Specification
DESCRIPTION
2, 3-Dihydro-1H-Inden-2-Yl Urea Derivatives and Medical Uses Thereof
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001]
The present invention relates to 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl urea derivatives
and medical uses thereof.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002]
Inflammatory cytokines are biological factors that play important roles in
suppressing pathogenic infectious diseases and the like, but inflammatory cytokines
can cause inflammatory diseases such as toxic shock syndrome, osteoarthropathy,
diabetes or inflammatory bowel disease when they are produced excessively.
[0003]
Concerning these inflammatory diseases, biologics focusing on the functional
antagonism of tumor necrosis factor a (hereinafter referred to as TNFa), which is one
of inflammatory cytokines, have been actively studied. For example, infliximab,
which is a monoclonal antibody against TNFa, has been developed as a therapeutic
agent for inflammatory diseases such as uveitis by Behcet's disease or Crohn's
disease, since it acts potently in the body as a functional antagonist of TNFa (Non-
patent Documents 1 and 2).
[0004]
On the other hand, it is known that p38 MAPK, which is a homolog of
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (hereinafter referred to as MAPK), is activated by
stimulation by ultraviolet radiation, lipopolysaccharide (hereinafter referred to as
LPS), inflammatory cytokines or the like, thereby promoting production of
inflammatory cytokines such as TNFa.
[0005]
Patent Documents 1 to 11 disclose low molecular weight compounds having a
p38 MAPK inhibitory activity, and Patent Documents 12 to 14 disclose compounds
having a 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea structure. However, there is no disclosure or
suggestion as to relationship between a 2, 3-dihydro-17H-inden-2-yl urea structure and
a p38 MAPK inhibitory activity, and there is no report as to 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-
yl urea derivatives having a p38 MAPK inhibitory activity.
[0006]
Allergic dermatitis is a disease caused due to an allergic reaction, and is
characterized by chronic itching and/or rash on the face, neck, elbow and/or knee.
Due to increase of allergens and/or change in dietary habits, etc., the number of
patients suffering from allergic dermatitis is increasing year by year and their
symptoms tend to be more serious. Treatment of allergic dermatitis is performed
mainly by pharmacotherapy, and, as therapeutic agents in that case, adrenocortical
steroids, immunosuppressive agents, antihistaminic agents and so on are used.
[0007]
Inflammatory bowel disease is a generic term of diseases mainly causing
inflammation and/or ulcer on mucosa of the colon, as typified by ulcerative colitis
and Crohn's disease, and this disease is an intractable chronic disease of unknown
etiology. A large number of patients are juvenile onset. Diarrhea, blood stool and so
on continue for a long period of time, and relapse and remission are repeated.
Hence, influence on QOL (Quality of life) of patients is large. Nevertheless, the
number of patients is rapidly increasing in recent years. Treatment of inflammatory
bowel disease is performed mainly by elemental diet therapy and/or pharmacotherapy.
As therapeutic agents in case of pharmacotherapy, 5-aminosalicylic acid preparations,
steroids, immunosuppressive agents, antibody preparations and so on are used.
[00081
Pain is classified into two types: acute pain which is physiological pain and
chronic pain as typified by inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. In chronic pain,
pain lasts for a long time even after disappearance of the substantial tissue damage
that caused the initial pain, and the causes thereof are thought to be abnormalities in
pain transmission, control or recognition mechanism. Chronic pain is often resistant
to opioid analgesics and so on, and is intractable. In addition, pain lasts for a long
time, and dysesthesia such as hyperalgesia and/or allodynia occurs. Hence, QOL of
patients is markedly reduced. Treatment of chronic pain is performed mainly by
pharmacotherapy. As therapeutic agents in that case, Non-Steroidal Anti-
Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are used for inflammatory pain; and anticonvulsants,
antidepressants and so on are used for neuropathic pain.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS
PATENT DOCUMENTS
[0009]
[Patent Document 1] WO 99/00357
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
(Translation of PCT Application) No. 2001 -526276
[Patent Document 3] WO 02/083642
[Patent Document 4] WO 07/103468
[Patent Document 5] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
(Translation of PCT Application) No. 2007-145819
[Patent Document 6] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
(Translation of PCT Application) No. 2006-528986
[Patent Document 7] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
(Translation of PCT Application) No. 2005-508357
[Patent Document 8] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
(Translation of PCT Application) No. 2003-512378
- [Patent Document 9] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
(Translation of PCT Application) No. 2002-517486
[Patent Document 10] WO 00/043384
[Patent Document 11] WO 93/014081
[Patent Document 12] WO 07/073503
[Patent Document 13] WO 04/082687
[Patent Document 14] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
(JP-A) No. 1991-261755
NON-PATENT DOCUMENTS
[0010]
[Non-patent Document 1] Koj, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1996, Vol. 1317, pp.
84-94
[Non-patent Document 2] Dinarello et al., Rev. Infect. Disease, 1984, Vol. 6,
pp. 51-95
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE INVENTION
[0011]
However, in treatment of inflammatory diseases caused by increase in TNFa,
biologies such as infliximab may be expected to have a marked therapeutic effect as a
functional antagonist, but are necessary to be administered as an injection solution,
and therefore the burden on patients is heavy. In addition, such biologies have a risk
that their efficacy may be greatly reduced in cases where they are recognized as
foreign substances in the body when administered. Accordingly, development of a
low molecular weight compound suppressing the TNFa production is desired, but a
low molecular weight compound that has no possibility of side effects such as
hepatotoxicity has not yet been discovered.
[0012]
' In treatment of allergic dermatitis, dermatitis symptoms are alleviated by
using adrenocortical steroids, immunosuppressive agents and/or antihistamine
agents. However, at present, the effect is transient and the use of them is associated
with a risk of infectious diseases and/or serious side effects.
[0013]
In treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, elemental diet therapy has few
side effects but greatly affects QOL of patients when the therapy is continued for a
long period of time. On the other hand, in case of pharmacotherapy, there are poor
response cases and many problems such as infectious diseases and complications.
[0014]
In treatment of inflammatory pain, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, as
typified by diclofenac sodium, are useful, but they have side effects such as
gastrointestinal disorders. On the other hand, in treatment of neuropathic pain,
gabapentin, which is an anticonvulsant, is useful, but it also has side effects such as
pretty strong drowsiness and staggering.
[0015]
Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a low molecular weight
compound which has a p38 MAPK inhibitory activity and a TNFa production
suppressing activity associated therewith, and in which a good in vivo
pharmacokinetic profile as a pharmaceutical and decrease in hepatotoxicity have
been achieved, and a medical use thereof. Another object of the present invention is
to provide a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for allergic dermatitis, inflammatory
bowel disease or pain, comprising this low molecular weight compound as an
effective ingredient.
MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS
[0016]
In order to solve the above-described problems, the present inventors
intensively studied to discover that a novel 2,3-dihydro-liH-inden-2-yl urea derivative
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a marked p38 MAPK inhibitory
activity and a TNFa production suppressing activity associated therewith, and has
both of an excellent in vivo pharmacokinetic profile and low toxicity, and has an
excellent efficacy on allergic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease and pain,
thereby completing the present invention.
[0017]
That is, the present invention provides a 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea
derivative represented by the General Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof and a pharmaceutical comprising them as an effective ingredient.
[wherein, k represents an integer of 1 to 4; m represents an integer of 2 to 5; n
represents an integer of 0 to 4; R1 and R2 each independently represents hydrogen or
alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R3 each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon
atoms (which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N-), R6O-,
(R6)2N- or halogen; R4 and R5 each independently represent alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon
atoms (which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N-),
cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6 that are
each independent; wherein 1 to 3 methylenes constituting a ring may be each
independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon
atom directly bound to a benzene ring may be substituted with a nitrogen atom),
R6O-, (R6)2N-, R6C(O)NH-, R6S(O)2NH-, R6C(O)-, R6OC(O)-, (R6)2NC(O)-, cyano
or halogen; and R6 each independently represents hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon
atoms (which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen).]
[0018]
Among these, the present invention provides a 2, 3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl
urea derivative represented by the General Formula (la) or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutical comprising them as an effective
ingredient.
[wherein, n represents an integer of 0 to 4; R3a represents ReO- or (R )2N-; R3b
represents hydrogen, R6O- or (R6)2N-; R4a represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms
(which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N-), R6O-,
(R6)2N- or halogen; R4b represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be
substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N-), cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon
atoms (which may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6 that are each independent; wherein 1
to 3 methylenes constituting a ring may be each independently substituted with -O-, -
S-, -C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon atom directly bound to a benzene ring
may be substituted with a nitrogen atom), R6O-, (R6)2N- or halogen; R5 each
independently represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with
1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N-), cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms (which
may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6 that are each independent; wherein 1 to 3
methylenes constituting a ring may be each independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -
C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon atom directly bound to a benzene ring may
be substituted with a nitrogen atom), R6O-, (R6)2N-, R6C(O)NH-, R6S(O)2NH-,
R6C(O)-, R6OC(O)-, (R6)2NC(O)-, cyano or halogen; R6 each independently
represents hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1
or more halogen); and X represents R6O- or (R6)2N-.]
[0019]
The present invention also provides a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for
allergic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease or pain, comprising the above-
described 2, 3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea derivative or the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof as an effective ingredient.
EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0020]
A 2,3 -dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl urea derivative of the present invention and a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof have a p38 MAPK inhibitory activity and a
TNFa production suppressing activity associated therewith, and therein a good in
vivo pharmacokinetic profile and decrease in hepatotoxicity have been achieved.
Therefore, they are useful as a therapeutic drug for inflammatory diseases based on
p38 MAPK activation and TNFa production. The present invention can be used
also as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for allergic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel
disease or pain, having decreased side effects.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021]
Fig. 1 is a diagram showing the effect of Compound 46b on hyperalgesia in an
inflammatory pain model (a carrageenin paw edema pain model).
Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the effect of Compound 46b on hyperalgesia in a
neuropathic pain model (Bennett model).
Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the effect of Compound 46b on hyperalgesia in a
neuropathic pain model (Chung model).
MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0022]
Unless otherwise specified, the 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea derivatives of
the present invention (hereinafter referred to as Compound (I)) and the
pharm'aceutically acceptable salts thereof include all of isomers due to existence of
asymmetric carbons (R-isomers, S-isomers, a-isomers, β-isomers, enantiomers and
diastereomers), optical isomers having an optical rotation (D-isomers, L-isomers, d-
isomers, l-isomers, (+)-isomers and (-)-isomers), polarity isomers in chromatographic
separation (high polarity isomers and low polarity isomers), mixtures thereof at an
optional ratio and racemic mixtures.
[0023]
The following terms used in the present specification are defined as described
below unless otherwise specified.
[0024]
The term "halogen" means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
[0025]
The term "alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms" represents a group of linear or
branched saturated hydrocarbon, consisting of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and, in cases
where the phrase "(which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or
(R6)2N-)" is added, includes groups wherein a part or all of hydrogen atoms on the
alkyl group is substituted with halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N- (wherein R6 represents
hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1 or more
halogen).). Therefore, examples of "alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms" or "alkyl of 1 to 6
carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or
(R6)2N-)" include, for example, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-butyl, 2-
methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-l-propyl, 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l-
propyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-
trichloroethyl, hydroxymethyl, methoxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 1-
hydroxy-2-methyl-2-propyl, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-2-propyl, 1 -amino-2-methyl-2-
propyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro- 1-hydroxyethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-methoxyethyl, 1-amino-
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(methylarnin6)ethyl.
[0026]
The term "cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms" represents a group of
monocyclic or polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon, consisting of 3 to 8 carbon atoms,
and, in cases where the phrase "(which may be substituted with 1 to 3 R that are
each independent; wherein 1 to 3 methylenes constituting a ring may be each
independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -C(O) or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon
atom directly bound to a benzene ring may be substituted with a nitrogen atom)" is
added, includes groups wherein 1 up to 3 hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group are
substituted with R6, groups wherein 1 to 3 methylenes constituting a ring are each
independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -C(O)- or -N(R6)- and groups wherein a
carbon atom directly bound to a phenyl group is substituted with a nitrogen atom.
Therefore, examples of "cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms" or "cycloalkyl of 3 to 8
carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6 that are each independent;
wherein 1 to 3 methylenes constituting a ring may be each independently substituted
with -O-, -S-, -C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon atom directly bound to a
benzene ring may be substituted with a nitrogen atom)" includes, for example,
cyclopropyl, methylcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, methylcyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,
cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornanyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl,
tetrahydrofuranyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl,
azepanyl, tetrahydro-2iH-pyran-4-yl and 4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl.
[0027]
The present invention includes all the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of
Compound (I) of the present invention. Compounds having substituents that can be
salified in Compound (I) of the present invention can be converted to corresponding
salts by known methods.
[0028]
The acids to be added are preferably non-toxic and water-soluble, and more
preferably inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrobromic acid or phosphoric acid; organic carboxylic acids such as acetic acid,
lactic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid,
tartaric acid, fumaric acid, mandelic acid or succinic acid; or organic sulfonic acids
such as methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or camphorsulfonic acid.
[0029]
The bases to be added are preferably non-toxic and water-soluble, and more
preferably inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
[0030]
In General Formula (I), k is preferably 1 or 2, more preferably 1.
[0031]
In General Formula (I), m is preferably 2 or 3, more preferably 3.
[0032]
In General Formula (I), n is preferably 0 to 2.
[0033]
In General Formula (I), both R1 and R2 are preferably hydrogen.
[0034]
In General Formula (I), R3 is each independently preferably R6O- or (R6)2N-,
more preferably R6O-, still more preferably hydroxy.
[0035]
In General Formula (I), R4 is each independently preferably alkyl of 1 to 6
carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or
(R6)2N-), cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6
that are each independent; wherein 1 to 3 methylenes constituting a ring may be each
independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon
atom bound to a benzene ring may be substituted with a nitrogen atom), R6O-,
(R6)2N- or halogen; more preferably methoxy, ethoxy, 2-propyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-2-
propyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, pyrrolidine), piperidino, azepanyl, morpholino, bromo,
2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl, l-amino-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
(methylamino)ethyl or 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(dimethylamino)ethyl; and, still more
preferably methoxy, 2-methyl-2-propyl or 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl.
[0036]
In General Formula (I), R5 is each independently preferably R6O- or halogen,
more preferably hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro or bromo.
[0037]
In General Formula (la), R3a is preferably R6O-, more preferably hydroxy.
R3b is preferably hydrogen.
[0038]
In General Formula (la), R4a is preferably R6O-, more preferably methoxy or
ethoxy, still more preferably methoxy. R4b is preferably alkyl of 3 to 6 carbon
atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6
that are each independent; wherein 1 to 3 methylenes constituting a ring may be each
independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon
atom directly bound to a benzene ring may be substituted with a nitrogen atom) or
halogen; more preferably 2-propyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl,
pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, azepanyl, morpholinyl or bromo; and still more preferably
2-methyl-2-propyl.
[0039]
In General Formula (la), R5 is each independently preferably R6O- or halogen,
more preferably hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro or bromo.
[0040]
In General Formula (la), X is preferably hydroxy, amino, methylamino or
dimethylamino, more preferably hydroxy.
[0041]
Examples of Compound (I) of the present invention include, for example,
compounds represented by General Formula (lb) which are listed in Table 1. In the
Tables, the wavy lines in the structural formulae mean that those are substituted at
the position of the line.
14
In addition, examples of Compound (I) of the present invention include, for
example, compounds represented by General Formula (Ic) which are listed in Table 2.
In the Tables, the wavy lines in the structural formulae mean that those are
substituted at the position of the line.
[0054]
For example, Compound (I) of the present invention can be synthesized
according to Scheme 1. The meanings of the symbols in each reaction formula are
as defined above unless otherwise specified.
[0055]
In the production method described below, in cases where the raw material
compound has a hydroxyl group(s), it may be protected by a commonly used
protective group(s); and the protective group(s) can be removed as required after the
reaction to obtain the desired compound. Examples of the protective group for the
hydroxyl group include, for example, an alkyl group, a phenyl group, a
triphenylmethyl group, an aralkyl group, an acyl group and a substituted silyl group.
[0056]
The method for removing the above-described protective group is
appropriately selected depending on the type of the protective group, and known
methods such as the method described in PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC
SYNTHESIS (WILEY-INTERSCIENCE) may be used.
[0057]
In the production method described below, the raw material compound may
be used as a salt. Examples of the acid or base to be added include the same acids
or bases as described above as to the salification of Compound (I) of the present
invention.
[0058]
Compound (I) of the present invention obtained by the production method
described below may be isolated and purified by known means. Examples of the
method for the isolation and purification include, for example, solvent extraction,
recrystallization and chromatography.
[0059]
In cases where Compound (I) of the present invention has optical isomers
and/or stereoisomers, each isomer can be obtained as a single compound by a known
method.
[0060]
In Scheme 1, Y represents alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be
substituted with 1 or more halogen) or an aryl group of 6 to 10 carbon atoms (which
may be appropriately substituted).
[0061]
[1st Step]
The carbamate compound represented by General Formula (TV) can be
synthesized by reacting the aniline derivative represented by General Formula (II)
and the chloroformate represented by General Formula (HI) in the presence of a base
in an appropriate solvent.
[0062]
Examples of the above-mentioned chloroformate include those that have a
leaving group with which the reaction of urea formation in the Second Step can be
proceeded smoothly, for example, methyl chloroformate, ethyl chloroformate, 2,2,2-
trichloroethyl chloroformate, phenyl chloroformate, 4-chlorophenyl chloroformate, 4-
nitrophenyl chloroformate and 1-naphthyl chloroformate, but 2,2,2-trichloroethyl
chloroformate or phenyl chloroformate is preferable.
[0063]
The amount of the above-mentioned chloroformate to be used is preferably
•0.5 to 5 mol, more preferably 0.8 to 3 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the aniline
derivative represented by General Formula (II).
[0064]
Examples of the base to be made to coexist include, for example, alkali metal
hydrogen carbonates such as sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydrogen
carbonate; alkali metal carbonates such as potassium carbonate and cesium
carbonate; amines such as triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine and pyridine;
alkali metal alkoxides such as potassium terf-butoxide; and hydrides of alkali metals
such as sodium hydride, but sodium hydrogen carbonate, triethylamine or N,N-
diisopropylethylamine is preferable.
[0065]
The amount of the base to be used to be made to coexist is preferably 0.5 to 6
mol, more preferably 0.8 to 3 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the aniline derivative
represented by General Formula (II).
[0066]
Usually, the reaction solvent is appropriately selected from solvents that do
not inhibit the reaction. Examples of the reaction solvent include, for example,
ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (hereinafter referred to as THF), 1,4-dioxane
and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane,
chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene
and toluene; aprotic polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (hereinafter
referred to as DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (hereinafter referred to as DMSO);
ketone solvents such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; nitrile solvents such as
acetonitrile and propionitrile; and water, and mixed solvents thereof, but an ether
solvent is preferable.
[0067]
The concentration of the aniline derivative represented by General Formula
(II) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 to 5 mol/L, more preferably 0.1 to 2
mol/L.
[0068]
The reaction temperature is preferably -78 to 200°C, more preferably -20 to
100°C.
[0069]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 10 to 30 hours.
[0070]
[2nd Step]
The urea compound represented by General Formula (Id) can be synthesized
by reacting the carbamate compound represented by General Formula (IV) and the 2-
amino-2,3-dihydro-lH-indene compound represented by General Formula (V) in the
presence of a base in an appropriate solvent.
[0071]
Examples of the base to be made to coexist include, for example, alkaline
metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; trialkylamines
such as triethylamine and N, N-diisopropylethylamine; cyclic amidines such as
diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene; and aromatic amines such as pyridine and N, N-
dimethylaminopyridine, but trialkylamines are preferable.
[0072]
The amount of the base to be used to be made to coexist is preferably 0.5 to
10 mol, more preferably 0.8 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the carbamate
compound represented by General Formula (rV).
[0073]
Usually, the reaction solvent is appropriately selected from solvents that do
not inhibit the reaction. Examples of the reaction solvent include, for example,
ether solvents such as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether;
halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane;
aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and toluene; aprotic polar solvents
such as DMF and DMSO; ketone solvents such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone;
nitrile solvents such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; and water, and mixed solvents
thereof, but an ether solvent, a nitrile solvent or a mixed solvent of an ether solvent
or a nitrile solvent with water is preferable.
[0074]
The concentration of the carbamate compound represented by General
Formula (IV) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 to 5 mol/L, more preferably
0.1 to'2mol/L.
[0075]
The reaction temperature is preferably -20 to 200°C, more preferably 0 to
150°C.
[0076]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 48 hours.
[0077]
Among the aniline derivatives that are a raw material in Scheme 1, aniline
derivatives having a 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl group as represented by General
Formula (IX) can be produced by the method shown in Scheme 2.
[0078]
[1st Step]
The nitro compound represented by General Formula (VII) can be synthesized
by reacting a nitrating agent to the benzaldehyde derivative represented by General
Formula (VI) in an appropriate solvent.
[0079]
' Examples of the benzaldehyde derivative represented by General Formula
(VI) include commercially available compounds or derivatives from commercially
available compounds. Examples of the method for deriving a commercially
available product include, for example, the methods described in Bioorganic &
Medicinal Chemistry (2008, Vol. 16, No. 15, pp. 7193-7205) and Synthesis (1998,
Vol. 7, pp. 1029-1032).
[0080]
Examples of the above-mentioned nitrating agent include, for example,
nitronium cation generated from a combination such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid
or nitric acid and acetic anhydride in a reaction system; and a nitronium salt such as
nitronium tetrafluoroborate, but a nitronium salt is preferable.
[0081]
The amount of the above-mentioned nitrating agent to be used is preferably
0.5 to 5 mol, more preferably 0.8 to 3 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the benzaldehyde
derivative represented by General Formula (VI).
[0082]
As the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, ester solvents such
as ethyl acetate and n-propyl acetate; nitrile solvents such as acetonitrile and
propionitrile; ether solvents such as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether; and halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform and 1,2-
dichloroethane, and mixed solvents thereof, but an ester solvent or a nitrile solvent is
preferable.
[0083]
The concentration of the benzaldehyde derivative represented by General
Formula (VI) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 to 5 mol/L, more preferably
0.05 to 2 mol/L.
[0084]
The reaction temperature is preferably -78 to 50°C, more preferably -40 to
30°C.
[0085]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 6 hours.
[0086]
[2nd Step]
The trifluoroethanol derivative represented by General Formula (VIII) can be
synthesized by reacting the benzaldehyde derivative represented by General Formula
(VII) and a agent for trifluoromethylation in an appropriate solvent, and as required,
in the presence of a fluoride salt.
[0087]
Examples of the fluoride salt to be made to coexist include, for example,
' alkali metal salts such as sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride; and ammonium
salts such as tetramethylammonium fluoride and tetra H-butylammonium fluoride, but
an ammonium salt is preferable.
[0088]
The amount of the fluoride salt to be used to be made to coexist is preferably
0.01 to 2 mol, more preferably 0.05 to 1 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the
benzaldehyde derivative represented by General Formula (VII).
[0089]
Examples of the above-mentioned agent for trifluoromethylation include, for
example, trifluoromethyl iodide and trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane, but
trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane is preferable.
[0090]
The amount of the above-mentioned agent for trifluoromethylation to be used
is preferably 0.5 to 10 mol, more preferably 0.8 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the
benzaldehyde derivative represented by General Formula (VII).
[0091]
Usually, as the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, ether solvents such
as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; and aromatic hydrocarbon
solvents such as benzene and toluene, and mixed solvents thereof, but an ether
solvent is preferable.
[0092]
The concentration of the benzaldehyde derivative represented by General
Formula (VII) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.001 to 5 mol/L, more preferably
0.05 to 1 mol/L.
[0093]
The reaction temperature is preferably -78 to 50°C, more preferably -30 to
30°C.
[0094]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.
[0095]
[3rd Step]
The aniline derivative represented by General Formula (IX) can be
synthesized by reducing the nitro group of the nitro compound represented by
General Formula (VIII) in an appropriate solvent. Examples of the method for the
reduction include, for example, catalytic hydrogenation and one-electron reduction.
[0096]
[Catalytic Hydrogenation]
Examples of a metal catalyst to be used include, for example,
palladium/activated charcoal, palladium hydroxide/activated charcoal and platinum
oxide, but palladium/activated charcoal is preferable.
[0097]
The amount of the above-mentioned metal catalyst to be used is preferably 0.5
to 200% by weight, more preferably 5 to 100% by weight, with respect to the weight
of 1 mol of the nitro compound represented by General Formula (VIII).
[0098]
The pressure of hydrogen gas is preferably 1 to 10 atm, more preferably 1 to 3
atm.
[0099]
Usually, as the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, alcohol solvents
such as methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate and n-
propyl acetate; ether solvents such as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether; halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform and 1,2-
dichloroethane; and water, and mixed solvents thereof, but an alcohol solvent or an
ester solvent is preferable.
[0100]
The concentration of the nitro compound represented by General Formula
(VIII) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.001 to 5 mol/L, more preferably 0.05 to
2 mol/L.
[0101]
The reaction temperature is preferably 0 to 100°C, more preferably 10 to
60°C.
[0102]
' The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 48 hours.
[0103]
[One-Electron Reduction]
Examples of a reducing agent to be used include, for example, metals of
simple substance such as iron, nickel and tin; and metal chlorides such as iron
chloride and tin chloride, but iron is preferable.
[0104]
The amount of the above-mentioned reducing agent to be used is preferably 1
to 20 mol, more preferably 1 to 10 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the nitro compound
represented by General Formula (VIII).
[0105]
In the reaction solution, an activating agent is preferably made to coexist.
Examples of the activating agent include, for example, inorganic acids such as
hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid; and ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride,
but an ammonium salt is preferable.
[0106]
The amount of the above-mentioned activating agent is preferably 1 to 20 mol,
more preferably 1 to 10 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the nitro compound represented
by General Formula (VIII).
[0107]
Usually, as the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, alcohol solvents
such as methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol; ether solvents such as THF, 1,4-dioxane
and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; and water, and mixed solvents thereof, but a
mixed solvent of an alcohol solvent and water, a mixed solvent of an ether solvent
and water or a mixed solvent of an alcohol solvent, an ether solvent and water is
preferable.
[0108]
The concentration of the nitro compound represented by General Formula
(VIII) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.005 to 5 mol/L, more preferably 0.1 to 2
mol/Lf
[0109]
The reaction temperature is preferably 10 to 150°C, more preferably 50 to
120°C.
[0110]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 24 hours.
[0111]
With regard to the aniline derivative represented by General Formula (IX), a
desired isomer(s) can be obtained by a commonly used technique (for example,
optical resolution, diastereomer resolution, etc.) as required.
[0112]
Among the aniline derivatives that are a raw material in Scheme 1, aniline
derivatives having a 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl group and a cyclic amino
substituent as represented by General Formula (XI) can be produced by the method
shown in Scheme 3.
[0113]
In Scheme 3, R4b represents bromo or iodo; the compound containing the A
as represented by General Formula (X) represents a cyclic secondary amine.
[0114]
The cyclic amino substituted aniline derivative represented by General
Formula (XI) can be synthesized by reacting the cyclic secondary amine represented
by General Formula (X) to the aniline derivative represented by General Formula
(IXa) in the presence of a metal catalyst, a ligand and a base and in an appropriate
solvent.
[0115]
Examples of the above-mentioned metal catalyst include, for example,
palladium catalysts such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, palladium acetate
and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium; and copper catalysts such as copper oxide
and copper iodide, but a copper catalyst is preferable.
[0116]
The amount of the above-mentioned metal catalyst to be used is preferably
0.001 to 1 mol, more preferably 0.01 to 0.5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the aniline
derivative represented by General Formula (IXa).
[0117]
The ligand of the metal catalyst is appropriately selected according to the
metal catalyst. Examples of the ligand for the palladium catalyst include, for
example, phosphine derivatives such as triphenylphosphine, 2,2'-
bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1 '-binaphthyl and 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-
dimethylxanthene, but 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene is
preferable. Examples of the ligand for the copper catalyst include, for example,
amino acid derivatives such as proline and iV^-dimethylglycine.
[0118]
The amount of the above-mentioned ligand to be used is preferably 0.001 to 1
mol, more preferably 0.01 to 0.5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the aniline derivative
represented by General Formula (IXa).
[0119]
Examples of the base to be made to coexist include, for example, alkali metal
carbonates such as sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate; alkali metal hydrogen
carbonates such as sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydrogen carbonate;
alkali metal phosphate salts such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate; and
alkali metal hydrogen phosphates such as sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium
hydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen
phosphate, but an alkali metal carbonate is preferable.
[0120]
The amount of the base to be used to be made to coexist is preferably 1 to 10
mol, more preferably 1 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the aniline derivative
represented by General Formula (IXa).
[0121]
The amount of the above-mentioned cyclic secondary amine to be used is
preferably 1 to 20 mol, more preferably 1 to 10 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the
aniline derivative represented by General Formula (IXa).
[0122]
Usually, as the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, ether solvents such
as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; and aprotic polar solvents
such as DMF and DMSO, but an aprotic polar solvent is preferable.
[0123]
The concentration of the aniline derivative represented by General Formula
(IXa) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.005 to 5 mol/L, more preferably 0.01 to
2mol/L.
[0124]
The reaction temperature is preferably 0 to 200°C, more preferably 30 to
150°C.
[0125]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 1 to 48 hours.
[0126]
[0127]
In Scheme 4, R4b represents bromo or iodo; the compound containing the B
Among the aldehyde derivatives that are a raw material in Scheme 2, .
benzaldehyde derivatives having a methylcycloalkane as represented by General
Formula (XVI) can be synthesized according to Scheme 4.
as represented by General Formula (XIII) represents a cycloalkanone.
[0128]
[1st Step]
The hydroxycycloalkane derivative represented by General Formula (XIV)
can be synthesized by reacting the cycloalkanone represented by General Formula
(XIII) to an intermediate obtained by reacting a base to the aryl halide compound
represented by General Formula (XII) in an appropriate solvent.
[0129]
Examples of the base to be used include, for example, alkyllithiums such as
tt-butyllithium and sec-butyllithium; alkyl Grignard reagents such as
isopropylmagnesium chloride and cyclohexylmagnesium chloride; and alkali metal
alkoxides such as potassium te/t-butoxide, but an alkyllithium is preferable.
[0130]
The amount of the base to be used is preferably 0.5 to 10 mol, more
preferably 1 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the aryl halide compound represented
by General Formula (XII).
[0131]
The amount of the above-mentioned cycloalkanone is preferably 1 to 20 mol,
more preferably 1 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the aryl halide compound
represented by General Formula (XII).
[0132]
Usually, as the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, ether solvents such
as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, but THF is preferable.
[0133]
The concentration of the aryl halide compound represented by General
Formula (XII) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 to 5 mol/L, more preferably
0.05 to 3 mol/L.
[0134]
The reaction temperature is preferably -100 to 50°C, more preferably -80 to
20°C.
[0135]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.
[0136]
[2nd Step]
The methylcycloalkane derivative represented by General Formula (XV) can
be synthesized by reacting a methylating agent to the hydroxycycloalkane derivative
represented by General Formula (XTV) in an appropriate solvent in the presence of a
Lewis acid.
[0137]
Examples of the Lewis acid to be made to coexist include, for example, metal
chlorides such as aluminum chloride, titanium chloride and zinc chloride, but
titanium chloride is preferable.
[0138]
The amount of the above-mentioned Lewis acid to be used is preferably 0.5 to
10 mol, more preferably 1 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the hydroxycycloalkane
derivative represented by General Formula (XIV).
[0139]
Examples of the above-mentioned methylating agent include, for example,
methyllithium, methylmagnesium bromide and dimethylzinc, but dimethylzinc is
preferable.
[0140]
The amount of the above-mentioned methylating agent to be used is
preferably 1 to 20 mol, more preferably 1 to 10 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the
hydroxycycloalkane derivative represented by General Formula (XTV).
[0141]
Usually, as the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, halogenated
solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and carbon
tetrachloride; and ether solvents such as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol
dimethyl ether, but a halogenated solvent is preferable.
[0142]
The concentration of the hydroxycycloalkane derivative represented by
General Formula (XrV) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 to 5 mol/L, more
preferably 0.05 to 2 mol/L.
[0143]
The reaction temperature is preferably -100 to 0°C, more preferably -90 to -
30°C.
[0144]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 6 hours.
[0145]
[3rd Step]
The benzaldehyde derivative represented by General Formula (XVI) can be
synthesized by reacting a formylating agent to the methylcycloalkane derivative
represented by General Formula (XV) in an appropriate solvent in the presence of a
Lewis acid.
[0146]
Examples of the Lewis acid to be made to coexist include, for example, metal
chlorides such as aluminum chloride, titanium chloride and zinc chloride, but
titanium chloride is preferable.
[0147]
The amount of the above-mentioned Lewis acid to be used is preferably 0.5 to
10 mol, more preferably 1 to 5 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the methylcycloalkane
derivative represented by General Formula (XV).
[0148]
As the formylating agent as mentioned above, dichloromethyl methyl ether is
preferable.
[0149]
The amount of the above-mentioned formylating agent to be used is
preferably 1 to 20 mol, more preferably 1 to 10 mol, with respect to 1 mol of the
methylcycloalkane derivative represented by General Formula (XV).
[0150]
Usually, as the reaction solvent, a solvent that does not inhibit the reaction is
appropriately selected. Examples thereof include, for example, halogenated
solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and carbon
tetrachloride; and ether solvents such as THF, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol
dimethyl ether, but a halogenated solvent is preferable.
[0151]
The concentration of the methylcycloalkane derivative represented by General
Formula (XV) in the reaction solution is preferably 0.01 to 5 mol/L, more preferably
0.05 to 2 mol/L.
[0152]
The reaction temperature is preferably -100 to 0°C, more preferably -90 to -
30°C.
[0153]
The reaction time is appropriately selected depending on the conditions such
as reaction temperature, and satisfactory results are usually obtained when the
selected reaction time is about 30 minutes to about 6 hours.
[0154]
The 2-amino-2,3-dihydro-lH-indene compound represented by General
Formula (V):
may be synthesized by the methods as described in documents (for example,
Tetrahedron Letters, 1993, Vol. 34, No. 52, pp. 8399-8402; YAKUGAKUZASSHI,
1979, Vol. 99, No. 11, pp. 1111-111S; and Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 1995, Vol. 6,
No. 7, pp. 1535-1538).
[0155]
As required, the compound represented by General Formula (V) may also be
obtained as an amine that is an optically active substance by performing optical
resolution by the methods as described in documents (for example, Tetrahedron:
Asymmetry, 1995, Vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 1535-1538, etc.) using an optically active acid.
[0156]
Examples of the above-mentioned optically active acid include carboxylic
acids such as lactic acid, tartaric acid, 2-phenylpropionic acid and mandelic acid;
acidic amino acids such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid; and sulfonic acids such as
camphorsulfonic acid, but satisfactory results are obtained by appropriately selecting
depending on the compound.
[0157]
The effect of Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof on allergic dermatitis may be evaluated based on the inhibitory
action on the skin swelling response induced by an antigen by using the methods
described in documents concerning a type I allergic dermatitis model (see, for
example, Inflamm. Res., 1998, Vol. 47, pp. 506-511), a type IV allergic dermatitis
model (see, for example, Int. Arch Allergy. Appl. Immunol, 1990, Vol. 92, pp. 356-
360) or the like. It is known that the dermatitis reaction observed in the models is
similar to the swelling response observed when an antigen is applied to a human
patient suffering from allergic-dermatitis. This method is also used as an animal
model of atopic dermatitis.
[0158]
Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof can be used for ameliorating allergic dermatitis induced by an antigen, more
specifically, diffuse neurodermatitis, atopic eczema, atopic neurodermatitis, Besnier's
prurigo, acute infantile eczema, flexural eczema, infantile eczema on the limbs,
childhood atopic eczema, infantile xerotic eczema, infantile eczema, adult atopic
dermatitis, endogenic eczema, infantile dermatitis, chronic infantile eczema and the
like.
[0159]
Examples of the antigen herein include, for example, mite allergens
(Dermatophagoidesfarinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and the like), food
allergens (albumen, milk, wheat, soybean, rice, corn, sesame, buckwheat and the
like), pollen antigens (ragweed, mugwort, goldenrod, vernal grass, orchard grass,
bermuda grass, timothy grass, reed grass and the like), fungus allergens {Candida,
Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Altemaria and the like), animal epithelium
allergens (cat, dog) and hapten antigens (2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (hereinafter
referred to as DNFB), DNP, TNP and the like).
[0160]
' In addition, Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof can be used for ameliorating symptoms associated with
allergic dermatitis, more specifically, erythema, papule, scale, incrustation,
lichenification, xerosis (dry skin), pruritus, xeroderma, cheilitis, keratosis pilaris,
darkening of eyelids, facial pallor, pityriasis alba, food intolerance, white
dermographism, delayed blanch response and the like.
[0161]
The effect of Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof on inflammatory bowel disease may be evaluated based on the
inhibitory action on the colonic disorders induced by TNBS or DSS by using the
methods described in documents concerning a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
(hereinafter referred to as TNBS)-induced colitis model (see, for example,
Gastroenterology, 1989, Vol. 96, pp. 29-36), a dextran sulfate sodium (hereinafter
referred to as DSS)-induced chronic colitis model (see, for example, Am. J. Physiol.
Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, 2004, Vol. 287, pp. Gl 15-124) or the like. It is known
that the TNBS-induced colitis model is similar to human Crohn's disease and the
DSS-induced chronic colitis model is similar to human ulcerative colitis (see, for
example, Gastroenterology, 2002, Vol. 37, pp. 409-417).
[0162]
Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof can be used for ameliorating inflammatory bowel disease, more specifically,
Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and the like.
[0163]
In addition, Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof can be used for ameliorating symptoms associated with
inflammatory bowel disease, more specifically, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever,
blood stool, mucous and blood stool, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, vomiting,
melena, abdominal tumor, general malaise and the like.
[0164]
The effect of Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof on pain may be evaluated based on the inhibitory action on
pain induced by administration of an inflammatory agent (for example, carrageenin)
or by surgical nerve damage, by using the methods described in documents
concerning an inflammatory pain model (see, for example, Anesth. Analg., 2009, Vol.
108, pp. 168O-1687), neuropathic pain models as typified by Bennett model and
Chung model (see, for example, Pain, 1988, Vol. 33, pp. 87-107; and Pain, 1992,
Vol. 50, pp. 355-363) or the like.
[0165]
Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof can be used for ameliorating pain, more specifically, inflammatory pain and
neuropathic pain. Examples of the inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain herein
include, for example, headache, toothache, chest pain, abdominal pain, arthritis pain,
trigeminal neuralgia, sciatic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathic pain, cancer neuropathic
t
pain, HIV-related neuropathic pain, postherpetic neuralgia and post spinal cord injury
pain.
[0166]
Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof can be used as a pharmaceutical for a mammal (for example, mouse, rat,
hamster, rabbit, cat, dog, monkey, bovine, sheep or human).
[0167]
When Compound (I) of the present invention is used as a pharmaceutical, its
free form or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be used for systemic or
topical action as it is or after blending with a carrier acceptable as a pharmaceutical.
[0168]
Examples of the form of administration include, for example, oral
preparations such as tablets, capsules, granules, fine granules, powders, syrups and
liquids; and parenteral preparations such as injection solutions, inhalants,
suppositories, nasal drops, eye drops, lotions, ointments, creams, adhesive
preparations and patches.
[0169]
Preparation of a formulation containing Compound (I) of the present
invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be carried out according
to a known production method commonly used in the field of pharmaceutical
formulations. In this case, an excipient(s), a binder(s), a lubricant(s), a
disintegrator(s), a sweetener(s), a surfactant(s), a suspending agent(s), an
emulsifier(s), a pH adjustor(s), a base(s) and/or the like commonly used in the field
of pharmaceutical formulations may be contained as required.
[0170]
Examples of the above-mentioned excipient include, for example, lactose,
saccharose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, erythritol, crystalline cellulose, corn starch,
gelatin, dextran and low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose.
[0171]
Examples of the above-mentioned binder include, for example, starch, gum
arabic, gelatin, tragacanth, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose,
hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone,
polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate and glycerin.
[0172]
Examples of the above-mentioned lubricant include, for example, magnesium
stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, sucrose fatty acid ester, light anhydrous silicic
acid and talc.
[0173]
. Examples of the above-mentioned disintegrator include, for example, starch,
crystalline cellulose, low substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium,
crospovidone, carmellose calcium and partially pregelatinized starch.
[0174]
Examples of the above-mentioned sweetener include, for example, glucose,
fructose, invert sugar, sorbitol, xylitol, glycerin and simple syrup.
[0175]
Examples of the above-mentioned surfactant include, for example, sodium
lauryl sulfate, polysorbate 80, sorbitan monofatty acid ester and polyoxyl 40 stearate.
[0176]
Examples of the above-mentioned suspending agent include, for example,
gum arable, sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose and
bentonite.
[0177]
Examples of the above-mentioned emulsifier include, for example, gum
arabic, tragacanth, gelatin and polysorbate 80.
[0178]
Examples of the above-mentioned pH adjustor include, for example,
phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, glutamic acid, sodium hydroxide and
magnesium oxide.
[0179]
Examples of the above-mentioned base include, for example, petrolatum,
platinum base, polyethyleneglycol, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene glycol,
glycerin, liquid paraffin, hydrophilic ointment and absorptive ointment.
[0180]
When a formulation containing Compound (I) of the present invention or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is prepared into a dosage form as mentioned
above; a coloring agent(s), a light shading agent(s), a preservative(s), a flavoring
agent(s), a corrigent(s), an isotonic agent(s), a stabilizer(s), a solubilizer(s), a
thickener(s), a coating agent(s), a sustained release base(s) and/or the like commonly
used in the field of pharmaceutical formulations may be used.
[0181]
The content of the Compound (I) of the present invention or the
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an effective ingredient in the above
formulation is preferably 0.001 to 90% by weight, more preferably 0.01 to 70% by
weight.
[0182]
The dosage of the Compound (I) of the present invention or the
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is appropriately selected depending on the
symptom(s), age, body weight and/or sex of the patient, and/or administration
method, etc. The amount of the effective ingredient per day for an adult is, in case of
an injection solution, preferably 0.01 mg to 25 g, more preferably 0.1 mg to 10 g; and,
in case of an oral preparation, preferably 0.1 mgto 50 g, more preferably 1 mg to 20
g. In addition, in case of a topical preparation, the concentration of the effective
ingredient to be administered to an affected area in one time or in several times is
preferably 0.0001 to 10%, more preferably 0.001 to 5%.
[0183]
Compound (I) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof may be used alone, but may be also used after blending with or in
combination with an appropriate amount of other agent(s) for treating or preventing a
disease, for reducing or suppressing a symptom(s), for complementing or enhancing a
prophylactic and/or therapeutic effect(s) or for decreasing the dosage.
[0184]
Examples of other agent that can be used after blending or in combination
include, for example, steroids (such as prednisolone, methylprednisolone,
hydrocortisone, betamethasone and budesonide), immunosuppressive agents (such as
mercaptopurine, methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporine and tacrolimus),
petrolatums, urea ointments, zinc oxide ointments, antihistaminic agents (such as
chlorpheniramine), antiallergic agents (sodium cromoglycate), Th2 cytokine
inhibitors (such as suplatast), NFKB decoy DNAs, adhesion molecule inhibitors,
active oxygen scavengers, active oxygen production inhibitors, antibiotics (such as
metronidazole), antibacterial agents, aminosalicylic acid preparations (such as
salazopyrin and mesalazine) and derivatives thereof, prostaglandin synthetase
inhibitors, protease inhibitors (such as ulinastatin), leukotriene production inhibitors,
leukotriene receptor antagonists, TNFa antagonists* IL-6 antagonists, 5-lipoxygenase
inhibitors, elastase inhibitors, metalloprotease inhibitors, PDE inhibitors, mucosal
protective agents, mucosal repairing agents, adrenocorticotropic hormones,
antitussives, expectorants, antitussive and expectorant agents, bronchodilators,
antipeptic ulcer agents and narcotic analgesics.
EXAMPLES
[0185]
The present invention will now be described concretely by way of Examples
below, although the present invention is not restricted thereto.
[0186]
Example 1
Synthesis of 1 -(S-rerr-butyl-S^hydroxymethyO^-methoxyphenyO-S-^lS^i?)-
l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-liH-inden-2-yl)urea (Compound 1)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 5-/er?-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde
A solution of 5-terH-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7.71 g, 43.3 mmol) in
acetonitrile (216 mL) was cooled to -40°C, and nitronium tetrafluoroborate (7.47 g,
56.2 mmol) was added thereto. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour while
raising the temperature to -20°C. Water was added to the reaction solution and the
aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with
saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
filtered, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. To a suspension
of the obtained residue (8.35 g) and potassium carbonate (25.9 g, 187 mmol) in DMF
(50.0mL), methyl iodide (8.19 mL, 131 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture
was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. Water was added to the reaction
solution and the resulting mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer
was washed with water and then with saturated brine. The organic layer was dried
over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under
- reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column chromatography
(silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate = 100/0 - 80/20) to obtain 7.49 g of the captioned
compound (84% yield in 2 steps).
[0187]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of (5-/erNbutyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)methanol
A solution of 5-/erH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde (0.500 g, 2.10
mmol) in methanol (10.5 mL) was cooled to 0°C, and sodium borohydride (0.088 g,
2.31 mmol) was added thereto, followed by stirring the mixture for 15 minutes.
Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added to the reaction solution
and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The aqueous layer
was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with saturated
brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and
then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was
purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=10/90 - 50/50)
to obtain 0.486 g of captioned compound (96% yield).
[0188]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of (3-amino-5-/erH-butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol
To a solution of (5-rerr-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)methanol (0.250 g,
1.04 mmol) in ethyl acetate (10.4 mL), 10% palladium/activated charcoal (0.025 g)
was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen
atmosphere for 14 hours. After completion of the reaction, insoluble materials were
filtered through a Celite pad, and the solvent was washed with ethyl acetate. The
solvent of the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 0.219 g
(quantitative) of the crude product containing the captioned compound.
[0189]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-^r?-butyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)r2-
methoxyphenylcarbamate
A solution of (3-amino-5-rerr-butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (1.72 g, 8.23
mmol) and JV^V-diisopropylethylamine (2.15 mL, 12.3 mmol) in THF (27.4 mL) was
cooled to 0°C, and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate (1.24 mL, 9.01 mmol) was
added, followed by stirring the mixture for 10 minutes. Water was added to the
reaction solution and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and then the
organic layer was washed with saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and then the solvent was evaporated under
reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column chromatography
(silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=75/25 - 50/50) to obtain 2.23 g of the captioned
comp6und (71% yield).
[0190]
(5th Step)
Synthesis of l-(5-ferr-butyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-((lS'52i?)-l-
hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-l/f-inden-2-yl)urea (Compound 1)
A suspension of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-te^butyl-3-(hydroxyrnethyl)-2-
methoxyphenylcarbamate (1.50 g, 3.90 mmol), (lS,2i?)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-lH-
inden-1-ol'L-tartaric acid salt (1.28 g, 4.29 mmol) and JV^N-diisopropylethylamine
(2.37 mL, 13.6 mmol) in acetonitrile (19.5 mL) was heated to reflux. After 17 hours,
the mixture was allowed to cool and the reaction solution was concentrated under
reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column chromatography
(silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=50/50 - 0/100) to obtain 1.09 g of the captioned
compound (73% yield).
[0191]
Example 2
Synthesis of l-(5-/e^-butyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-((15,,2/?)-
4-fluoro-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea (Compound 3)
Using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-te^butyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-
methoxyphenylcarbamate (0.100 g, 0.260 mmol) and (lS,2jR)-2-amino-4-fluoro-2,3-
dihydro-lif-inden-l-ol-L-tartaric acid salt (0.091 g, 0.286 mmol), the same reaction
as in Example 1 (5th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.034 g of the captioned
compound (32% yield).
[0192]
Example 3
Synthesis of l-(5-rerH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-((5)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-3-((15,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-clihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea
(Compound 46a), l-(5-rerH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-((JR)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-3-((lS,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea
(Compound 46b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(5-ter?-butyl-2-methoxy-3 -nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
A solution of 5-ferf-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde (13.5 g, 57.1
mmol) in THF (57.1 mL) was cooled to 0°C, and trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane
(10.9 mL, 74.2 mmol) and a solution of 1.0 mol/L tetra M-butylammonium fluoride in
THF (5.71 mL, 5.71 mmol) were added dropwise thereto, respectively. After addition
of the reagents, the mixture was heated to room temperature. After stirring the
mixture for 3 hours, 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution,
and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The aqueous
layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated
brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and
the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was
purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=100/0 - 50/50)
to obtain 16.5 g of captioned compound (94% yield).
[0193]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(3-amino-5-ferr-butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
To a solution of l-(5-/erf-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-
trifiuoroethanol (0.440 g, 1.43 mmol) in ethanol (4.7 mL) and water (2.3 mL),
ammonium chloride (0.230 g, 4.30 mmol) and iron powder (0.240 g, 4.30 mmol)
were added, and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 15 hours. The
temperature of the reaction solution was returned to room temperature, the insoluble
materials were filtered through a Celite pad. After evaporating the organic solvent
under reduced pressure, the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the
organic layer was washed with saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced
pressure to obtain 0.397 g of the crude product containing the captioned compound.
[0194]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-/e^butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l -
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate
A solution of crude product (0.397 g) containing l-(3-amino-5-fert-butyl-2-
methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and JV^-diisopropylethylamine (0.374 mL,
2.14 mmol) in THF (4.77 mL) was cooled to 0°C, and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl
chloroformate (0.217 mL, 1.57 mmol) was added thereto, followed by stirring the
mixture for 10 minutes. Water was added to the reaction solution and the aqueous
layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with
saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
filtered, and then the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained
residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl
acetate= 100/0 - 75/25) to obtain 0.622 g of the captioned compound (96% yield in 2
steps).
[0195]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(5-terf-butyl-2-methoxy-3 -((5)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-
3-((15,2/?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea (Compound 46a) and l-(5-
ferr-butyl-2-methoxy-3-((i?)-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-3-((15,2i?)-l-
hydroxy-2,3-dihydro- lif-inden-2-yl)urea (Compound 46b)
A suspension of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-terf-butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-
trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.220 g, 0.486 mmol), (15',2i?)-2-amino-
2,3-dihydro-l/f-inden-l-ol • L-tartaric acid salt (0.189 g, 0.632 mmol) and NJV-
diisopropylethylamine (0.423 mL, 2.43 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.486 mL) was heated
to reflux. After 14 hours, the mixture was allowed to cool, the reaction solution was
concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column
chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=67/33 - 0/100) to obtain 0.095 g of
the captioned compound 46a (43% yield) in the low polarity side and 0.095 g of the
captioned compound 46b (43% yield) in the high polarity side.
[0196]
Example 4
Synthesis of l-(3-(l-amino-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5-ferr-butyl-2-
methoxyphenyl)-3-((l S,2R)-1 -hydroxy-2,3 -dihydro-1 i7-inden-2-yl)urea (Compound
47a, Compound 47b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of tert-butyl 1 -(5-?erf-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethylcarbamate
To a solution of l-(5-/er?-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethanol (0.500 g, 1.62 mmol) in acetonitrile (13 mL), 1.30 mL (24.4 mmol)
of concentrated sulfuric acid was added, and the resulting mixture was heated to
reflux for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was allowed
to cool and added to aqueous saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and the
pH was adjusted to 8. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The
organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate
and filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure.To a solution of
the obtained residue in THF (20 mL), triethylamine (0.32 mL, 2.31 mmol), di tert-
butyldicarbonate (0.510 g, 2.31 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (0.024 g)
were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours.
After completion of the reaction, methanol was added and the solvent was evaporated
under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column
chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate = 90/10 - 0/100) to obtain 0.599 g of
the captioned compound (97% yield).
[0197]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of tert-butyl l-(5-ferH-butyl-3-(3-((15',2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-17H-
inden-2-yl)ureido)-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylcarbamate
To a solution of terH-butyl l-(5-?erf-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethyl carbamate (0.645 g, 1.58 mmol) in methanol (20 mL), 10%
palladium/activated charcoal (0.130 g) was added and the resulting mixture was
stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere for 3 hours. After completion
of the reaction, insoluble materials were filtered through a Celite pad, and the solvent
was evaporated under reduced pressure. To a solution of the obtained residue in THF
(7.0 mL), N, JV-diisopropylethylamine (0.360 mL, 2.06 mmol) was added, and 2,2,2-
trichloroethyl chloroformate (0.235 mL, 1.74 mmol) was added under ice cooling.
The temperature was returned to room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 30
minutes. After completion of the reaction, methanol was added and the solvent was
evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain 0.768 g of an oily product. Using this
oily product (0.300 g) and (lS,2#)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro4H-inden4-ol-L4artaric
acid salt (0.220 g, 0.735 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (4th Step) was
carried out to obtain 0.185 g of the captioned compound (54% yield in 3 steps).
[0198]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(3-(l -amino-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5-?erH-butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-
((15',2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea (Compound 47a, Compound
47b)
In 10% hydrogen chloride/methanol solution (6.0 mL), tert-butyl l-(5-/erH-
butyl-3-(3-((lS,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-liy-inden-2-yl)ureido)-2-
methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethylcarbamate (0.183 g, 0.332 mmol) was dissolved
and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 28 hours. After
completion of the reaction, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. To
the obtained residue, ethyl acetate and 1 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution
* Were added, and the pH was adjusted to 10. The aqueous layer was extracted with
ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced
pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel,
hexane/ethyl acetate=90/10 - 0/100) to obtain 0.064 g of the captioned compound 47a
(43% yield) in the low polarity side and 0.049 g of the captioned compound 47b
(33% yield) in the high polarity side.
[0199]
Example 5
Synthesis of l-(5-fer?-butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
(methylamino)ethyl)phenyl)-3-((15',2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea
(Compound 48a, Compound 48b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(5-tert-butyl-2-methoxy-3 -nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone
To a solution of l-(5-rerf-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethanol (2.00 g, 6.51 mmol) in dichloromethane (32.5 mL), Dess-Martin
Periodinane (2.90 g, 6.83 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at
room temperature for 14 hours. The insoluble materials were filtered through a Celite
pad, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue
was purified by column chromatography (amine coated silica gel, hexane/ethyl
acetate=75/25 -10/90) to obtain 1.81 g of the captioned compound (91% yield).
[0200]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(5-?erH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-Ar-
methylethaneamine
To a solution of l-(5-ferH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethanone (0.500 g, 1.63 mmol), methylaminehydrochloride (0.221 g, 3.28
mmol) and triethylamine (0.454 mL, 3.28 mmol) in ethanol (5.0 mL), titanium
tetraisopropoxide (0.960 mL, 3.28 mmol) was added dropwise thereto, followed by
stirring the mixture overnight at room temperature. The reaction solution was cooled
to 0°C and sodium borohydride (0.062 g, 1.63 mmol) was added thereto. The
temperature was returned to room temperature and the mixture was stirred. After
completion of the reaction, water was added and the insoluble materials were filtered
through a Celite pad, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. To a
solution, chloroform and saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was
added, and aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was
washed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered,
and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was
purified by column chromatography (amine coated silica gel, hexane/ethyl
acetate=75/25) to obtain 0.413 g of the captioned compound (78% yield).
[0201]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 5-^^-butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(methylamino)ethyl)aniline
To a solution of l-(5-/erH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-iV-
methylethaneamine (0.413 g, 1.29 mmol) in methanol (12.0 mL), 10%
palladium/activated charcoal (0.041 g) was added and the resulting mixture was
stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere for 3 hours. After completion
of the reaction, the insoluble materials were filtered through a Celite pad, and the
solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by
column chromatography (amine coated silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=90/10 -
0/100) to obtain 0.215 g of the captioned compound (57% yield).
[0202]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 1 -(5-te^butyl-3-(3-((lS,2J?)-i-hydroxy-2,3-
dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl)ureido)-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethyl(methyl)carbamate
A solution of 5-ferr-butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
(methylamino)ethyl)aniline (0.215 g, 0.741 mmol) and iVJV-diisopropylethylamine
(0.350 mL, 1.95 mmol) in THF (3.5 mL) was cooled to 0°C, and 2,2,2-trichloroethyl
chloroformate (0.220 mL, 1.65 mmol) was added thereto. The temperature was
returned to room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. After
completion of the reaction, methanol was added and the solvent was evaporated
under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column
chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=50/50 - 90/10) to obtain 0.312 g of
colorless solid. Using this colorless solid (0.312 g) and (lS,22?)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-
liH-inden-l-ol-L-tartaric acid salt (0.190 g, 0.633 mmol), the same reaction as in
Example 3 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.284 g of the captioned compound
(60% yield in 2 steps).
[0203]
(5th Step)
Synthesis of l-(5-fer^-butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
(methylamino)ethyl)phenyl)-3 -((1 S,2R)-1 -hydroxy-2,3 -dihydro-1 iH-inden-2-yl)urea
(Compound 48a, Compound 48b)
To a solution of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl l-(5-tert-butyl-3-((lS;2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-
dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)ureido)-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethyl(methyl)carbamate (0.284 g, 0.443 mmol) in acetic acid (2.2 mL), water
(0.44 mL) and zinc (0.087 g, 1.33 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was
stirred overnight at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, insoluble
materials were filtered through a Celite pad. The filtrate was evaporated under
reduced pressure. To the obtained residue, ethyl acetate and a solution of 1 mol/L
sodium hydroxide was added, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate.
The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium
sulfate and filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The
obtained residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl
acetate=90/10 - 0/100) to obtain 0.081 g of the captioned compound 48a (39% yield)
in the low polarity side and 0.082 g of the captioned compound 48b (40% yield) in
the high polarity side.
[0204]
Example 6
Synthesis of l-(5-fe^-butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifiuoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-3-((15',2^)-l-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inderi-2-
yl)urea (Compound 49a, Compound 49b)
Using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-te^butyl-2-memoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.139 g, 0.308 mmol) and (l 1 -hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1 if-inden-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-
- 5-(piperidine-l-yl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea (Compound 97a,
Compound 97b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-(piperidine-1 -yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
Using l-(3-amino-5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (0.300 g,
1.00 mmol) and piperidine (0.150 mL, 1.52 mmol), the same reaction as in Example
20 (1st Step) was carried out to obtain 0.091 g of the captioned compound (30%
yield).
[0231]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-methoxy-5-(piperidine-1 -yl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate
Using l-(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-(piperidine-l-yi)phenyl)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethanol (0.080 g, 0.263 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (3rd Step)
was carried out to obtain 0.126 g of the captioned compound (99% yield).
[0232]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of l-((15,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-5-
(piperidine-1 -yl)-3 -(2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea (Compound 97a,
Compound 97b)
Using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-methoxy-5-(piperidine-1 -yl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.125 g, 0.261 mmol) and (lS,2J?)-2-amino-2,3-
dihydro-l/Z-inden-l-ol'L-tartaric acid salt (0.086 g, 0.287 mmol), the same reaction
as in Example 3 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.032 g of the captioned
compound 97a (26% yield) in the low polarity side and 0.034 g of the captioned
compound 97b (27% yield) in the high polarity side.
[0233]
Example 25
Synthesis of l-(5-(azepan-l-yl)-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-3 -((1 S,2R)-1 -hydroxy-2,3 -dihydro-1 iH-inden-2-yl)urea
. (Compound 102a, Compound 102b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of l-(3-amino-5-(azepan-l-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
Using l-(3-amino-5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (0.600 g,
2.00 mmol) and.hexamethyleneimine (0.298 g, 3.00 mmol), the same reaction as in
Example 20 (1st Step) was carried out to obtain 0.435 g of the captioned compound
(68% yield).
[0234]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-(azepan-1 -yl)-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate
Using l-(3-amino-5-(azepan-l-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trifiuoroethanol
(0.404 g, 1.27 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 1 (4th Step) was carried out to
obtain 0.408 g of the captioned compound (65% yield).
[0235]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of l-(5-(azepah-l-yl)-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-3 -((1 S,2R)-1 -hydroxy-2,3 -dihydro-1 iH-inden-2-yl)urea
(Compound 102a, Compound 102b)
Using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-(azepan-l-yl)-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.173 g, 0.350 mmol) and (15,2i?)-2-amino-2,3-
dihydro-lH-inden-l-ol*L-tartaric acid salt (0.115 g, 0.385 mmol), the same reaction
as in Example 3 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.045 g of the captioned
compound 102a (26% yield) in the low polarity side and 0.050 g of the captioned
compound 102b (29% yield) in the high polarity side.
[0236]
Example 26
Synthesis of l-((l,S,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-
5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea
(Compound 108a, Compound 108b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)tetrahydro-2iH-pyran-4-ol
A solution of 4-bromoanisole (1.00 g, 5.35 mmol) in THF (10.0 mL) was
cooled to -78°C, and 2.77 mol/L n-butyllithium solution in rc-hexane (2.31 mL, 6.42
mmol) was added dropwise thereto. After stirring the mixture for 1 hours, tetrahydro-
4if-pyran-4-one (0.595 mL, 6.42 mmol) was added dropwise thereto. After stirring
the mixture for 2 hours, acetic acid was added to the reaction solution to stop the
reaction. The temperature was returned to room temperature, and the mixture was
diluted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with water. The organic
layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
filtered. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the obtained residue
was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl acetate=20/80 -
0/100) to obtain 0.680 g of the captioned compound (61% yield).
[0237]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran
A solution of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol (0.680 g, 3.27
mmol) in dichloromethane (16.0 mL) was cooled to -78°C, and titanium tetrachloride
(0.720 mL, 6.53 mmol) was added dropwise thereto. After stirring the mixture for 1
hour, 1.0 mol/L dimethylzinc solution in n-hexane (13.1 mL, 13.1 mmol) was added .
dropwise thereto. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours, and water was added to stop
the reaction. The temperature was returned to'room temperature, and the mixture was
diluted with ethyl acetate and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid. The organic layer was
washed with water and then with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium
sulfate and filtered. The solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure, and the
obtained residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl
acetate = 90/10 - 30/70) to obtain 0.641 g of the captioned compound (95% yield).
[0238]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)benzaldehyde
A solution of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran (0.518 g,
2.51mmol) in dichloromethane (12.0 mL) was cooled to -15°C, and titanium
tetrachloride (1.22 mL, 11.0 mmol) was added dropwise thereto. After stirring the
mixture for 20 minutes, dichloromethyl methyl ether (0.336 mL, 3.77 mmol) was
added dropwise thereto. After stirring the mixture for 1 hour, 1 mol/L hydrochloric
acid was added to stop the reaction. The reaction solution was diluted with ethyl
acetate, and the organic layer was washed with water and then with saturated brine,
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was then evaporated
under reduced pressure to obtain 0.719 g of the crude product containing the
captioned compound.
[0239]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of 2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-nitrobenzaldehyde
A solution of the crude product containing 2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-
2iH-pyran-4-yl)benzaldehyde (0.719 g) in ethyl acetate (10.0 mL) was cooled to -
40°C, and nitronium tetrafluoroborate (0.597 g, 4.49 mmol) was added thereto. The
resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hours while raising the temperature to -10°C.
Water was added to the reaction solution and the resulting solution was diluted with
ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium
hydrogen carbonate solution and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate
and filtered. The solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure, and the
obtained residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/ethyl
acetate = 90/10 - 30/70) to obtain 0.644 g of the captioned compound (92% yield in 2
steps).
[0240]
(5th Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-
nitrophenyl)ethanol
Using 2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-nitrobenzaIdehyde
(0.644 g, 2.30 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (1st Step) was carried out to
obtain 0.697 g (87% yield) of the captioned compound.
[0241]
(6th Step)
Synthesis of 1 -(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yI)phenyl)-
2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
Using 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-
nitrophenyl)ethanol (0.697 g, 1.99 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (2nd
Step) was carried out to obtain 0.698 g of the crude product containing the captioned
compound.
[0242]
(7th Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-2JfH-pyran-4-yl)-3-
(2,2,2-trifiuoro-1 -hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate
Using the crude product containing l-(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-(4-
methyltetrahydro-2iH-pyran-4-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (0.698 g), the same
reaction as in Example 1 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.708 g (72% yield in 2
steps) of the captioned compound.
[0243]
(8th Step)
Synthesis of 1 -((lS,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-l/f-inden-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-5-(4-
methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea
(Compound 108a, Compound 108b)
Using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-methoxy-5-(4-methyltetrahydro-liH-pyran-4-yl)-
3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.150 g, 0.303 mmol) and
(15,2i?)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-l-ol-L-tartaric acid salt (0.118 g, 0.394
mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.059
g of the captioned compound 108a (40% yield) in the low polarity side and 0.066 g of
the captioned compound 108b (44% yield) in the high polarity side.
[0244]
Example 27
Synthesis of 1-((1S,27?)-1 -hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-liH-inden-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-
5-rerH-pentyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea (Compound 123a,
Compound 123b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(2-methoxy-3-nitro-5-ferr-pentylphenyl)ethanol
Using 2-methoxy-3-nitro-5-rerr-pentylbenzaldehyde (0.351 g, 1.40 mmol), the
same reaction as in Example 3 (1st Step) was carried out to obtain 0.337 g of the
captioned compound (75% yield).
[0245]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of l-(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-?erH-pentylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifiuoroethanol
Using 2,2,2-trifluoro-l -(2-methoxy-3-nitro-5-/er?-pentylphenyl)ethanol (0.334
g, 1.04 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (2nd Step) was carried out to
obtain 0.303g of the crude product containing the captioned compound.
[0246]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl2-methoxy-5-rer?-pentyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate
Using the crude product containing l-(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-tert-
pentylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, the same reaction as in Example 3 (3rd Step)
was carried out to obtain 0.208 g of the captioned compound (43% yield in 2 steps).
[0247]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of 1 -((1 S,2R)-1 -hydroxy-2,3 -dihydro-1 H-inden-2-yl)-3 -(2-methoxy-5-tert-
pentyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea (Compound 123a, Compound
123b)"
Using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-methoxy-5-/erH-pentyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -
hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.200 g, 0.428 mmol) and (l&21O-2-amino-2,3-
dihydro-1/f-inden-l-ol-L-tartaric acid salt (0.128 g, 0.428 mmol), the same reaction
as in Example 3 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.073 g of the captioned
compound 123a (36% yield) in the low polarity side and 0.078 g of the captioned
compound 123b (39% yield) in the high polarity side.
[0248]
Example 28
Synthesis of l-((l1S,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-
5-( 1 -methylcyclobutyl)-3 -(2,2,2-trifiuoro-1 -hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea (Compound
135a, Compound 135b)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of l-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclobutanol
Using 4-bromoanisole (6.67 g, 35.7 mmol) and cyclobutanone (3.00 g, 42.8
mmol), the same reaction as in Example 26 (1st Step) was carried out to obtain 6.06
g of the captioned compound (95% yield).
[0249]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of l-methoxy-4-(l-methylcyclobutyl)benzene
Using l-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclobutanol (3.00 g, 16.8 mmol), the same
reaction as in Example 26 (2nd Step) was carried out to obtain 2.52 g of the
captioned compound (85% yield).
[0250]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 2-methoxy-5-(l-methylcyclobutyl)benzaldehyde
Using l-methoxy-4-(l-methylcyclobutyl)benzene (1.20 g, 6.81 mmol), the
same reaction as in Example 26 (3rd Step) was carried out to obtain 1.39 g of the
captioned compound (99% yield).
[0251]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of 2-methoxy-5-( 1 -methylcyclobutyl)-3-nitrobenzaldehyde
Using 2-methoxy-5-(l-methylcyclobutyl)benzaldehyde (1.39 g, 6.80 mmol),
the same reaction as in Example 26 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 1.07 g of the
captioned compound (63% yield).
[0252]
(5th Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -(2-methoxy-5 -(1 -methylcyclobutyl)-3 -
nitrophenyl)ethanol
Using 2-methoxy-5-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-3-nitrobenzaldehyde (1.06 g, 4.25
mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (1st Step) was carried out to obtain 1.17 g
of the captioned compound (86% yield).
[0253]
(6th Step)
Synthesis of l-(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-(l-methylcyclobutyl)phenyl)-2,2,2-
trifiuoroethanol
Using 2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(2-methoxy-5-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-3-
nitrophenyl)ethanol (1.17 g, 3.66 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (2nd
Step) was carried out to obtain 0.955 g of the captioned compound (90% yield).
[0254]
(7th Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl2-methoxy-5-(l-methylcyclobutyl)-3-(2,2,2-
trifluoro-1 -hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate
Using 1 -(3-amino-2-methoxy-5-( 1 -methylcyclobutyl)phenyi)-2,2,2-
trifluoroethanol (0.950 g, 3.28 mmol), the same reaction as in Example 3 (3rd Step)
was carried out to obtain 1.268 g of the captioned compound (83% yield).
[0255]
(8th Step)
Synthesis of l-((lS,2i?)-l-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-l/7-inden-2-yl)-3-(2-methoxy-5-(l-
methylcyclobutyl)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)urea (Compound 135a,
Compound 135b)
Using 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 2-methoxy-5-( 1 -methylcyclobutyl)-3-(2,2,2-
trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.270 g, 0.581 mmol) and (\S,2R)-2-
amino^^-dihydro-l/Z-inden-l-ol'L-tartaric acid salt (0.183 g, 0.611 mmol), the
same reaction as in Example 3 (4th Step) was carried out to obtain 0.108 g of the
captioned compound 135a (40% yield) in the low polarity side and 0.107 g of the
captioned compound 135b (40% yield) in the high polarity side.
[0256]
The physical property data of the Compound (I) according to the present
invention synthesized as above are shown in Table 3 below.
Comparative Example 1
Synthesis of l-(5-/erH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-hydroxyethyl)phenyl)-3-
(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea (Comparative Compound 1)
To a solution of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-te^butyl-2-methoxy-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-
l-hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate (0.150 g, 0.331 mmol) and 2-aminoindane (0.053 g,
0.398 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL), iV^-diisopropylethylamine (0.173 mL, 0.994
mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 110°C for 18 hours. The reaction
mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified
by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/«-hexane = 0/100 - 60/40) to
obtain 0.133 g of the captioned compound (92% yield).
XH-NMR (400MHz, CDC13) 5: 7.85 (1H, d, J=2.1 Hz), 7.23-7.15 (5H, m), 6.67 (1H,
s), 5.29-5.23 (2H, m), 4.67-4.61 (1H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 3.32 (2H, dd, J=16.1,6.9 Hz),
3.26 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 2.83 (2H, td, J=16.1,4.6 Hz), 1.26 (9H, s).
MS (ESI): 437 ([M+H]*).
[0269]
Comparative Example 2
Synthesis of l-(5-/err-butyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2,3-dihydro-
lH-inden-2-yl)urea (Comparative Compound 2)
To a solution of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-fer^-butyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-
methoxyphenylcarbamate (0.096 g, 0.250 mmol) and 2-aminoindane (0.033 g, 0.248
mmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL), AyV-diisopropylethylamine (0.065 mL, 0.38 mmol)
was added, and the mixture was stirred at 70°C for 12 hours. The reaction mixture
was evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica
gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/«-hexane = 0/100 - 60/40) to obtain 0.092
g (quantitative) of the captioned compound.
'H-NMR (400MHz, CDC13) 8: 7.84-6.90 (7H, m), 5.34 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 4.65-4.64
(3H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 3.35-3.29 (2H, m), 2.87-2.82 (2H, m), 2.09 (1H, brs), 1.26 (9H,
s).
MS (ESI): 369 ([M+H]*).
[0270]
Comparative Example 3
Synthesis of l-(5-ferr-butyl-3-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-((15',2i?)-l-
hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl)urea (Comparative Compound 3)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 5-^rH-butyl-l-(chloromethyl)-2-methoxy-3-nitrobenzene
To a solution of (5-rerr-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)methanol (4.59 g, 19.2
mmol) in chloroform (20 mL), thionyl chloride (2.80 mL, 38.4 mmol) was added,
and the mixture was stirred overnight under reflux. After cooling the mixture to room
temperature and evaporated under reduced pressure and water was added to the
residue. The resultant was extracted with ethyl acetate and then dried over anhydrous
sodium sulfate, evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was
purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/n-hexane = 0/100 -
30/70) to obtain 1.95 g (39% yield) of the captioned compound.
[0271]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of 2-(5-/erH-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile
To a mixed solution of 5-^er^-butyl-l-(chloromethyl)-2-methoxy-3-
nitrobenzene (1.93 g, 7.49 mmol) in dioxane (5.0 mL), ethanol (5.0 mL) and water
(2.5 mL), potassium cyanide (0.980 g, 15.0 mmol) was added, and the mixture was
stirred for 2 hours under reflux. After cooling the mixture to room temperature and
evaporated under reduced pressure and water was added to the residue. The resultant
was extracted with ethyl acetate and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,
evaporated under reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel
column chromatography (ethyl acetate/n-hexane = 0/100 - 30/70) to obtain 1.84 g of
the captioned compound (99% yield).
[0272]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 2-(5-rerr-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile
To a suspension of sodium hydroxide (60%) (0.097 g, 2.42 mmol) in THF
(3.2 mL), 2-(5-rerr-butyl-2-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile (0.200 g, 0.806 mmol)
was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. To this
mixture, methyl iodide (0.121 mL, 1.93 mmol) was added and stirred overnight at
room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was
extracted with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
then evaporated under pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel
column chromatography (ethyl acetate/«-hexane = 0/100 - 30/70) to obtain 0.088 g of
the captioned compound (39% yield).
[0273]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of 2-(3 -amino-5 -ter^butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-memylpropanenitrile
To a solution of 2-(5-ter^butyl-2-me&oxy-3-nitrophenyl)-2-
methylpropanenitrile (0.086 g, 0.311 mmol) in ethanol (3.1 mL), iron (0.087 g, 1.56
mmol), ammonium chloride (0.083 g, 1.56 mmol) and water (1.6 mL) were added,
and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours under reflux. The reaction mixture was
filtered and washed with ethanol. The obtained filtrate was evaporated under reduced
pressure and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane. After washing this
solution with water and then saturated brine, the solution was dried over anhydrous
sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the obtained
residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/n-hexane =
0/100 - 30/70) to obtain 0.051 g of the captioned compound (67% yield).
[0274]
(5th Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-ter?-butyl-3-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-2-
methoxyphenylcarbamate
To a solution of 2-(3-amino-5-ter^butyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-
methylpropanenitrile (0.050 g, 0.202 mmol) in THF (0.6 mL), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl
chloroformate (0.052 g, 0.245 mmol) and JV^-diisopropylethylamine (0.053 mL,
0.304 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours.
The reaction solution was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the obtained
residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/«-hexane =
0/100 - 30/70) to obtain 0.086 g (quantitative) of the captioned compound.
[0275]
(6th Step)
Synthesis of l-(5-rerH-butyl-3-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-((liS',2i?)-l-
hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-l/f-inden-2-yl)urea (Comparative Compound 3)
To a solution of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 5-ferH-butyl-3-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-2-
methoxyphenylcarbamate (0.086 g, 0.203 mmol) and (lS,2i?)-2-amino-2,3-dihydro-
177-inden-1 -ol • L-tartaric acid salt (0.067 g, 0.223 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.8 mL),
TVyV-diisopropylethylamine (0.058 mL, 0.333 mmol) was added, the mixture was
stirred overnight at 110°C. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced
pressure and the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography
(ethyl acetate/w-hexane = 10/90 - 60/40) to obtain 0.044 g of the captioned compound
(51% yield).
'H-NMR (400MHz, CDC13) 6: 7.64-7.06 (6H, m), 6.40 (1H, s), 5.66 (1H, d, J - 8.0
Hz), 5.11 (1H, dd, J = 5.4, 5.1 Hz), 4.68-4.61 (1H, m), 3.93 (3H, s), 3.32 (1H, dd, J =
15.9, 7.3 Hz), 2.89 (1H, dd, J = 15.9, 6.6 Hz), 2.14 (1H, d, J = 5.1 Hz), 1.74 (3H, s),
1.73 (3H,s), 1.29 (9H,s).
MS (ESI): 422 ([M+H]+).
[0276]
Comparative Example 4
Synthesis of l-(3-ferr-butyl-l-p-tolyl-l/f-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(4-(2-
morpholinoethoxy)naphthalen-l-yl)urea (Comparative Compound 4) and l-(3-^e^-
butyl-l-p-tolyl-liH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(4-(2-morpholinoethoxy)naphthalen-l-yl)urea-
hydrochloride (Comparative Compound 4c)
(1st Step)
Synthesis of 3-tert-butyl-1 -p-toly\-1 H-pyrazol-5-amine • hydrochloride
A solution ofp-tolylhydrazine- hydrochloride (76.0 g, 479 mmol) and
pivaloylacetonitrile (85.0 g, 679 mmol) in methanol (350 mL) was heated to reflux.
After 15 hours, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then
methanol was evaporated under reduced pressure. To the obtained residue, diethyl
ether was added, followed by recrystallizing the resultant to obtain 108.2 g of the
captioned compound (85% yield).
[0277]
(2nd Step)
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 3-terH-butyl-l-/?-tolyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl carbamate
A suspension of 3-terH-butyl-1 -p-tolyl-1 ZH-pyrazol-5-amine-hydrochloride
(75.0 g, 282 mmol) in ethyl acetate (500 mL) was cooled to 0°C, and aqueous
solution (250mL) of sodium hydroxide (30.0 g, 750 mmol) was added dropwise
thereto for 30 minutes. After stirring the resulting mixture for further 30 minutes,
2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate (55.2 mL, 401 mmol) was added dropwise thereto
for 30 minutes. After completion of the dropping, the resulting mixture was stirred at
room temperature for 1.5 hours, and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous
layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the resultant was combined with the
organic layer, followed by washing the organic layer sequentially with water, aqueous
saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water and with saturated brine. The organic
layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, and the solvent was
evaporated under reduced pressure. To the obtained residue, n-hexane was added and
the generated precipitates were collected by filtration to obtain 97.81 g of the
captioned compound (85% yield).
[0278]
(3rd Step)
Synthesis of 4-(2-(4-nitronaphthalen-l -yloxy)ethyl)morpholine
A suspension of 4-nitronaphthalen-l-ol (10.1 g, 53.4 mmol), 4-(2-
chloroethyl)morpholine*hydrochloride (14.0 g, 75.2 mmol), sodium hydroxide (3.11
g, 77.8 mmol) and potassium carbonate (17.5 g, 127 mmol) in l-methylpyrrolidine-2-
one (180 mL) was stirred at 100°C. After 3 hours, the reaction solution was cooled to
0°C, water (200 mL) was added thereto, followed by stirring the mixture. The
precipitated crystals were collected by filtration to obtain 14.31 g of the captioned
compound (88% yield).
[0279]
(4th Step)
Synthesis of l-(3-rerr-butyl-l-p-tolyl-liH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(4-(2-
morpholinoethoxy)naphthalen-l-yl)urea (Comparative Compound 4)
To a mixed solution of 4-(2-(4-nitronaphthalen-l-yloxy)ethyl)morpholine
(11.18 g, 36.9 mmol) in methanol (90 mL) and THF (30 mL), 5%
palladium/activated charcoal (0.500 g) was added and the resulting mixture was
stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere. After 23 hours, the insoluble
materials were filtered and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. To
the obtained residue, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl 3-te^butyl-l-p-tolyl-liH-pyrazol-5-yl
carbamate (16.1 g, 39.7 mmol), JV^V-diisopropylethylamine (8.50 mL) and DMSO
(30 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 60°C. After 18 hours, the
temperature of the reaction solution was returned to room temperature and saturated
brine was added thereto. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and then
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated under reduced
pressure. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography
(ethyl acetate/w-hexane = 50/50 - ethyl acetate/methanol = 90/10) to obtain 13.58 g of
the captioned compound (69% yield).
[0280]
(5th Step)
Synthesis of l-(3-te^butyl-l-/?-tolyl-li7-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(4-(2-
morpholinoethoxy)naphthalen-l-yl)urea'hydrochloride (Comparative Compound 4c)
To 1 -(3-fert-butyl-1 -p-tolyl- lH-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(4-(2-
morpholinoethoxy)naphthalen-l-yl)urea (6.38 g, 12.1 mmol), 0.1N hydrochloric acid
(121 mL) and water (150 mL) was added and dissolved therein. The solvent was
removed by lyophilization method to obtain 6.91 g (quantitative) of the captioned
compound.
'H-NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) 5: 10.95 (lH,s), 8.96 (1H, s), 8.79 (1H, s), 8.30 (1H,
d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.99 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.68 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.61-7.54 (2H, m), 7.46
(2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.35 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.01 (1H, d, J-8.3 Hz), 6.35 (1H, s), 4.58-
4.55 (2H, m), 4.01-3.98 (2H, m), 3.83-3.77 (2H, m), 3.73-3.71 (2H, m), 3.57-3.54
(2H, m), 3.33-3.28 (2H, m), 2.39 (3H, s), 1.28 (9H, s).
[0281]
(Comparative Example 5)
4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl)-1 iH-imidazol-5 -yl)pyridine
(Comparative Compound 5)
The captioned compound was purchased from a commercially available
reagent (Sigma-Aldrich).
[0282]
1) Evaluation of p38 MAPK Inhibitory Activity by Compound
Using human p38 MAPK a, the p38 MAPK inhibitory activity of Compound
(I) of the present invention was studied by a method partially modified from the
method described in Current Medicinal Chemistry (2004, No. 11, pp. 721-730).
[0283]
A solution of each test compound solution in 100% DMSO and a
p38a/SAPK2a solution (Final Concentration: 1.5 nM) (Invitrogen) were added to a
3 84-well plate, and then the plate was incubated at room temperature in a dark place
for 1 hour. Thereafter, ATP (Final Concentration: 100 uM), which is a phosphate
donor, and biotinylated ATF2 (Final Concentration: 30 nM) (upstate), which is a
substrate, were added, and the resulting mixture was allowed to react at room
temperature in a dark place for 1 hour (the final concentration of DMSO was 0.25%).
After the reaction, an anti-phosphorylated ATF2 antibody (Final Concentration: 1
nM) (Cell Signaling), anti-IgG acceptor beads (Final Concentration: 20 |xg/mL)
(PerkinElmer) and streptavidin donor beads (Final Concentration: 20 ug/mL)
(PerkinElmer) were added, and the resultant was incubated at room temperature in a
dark place for 1 hour. Using a microplate analyzer (Fusion-a, Packard) in Alpha
Screen method (Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay), the light
emission was detected. The IC50 value of each compound was calculated by
sigmoidal dose-response regression using Prism 4.02 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). The
results are shown in Table 4. As a comparative control compound, Comparative
Compound 1 was used.
As is apparent from the results in Table 4, Compound (I) of the present
invention exhibited a markedly higher p38 MAPK inhibitory activity than the
comparative control compound.
[0286]
2) Evaluation of Cytokine Production Suppressing Activity by Compound Using
Human Whole Blood
Using human whole blood, the inhibitory action of Compound (I) of the
present invention on the TNFa production by LPS stimulation was studied by a
method partially modified from the method described in Journal of Medicinal
Chemistry (2003, Vol. 46, pp. 4676-4686).
[0287]
A solution of each test compound in 100% DMSO and human blood were
mixed in a 96-well flat-bottom plate. Thereafter, LPS (Final Concentration: 200
ng/mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was allowed to react at 37°C for 5
hours (the final concentration of DMSO was 0.2%). After the reaction, the resultant
was centrifuged for 20 minutes at room temperature, and the supernatant was
collected. For the measurement of the TNFa amount in the supernatant, a human
cytokine kit (CIS bio international) was used. The results are shown in Table 5. As a
comparative control compound, Comparative Compound 2 was used.
As is apparent from the results in Table 5, Compound (I) of the present
invention markedly suppressed the TNFa production compared to the comparative
control compound.
[0290]
3) Evaluation of Compound in Mouse LPS-induced Cytokine Production Model
The action of Compound (I) of the present invention on the TNFa production
induced by LPS administration in a mouse was studied by a method partially
modified from the method described in Journal of Immunology (1992, Vol. 148, pp.
189O-1897).
[0291]
To each BALB/c mouse (male, 7 to 9-week old, Charles River Laboratories
Japan, Inc.), LPS (0111:B4, SIGMA) was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of
1 mg/kg. Sixty minutes after the LPS administration, blood was collected from the
abdominal vena cava under anesthesia and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4°C to
obtaina serum. For the measurement of TNF-a in the serum, ELISA Development
System (R&D Systems) was used. Each test compound was dissolved in DMSO
(Final Concentration: 2%), and then the obtained solution was dissolved in a 27%
aqueous solution of 2-hydroxypropyl-P-cyclodextrin (hereinafter referred to as HP-J3-
CD; Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.). Thirty minutes before the LPS administration,
the resulting solution was orally administered at 50 mg/kg. As a result, the TNFa
production by the oral administration of Compound 46b described in the Examples
was significantly suppressed compared to the solvent-administered group
(Suppression Ratio: 100.0%, Welch's test (Significance Level: less than 5%)).
[0292]
As a comparative control compound, Comparative Compound 3 was used.
The suppression ratio of the TNFa production by Comparative Compound 3 was
17.0%.
[0293]
As is apparent from the results, Compound (I) of the present invention
exhibited a markedly higher oral activity than the comparative control compound. ,
[0294]
4) Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Compound in Mouse
Each test compound was dissolved in 10% HP-P-CD (Nihon Shokuhin Kako
Co., Ltd.) to prepare a solution to be administered (0.08 mg/mL, as a solution to be
administered for oral administration). To each BALB/c mouse (male, 7-week old,
Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc.), each compound was orally administered at a
dose of 0.8 mg/kg. Blood was collected from the jugular vein or heart with time up to
24 hours after the administration. The obtained blood was centrifuged to collect
blood plasma. The blood plasma was pretreated by methanol extraction method, and
the concentration of the compound was analyzed by LC/MS/MS (ESI positive mode).
[0295]
The obtained pharmacokinetic parameters were summarized in Table 6. As
comparative control compounds, Comparative Compound 2 and Comparative
Compound 5 were used.
[0296]
[in this table, Cmax represents a maximum plasma concentration; and AUC0-oo
represents an area under the curve of the plasma concentration of the compound from
after the compound administration to infinite time.]
[0297]
As is apparent from the results in Table 6, Compound (I) of the present
invention exhibited a markedly higher Cmax and a markedly higher AUC0-oo than these
comparative control compounds, and exhibited an excellent in vivo pharmacokinetics
when orally administered.
[0298]
5) Evaluation of Metabolic Stability of Compound in Human CYP (Cytochrome
P450)
Each test compound was mixed at a concentration of 2 μM with a phosphate
buffer solution containing Human liver microsomes (Xenotech) in an amount of 0.5
mg/mL. Thereafter, NADPH was added thereto, and the obtained mixture was
allowed to react at 37°C for up to 30 minutes. The reaction was terminated by adding
acetonitrile, and then the resultant was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4°C to collect a
supernatant. The supernatant was pretreated by methanol extraction method, and the
concentration of the compound was analyzed by LC/MS/MS (ESI positive mode).
The compound remaining rate was calculated from the obtained concentration of the
compound. The intrinsic clearances (CLint) obtained from the changes of the
compound remaining rates are shown in Table 7. As comparative control compounds,
Comparative Compound 3 and Comparative Compound 4c were used (5 μM).
As is apparent from the results in Table 7, Compound (I) of the present
invention had a lower intrinsic clearance than the comparative control compounds,
and therefore exhibited an excellent metabolic stability.
[0301]
6) Evaluation of Ability to Induce Drug-induced Phospholipidosis by Compound
Whether an ability to induce phospholipidosis by Compound (I) of the present
invention was observed or not was studied. The evaluation of Compound 46b
described in the Examples was carried out by a method partially modified from the
method described in Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology (2007, Vol. 58, pp.
375-382).
[0302]
Each test compound and HCS Lipid TOX Green Phospholipidosis Detection
Regent (Invitrogen), which is a phospholipid staining solution, were mixed with
HepG2 cells, which are a cell line derived from human hepatoma, and the cells were
cultured in the presence of 5% CO2 at 37°C for 48 hours. The culture supernatant
after the culturing was removed, and Hoechest 33258 (Invitrogen), which is a nucleic
acid staining solution, was added, followed by allowing the resulting mixture to react
in the dark at room temperature for 20 minutes. The resultant was washed with PBS
solution. Then the fluorescence intensity was measured with a microplate analyzer
(Fusion-a, Packard), and FLA (a relative value when taking amiodarone
hydrochloride (10 μM) as 1, said amiodarone hydrochloride being a positive control
substance) was calculated according to the following equations. The case where FLA
was less than 1 was judged as negative, and the case where FLA was not less than 1
was judged as positive. Each test compound was dissolved in DMSO before use, and
the resulting solution was added to the cells such that the final concentration of
DMSO was 1%.
FLR = (FLL - FLLB) / (FLH - FLHB)
FLA = (FLR / FLR(amiodarone hydrochloride))
FLL: phospholipid fluorescence intensity
FLLB: blank value when measuring the phospholipid fluorescence
FLH: nucleic acid fluorescence intensity
FLHB: blank value when measuring the nucleic acid fluorescence
[0303]
As a result, Compound 46b described in the Examples had a FLA value of
less than 1 even at a concentration up to 10 uM, and therefore this was judged as
negative.
[0304]
The evaluation of Comparative Compound 4c, which was a comparative
control compound, was carried out by a method partially modified from the method
described in Cell Biology and Toxicology (2003, Vol. 19, pp. 161-176).
[0305]
Each test compound was mixed with U937 cells, which are a cell line derived
from human monocytes, and the cells were cultured in the presence of 5% CO2 at
37°C for 48 hours. The cell suspension after the culturing was replaced with a PBS
solution containing Nile red (Invitrogen) which is a phospholipid staining solution,
and the resulting mixture was allowed to react in the dark at room temperature for 10
minutes. After centrifugal washing with PBS solution, the fluorescence intensity was
measured with a flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) (Excitation Wavelength: 488 nm,
Detection Region: 515-545 nm). As a negative control substance, valproic acid (300
μM) was used. The case where the fluorescence intensity was significantly increased
compared to valproic acid was judged as positive, and the case where the
fluorescence intensity was not significantly increased compared to valproic acid was
judged as negative. Each test compound was dissolved in DMSO before use, and the
resulting solution was added to the cells such that the final concentration of DMSO
was 1%.
[0306]
As a result, Comparative Compound 4c showed a significantly increased
fluorescence intensity (Dunnett's test (Significance Level: less than 5%)) at a
concentration of 20 μM, and therefore this Was judged as positive.
[0307]
From these results, it was proved that the comparative control compound had
an ability to induce phospholipidosis and that Compound (I) of the present invention
did not have an ability to induce phospholipidosis.
[0308]
7) Evaluation of Hepatotoxicity of Compound in Mouse
Compound (I) of the present invention was suspended in 0.5%
methylcellulose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare a 50 mg/mL
solution to be administered. To each ICR mouse (male, 7-week old, Charles River
Laboratories Japan, Inc.), each compound was orally administered at a dose of 500
mg/kg. On the day after the administration, blood was collected from the posterior
vena cava, and the obtained blood was centrifuged to collect blood plasma. AST
(aspartate aminotransferase) value, which is a marker of hepatic disorders in blood
plasma, was measured with a biochemistry automatic analyzer (Hitachi 7070, Hitachi,
Ltd.). Comparative Compound 4 was suspended in 0.5% sodium
carboxymethylcellulose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) before use.
[0309]
As a result, the AST value of the solvent-administered group was 34 to 40
U/L; the AST value of Compound 46b described in the Examples was 47 U/L and
there was almost no change compared to that of the solvent-administered group; and
the AST value of Comparative Compound 4 was 145 U/L and a statistically
significantly increase was observed.
[0310]
As is apparent from the results, Compound (I) of the present invention had a
markedly lower hepatotoxicity than the comparative control compound.
[0311]
8) Evaluation of Compound in Allergic Dermatitis Models
The action of Compound (I) of the present invention on skin swelling
response in mouse allergic dermatitis models was studied. As the allergic dermatitis
models, models partially modified from a type I allergic dermatitis model and a type
IV allergic dermatitis model described in documents (Inflamm. Res., 1998, Vol. 47,
pp. 506-511 and Int. Arch. Allergy. Appl. Immunol, 1990, Vol. 92, pp. 356-360)
were used.
[0312]
(1) Action on Skin Swelling Response in Type I Allergic Dermatitis Model
To each BALB/c mouse (female, 7-week old, Charles River Laboratories
Japan, Inc.), mouse IgE anti-DNP antibody (0.05 mg/body, SEIKAGAKU
CORPORATION) was intravenously administered to passively sensitize the mouse.
Twenty four hours after the sensitization, 20 uL of 0.38% DNFB (SIGMA) dissolved
in acetone:olive oil (4:1) was applied to the auricle of the mouse to induce
inflammation. From after the induction to 24 hours, the thickness of the auricle was
measured with time using a Digimatic Indicator (Mitutoyo). Each test compound was
dissolved in ethanol, and 20 uL of 0.5 w/v% solution was applied to the auricle at 1
hour before the induction.
[0313]
The swelling ratio of the auricle was calculated according to the following
equation. In addition, for each of the auricular swelling ratios between 0 and 4 hours
after the induction and the auricular swelling ratios between 5 and 10 hours after the
induction, AUC (which is an area under the curve when taking the time after the
induction along the abscissa and taking the auricular swelling ratio along the
ordinate, %*hr) was calculated. The AUC between 0 and 4 hours after the induction
was considered as an immediate response, and the AUC between 5 and 10 hours after
the induction was considered as a late response.
Auricular Swelling Ratio (%) = (A - B) / B x 100
A: Thickness of the auricle after the induction
B: Thickness of the auricle before the induction
[0314]
As a result, both Compounds 46b and 50b described in the Examples
suppressed both of immediate and late auricula swellings (the suppression ratios of
Compounds 46b and 50b on immediate response were 94.4% and 33.4%,
respectively; and the suppression ratios on late response were 93.1% and 50.2%,
respectively).
[0315]
(2) Action on Skin Swelling Response in Type IV Allergic Dermatitis Model
To the back of each BALB/c mouse (female, 7-week old, Charles River
Laboratories Japan, Inc.), 25 uL of 0.5% DNFB solution dissolved in acetone:olive
oil (4:1) was applied. On the next day, the same operations were repeated to actively
sensitize the mouse. Four days after the sensitization, 20 uL of 0.2% DNFB solution
dissolved in acetone:olive oil (4:1) was applied to the auricle of the sensitized mouse
to induce inflammation. Twenty four hours after the induction, the thickness of the
auricle was measured using a Digimatic Indicator (Mitutoyo). Each test compound
was dissolved in ethanol and 20 uL of 0.5 w/v% solution was applied to the auricle at
1 hour before the induction; or each test compound was suspended in 0.5%
methylcellulose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and the resulting solution was
orally administered at 30 mg/kg at 1 hour before the induction. The swelling ratio of
the auricle was calculated according to the following equation.
Auricular Swelling Ratio (%) = (A - B) / B x 100
A: Thickness of the auricle after the induction
B: Thickness of the auricle before the induction
[0316]
As a result, both Compounds 46b and 50b described in the Examples
suppressed the auricular swelling in both administration routes of oral administration
and auricular application (the suppression ratios of Compounds 46b and 50b in oral
administration were 37.7% and 54.4%, respectively; and the suppression ratios in
auricular application were 49.2% and 48.0%, respectively).
As is apparent from the results, Compound (I) of the present invention
exhibited an excellent therapeutic effect on allergic dermatitis by orally administering
or applying.
[0317]
9) Evaluation of Compound in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Models
The action of Compound (I) of the present invention on colonic disorders in
inflammatory bowel disease models was studied. As the inflammatory bowel disease
models, models partially modified from a TNBS-induced colitis model and a DSS-
induced chronic colitis model described in documents (Gastroenterology, 1989, Vol.
96, pp. 29-36 and ,Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, 2004, Vol. 287, pp.
Gl 15-124) were used.
[0318]
(1) Action on Colonic Disorders in TNBS-induced Colitis Model
To each Slc:Wistar rat (male, 12-week old, Japan SLC, Inc.), TNBS (Wako
Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) dissolved in ethanol was rectally administered under
anesthesia, and the TNBS solution was held in the rectum for 1 hour to produce the
colitis model. These rats had been fasted from 2 days before the TNBS
administration to the day of the TNBS administration. Five days after the TNBS
administration, the colon was isolated from the each rat, and the macroscopic damage
score (which is a total of adhesion score, diarrhea score and ulcer score) was recorded
as an index of damage in the colon. The macroscopic damage score was calculated
based on the scores of Dubigeon et al. (Eur. J. Pharmacol, 2001, Vol. 431, pp. 103-
110) and the scores of Venkova et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2004, Vol. 308, pp.
206-213).
[0319]
Each of Compounds 46b and 50b described in the Examples was suspended
in 0.5 w/v% methylcellulose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and the
obtained solution was orally administered at 3 mg/kg once on the day of the TNBS
administration and at 3 mg/kg twice a day for 4 days from the next day of the TNBS
administration. The administration of these compounds on the day of the TNBS
administration was carried out 30 minutes to 1 hour before the TNBS administration.
[0320]
As a result, while the macroscopic damage score of the solvent-administered
group was 6.0 ± 0.9, the macroscopic damage score of Compound 46b described in
the Examples was 3.3 ± 0.7 and was statistically significantly decreased compared to
the solvent-administered group (Wilcoxon test (Significance Level: less than 5%)).
[0321]
In another experiment, while the macroscopic damage score of the solvent-
administered group was 6.9 ± 1.1, the macroscopic damage score of Compound 50b
described in the Examples was a low value of 5.2 ± 1.1.
[0322]
(2) Action on Colonic Disorders in DSS-induced Chronic Colitis Model
To each BALB/cCrSlc mouse (female, 9-week old, Japan SLC, Inc.), DSS
(Molecular Weight: 36-50 kDa; MP Biomedicals) dissolved in sterile ultrapure water
was administered via free drinking for 5 days from the day of the start of the
administration via drinking water (this day was considered as Day 0 after the start of
the administration via drinking water), and then switched to administration of sterile
ultrapure water via free drinking for 5 days. This cycle was repeated again, and DSS
was further administered via free drinking for another 7 days to produce the colitis
model. As an index of colitis symptoms, stool consistency scores were used. The
stool consistency scores were based on the following criteria: normal stool was
defined as score 0; loose stool was defined as score 2; and diarrhea was defined as
score 4. On Day 27 after the start of the administration via drinking water, the onset
of colitis was confirmed by the stool consistency score, and thereafter the DSS
administration was switched to administration of sterile ultrapure water via free
drinking. The stool consistency scores were recorded every day for 5 days between
Day 28 and Day 32 after the start of the administration via drinking water, and the
total of the stool consistency scores for the 5 days was defined as a "stool consistency
score (total)." Each test compound was suspended in 0.5 w/v% methylcellulose
(Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and the obtained solution was orally
administered at 10 mg/kg once on Day 27 after the start of the administration via
drinking water and at 10 mg/kg twice a day between Day 28 and Day 31 after the
start of the administration via drinking water.
[0323]
As a result, while the stool consistency score (total) of the solvent-
administered group was 9.5 ± 0.8, the stool consistency scores (total) of Compounds
46b and 50b described in the Examples were each 5.7 ± 0.8 and 6.5 ± 0.6, and were
both statistically significantly decreased compared to the solvent-administered group
(Wilcoxon test (Significance Level: less than 1%)).
[0324]
As is apparent from these results, Compound (I) of the present invention
exhibited an excellent therapeutic effect on inflammatory bowel disease by orally
administering.
[0325]
10) Evaluation of Compound in Pain Models
The action of Compound (I) of the present invention on hyperalgesia in pain
models was studied. As the pain models, models partially modified from an
inflammatory pain model (a carrageenin paw edema pain model) and neuropathic
pain models (Bennett model and Chung model) described in documents {Anesth.
Analg., 2009, Vol. 108, pp. 168O-1687; Pain, 1988, Vol. 33, pp. 87-107; and Pain,
1992, Vol. 50, pp. 355-363) were used.
[0326]
(1) Action on Hyperalgesia in Inflammatory Pain Model (Carrageenin Paw Edema
Pain Model)
' To the footpad of the left hind limb of each Crl:CD (SD) rat (male, 6-week
old, Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc.), an 1 w/v% suspension of carrageenin
(Zushi Kagaku Laboratory, Inc.) in physiological saline was subcutaneously
administered at 0.1 mL/body to produce the carrageenin paw edema pain model.
Ninety minutes after the administration of the 1 w/v% suspension of carrageenin in
physiological saline, the pain threshold (mmHg) of the footpad of the left hind limb
was measured using Analgesy Meter (TK-201, Unicom) wherein the stimulating
pressure was set so as to rise from 0 mmHg to 100 mmHg for 10 seconds. Each test
compound was suspended in 0.5 w/v% methylcellulose (Wako Pure Chemical
Industries, Ltd.), and the obtained solution was orally administered 30 minutes before
the administration of the 1 w/v% suspension of carrageenin in physiological saline.
Compound 46b described in the Examples was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg;
Comparative Compound 4 was administered as a comparative control compound at a
dose of 100 mg/kg; and diclofenac sodium (Sigma- Aldrich), which is a nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory agent, was administered as a comparative control agent at a dose
of 3 mg/kg.
[0327]
The results are shown in Fig. 1. The symbols "*",. "#" and "*" in the figure
indicate statistical significance based on the comparison with the solvent-
administered group (Student's t-test) (***: p < 0.001, significant difference between
the solvent-administered group and Compound 46b-administered group; #: P < 0.05,
significant difference between the solvent-administered group and Comparative
Compound 4-administered group; and, "** P < 0.01, significant difference between
the solvent-administered group and diclofenac sodium-administered group).
[0328]
As shown in Fig. 1, the pain threshold (mmHg) of Compound 46b-
administered group was significantly elevated compared to the pain threshold
(mmHg) of the solvent-administered group (Student's t-test (Significance Level: less
than 0.1%)). In addition, the pain threshold (mmHg) of Compound 46b-administered
group was higher than the pain thresholds (mmHg) of Comparative Compound 4-
administered group and diclofenac sodium-administered group.
[0329]
As is apparent from the results, Compound (I) of the present invention
exhibited an excellent therapeutic effect on inflammatory pain compared to the
comparative control compound and the comparative control agent by orally
administering.
[0330]
(2) Action on Hyperalgesia in Neuropathic Pain Models (Bennett Model and Chung
Model)
The Bennett model was produced by lightly ligating the sciatic nerve in the
left thigh of each Crl:CD (SD) rat (male, 6-week old, Charles River Laboratories
Japan, Inc.) at 4 points with chromic catgut (4-0). Fourteen days after the Bennett
model was produced, each test compound was orally administered, and plantar test
was performed 90 minutes after the administration. The plantar test was carried out
by measuring the pain threshold (sec) of the left footpad (model foot) using a plantar
thermal stimulation device (Plantar test 7370, Ugo Basile) wherein the thermal
stimulus intensity was set to 60. Each test compound was suspended in 0.5 w/v%
methylcellulose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and the obtained solution was
orally administered. Compound 46b described in the Examples was administered at a
dose of 100 mg/kg, and gabapentin (Toronto Research Chemicals), which is an
anticonvulsant, was administered as a comparative control agent at a dose of 100
mg/kg.
[0331]
The Chung model was produced by completely ligating the L5 and L6 spinal
nerves of each Crl:CD (SD) rat (male, 6-week old, Charles River Laboratories Japan,
Inc.) with a silk suture (5-0). Seven days after the Chung model was produced, each
test compound was orally administered, and von Frey test was performed 90 minutes
after the administration. In addition, fifteen days after the Chung model was
produced, each test compound was orally administered, and plantar test was
performed 90 minutes after the administration. The von Frey test was carried out by
measuring the pain threshold (g) of the left footpad (model foot) using Dynamic
Plantar Aesthesiometer (37400, Ugo Basile) wherein the maximum pressure was set
to 30.0 g and the time required to reach the maximum pressure was set to 40 seconds.
The plantar test was carried out by the method described above. Each test compound
was suspended in 0.5 w/v% methylcellulose (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.),
and the obtained solution was orally administered. Compound 46b described in the
Examples was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg, and gabapentin (Toronto
Research Chemicals), which is an anticonvulsant, was administered as a comparative
control agent at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
[0332]
The results of the plantar test in the Bennett model are shown in Fig. 2. The
symbols "*" and "f" in the figure indicate statistical significance based on the
comparison with the solvent-administered group (Student's t-test) (**: P < 0.01,
significant difference between the solvent-administered group and Compound 46b-
administered group; and, ft: P < 0.01, significant difference between the solvent-
administered group and gabapentin-administered group).
[0333]
As shown in Fig. 2, the pain threshold (sec) of Compound 46b-administered
group was significantly elevated compared to the pain threshold (sec) of the solvent-
administered group (Student's t-test (Significance Level: less than 1%)). In addition,
the pain threshold (sec) of Compound 46b-administered group was higher than the
pain threshold (sec) of gabapentin-administered group.
[0334]
As a result of the von Frey test in the Chung model, while the pain threshold
of the solvent-administered group was 5.8 ± 0.1 g, the pain threshold in case of
Compound 46b described in the Examples was 7.0 ± 0.3 g,-and was statistically
significantly elevated compared to the solvent-administered group (Student's t-test
(Significance Level: less than 1%)).
[0335]
The results of the plantar test in the Chung model are shown in Fig. 3. The
symbols "*" in the figure indicate statistical significance based on the comparison
with the solvent-administered group (Student's t-test) (**: P < 0.01, significant
difference between the solvent-administered group and Compound 46b-administered
group).
[0336]
As shown in Fig. 3, the pain threshold (sec) of Compound 46b-administered
group was significantly elevated compared to the pain threshold (sec) of the solvent-
administered group (Student's t-test (Significance Level: less than 1%)). In addition,
the pain threshold (sec) of Compound 46b-administered group was higher than the
pain threshold (sec) of gabapentin-administered group.
[0337]
As is apparent from these results, Compound (I) of the present invention
exhibited an excellent therapeutic effect on neuropathic pain compared to the
comparative control agent by orally administering.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0338]
A novel 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea derivative according to the present
invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be used as
pharmaceuticals comprising them as an effective ingredient.
We Claim:
1. A 2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-2-yl urea derivative represented by the General
Formula (la) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
[wherein, n represents an integer of 0 to 4; R3a represents R6O- or (R6)2N-; R3b
represents hydrogen, R6O- or (R6)2N-; R4a represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms
(which may be substituted with 1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N-), R6O-,
(R6)2N- or halogen; R4b represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be
substituted with 1 or more halogen, ReO- and/or (R6)2N-), cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon
atoms (which may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6 that are each independent; wherein 1
to 3 methylenes constituting a ring may be substituted with each independently -O-, -
S-, -C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon atom directly bound to a benzene ring
may be substituted with a nitrogen atom), R6O-, (R6)2N- or halogen; R5 each
independently represents alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with
1 or more halogen, R6O- and/or (R6)2N-), cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms (which
may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6 that are each independent; wherein 1 to 3
methylenes constituting a ring may be each independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -
C(O)- or -N(R6)-; and wherein a carbon atom directly bound to a benzene ring may
be substituted with a nitrogen atom), R6O-, (R6)2N-, R6C(O)NH-, R6S(O)2NH-,
R6C(O)-, R6OC(O)-, (R6)2NC(O)-, cyano or halogen; R6 each independently
represents hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (which may be substituted with 1
or more halogen); and X represents R6O- or (R6)2N-].
2. The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl urea derivative or the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein
' R3b is hydrogen;
R3aand R4aareR6O-;
R is alkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 8 carbon atoms (which
may be substituted with 1 to 3 R6 that are each independent; wherein 1 to 3
methylenes constituting a ring may be each independently substituted with -O-, -S-, -
C(O)- or -N(R )-; and wherein a carbon atom directly bound to a benzene ring may
be substituted with a nitrogen atom) or halogen; and
R5 is each independently R6O- or halogen.
3. The 2,3 -dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl urea derivative or the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1 or 2, wherein
R3a is hydroxy;
R4a is methoxy or ethoxy;
R4b is 2-propyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, pyrrolidinyl,
piperidinyl, azepanyl, morpholinyl or bromo;
R5 is hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, fluoro, chloro or bromo; and
X is hydroxy, amino, methylamino or dimethylamino.
4. The 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea derivative or the pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein
R4a is methoxy;
R4b is 2-methyl-2-propyl; and
X is hydroxy.
5. A pharmaceutical comprising the 2,3-dihydro-liH-inden-2-yl urea derivative
or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 4
as an effective ingredient.
6. A therapeutic or prophylactic agent for allergic dermatitis comprising the 2,3-
dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea derivative or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
according to any one of claims 1 to 4 as an effective ingredient.
7. A therapeutic or prophylactic agent for inflammatory bowel disease
comprising the 2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yl urea derivative or the pharmaeeutically
acceptable salt thereof according to any one of claims 1 to 4 as an effective ingredient.
8. A therapeutic or prophylactic agent for pain comprising the 2,3-dihydro-lH-
inden-2-yl urea derivative or the pharmaeeutically acceptable-salt thereof according
to any one of claims 1 to 4 as an effective ingredient.
ABSTRACT
In order to provide a low molecular weight compound
that has p38MAPK inhibitory activity and the
accompanying TNFα production suppression activity and
that has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile as a
pharmaceutical and decreased hepatotoxicity, and to
provide a pharmaceutical application of same, disclosed
is a 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-ylurea derivative
represented below, a pharmacologically acceptable salt
thereof, and a therapeutic agent or preventative agent
that contains same as an active ingredient and that is
for allergic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease,
and pain.