C12 cycloalkyl), optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4, 1-3, 1-2, orl)Rb;or (D) C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4,1-3,1-2, or I) Rb; or (E) arylheterocyclyl including 8-20 (e.g., 8-16 or 9-12) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4, 1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb. In some embodiments, R1 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (eg., 1-2 or 1) R". In certain embodiments, R1 can be unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted napthyl (e.g., 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl). In certain embodiments, R1 can be a monosubstituted (1 Ra), disubstituted (2 Ra), trisubstituted (3 R"), tetrasubstituted (4 R*), orpentasubstituted (5 Ra) phenyl group of the general formula P-l: (P-l) For purposes of clarification, each of the terms "ortho (o) (or 2- or©"-); meta (m) (or 3- or 5-); or para (p) (or 4-)," when used in conjunction with any substituted phenyl group, indicates the location of the substituent(s) relative to the ring carbon that is attached to the remainder of the molecule (i.e., C1 in formula P-l above). For example, a monosubstituted phenyl group that is para substituted (or 4-substituted) is one having a substituent attached to C4 in formula P-l above. As another example, a 2,6- (or ortho, ortho-) disubstituted phenyl group is one having a substituent attached to C2 and to C6, respectively, in formula P-l. As a further example, a 3,5- (or meta, meta) disubstituted phenyl group is one having a substituent attached to C3 and to C5, respectively, in formula P-l. In certain embodiments, R* at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; C\- C12 alky] or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 RJ; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; C4-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*; C3-C10 heterocyclyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb; or-NRhC(O)Ri. In some embodiments, R* is other than halo (e.g., chloro). Ra at each occurrence is, independently, halo; NRdRe; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 RJ; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7- C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb; -C(O)ORe; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(O)R*. In some embodiments, Ra is other than halo (e.g., chloro). For example, R* at each occurrence can be, independently, chloro, fluoro, bromo, methyl, tert-butyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, methoxy, cyano, nitro, phenyl, 4- bromophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, phenoxy, acetamido, (e.g., R or S) I,l,I-trifluoro-2- hydroxypropan-2-yl, 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, 1-hydroxycyclopropan-l-yl, 4- fluorophenoxy, pyrrolidin-l-yl, 3-hydroxypyrroIidin-1-y?, 3-carboxypyrrolidin-l-yl, morpholin-4-yl, 1-piperidyl, 4-piperidyl, 2-cyanopropoxy, piperazin-1-yl, 4- methylpiperazin-l-yl, l//-l,2,4-triazolyl, or -NH(O)R1 in which R1 is morpholin-4-yl, N,N-dimethylamino, methylamino, 1-piperidyl, pyrrolidin-l-yl, or azapan-1-yl. In certain embodiments, R1 can be a monosubstituted pheny] group having formula (II): in which one of Ra2, Ra3, and Ra4 can be halo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra'; C6-C10 aryloxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra'; C3-C10 heterocyclyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or C7-C12 aralkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb; or -NRhC(O)R'; and the others are hydrogen. In other embodiments, one of R"2, Ra3, and R*4 is halo; NRdRe; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra>; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7- C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)OR*; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(O)Rj; and the others are hydrogen. For example, R1 can be a meta or para monosubstituted phenyl ring. R*2, Ra3, or R*4 can be halo (e.g., chloro, bromo, or fluoro, preferably chloro). R"2, R"3, or R84 (e.g., R"3 or Ra4) can be C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 RJ (e.g., hydroxyl). For example, Ra2, Ra\ or Ra4 (e.g., Ra3 or Ra4, e.g., Ra4) can be CH3 or C3-C12 branched alkyl (e.g., tert-butyl). As another example, Ra2, Ra3, or Ra4 (e.g., Ra3 or R*4) can be 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, i.e., (CH3C(OH)(CH3). R*2, R*3, or Ra4 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rj (e.g., hydroxyl). For example, Ra2, R* or Ra4 (e.g., R*3 or R"4, e.g., Ra4) can be CF3. As another example, RaI, R83, or R'4 (e.g., R"3 or Rl4) can be (e.g., R or S) 1,1,1 -trifluoro-2- hydroxypropan-2-yl, i.e., CF3C(OH)(CH3). R"2, R*\ or R84 can be C3-C10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with I Rb (e.g., hydroxyl). For example, R"2, R"3, or R"4 (e.g., R"3 or Ra4, e.g., R'4) can be 1- hydroxycyclopropan-1 -yl. R*3 or R*4 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1) R* (e.g., C-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), OH, C3-.C.O cycloalkyl, or COOR8 (e.g., COOH)). For example, R*3 or R*4 can be optionally substituted pyrroHdinyl (e.g., pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl, or 3-carboxypyrrolidin-l-yl), morpholinyl (e.g., morpholin-4-yl), piperidyl (e.g., 1-piperidyl or 4-piperidyl) or piperazinyl (e.g.f piperazin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-l-yl). For example, R*3 is optionally substituted pyrrolidin-1-yl (e.g., 3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl). In these embodiments, Rb at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; NRdRe; hydroxyl; oxo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 RJ; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms or C3-C10 cycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)Re; -C(O)OR8; -C(O)NRdRe; -OC(O)R8; or -NRhC(O)R£. R"3 or R"4 can be heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms (e.g., l/M,2,4-triazolyl). Ra3 or R*4 can be phenyl or phenoxy, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1 -2 halo (e.g., bromo or fluoro). For example, Ra3 or Ra4 can be phenyl, phenoxy, 4-bromophenyl, 4-fluorophenyI, or 4-fluorophenoxy. R*4 can be Ci-Q alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1 Rf (e.g., cyano). For example, Ra4 can be OCH3 or 2-cyanopropoxy. Ra4 can be-NH(O)R1. Rj can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). R1 can be NRdRe, in which Rd and Re can each be, independently, hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). For example, R1 can be -N(CH3)j or -NHCH3. R1 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms (e.g., morpholin-4-yI, l-piperidyl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, or azapan-l-yl). R*4 can be C|-C4 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF3). R*2 can be nitro or cyano. R'4 can be C7-C12 aralkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb (e.g., chloro). For example, R"4 can be benzyloxy or 4-chlorobenzyloxy. In certain embodiments, R1 can be a disubstituted phenyl group having formula (II-A): In certain embodiments, two of R"2, K*3, R*4, and R"6 can be, independently, halo; C1-C12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 RJ; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rr; or -NRbC(O)R'; and the others are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two of R"2, R"3, R"4, and Ra6 can each be, independently, halo; NR'fe0; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb; heteroaryi including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra>; -C(O)OR8; - C(O)NRdRc; or -NRhC(O)R'"; and the others can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, two of R"2, R"3, R*4, and R*6 can each be, independently, halo; NR^R"; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryi including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"'; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R*'; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 Rb; -C(O)OR8; -C(O)NRdR"; or - NRhC(O)R'; and the others can be hydrogen. R*3 and R*4 can each be, independently, halo (e.g., chloro, bromo or phenyl) or C1-C4 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3). R*2 and R*4 can each be, independently, halo (e.g., fluoro or bromo), C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), or -NRhC(O)R\ in which R{ can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms. RaZ and Ra6 can each be, independently, halo (e.g., chloro). For example, R1 can be 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-fluoro-4-bromophenyl, 2,6- dichlorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2- bromo-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 01 In other embodiments, Ra2 can be halo (e.g., chloro), and Ra4 can be a substituent other than hydrogen, such as halo; NRdRe; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb; heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra'; -C(O)OR8; -C(O)NRdRe; or -NRhC(O)R!. For example, Ra2 can be halo (e.g., chloro), and R*4 can be heterocyclyl including 5-8 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb. In certain embodiments, R1 can be napthyl substituted with from 1-2 R* (e.g., chloro). For example, R1 can be 5-chloronaphth-2-yl or 8-chloro-2-naphth-2-yl. In some embodiments, R1 can be heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) RR1 can be a monocyclic heteroaryl including 5-6 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 R* (e.g., thienyl, isoxazolyl, or pyridyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra, in which Ra at each occurrence is, independently, halo, C1- C4 alkyl, or heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms). For example, R1 can be 2-thienyl, 5- chlorothien-2-yl, 3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl, or 2-morpholinopyridin-5-yl. As another example, R1 can have formula (II-B) as described in the Summary. R1 can be a bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaryl including 8-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., quinolyl, benzothienyl, dibenzothienyl, benzofuryl, dibenzofuryl, or benzothiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra, in which Ra at each occurrence is, independently, halo, C1-C4 alkyl, or heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms). For example, R1 can be 2-quinolyl, 2-benzo[b]thienyl, 3-benzo[b]thienyl, 5-chloro-3-methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl, dibenzo[b,d]fur-2-yl, dibenzo[b,d]thien-2-yl, dibenzo[b,d]thien-3-yl, dibenzo[b,d]fur-3-yl, 4-chloro-3- methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl, 1,3-benzothiazoI-2-yl, 5-morpholino-3-methylbenzo[b]thien- 2-yl, or 5-(piperazin-l-yl)-3-methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl. In certain embodiments (e.g., when V and Y are both N, and X is CO), when R1 is a bicyclic heteroaryl, then 1 heteroatom can be present in the bicyclic heteroaryl (e.g., 1 oxygen, 1 nitrogen, or 1 sulfur, e.g., 1 oxygen or 1 sulfur); or 2 heteroatoms can be present (e.g., 2 oxygens, or 2 sulfurs, or 2 nitrogens, or 1 oxygen and 1 sulfur, or 1 oxygen and 1 nitrogen, or 1 sulfur and 1 nitrogen); or 3 heteroatoms can be present (e.g., 1 oxygen' and 2 nitrogens; or 1 sulfur and 2 nitogens; or 3 nitrogens, provided that the bicyclic heterocycle is other than pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidinyl: (e.g., other than unsubstituted or mono-, di-, or tri-substitutedpyrazolo[l,5-ajpyrimidinyl, e.g., other than unsubstituted or mono-, di-, or tri-substituted pyrazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-2- yl); or 4 heteroatoms can be present (e.g., 1 oxygen and 3 nitrogens, or 1 sulfur and 3 nitogens, or 4 nitrogens). In other embodiments, when R1 is a nitrogenous, bicyclic heteroaryl (including those nitrogenous bicyclic heteroaryls in which one or more oxygens and/or sulfur(s) are also present), then R1 has other than 3 nitrogen atoms (e.g., 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms, e.g., more than three nitrogen atoms, e.g., 4-8 nitrogen atoms). In some embodiments, R1 can be C3-C12 (e.g., C3-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb (e.g., halo or C1-C4 alky]). R1 can be monocyclic (e.g., optionally substituted cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclobexyl), bicyclic (e.g., optionally substituted bicycloheptyl)r or polycyclic (e.g., optionally substituted adamantyl). For example, R1 can be adamant-1-yl, cyclohexyl, 2- methylcyclohexan-1 -yl, 3-methylcyclohexan-l-yl, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropan-l-yl, 2,2-dichloro-l-methylcyclopropan-l-yl, or l-methyl-3-isopropyl-cyclopentan-l-yl. In some embodiments, R1 can be (C1-C6 alkyl)-(C3-C12 cycloalkyl), in which the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb. R1 can be -(CH2)1-6-(C3-C10 cycloalkyl), in which the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-3 C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). For example, R1 can be -CH2-(cyelopentyl), -CH2-(cyclohexyI), -CH2- (4-methylcyclohexyl), or -CH2-(bicycloheptyl). In some embodiments, R1 can be C7-C12 aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rb (e.g., halo). R1 can be -(CH2)1-6-(C6-C10 aryl), in which the aryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1-2 halo (e.g., chloro). For example, R1 can be benzyl, 4- chlorobenzyl; or -(CH2)-(naphthyl), in which the CH2 group is attached to the 1 or 2 position of the naphthalene ring. In some embodiments, R1 can be arylheterocyclyl including 9-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb (e.g., oxo, halo or C1-C4 alky]), in which the heterocyclyl portion can include 1 or 2 heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen or oxygen). For example, R1 can be 2,2-dimethyichromanyl. In some embodiments, R2 can be: (A) heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rc or Rn; or C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, orphenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or l)Rc;or (B) C3-C16 (e.g., C3-C14, C3-C10. C6-Cl6, C6-C14, C6-C10, C7-C16, C8-C16, C9-C16 C10-C16, C7-C14, C8-C14, C9-C14, C10-C14, C7-C10, C8-C10, or C9-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4,1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb; or (C) OR1; or NR3R4, in which R3 and R4 can each be, independently, hydrogen or Rl (e.g., R1 can be C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5- 20 (e.g., 5-16,5-12, or 5-6) atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g.,1-5,1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Ra); or (D) heterocyclyl including 3-16 (e.g., 3-12, 3-10, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb; or (E) C(O)R5, in which R5 is C1-C20 (e.g., C1-C12, C1-C6, or C1-C4) alkyl or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C12 aralkoxy). In certain embodiments, R2 can be (A), (B), (C), and/or (D); or (A), (C), (D), and/or (E); or (A), (C), and/or (D); or (A) and/or (C). in certain embodiments, when R2 is (A), R2 is optionally substituted heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16,5-12, or 5-6) atoms. In other embodiments, when R2 is (A), R2 is optionally substituted C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl. In some embodiments, R2 can be beteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc or Rn. hi certain embodiments, R2 can Be a monosubstituted pyridyl ring having formula (III): in which one or two of Rc3, Rc4, R05, and Rc6 can each be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1-2 RJ; cyano; or nitro; and the others are hydrogen. One of R03, R"4, or R65 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3). For example, R2 can be: One of R"3, R"4, Rc5, and Rc< can be halo (e.g., R03 or R05 can be chloro or fluoro). One of Rc3 Rc4, Rc5, and Rc6 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., Rc3 can be C1-C4 alkyl, e.g., CH3). One of Rc3, R04, Rc5, and Rc6 can be cyano or nitro (e.g., Rc3 or R05 can be nitro or Rc3 can be cyano). Two of Rc\ R04, RcS, and Rc6 can each be, independently, halo or C1-C4 haloalkyl. For example, two of Rc3, Rc4, Rc5, and Rc6 can each be, independently, fluoro or CF3. In certain embodiments, R2 can be a disubstituted (2 Rc or 2 R"), trisubstituted (3 Rc or 3 Rn), tetrasubstituted (4 RB or 4 R") pyridyl ring. For example, R2 can be 3,5- dichloro-4-pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R2 can bel-quinolyl, 2-quinolyl, 1-isoquinolyl, or pyrazinyl (e.g., 2-cyanopyrazin-2-yl). In some embodiments, R2 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc. In certain embodiments, R2 can be a monosubstituted (1 R°), disubstituted (2 R°), trisubstituted (3 R°), tetrasubstituted (4 R11), or pentasubstituted (5 Rc) phenyl group of the general formula P-l described elsewhere. In certain embodiments, R2 can be a monosubstituted phenyl group having formula (IV): in which one of R622, Rc23, and R024 can be halo; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; or C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; and the others are hydrogen. R022 or R023 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3). R022 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3 or CH2CH3); or nitro; or cyano; or hydroxyl; or C1-C4 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3). Rc22, Rc23, or RcM can be halo (e.g., Rc22, R"*3, or R*4 can be fluoro; or R*2 can be bromo; or R024 can be chloro). R*22 or R*24 can be phenyl optionally substituted with 1 R* (e.g., C1-C4 alkoxy, e.g., OCH3). For example, Rc22 can be 2-methoxyphenyl. In certain embodiments, R2 can be a disubstituted phenyl group having formula (IV-A): In certain embodiments, two of R022, R"23, R024, Rc25, and Rc26 can each be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl; cyano, C1-C12 alkoxy; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rb (e.g., C1-C12 alkyl (e.g., CH3)); heteroraryl including from 5-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"; or SO2R"1; and the others are hydrogen. In other embodiments, two of R622, R023, R624, RC25, and R026 can each be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rj; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; or C8-C10 aryl or heteroaryi including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"; and the others are hydrogen. Two of Rc22, R023, R124, Ras, and Rc26 can each be, independently, halo or C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., two of R022, R"23, Rc24, R025, and Rc26 can each be, independently, fluoro or CF3). For example, Raz can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3) and R623 or R624 (e.g., R*24) can be halo (e.g., fluoro). Ra2 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., 0CH3), cyano, or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3); and one of Rc23, R*4, and Rc23 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., C1-C12, e.g., C1- C6 alkyl, e.g., CH3); heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Ra; or halo (e.g., fluoro). Rc22 can be CF3, chloro, OCH3, cyano, or CH3; and one of R*23, Rc2*f and Rc2s can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb; heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Ra; or halo. In these embodiments, one of R023, R024, and R"25 can be optionally substituted piperazinyl (e.g., piperazin-1-yl or 4-(C1-C6 alkyl) piperazin-1-yl); optionally substituted morpholinyl (e.g., morpholin-4-yl); lH-l,2,4-triazolyl; or fluoro. R022 and R624 can each be, independently, halo (e.g., chloro or fluoro); C1-G4 alkyl (e.g., CH3); or SO2Rm (e.g., SO2CH3). R*22 and R133; or R622 and Rc"; or R023 and R024 can each be, independently, halo (e.gM chloro or fluoro) or C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), optionally substituted with from 1-3 RJ; and Rc24 can be halo; C1-C4 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rj; cyano; or heteroaryl including 5-6 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 R". For example, Rc22 can be CF3. Rc22 can be CF3, and R024 can be halo (and the others can be hydrogen). R022 and Rc24 can each be, independently, fluoro or chloro. For example, Rc22 can be chloro, and Rc24 can be fluoro. For example, R2 can be 4-fluoro-2-(sulfonylmethyl)phenyl; 4-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl; 2,3-dichlorophenyl; 2,4-difluorophenyl; 2,4-dimethyIphenyI; 2,6-dichlorophenyl; 2,6-dimethylphenyl; 3,4-dichlorophenyl; or 3-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl. In some embodiments, R2 can be OR1, in which R1 can be C6-C10 aryl, or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R1; or R1 can be C7-C12 aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb. In certain embodiments, R2 can be unsubstituted phenoxy. In certain embodiments, R2 can be a monosubstituted phenoxy group having formula (V): in which one of Rc3\ Rc , and R034 can be halo; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl; C1-C12 alkoxy; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; or nitro; and the others are hydrogen. R"32 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3). R032 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3, CH2CH3, n-propyl, or iso-propyl). R032 or R034 is C1-C4 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3). Rc32 can be halo (e.g., chloro or bromo); nitro or cyano. In certain embodiments, R2 can be a disubstituted phenoxy group in which the phenyl ring is substituted, e.g., at the 2- and 6-positions with, e.g., C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3) or halo (e.g., chloro). A preferred disubstituted phenoxy group is 2,6-dichlorophenoxy: In certain embodiments, R2 can be an unsubstituted, monosubstitued, or disubstituted pyridyloxy group. For example, R2 can be: in which R*22 can be, e.g., hydrogen or halo (e.g., chloro). In certain embodiments, R2 can be an unsubstituted, monosubstitued, or disubstituted aralkoxy group. In certain embodiments, R2 can be benzyloxy or monosubstituted bezyloxy (e.g., 2-methoxybenzyloxy). In some embodiments, R2 can be NR3R4, in which one of R3 and R* can be hydrogen, and the other is C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R\ In certain embodiments, one of R3 and R4 can be hydrogen, and the other is phenyl or monosubstituted phenyl (e.g., substituted with halo, e.g., chloro). For example, R2 can be 2-chlorophenylamino: Li some embodiments, R3 can be C3-C12 (e.g., C3-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with fiom 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb (e.g., halo or C1-C4 alkyl). In some embodiments, R2 can be C6-C12 (e.g., C6-C10, C7-C12, C8-C12, C9-C12, C10- C12) cycloalky], optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb (e.g., halo or C1-C4 alkyl). In certain embodiments, R2 can be monocyclic (e.g., optionally substituted cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl), bicyclic (e.g., optionally substituted bicycloheptyl), or polycyclic (e.g., optionally substituted adamantyl). For example, R1 can be 1-adamantyl, 3-methylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, or bicycloheptyl. In some embodiments, R2 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3)). For example, R2 can bemorpholino or tetrahydropyranyl. In some embodiments, R2 can be C(O)RS, in which R5 is C1-C20 alkyl or C7-C20 aralkoxy. In certain embodiments, Rs can be C1-C12 alkyl (e.g., C3-C12 branched alkyl, e.g., ter/-butyl). In certain embodiments, R5 can be an unsubstituted or monosubstitued aralkoxy group (e.g., benzyloxy). In some embodiments, X can be S(O)n, (e.g., SO2). In some embodiments, X can be CO. In some embodiments, X can be S(O)nNR«, in which n can be 2, and R6 can be hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, or C3-C8 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, X can be S(O)2NH. In some embodiments, each of W1, Zl, W2, and Z2 can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, one or two of W1, Z1, W2, and Z2 can each be, independently, C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3) or oxo, and the others are hydrogen. For example, W1 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3) or oxo; or W2 can be oxo; or W1 and W2 or W1 and Z2 can both be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). Each of the carbons bearing W1, Z1 W2, and Z2 can have, independently, the R or the S stereochemical configuration when W1, Z1, W2, or Z2 is other than hydrogen. In certain embodiments, W1 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and the carbon bearing W1 can have the R configuaration. One or two of W\ Z1, W2, and Z2 (e.g., W1 and Z2, e.g., W1) can each be, independently, other than hydrogen (e.g., C1-C4 alkyl or oxo), and the others can be hydrogen. One or two of W1, Z1, W2, and Z2 (e.g., W1 and Z2, e.g., W1) can each be, independently, C1-C4 alkyl, and the others can be hydrogen. Each of Z1 and W2 can be hydrogen. One or both of W1 and Z2 (e.g., W1) can each be, independently, C1-C4 alkyl; and each of Z1 and W2 can be hydrogen. W1 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). In some embodiments, Y and V can both be nitrogen, and the 11-beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds can have formula (VI): in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R*. R7, X, W1, Z\ W2, Z2, Ra, Ra>, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, R8, Rh, R1, Rj, Rk, R™, and R" can be as defined anywhere herein. In some embodiments, X can be SO2, and the 11 -beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds can include one or more of the following features. R1 can be: (A) C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5,1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) R*; for example, R1 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R" or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Ra as described herein; and/or (D) C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4, 1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb; for example, R1 can be C7-C12 aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rb (e.g., halo) as described herein; and/or (E) arylheterocyclyl including 8-20 (e.g., 8-16 or 9-12) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb; for example, R1 can be arylheterocyclyl including 9-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4,1- 3,1-2, or 1) Rb(e.g., oxo, halo or C1-C4 alky]), in which the heterocyclyl portion can include 1 or 2 heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen or oxygen) as described herein.. R2 can be: (A) heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,1-2, or 1) Rc or Rn; or C6-C|8 (e.g., C6-Cu, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rc; for example, R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1 -2 or 1) Rc or Rn; or R2 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc as described herein; and/or (B) C3-C16 (e.g., C3-CM, C3-C10, C6-C16, C6-C14, or C6-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb; for example, R2 can be C3- C12 (e.g., C3-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1 -5 (e.g., 1 -4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb (e.g., halo or C1-C4 alkyl) or C6-Ci2 (e.g., C6-Cio) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb (e.g., halo or C1-C4 alkyl); as described herein; and/or (D) heterocyclyl including 3-16 (e.g., 3-12,3-10, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb; for example, R2 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3)) as described herein; and/or (E) C(O)R5, in which R5 is C1-C20 (e.g., C1-C12, C1-C6, or C1-C4) alkyl or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C12 aralkoxy) as described herein. In certain embodiments, R2 can be (A), (B), (C), and/or (D); or (A), (Q, (D), and/or (E); or (A), (C), and/or (D); or (A) and/or (C. In certain embodiments, when R2 is substituted pyridyl or pyrimidinyl (e.g., 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl; or 2- or 3-pyrimidinyl), then Rc cannot be C1-C12 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-5 Rr; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; or SO2Rm. In certain embodiments, when R2 is a substituted heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms (e.g., 5-12 atoms, 5-8 atoms, 5-6 atoms, or 6 atoms), then R2 is substituted with Rn. In certain embodiments, when R2 is C3-C16 cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C5 cycloalkyl, e.g., C5 cycloalkyl, e.g., substituted C5 cycloalkyl, e.g., C5 cycloalkyl substituted with hydroxyl or imidazolyl) then Rl cannot be a monosubstituted phenyl ring that is substituted at the para-position with either substituted C1-C12 alkyl or substituted C1-C12 haloalkyl (e.g., a phenyl ring substituted at the/wira-position with -CR2IR22R23, in which R21, R22 and R23 are each independently hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-Cg alkynyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or aryl and at least one of R21, R22 and R23 is other than hydrogen, e.g., a phenyl ring substituted at the/wzra-position with 2-hydroxy-l,l,l- trifluoro-2-propyl, i.e., CF3C(OH)(CH3)). In certain embodiments, one or more of the other conditions delineated in the Summary can apply. For example, (a) can apply. In certain embodiments, (a) and any one of (e)-(j) apply. In certain embodiments, any one of (e)-(j) applies. In certain embodiments, any two or three of (e)-(j) applies, optionally in combination with (a). For example, (e) or (f) and (g) or (h) and/or (i) and (j), optionally in combination with (a). In certain embodiments, (a) applies. In certain embodiments, (a) and/or (k) applies. In certain embodiments, (a), (k) and any one, two, three, or four of (l)-(o) apply. In certain embodiments, R2 can be C«-C|6 (e.g., Ce-Cu, C6-C101 C7-C16, Cs-Cic* C9-C16, C10-C16, C7-CI4, C8-C14, C9-C14, C10-C14, C7-C10, C8-C10, or C9-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb (e.g., halo or C1-C4 alkyl). A subset of compounds includes those having formula (VI-A): in which: one or two of R"2, R*3, Ra4, and Ra6 can each be, independently, halo; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 RJ; C1-C12 alkoxy, optionally substituted with 1-2 Rf; C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra'; C6-C10 aryloxy, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra'; C3-C10 heterocyclyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or C7-C12 aralkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 Rb; or- NRhC(O)R!; and the others are hydrogen; W' can be hydrogen or Ct-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3); and one or two of R"22, R*23, R024, R*25, and R"26 can each be, independently, halo; hydroxyl; C1-C12 alkyl; C1-C12 haloalkyl; C1-C12 alkoxy, C1-C12 haloalkoxy; cyano; nitro; C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rx'; heterocyclyl including 3-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 Rb (e.g., C1-C12 alkyl (e.g., CH3)); heteroaryl including from 5-10 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-2 R"'; or SQ2R01; and the others are hydrogen. The variables delineated in formula (VI) above can also be as defined in the Summary and the conditions delineated therein can apply. In some embodiments, R*2, R*3, orR*4 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rj (e.g., hydroxyl). For example, Ra2, Ra3, or Ra4 (e.g., R83 or Ra4) can be (e.g., Jl otS) l.l.l-trifluoro^-hydroxypropan^-yl, i.e., CF3C(OH)(CH3), in which the stereogenic carbon (i.e., the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group) can have the R or 5 configuration or some combination thereof (e.g., about 50% Jt and about 50% S or any other non-racemic combination of configurations). In some embodiments, Ra3 or R*4 (e.g., Ra3) can be: . In these embodiments, each of the remaining substituents can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R"2, R"3, or R*4 (e.g., R*3 or Ra4) can be C1-C12 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rj (e.g., hydroxyl). For example, R*2, Ra3 or Ra4 (e.g., R13 or Ra4) can be 2-hydroxy-2-propan-2-yl, i.e., CH3C(OHXCH3). • In some embodiments, Ra2, R*3, or R*4 can be C3-C10 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., hydroxyl). For example, R"2, R*3, orR"4 (e.g., R*3 orRa4, e.g., R"4) can be 1-hydroxycyclqpropan-l-yl. In some embodiments, R"3 or R*4 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), OH, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or COORg (e.g., COOH)). For example, Ra3 or Ra4 can be optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl (e.g..pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl, or 3-carboxypyrrolidin-l- yl), morpholinyl (e.g., morpholin-4-yl), piperidyl (e.g., 1-piperidyl or 4-piperidyl) or piperazinyl (e.g., piperazin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-l-yl). In a preferred embodiment, RaJ is optionally substituted pyrrolidin-1 -yl (e.g., 3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl). In some embodiments, R*3 or R*4 can be heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms (e.g., l/r-l,2,4-tria2olyl). In some embodiments, W1 can be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). In some embodiments, two of Rc22, R023, R024, R025, and Rc26 can each be, independently, halo or Ci-C* haloalkyl (e.g., two of Rc22, Rc23, R624. Rc25, and Re26 can each be, independently, fluoro or CF3). For example, Rc22 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3) and Rc23 or R624 (e.g., R624) can be halo (e.g., fluoro). In some embodiments, R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C|-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or CrC6 alkyl (e.g., CH3); and one of Ra23, Rc24, and Rc2S can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., Ci- C12, e.g., C1-C6 alkyl, e.g., CH3); heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Ra'; or halo (e.g., fluoro). For example, one of Rc23, Rc24, and Rc2S can be optionally substituted piperazinyl (e.g., piperazin-1-yl or4-(C1-C6 alkyl) piperazin-1-yl); optionally substituted morpholinyl (e.g., morpholin-4-yl); l//"-],2,4-triazoIyl; or fluoro. In certain embodiments, Ra4 can be l,l,l-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl; W1 can be CH3; R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), Ci-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3); and Rc23, R*24, or R*25 can be optionally substituted piperazinyl (e.g., piperazin-1-yl or piperazin-1-yl substituted with C|-G> alkyl, e.g., 4-(C|-C6 alkyl) piperazin-1-yl). In certain embodiments, R*4 can be l,l,l-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl; Wl can be CH3; R"22 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), Ci-C6 alkoxy (eg., OCHj), cyano, or Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., CH3), and Rc23, R^4, or R625 can be optionally substituted morpholinyl (e.g., morpholin-4-yl or morpholin-4-yl substituted with Ci-Q alkyl). In certain embodiments, Ra4 can be l,l,l-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl; W1 can be CHj; R*22 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), Cj-Ce alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or Ci-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and Ra\ R*\ or R025 can be optionally substituted l//-l,2,4-triazolyl. In certain embodiments, R"3 can be l,l,l-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl; W1 can be CH3; R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), CrQs alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or CrC6 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and R023, R024, or R*s can be fluoro. -In certain embodiments, R*3 can be 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl; W1 can be CH3; R622 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C|-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or d-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and R623, R624, or R025 can be fluoro. In certain embodiments, R'4 can be 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl; WJ can be CH3; Rc22 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and Ra3, Rc24, or R025 can be fluoro. In certain embodiments, R*4 can be 1-hydroxycyclopropan-l-yl; W1 can be CH3; R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C1-C4 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and R023, Rc24, or Rc25 can be fluoro. In certain embodiments, R"3 can be piperazin-1-yl, 4-(Ci-C4 alkyl)piperazin-l-yl, or 4-(C3-C10 cycloalkyl)piperazin-l-yl; W1 can be CH3; R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and R023, R024, or Rc2S can be fluoro. In certain embodiments, R"3 can be 4-piperidyl, 1-(C|-G» alkyl)-4-piperidyl, or 1- (C3-C10 cycloalkyl)piperidyl; W1 can be CH3; Rc22 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and R023, Rc24, or Rc25 can be fluoro. In certain embodiments, R"3 can be l/M,2,4-triazolyl; W1 can be CH3; R022 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), halo (e.g., chloro), C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), cyano, or C1.-Qs alkyl (e.g., CH3), and R623, R624, or R"25 can be fluoro. In certain embodiments, R"3 can be 3-hydroxypyrrolidin-l-yl; WJ can be CH3; R022 can be CF3; and Rc23, R024, or Rc25 can be fluoro. In certain embodiments, R'3 can be 3-carboxypyrrolidin-l-yl; W! can be CH3; R*22 can be CF3; and Rc2\ R624, or R*25 can be fluoro. In some embodiments, X can be CO, and the 11-beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds can include one or more of the following features. R1 can be: (B) C3-C16 (e.g., C3-C14 or C3-Cio) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1); Rb as described herein; and/or (C) (C1-C12 alkyl)-(C3-C16 cycloalkyl) (e.g., (C1-C6 alkyl)-(C3-C12 cycloalkyl) or (CH2HQ-C12 cycloalkyl), optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rb as described herein. R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) ReorRn; or C6-C|8 (e.g., C6-CM, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rc; for example, R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc or R" or C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Re as described herein. In certain embodiments, R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) RcorRn. In some embodiments, Y can be CR7 (e.g., CH) and V can be nitrogen, and the 11-betaHSDl inhibitor compounds can have formula (VII): in which R1, R2, R\ R\ R5, R6, R7, X, Wl, Z1, W2,22, R% R8', Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rr, R8, Rh, R1, Rj, Rk, Rm, and Rn can be as defined. In certain embodiments, X can be SO2 or SO2NH, and the 11-beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds can include one or more of the following features. R1 can be C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, orphenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5- 20 (e.g., 5-16, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4, 1-3,1-2, or 1) R"; for example, R1 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R* or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R* as described herein. R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16,5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from l-10(e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rc or Rn; or C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14 C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4,1-3,1-2, or J) Rc; for example, R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc or Rn or C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1 -2 or 1) Rc as described herein. In certain embodiments, Ra can be heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc or R" as described herein. In some embodiments, Y can be nitrogen and V can be CR7 (e.g., CH), and the 11-beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds can have formula (VIII): in which Rl. R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X, W!, Z1, W2, Z2, Ra, Ra", Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, R8, KR\ Rj, Rk, R"\ and Rn can be as defined. In certain embodiments, X can be SCh, and the 11-beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds can include one or more of the following features. R1 can be C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5- 20 (e.g., 5-16,5-12, or 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) R'; for example, R1 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R* or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R" as described herein. R2 can be: (A) heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16,5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1 -4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) Rc or Rn; or C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10 or phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rc; for example, R2 can be heteroaryl including 5-12 atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc or Rn;or R2 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Rc as described herein; and/or (C) OR1; or NR3R4, in which R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen or R' (e.g., C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms; each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1) R"); for example, R2 can be OR1, in which R1 can be C6-C10 aryl, or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from (e.g., 1-2 or 1) R* or R1 can be C7-C12 aralkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb; or R2 can beNR3R4, in which one of R3 and R4 can be hydrogen, and the other is C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2 or 1) Ra as described herein; and/or (D) heterocyclyl including 3-16 (e.g., 3-12, 3-10, 5-12, or 5-6) atoms, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5,1-4,1-3,1-2, or 1) Rb; for example, R2 can be heterocyclyl including 3-8 atoms, optionally substituted with 1 Rb (e.g., C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3)) as described herein. In certain embodiments, when R2 is (A), R2 is optionally substituted heteroaryl including 5-20 (e.g., 5-16,5-12, or 5-6) atoms. In other embodiments, when R2 is (A), R2 is optionally substituted C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, or phenyl) aryl. In certain embodiments, X can be CO, and the 11-beta HSD1 inhibitor compounds can include one or more of the following features. R1 can be: (B) C3-C16 (e.g., C3-C14 or C3-C10) cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 ropyridin-2-yl)piperazine was carried out according to a similar procedure described for example 2A. Yield 75%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 8 ppm 3.11 - 3.56 (m, 8 H) 4.26 (s, 2 H) 6.91 (dd, J»7.83,4.80 Hz, 1 H) 7.32 - 7.55 (m, 5 H) 7.64 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 1 H) 8.20 (d, J=4.80 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C16H18ON3O2S + H+, 352.08810; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]1+), 352.0881. Example 2J. l-fr2-bromo-4-<'trifluoromethvnphenvnsulfonvn-4-3-chloropvridin-2- yl)piperazing Preparation of 1 - {[2-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyJ)phenyl]sulfonyI}-4-(3-chloropyiidin-2- yl)piperazine was carried out according to a similar procedure described for example 2A. Yield 75%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 3.38 - 3.46 (m, J=4.80 Hz, 4 H) 3.48 - 3.58 (m, J=4.80 Hz, 4H) 6.73 - 7.04 (m, 1 H) 7.60 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 1 H) 7.73 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H) 8.02 (s, 1 H) 8.18 (d, J=4.80 Hz, 1 H) 8.25 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C16H14BrCJF3N3O2S + H+, 483.97035; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]1+), 483.9716. Example 2K. l-fr4-fbenzvloxv>Dhenvnsulfonvn-4-r3-ftrifluoromethvnDvridin-2-vllpipera2ine Step 2A: tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (3.0g, 16.11 mtnol) and 2-chloro-3- trifluoromcthyl pyridine (2.93 g, 16.11 rnmol) charged to a microwave vial was added with diisopnopylethylamine (7.05 mL, 40.28 mmol) and DMF (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was subject to microwave irradiation at 160°C for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water, organic layer washed with brine and dried over Na2SO4 The crude product obtained by solvent evaporation was purified via flash column chromatography. 4-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-l-carboxyIic acid tert-butyl ester was obtained in 33.9% yield (1.81 g) as light yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 1.48 (s, 9 H) 3.18 - 3.27 (m, 4 H) 3.53 - 3.61 (m, 4 H) 7.00 - 7.06 (m, 1 H) 7.88 (dd, J=*7.83, 1.77 Hz, 1 H) 8.44 (dd, J=4.80,1.26 Hz, 1 H). Step 2B: To a clear solution of 4-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-l- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in anhydrous dichloromethane (15 mL) was added TFA (8 mL) dropwise. The yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hour. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. TFA was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL), and washed with sat K2CO3 solution first, then washed with brine and dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated down to give l-(3-trifIuoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine as a light yellow oil (1.19 g, 96.0% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 1.60 (s, 1 H) 2.93 - 3.08 (m, 4 H) 3.17 - 3.36 (m, 4H) 6.97 (dd, J=7.20,4.67 Hz, 1 H) 7.85 (dd, J=7.83, 1.77 Hz, 1 H) 8.37 - 8.52 (rn, 1 H). Step 2C: To a stirred solution of l-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazine (100 mg, 0.39 mrnol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (2 mL) was added 4-benzyloxy-benzenesulfonyI chloride (110.27 mg, 0.39 mmol) then diisopropylethylamine (0.17 mL, 0.98 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hour. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was purified with flash column chromatography to yield l-{[4- (beruzyloxy)phenyl]sulfonyl}-4-[3-(trifluorornethyl)pyridm-2-yl]piperazinein-78.9ro yield (147mg) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 pprn 3.12 - 3.20 (m, 4 H) 3.32 - 3.39 (m, 4 H) 5.14 (s, 2 H) 7.00 - 7.06 (m, 1 H) 7.07 - 7.13 (m, 2 H) 7.34 - 7.47 (m, 5 H) 7.70 - 7.77 (m, 2 H) 7.85 (dd, J-7.83,1.77 Hz, 1H) 8.43 (dd, J=4.80,1.26 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C23H22F3N2O3S + H+, 478.14067; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]J+), 478.1398. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 6.793 min, 99.02%; HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.419 min, 99.60%. Example 21. N-r4-d4-r3-ftrifluoromethvl1pvridin.2-vnDiDerazm-l- vnsulfonvnphenvnmoroholine^arbnxamitfe The title compound was prepared according to a similar procedure for Example 2A, step 2C. Yield 78.9%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 8 ppm 3.12 - 3.19 (m, 4 H) 3.31 - 3.37 (m, 4 H) 3.48 - 3.56 (m, 4 H) 3.72 - 3.81 (m, 4 H) 6.55 - 6.60 (m, 1 H) 7.03 (dd, J=7.71,4.93 Hz, 1 H) 7.52 - 7.59 (m, 2 H) 7.68 - 7.75 (m, 2 H) 7.85 (dd, J=7.83.2.02 Hz, 1H) 8.42 (dd, J=4.80, 1.77 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C21,iH24F,NsO4S + H+, 500.15738; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]14), 500.1567. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 5.217 min, 99.80%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 6.178 min, 99.84%. Example 2M. 1 -tr4-(4-fluorophenoxvtahenvn5ulfonvn -4-f3-ftrifluoromethvnpyridin-2- yHpiperazine The title compound was prepared according to a similar procedure for Example 2 A, step 2C. Yield 89%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) S ppm 3.14 - 3.20 (m, 4 H) 3.32 - 3.38 (m, 4 H) 7.00 T 7.16 (m, 7 H) 7.70 - 7.77 (m, 2 H) 7.86 (dd, J=7.83, 1.77 Hz, 1 H) 8.44 (dd, J=4.80, 1.77 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C22H19N3O3S + H+, 482.11560; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]l+)f 482.1148. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 6.823 min, 99.77%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.414 min, 97.29%. Example 2N. 3-r4-ff4-r3-CtrifluoromethvnDvridiii-2-vnpiDerazin-l- y^sulfonvDphenoxvlpropanenvtrile The title compound was prepared according to a similar procedure for Example 2A, step 2C. Yield 55.7%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 8 ppm 2.90 (t, J=6.32 Hz, 2 H) 3.12 - 3.20 (m, 4 H) 3.30 - 3.38 (m, 4 H) 4.2S (t, J=6.32 Hz, 2 H) 7.00 - 7.08 (m, 3 H) 7.72 - 7.80 (m, 2 H) 7.85 (dd, J=7.71,1.89 Hz, 1 H) 8.43 (dd, J=4.80, 1.26 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C19H19F3N40)S + H+, 441.12027; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]l+), 441.1197. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 5.657 min, 99.00%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 6.226 min, 99.30%. Example 2O. 1 -r(2.2-dimethvl-3.4-dihvdro-2H-chromen-6-vnsulfonvn-4-f 3- ftrifluoromethvnpvridin-2-vI]piperazine The title compound was prepared according to a similar procedure for Example 2A, step 2C. Yield 81.7%. 1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 1.37 (s, 6 H) 1.86 (t, J=6.69 Hz, 2 H) 2.84 (t, J=6.69 Hz, 2 H) 3.13 - 3.19 (m, 4 H) 3.32 - 3.39 (m, 4 H) 6.88 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1 H) 7.02 (dd, J=7.83,4.80 Hz, 1 H) 7.47 - 7.54 (m, 2 H) 7.85 (dd, J=7.71, 1.89 Hz, 1 H) 8.43 (dd, J=4.42, 1.64 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C21H24R3N3O3S +H+, 456.15632; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]I+), 456.156. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 6.762 min, 95.21%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.372 min, 95.92%. Example 2P. N.N-dimethvl-N'-r4-<'f4-f3-ftrifluoromethvnpvridin-2-vllptperazin-1- vl isuIfbnvDphenvnurea The title compound was prepared according to a similar procedure for Example 2A, step 2C. Yield 63.1%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 3.06 (s, 6 H) 3.11 - 3.19 (m, 4 H) 3.30 - 3.38 (m, 4 H) 6.55 (s, 1 H) 6.98 - 7.05 (m, 1 H) 7.54 - 7.62 (m, 2 H) 7.67 - 7.73 (m, 2 H) 7.84 (dd, J=7.83,1.77 Hz, 1 H) 8.39 - 8.44 (m, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C9H22F3N5O3S + H+, 458.14682; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]14), 458.1464. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 5.264 min, 99.31%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 6.137 min, 99.80%. Example 2O. N-methvl-N'-[(4-(3-ftrifluorornethv])pvridin-2-vl?piperazin-l - vnsuifbnvDphenvIfurea The title compound was prepared according to a similar procedure for Example 2A, step 2C. Yield 85%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 2.90 (d, J=4.80 Hz, 3 H) 3.12 - 3.19 (m, 4 H) 3.30 - 3.38 (m, 4 H) 4.64 (s, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1 H) 6.98 - 7.06 (m, 1 H) 7.51 - 7.57 (m, 2 H) 7.70 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2 H) 7.81 - 7.87 (m, 1 H) 8.40 - 8.45 (m, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C18H20F3NO3S + H+, 444.13117; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]l+), 444.1306. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 5.042 min, 99.00%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 6.003 min, 99.53%. Example 2R. N-(4-( (4^3-ftrifluoromethy!)pvridin-2-ynpiperazin-1 - vI>sulfonvl*)Dhcnvnpiperidine-l-carboxamide The title compound was prepared according to a similar procedure for Example 2A, step 2C. Yield 88.8%. 1HNMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5ppm 1.63 - 1.71 (m, 6H) 3.11 - 3.18 (m, 4 H) 3.30 - 3.37 (m, 4 H) 3.43 - 3.53 (m, 4 H) 6.58 (s, 1 H) 7.02 (dd, J=7.83, 4.80 Hz, 1 H) 7.52 - 7.59 (m,2H) 7.67 - 7.73 (m, 2 H) 7.84 (dd, J=7.96,1.64 Hz, 1 H) 8.42 (dd, J=4.93,1.64 Hz, 1 H). HUMS: calcd for C22H20F3N3O3S+H+, 498.17812; found (ESI-FTMS, IM+H]I+), 498.1786. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 5.883 min, 100%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 6.748 min, 100%. Example 3A. 1 -(2.4-difluorophenvl)-4-(2-naphthvlsuIfonvDpipcra2ine Step 3A: To a stirred solution of naphthalene-2-sulfonyl chloride (350 mg, 1.54 mmol) and l-(2,4-difluorophenyl)piperazine (305.0 mg, 1.54 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.670 mL, 3.85 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was purified via flash column chromatography to afford l-(2,4-difluorophenyI)-4-(2-naphthylsuIfonyi)piperazine in 55% yield (327 mg) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 3.00 - 3.07 (m, 4 H) 3.07 - 3.15 (m, 4 H) 6.94 - 7.02 (m, 1 H) 7.03 - 7.12 (m, 1 H) 7.12 - 7.21 (m, 1 H) 7.67 - 7.84 (m, 3 H) 8.11 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H) 8.21 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1 H) 8.25 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H) 8.49 (d, J=1.77 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C20H18F2-N2O2S +H+, 389.11298; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]l+), 389.113. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 6.658 min, 96.32%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.312 min, 99.29%. Example 3B. I-/2.4-dimethylphenvl)-4-f2-naphthvlsulfonvI)piperazine Step 3A: Sulfonylation of l-(2,4-dimethyiphenyl)piperazine (293 mg, 1.54 mmol) with naphthalene-2-sulfonyI chloride (350 mg, 1.54 mmol) was carried out according to a similar procedure described for example 3A using anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) as solvent and diisopropykthylamine (0.670 mL, 3.85 mmol) as base. 1 -(2,4-dimethylpheny])-4-(2- naphthylsulfonyl)piperazine was obtained in 92% yield (539 mg) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 2.03 (s, 3 H) 2.18 (s, 3 H) 2.86 (t, J=4.80 Hz, 4 H) 3.11 (s, 4 H) 6.92 (s, 3 H) 7.67 - 7.85 (m, 3 H) 8.11 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H) 8.22 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1 H) 8.25 (d, J-8.08 Hz, 1 H) 8.49 (d, J-1.S2 Hz, 1 H); HRMS: calcd for CKHMN2O;,S + H+, 381.16312; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]l+), 381.163. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 7.258 min, 99.49%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.817 min, 99.52%. Example 3C. l-f2-ethvIphcnyl)-4-(2-naphthylsuIfonvDpipcrazine Step 3A: Sulfonylation of l-(2-ethylphenyl)piperazine (293 mg, 1.54 mmol) with naphthalene-2-sulfonyl chloride (350 mg, 1.54 mmol) was carried out according to a similar procedure described for example 3A using anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) as solvent and diisopropylethylamine (0.670 mL, 3.85 mmoj) as base. l-(2-ethylphenyl)-4-(2- naphthylsulfonyl)piperazine was obtained in 99% yield (579 mg) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 5 ppm 1.02 (t, J=7.45 Hz, 3 H) 2.46 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 2 H) 2.89 (t, J=4.67 Hz, 4 H) 3.12 (s, 4 H) 6.90 - 7.20 (m, 4 H) 7.61 - 7.80 (m, 2 H) 7.82 (d, J>=8.59 Hz, 1 H) 8.12 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 1 H) 8.17 - 8.31 (m, 2 H) 8.50 (d, J=1.77 Hz, 1 H); HRMS: calcd for C22H24N2O2S + H+, 381.16312; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+HJ1+), 381.1631. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 7.204 min, 99.62%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.759 min, 99.62%. Example 3D. l-f4-fluoro-2-fmethvlsulfonvl')phenvn-4-f2-naphthvlsulfonvnpiperazine Step 3A: Sulfonylation of l-(4-fluoro-2-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)piperazine (316.6 mg, 1.23 mmol) with naphthalene-2-sulfonyl chloride (278 mg, 1.54 mmol) was carried out according to a similar procedure described for example 3A using anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) as solvent and diisopropylethylamine (0.256 mL, 1.47 mmol) as base. l-[4-fluoro-2- (methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-4-(2-naphthy!sulfonyl)piperazine was obtained in 61.8 % yield (340 mg) as white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 5 ppm 3.05 (s, 4 H) 3.14 (s, 4 H) 3.33 (s, 3 H) 7.51 - 7.67 (m, 2 H) 7.67- 7.88 (m, 4H)8.12 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H) 8.17-8.31 (m,2 H) 8.51 (d, J=1.52 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C2,H2,FN2O4S2 + H+, 449.09995; found (ESI-PTMS, [M+H]l+)> 449.1003. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 5.864 min, 97.14%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 6.426 min, 97.56%. Example 3E. 1 -(2-naDhthvIsuIfonvO-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl')phenylpiperazine Preparation of l-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)-4-[2-(trifluoroniethyl)pheny]]piperazine was carried out according to a similar procedure described for example 3A. Yield 85%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 2.84 - 3.09 (m, J=9.60 Hz, 4 H) 3.12 - 3.46 (m, 4 H) 7.15 - 7.30 (m, 1 H) 7.35 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H) 7.44 - 7.58 (m, 1 H) 7.58 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 1 H) 7.62 - 7.74 (m, 2 H) 7.79 (d, J=10.36 Hz, 1 H) 7.96 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 1 H) 7.99 - 8.17 (m, 2 H) 8.38 (s, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C21H,9F3N2OjS + H+, 421.11921; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]I+), 421.1192; HPLC Method 1, room temperature, 6.78 min, 99.04%; HPLC Method 2, room temperature, 7.43 min, 99.17%. Example 3F. 1-(2-bromophenyl)-4-(2-naphthylsulfonylpiperazine Preparation of l-(2-bromophenyl)-4-(2-naphthylsulfonyl)piperazine was carried out according to a similar procedure described for example 3 A. Yield 85%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 2.95 - 3.19 (m, 4 H) 3.19 - 3.44 (m, 4 H) 6.83 - 6.99 (m, 1 H) 6.98 - 7.12 (m, 1 H) 7.19 - 7.35 (m, 1 H) 7.51 (d, J=9.60Hz, 1 H) 7.58 - 7.74 (m, 2 H) 7.80 (d, J=10.61 Hz, 1 H) 7.95 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1 H) 8.02 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2 H) 8.38 (s, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C20H,9BrN2O2S.+H+, 431.04233; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]14), 431.0424. HPLC Method 1, room temperature, 6.85 min, 100%; HPLC Method 2, room temperature, 7.49 min, 99.60%. EXAMPLE 4 1-(3-chloropvridin-2-yl'4-r[(3.4-dichIorophenyl)sulfonyl-trans-2.5-dimethylpiperazine Step 4A: To a stirred solution of 3,4-dichlorobenzene-l-sulfonyl chloride (840 tng, 3.42 mmoJ) and 2,5-dimethylpiperazine (1.171 g, 10.26mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (1.2 mL, 6.84 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with water and dried over MgSO* After solvent .evaporation crude product was treated with ethyl acetate /hexanes. Solid impurity was filtered of and the filtrate was concentrated to afford l-(3,4-dichlorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylpiperazine in quantitative yield. It was carried to the next step without further purification. Step4B: l-(3,4-dichlorophenylsulfonyl)-2,5-dimethylpjperazine (1.04g, 3.22 mmol), 2,3- dichloropyridine (476.5 mg. 3.22 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (1.4 mL, 8.05 nunoi) and DMF (1.2 mL) were charged to a microwave vial and the mixture was irradiated at 200°C for 1 hour. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. After solvent evaporation crude product was purified with flash column chromatography to yield l-(3-chloropvridin-2-yl)-4-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,5- dimethylpiperazine in 2 % yield (27.1 mg) as yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 1.08 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3 H) 1.12 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3 H) 3.26 (d, J=13.39 Hz, 1 H) 3.44 - 3.52 (m, 1 H) 3.54 - 3.66 (m, 2 H) 4.14 - 4.37 (m, 2 H) 6.84 (dd, J=7.58,4.80 Hz, 1 H) 7.50 - 7.70 (m, 3 H) 7.93 (d, J=2.02 Hz, 1 H) 8.15 (dd, J=4.80, 1.77 Hz, 1 H). HRMS: calcd for C17H18C13N3O2S + H+, 434.02580; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+HJ1+), 434.028. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 7.140 min, 99.62%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.684 min, 99.56%. EXAMPLE 5 Benzyl ('3S.5S)-4-r(4-tert-butylphenylsulfonyl-3.5-dimethylpiperazine-l-carboxylate Step5A: (S)-tert-butyl l-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (Boc-L-Alaninal) (3.0g, 17.32 mmol) and (R)-l-aminopropan-2-ol (1.95g, 25.98 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (120 mL) was hydogenated at 1 atmosphere overnight using palladium, 10% wt. on activated carbon (900 mg) as catalyst. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC using CAN spray to visualize. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a celite bed. After solvent evaporation crude product was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated NAHCOj (aq.) and dried over MgSO4. Solvent evaporation afforded tcrt-butyl (S)-l-[(R)-2-hydroxypropyIamino]propan-2-ylcarbamate] in 98.5% yield (3.95 g). It was carried to the next step without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 1.14(d, J=6.57Hz,3H) 1.15 (d, J=6.32 Hz, 3 H) 1.45 (s, 9 H) 2.39 (dd, J=12.13, 9.35 Hz, 1 H) 2.53 - 2.78 (m, 3 H) 3.14 (s, 1 H) 3.70 - 3.81 (m, 2 H) 4.52 (s, 1 H) Step SB: To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (S)-l-[(R)-2-hydroxypropyIamino]propan-2- ylcarbamate (3.0 g, 1293 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (3.38 mL, 19.4 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (100 mL) at 0"C was added benzyl chloroformate (2.65 g, 15.5 mmol). After stirring at O0C for 1 hour, the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for an additional 45 minutes. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was added with 1NHC1 and extracted with dichloromethane. Organic layer was washed with water then brine and it was dried over MgSO4. Solvent evaporation afforded benzyl {(2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]propyl} [(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl]carbamate in 84.5 % yield (3.95 g) as colorless gummy oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 5 ppm 0.90 - 1.04 (m, 6 H) 1.35 (s, 9 H) 1.99 (s, 1 H) 3.10 - 3.22 (m, 2 H) 3.28 (d, J-5.56 Hz, 1 H) 3.80 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 2 H) 4.69 (dd, J=17.18,4.80 Hz, 1 H) 5.00 - 5.10 (m, 2 H) 6.59 - 6.71 (m, 1 H) 7.29 - 7.42 (m, 5 H). HRMS: calcd for C19H30N2O5 + H+, 367.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]14), 367.2235. Step5C: To a stirred solution of benzyl {(2S)-2-[(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino]propyl}[(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl]carbamate (1.95 g, 5.32mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (1.85 mL, 10.64 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (110 mL) was added dimethylaminopyridine (135 mg) and methane sulfonyl chloride (0.535 mL, 6.92 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified using flash column chromatography. (lR)-2-([(benzyloxy)carbonyl]{(2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]propyl}amino)-l- methylethyl methanesulfonate was obtained in 97.0 % yield (2.29g) as light yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.91 - 1.02 (m, 3 H) 1.21 - 1.32 (m, 3 H) 1.35 (s, 9 H) 3.05 (d, 3 H) 3.22 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2 H) 3.34 - 3.54 (m, 2 H) 3.66 - 3.88 (m, 1 H) 4.76 - 4.94 (m, 1 H) 4.98 - 5.16 (m, 2 H) 6.60 - 6.76 (m, 1 H) 7.23 - 7.44 (m, 5 H). Step 5D: To a stirred solution of(lR)-2-([(benzyloxy)carbonyl]{(2S)-2-[(tert- butoxycarbony])amino]propyl}amino)-l-methy!ethyl methanesulfonate (2.29 g, 5.15 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (38 mL) was added TFA (38 mL) dropwise at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. Most of TFA was azeotropped with dichloroethane. The residue was then diluted with dichloromethane and washed with 2N Na2CO3 (aq.), organic layer was dried over MgSO4. Solvent evaporation afforded (R)-l-(((S)-2-aminopropyl)(benzy]oxycarbonyl)amino)propan-2-yl methanesulfonate in quantitative yield (1.8 g) as oil. It was carried to the next step immediately. Step 5£: (R)-l-(((S)-2-aminopropyl)(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino)propan-2-yI methanesulfonate (1.8g, 5.15 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (120 mL) was heated up to 60°C for 4 hours. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. After overnight stirring at room temperature solvent was evaporated to afford (3R,5R)benzyl 3,5-dimethylpiperazine-l- carboxylate [L31285-103-1] in quantitative yield (1.28 g) as gummy off white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 8 ppm 1.31 - 1.44 (m, 6 H) 3.38 - 3.64 (m, 4 H) 3.73 - 3.96 (m, 2 H) 7.29 - 7.43 (m, 5 H) 8.96 (s, 1 H). Step 5F: To a stirred solution of (3R,5R)-benzyl 3,5-dimethylpiperazine-l-carboxylate (500 mg, 2.02 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (8 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (1.4 mL, (8.08 mmol) followed by 4-tert-butylbenzene-l-sulfonyl chloride (940 mg, 4.04 mmol). The reaction nu'xture was stirred for 68 hours. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. After solvent evaporation the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to afford benzyl (3S,5S)-4-[(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonyl]-3,5-dimethylpiperazine-l-carboxylate in 42 % yield (377 mg) as light yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 5 ppm 1.12 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 6 H) 1.30 (s, 9 H) 3.25 (s, 1 H) 3.35 (s, 1 H) 3.45 - 3.59 (m, 2 H) 4.00 (s, 2 H) 5.00 - 5.15 (m, 2 H) 7.21 - 7.42 (m, 5 H) 7.59 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2 H) 7.75 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2 H). HRMS: calcd for C24H32N2O4S + H+, 445.21555; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]14), 445.2169. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 6.990 nun, 98.43%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 7.534 min, 99.66%. EXAMPLE 6 f2S.6Syl-rf4-tert-butylphenylsulfonyl]-4-(3-chloropvridin-2-yl-2.6-dimethvIpit)erazine Step 6A: A solution of benzyl (3S,5S)-4-[(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonyl]-3,5- dimethylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (340 mg, 0.77 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH was hydrogenated at 1 atmosphere for 2 days using palladium, 10% wt. on activated carbon (144 mg) as catalyst. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a celite bed. After solvent evaporation crude product was purified via flash column chromatography to afford (2S,6S)-l-[(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonylJ-2,6-dimethylpiperazine in 53.9% yield (128 mg) as pale yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 5 ppm 1.23 (s, 3 H) 1.24 (s, 3 H) 1.33 (s, 9 H) 2.63 - 2.67 (m, 1 H) 2.68 (d, J=6.32 Hz, 1 H) 2.94 (d, J=3.28 Hz, 1 H) 2.97 (d, J=3.54 Hz, 1 H) 3.92 - 4.00 (m, 2 H) 7.47 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2 H) 7.75 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2 H). HRMS: calcd for CISH26N2O2S + H+, 311.17877; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]1*), 311.179. HPLC Method 1: room temperature, 5.557 min, 99.41%, HPLC Method 2: room temperature, 4.760 min, 100.0%. Step 6B: To a solution of (2S,6S)-.l-[(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonyl]-2,6- dimethylpiperazine (120 mg, 0.39 mmol) and 2,3-Dichloropyridine (115 mg mg, 0.78 mmol) in anhydrous l,4-Dioxane(0.2mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.201 mL, 1.16 mmol). The mixture was subject to microwave irradiation at 200°C for 1 hour. Reaction was half complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated NH