DESC:FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of pesticides. The present invention in particular relates to a synergistic, broad spectrum insecticidal composition comprising Abamectin, Spirotetramat and Diafenthiuron. The present invention further relates to the process of preparation of said composition and uses thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
Enhancement of agricultural produce requires the protection of the crops and its produce from pest damage. Various chemicals and their formulations have been developed and are in use currently for the effective management of insects and pests. Due to non-judicious use of the hitherto known pesticides, the pests gain resistance and become hard to kill. Physically compatible pesticide mixtures exhibit a better pest management. These mixtures show multifaceted advantages than when applied individually, providing a synergistic effect.
The need for more food has to be met through higher yields per unit of land, water, energy and time. Excessive use of mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides has caused soil degradation, ground water pollution and the spread of the pest's resistant to pesticides in several areas. Hence their judicious use includes avoiding prophylactic sprays, adopting strip treatment, spot application to only those areas with heavy incidence of pests, application to the soil to avoid direct contact with the natural enemies and using selective or non-persistent pesticides. The systemic pesticides are sprayed at a concentration of 0.02 to 0.05 percent active ingredient. The contact pesticides are sprayed at 0.05 to 0.07 or even 0.1 percent active ingredient. The soil application of the granular systemic insecticides varies from 1 to 2 kg a.i./ha. The fungicides are applied up to 2 g/l depending upon the chemical used, pest species and season of the application.
Processes for insecticidal agents and compositions have been developed to control insect pests and in practice have been used as a single or a mixed agent. However, processes for the economically efficient and ecologically safe insect control compositions are still being sought. A process for the preparation of insecticidal compositions which allows for reduced effective dosage rates, increased environmental safety and lower incidence of insect resistance are highly desirable. Although the rotational application of insect control agents having different modes of action may be adopted for good pest management practice, this approach does not necessarily give satisfactory insect control. Further, even though combinations of insect control agents have been studied, a high synergistic action has not always been found. Obtaining an insecticidal composition which demonstrates no cross-resistance to existing insecticidal agents, no toxicity problems and little negative impact on the environment is extremely difficult.
Thus there is a need to develop and improve insecticidal compositions to increase agricultural yield. The composition should have high synergistic action, no cross resistance to existing insecticidal agents, avoid excess loading of the toxicant to the environment and negligible impact to environmental safety. A need also exists for synergistic insecticidal compositions which could be physico- compatible formulations in the form of storage stable, safely packed, ready to use formulation.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel, stable, synergistic, insecticidal composition comprising Abamectin, Spirotetramatand Diafenthiuronas its ingredients.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an insecticidal composition comprising Abamectin and Spirotetramatas insecticidal active ingredients and Diafenthiuronas a synergist.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an insecticidal composition with enhanced bioefficacy at reduced dosage as compared to individual insecticides when used in isolation.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an insecticidal composition that result in good enhancement in crop yield.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an insecticidal composition that is environmentally safe and non-phytotoxic.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an insecticidal composition that has broad spectrum activity and can be used in a wide variety of agricultural crops.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a novel, stable, synergistic, environmentally safe, broad spectrum, cost effective insecticidal composition comprising Abamectin as the first active ingredient, Spirotetramat as the second active ingredient and Diafenthiuron as the third active ingredient as a synergist.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a novel, stable, synergistic, environment friendly, broad spectrum, cost effective insecticidal composition that is effective in controlling Mites, Green jassid, Aphid’s and White fly on Tomato crop.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a stable formulation comprising said insecticidal composition. In a preferred aspect, said insecticidal composition is formulated as Suspension Concentrate.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing said insecticidal composition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Those skilled in the art will be aware that the invention described herein is subject to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention described herein includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all such steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features.
Unless otherwise specified, all terms used in disclosing the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as commonly understood by one of the ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. For further guidance, term definitions may be included to better appreciate the teaching of the present invention.
DEFINITIONS
The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.
The term "Insecticidal" as used herein, refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit, growth rate of insects
The terms “plants” and “vegetation” include, but are not limited to,germinant seeds, emerging seedlings, plants emerging from vegetative propagules, and established vegetation.
As used herein, the terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", "including", or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. For example, a composition or a method that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, or method.
As used herein, the term "agrochemically acceptable salts" are typically acid addition salts of inorganic or organic acids, preferably of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid or benzoic acid.
As used herein, the term “additive(s)” or "auxiliary agent(s)" or “agriculturally acceptable carrier(s)”can be used interchangeably and refers to inert substances which are commonly used as diluent, to provide stability or to increase the activity profile of the composition or formulation with or without having agrochemical activity.
Unless otherwise specified, % refers to % weight; and % weight refers to % of the weight of the respective component with respect to the total weight of the composition.
As used herein, the term “lower” or “minimal” or “minimum” can be used interchangeably and refers to the optimum concentration of active or inactive ingredients of formulation to achieve the expected efficacy.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a composition of Abamectin, Spirotetramat, Diafenthiuron comprising organic or inorganic carrier material, including agriculturally acceptable additive(s) selected from the group comprising of solid carrier(s), surfactant(s), binder(s), disintegrating agent(s), wetting agent(s), pH adjuster(s), thickener(s), filler(s), diluent(s), anti-caking agent(s), defoaming agent(s), buffering agent(s), and/or coloring agent(s), Antifreezing agent(s), Rheology Modifier(s), Diluent(s) , Biocide(s) or combination thereof. The composition may also contain if desired, one or more auxiliaries customary for crop protection compositions.
Abamectin is a high-efficiency and broad-spectrum antibiotic pesticidal and acaricidal agent. It is composed of a group of macrolide compounds with an active substance of AVERMECTIN, and has stomach toxicity and contact killing effects on mites and insects. Abamectin can quickly decompose and dissipate when sprayed on the leaf surface, and the active ingredients that penetrate into the plant parenchyma tissue can exist in the tissue for a long time and have a conductive effect, thereby having a long residual effectiveness on pest mites and insects that feed on the plant tissues. Abamectin is mainly directed at endo- and ecto-parasites of poultry and livestock and crop pests, such as parasitic red insects, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and pest mites. Abamectin technical powder is a white or yellow crystal with a density of 1.16, a vapor pressure of <200 nPa, a melting point of 150° C.-155° C., and a solubility at 21° C. of 7.8 µg/L in water. Abamectin is stable under common storage conditions, and the aqueous solution thereof will not be hydrolysed at pH: 5-9 and 25° C. With regard to the toxicity of abamectin, rats have an oral LD50 of 1470 mg/kg. Abamectin has no teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects.
Spirotetramat, chemical name: 4- (ethoxycarbonyloxy) -8-methoxy-3- (2, 5-xylyl) -1-azaspiro [4,5] -dec-3-en-2-one. The spirotetramat is a novel tetronic acid pesticide, and has a wide insecticidal spectrum and a long lasting period. It causes death of larvae by interfering with fat biosynthesis in insects, reducing the reproductive capacity of adults. Due to the unique action mechanism, the insecticidal composition can effectively prevent and control various sucking mouthparts pests, such as aphids, thrips, mealybugs, whiteflies, scale insects and the like. It has insecticidal activity for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on various crops and belongs to the chemical class of cyclic ketoenols. Its mode of action is through disruption of lipogenesis which leads to the inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase, a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis. It shows insecticidal activity towards a wide spectrum of pest species such as aphids, thrips, mites, whiteflies, scales, and mealybugs on a wide range of fruits, vegetables and other plantations.
Diafenthiuron is a kind of Thiourea insecticidal/acaricidal agent.Diafenthiuron, mainly protects crops, fruits, vegetables, cotton, tea and ornamental plants from aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, has high control effect on the already resistant diamondback moth and grey army worm and has a specific control effect on spider mite. It has excellent contact and stomach action, and good penetration ability. It is a pro-insecticide, which has to be converted to its active from, before it can act on an insect. The active compound then acts on the energy-producing enzymes in the mitochondria. This results in immediate paralysis of the pest after intake or contact with the product. Notably, Diafenthiuron is also safe for predators, earthworms and birds.
The present invention thus provides an insecticidal composition comprising a) Abamectin as the first active ingredient b) Spirotetramat as the second active ingredient and c) Difenthiuronas the third active ingredients. Wherein, Abamectin is present in an amount ranging from 0.1-10%w/w, Spirotetramat is present in an amount ranging from 1- 20% w/w and Difenthiuron is present in an amount ranging from 15-50% w/w the insecticidal composition.
In a preferred embodiment, Abamectin is present in an amount 0.7%w/w, Spirotetramat is present in an amount of 9.6%w/w and Difenthiuron is present in an amount of 31.3%w/w of the insecticidal composition.
The lists of crops which can be protected by the insecticidal composition of the present invention are GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) and Non GMO varieties of Cotton (Gossypium spp.), Paddy (Oryza sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestavum), Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Pearl millet (Pennisetumglaucum), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinamm), Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), Soybean (Glycin max), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) , Mustard (Brassica juncea), Rape seed (Brassica napus), Linseed (Linumusitatissimum), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), Green gram (Vigna radiata), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Chickpea (Ciceraritinum), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Redgram (Cajanuscajan), Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Indian bean (Lablab purpureus), Horse gram (Macrotylomauniflorum), Field pea (Pisum sativum), Cluster bean (Cyamopsistetragonoloba), Lentils (Lens culinaris), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) , Onion (Allium cepa L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicun) , Potato (Solanum tuberosum) , Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), Chilly (Capsicum annum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Muskmelons (Cucumis melo), Watermelon (Citmlluslanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenariasiceraria), Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Carrot (Dacuscarota subsp. sativus), Turnip (Brassica rapasubsprapa), Apple (Melus domestica), Banana (Musa spp.), Citrus groups (Citrus spp.), Grape (Vitis vinifera), Guava (Psidium guajava), Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Mango (Mangiferaindica), Papaya (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananascomosus), Pomegranate (Punicagranatum) , Sapota (Manilkarazapota), Tea (Camellia sinensis), Coffea (Coffea Arabica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Cumin (Cuminumcyminum), Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Ajwain (Trachyspermumammi), Psyllium (Plantago ovate), Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), Safed musli (Chlorophytum tuberosum),Drum stick (Moringa oleifera), Coconut (Coco nucifera), Mentha ( Mentha spp.), Rose (Rosa spp.), Jasmine (Jasminum spp.), Marigold ( Tagetes spp.), Common daisy (Beilis perennis), Dahlia (Dahlia hortnesis), Gerbera ( Gerbera jamesonii), Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus).
The insecticidal composition of the present invention can be used to control the Insects from the order of the Lepidoptera, for example cutworm Agrotisypsilon, sugarcane shoot borer Chile infuscatellus, sugarcane stalk borer Chile partellus, sugarcane internode borer Chilosacchariphagus, paddy/rice stem borer,leaf folder, whorl maggot Chile suppressalis, rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocismedinalis, apple colding moth Cydiapomonella, okra fruit borer Eariasvittella, Eariasinsulana, tobacco budworm Helicoverpavirescens, corn earworm Helicoverpazea, cabbage webworm Hellulaundalis, brinjal fruit and shoot borer Eeucinodesorbonalis, bean pod borer Marucavitrata, Marucatestulalis, armyworm Mythimnaseparata, cotton pinkbollworm Pectinophoragossypiella, citrus leafminer Phyllocnistiscitrella, cabbage butterfly Pieris bras-sicae, diamond backmoth Plutellaxylostella, paddy stem borer Scirpophagaexcerptallis, Scirpophagaincertulas, Scirpophagainnotata, wheat stem borer Sesamiainferens, Sitotrogacerealella, Spilosomaobliqua, Spodopterafrugiperda, Spodopteralittoralis, Spodopteralitura, Trichoplusiani, Tryporyza novella, Tutaabsoluta Beetles (Coleoptera), for example Anthonomusgrandis, Bruchuslentis, Diabroticasemipunctata, Diabroticavirgifera, Dicladispaarmigera, Epila-chnavarivestis, Holotrichia bicolor, Holotrichiaconsanguinea, Holotrichia serrata, Leptinotarsadecemlineata, Phyllotretachrysocephala, Popillia japonicaand mites, green jassid, aphids, white fly, thrips and leaf minerof tomato, okra, brinjal, chilli, onion, garlic, potato, cucurbits, cumin, cotton, sugarcane, soybean, groundnut/peanut, grapes, apple, pomegranate, citrus, mango.
In an embodiment, the insecticidal composition of the present invention comprising the said actives exhibits synergistic effect in control of insects in agricultural crops, particularly insects in Tomato crop, particularly Mites, Green jassid, Aphids and White fly.
In a more preferred embodiment, the insecticidal composition of the present invention is formulated in the form of a Suspension concentrate comprising Anti freezing, Biocide, dispersing, defoamers, Rheology modifiers and diluents.
In an embodiment anti-freezing agent(s) is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to, urea, glycerine, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,4-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol, trimethylol propane, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, xylenol, bisphenols such as bisphenol A or the like, propylene glycol,glycerol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycolmonomethyl ether, butoxyethanol, butylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, tetrapentaerythritol, diglycerol, triglycerol, tetraglycerol, pentaglycerol,hexaglycerol, heptaglycerol and octaglycerol. These anti-freezing agents may be used alone or in combination thereof. The Anti-freezing is present in an amount of from 5% to 10% by weight based on a total weight of the composition
Defoamer(s) is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to, silicone compounds such as polysiloxane, polydimethyl siloxane, silicone oil, magnesium stearate, long chain alcohol, fatty acid, salts of fatty acid and organic fluorine compounds. These defoaming agents may be used alone or in combination thereof. The Defoamer is present in an amount of from 0.2% to 0.5% by weight based on a total weight of the composition
In an embodiment, diluents(s) or solvent(s) includes but not limited to, water (Dimineralised water), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. toluene, xylene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes or their derivatives), solvent C9, aliphatic hydrocarbons, kerosene, diesel oil, furthermore coal tar oils and oils of vegetable or animal origin, aromatic solvents (e.g. solvesso products), paraffins (e.g. mineral fractions), alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, butanol, pentanol, 2-20 ethylhexanol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol), ketones (e.g. cyclohexanone, gamma-butyrolactone), pyrrolidones (e.g. NMP, NOP), DMSO, acetates (glycol diacetate), glycols, fatty acid dimethylamides, fatty acids and fatty acid esters and a suitable mixture thereof.
Rheology modifier(s)includes but not limited to, natural and man-made modifiers, such as, for example, natural gums (xanthan gum, gum arabic, gun ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, guar gum, locust bean gum etc.), attagel, agar, alginic acid, alginate salt, chitin, pectin, casein, dextran, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicas, fumed silica, fumed aluminiumoxide, colloidal silicon dioxides, hydrogenated castor oils, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, sodium poly acrylate, welan gum, lignosulfonates, hydroxy methyl cellulose, dextrin, hetero polysaccharides, organic and inorganic clays, montmorillonite, bentonite clays, oxidized waxes, carboxy methylcellulose, carrageen, fucoidan, laminaran, HEUR (hydrophobically modified, ethoxylated urethane), HMPE (hydrophobically modified polyethers), HASE (hydrophobically modified, alkali-swellableemulsion), polyacrylates, polyamides, 2-aminoethyl starch, 2-hydroxy ethyl cellulose, cellulose sulfate salt, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl pyrrolidinones, 20 alkali metal salts of the maleic anhydride copolymers, alkali metal salts of poly(meth)acrylate, starch, Kelzan® (CP Kelco, U.S.A.), Rhodopol® 23 (Rhodia, France), Veegum® (R.T. Vanderbilt, U.S.A.) and Attaclay® (Engelhard Corp., NJ; USA) and a suitable mixture thereof . The Rheology modifier is present in an amount of from 0.1% to 0.5 % by weight based on a total weight of the composition.
In an embodiment biocide is selected from the group comprising sodium benzoate, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, BIT- 20 formaldehyde, potassium sorbate and parahydroxy benzoates or combinations thereof; The Biocides is present in an amount of from 0.1% to 0.5 % by weight based on a total weight of the composition.
In an embodiments dispersing/co-dispersing agents include but not limited to methyl methacrylate polymer, sodium lignosulfonates; sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates; tristyryl phenol ethoxylate phosphate esters, polyarylphenyl ether phosphate, polyalkelene glycol ether, tristyrylphenol phosphate ester, tristyrylphenol ethoxylate amine salt of phosphate, 20 tristyrylphenol phosphate amine salt, tristyrylphenol ethoxylated, tristyryl phenol ethylated, acrylic co-polymer, acrylate copolymer, acrylic copolymer, acrylic copolymer sodium salt, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate blend, sodium polycarboxylate, sodium polyacrylate, ethoxylated oleyl cetyl alcohol, ethoxylated tristryl phenol sulphate, ethoxylated 25 fatty alcohol, polymeric non-aqueous dispersing agent, polyoxyethyleneisotridecanol, tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate ester, sodium salt condensate with formaldehyde, aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; alky ethoxylates; EO-PO block copolymers; and graft copolymers, either alone or mixtures thereof. The dispersing/co-dispersing is present in an amount of from 1% to 5% by weight based on a total weight of the composition.
In an embodiment, the insecticidal composition is formulated in a form selected from the group comprising water-soluble concentrates (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions (EW), micro-emulsions (ME), Suspension concentrates (SC), oil-based suspension concentrates (OD), flowable suspensions (FS), water-dispersible granules (WG), water-soluble granules (SG), wettable powders (WP), water soluble powders (SP), granules (GR), encapsulated granules (CG), fine granules (FG), macrogranules (GG), dry flowables (DF), aqueous Suspo-emulsions (SE), capsule suspensions (CS) and microgranules (MG). In a preferred embodiment, the Insecticidal composition is in the form of suspension concentrates (SC), water-dispersible granule (WDG) and wettable powder (WP).
In a preferred embodiment, the Insecticidal composition of the present invention is formulated as Suspension concentrate.
Examples:
The examples below are given solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Example 1: Preparation of Insecticidal composition as Suspension concentrates (SC).
In an embodiment, the chemical composition of the present insecticidal is depicted below in Table 1 (a) below:
Table-1: Composition of the Insecticidal composition
S.no. Ingredients Percentage range
1 Abamectin technical 0.7% m/m
2 Spirotetramat technical 9.6% m/m
3 Diafenthiuron technical 31.3% m/m
4 Polyethylene glycol 07.0% m/m
5 Polymeric dispersant 03.0% m/m
6 Polymeric co-dispersant 02.0% m/m
7 Benzisothiazolinone 0.2% m/m
8 Silicon based defoamer 0.4% m/m
9 Xanthum Gum 0.2% m/m
10 Dimineralised water Q.S.

Preparation method of Suspension Concentrate.
Step 1:
Add Deionized (DM) water into a high-shear mixing kettle.
Add polyethylene glycol to the water.
Mix for 30 minutes to ensure thorough blending.
Step 2:
Add the surfactant to the mixture.
Slowly add Diafenthiuron while stirring at 1500 RPM.
Continue mixing for another 30 minutes.
Step 3:
Add Spirotetramat and then Abamectin one by one to the reaction mixture.
Add the defoamer to prevent foam formation.
Mix the entire solution for 1 hour to achieve a homogeneous suspension.

Table-1(a): Quality parameters of WP formulation
S.no.

Parameters
Desired Quality

1 Description/ physical appearance
Material shall be in the form of white to free flowing suspension
2 A.I. content of
Abamectin 0.70% w/w (±15%)
Spirotetramat 9.6%w/w (±10%)
Diafenthiuron31.3% w/w (±5%)
3 Suspensibility
Shall not be less than 90% w/w
4 Persistence of foam
Shall not be more than 60 ml in 12 min.

5 pH of 1% aq. Solution
4.0- 9.0
6 Pourability 5% max.
7 Wet Sieve Min. 98% through 75µm sieve.
8 Heat stability test
100ml sample & keep it in 54°C±2 for 14 days.
9 Cold test Take 100ml sample & keep it in 5°C±2 for 14 days.
Example-2: Field evaluation of the bio-efficacy of the present Insecticidal composition.

Experimental design Randomized Block Design
Replication 3
Treatments 9
Crop Tomato
Plot size (m2) 5 m x 5 m (25 Sq. m.)
Variety Local popular varieties
Resistance Category Highly susceptible to insect-pests
Locations JU R&D Farm, Sikandrabad (UP), Haryana
Soil type Sandy loam
Application method Foliar Spray with Knapsack Sprayer fitted with hollow
cone nozzle
No. of Applications Single application when insect-pest crosses ETL

Red Mite (Tetranychusurticae), Green jassid (Amrascabiguttula) Aphid (Aphis gossypii & Myzusspps) and White fly (Bemisiatabaci):
Before spray, a desired concentration of “Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC” was freshly prepared as per each treatment. A desired concentration of insecticide solution was made by mixing the required amount of water. The treatment was imposed upon crossing Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of insect-pests.
A pre-treatment observation on the Mean Number of Mites/Green jassid/Aphids/White fly was recorded a day before application. The post treatment observation on Mites/Green jassid/Aphids/White fly was recorded at 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after application on 60 randomly selected leaves per replication on each crop (20 plants X 3 leaf). The percent reduction of Mites/Green jassid/aphids/White fly over untreated control was worked out using formula given below:
% Reduction Over Control=(No.of insects in control-No.of insects in treated )/(No.of insects in control) x100

Marketable Yield:
The harvesting was done at physiological maturity, the grain yield was recorded treatment wise and the data thus collected were subjected for ANOVA (Gomez and Gomez, 1984; Hosmand, 1988). Further, in each treatment the additional gain in yield over untreated control is calculated as below:
Yield in treatment – yield in control
Additional gain yield (%) = x 100
Yield of control
Natural enemies:
In each treatment replicated blocks (25m2), the observations on natural enemies viz. predators, spiders and coccinellid beetles were recorded on 10 randomly selected plants at a day before and 1, 7, 10 and 14 days after application. The data was subjected for ANOVA (Gomez and Gomez, 1984; Hosmand, 1988).

Treatment details:
Table 2. Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC.
Protocol-A: Treatment details: Code: JU (3) VI-070931:

Sr. No.
Treatment details Individual component dosages (g a.i./ha) Combined dosages of all components (g a.i./ha) Formulation dose/ha (ml/gm)
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC
3.06 + 42.00 + 136.94 182.00 437.5
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC
4.59 + 63.00 + 205.41 273.00 656.25
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC
6.125 + 84.00 + 273.875 364.00 875
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC
7.69 + 105.48 + 343.91 457.08 1098.75
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC
12.25 + 168.00 + 547.75 728.00 1750
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC (Market standard) - 7.13 375
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD (Market standard) - 91.86 600
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Market standard) - 300.00 600
T-9 Untreated Check - - -

Table-3: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Mites, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) VI-070931

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (g a.i./ha) Mean Number of Mites/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 182.00 8.56 7.56 6.33 5.33 4.33 78.70
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 273.00 8.33 7.33 6.22 5.22 4.22 79.24
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 364.00 8.33 6.33 5.33 4.33 3.22 84.16
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 457.08 8.22 7.22 5.22 4.22 3.11 84.70
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 728.00 8.46 7.46 5.11 4.11 3.11 84.70
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 8.22 7.46 6.33 7.33 9.27 54.40
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 8.33 7.33 6.33 7.33 9.46 53.47
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 8.33 7.83 8.22 9.22 10.37 48.99
T-9 Untreated Check - 8.33 10.83 14.33 16.23 20.33 0.00
DBS- Day before spraying; DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

Table-4: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Green jassid, Summer2023-24
Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) VI-070931

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of Green jassid/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 182.00 9.56 8.33 5.33 4.33 3.33 84.39
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 273.00 9.33 8.22 5.22 4.22 3.22 84.90
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 364.00 9.22 7.33 4.33 3.33 1.22 94.28
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 457.08 9.33 7.22 4.22 3.22 1.11 94.80
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 728.00 9.56 7.11 4.11 3.11 1.11 94.80
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 9.33 8.46 8.33 9.53 11.37 46.69
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 9.77 8.33 7.33 7.63 10.46 50.96
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 9.66 8.78 7.22 7.33 10.33 51.57
T-9 Untreated Check - 9.43 10.93 16.23 16.23 21.33 0.00
DBS- Day before spraying; DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated
Table-5: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against White fly, Summer2023-24
Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) VI-070931

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of White fly/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 182.00 8.33 7.33 6.22 5.55 5.33 75.52
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 273.00 8.22 7.22 6.11 5.33 5.22 76.02
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 364.00 8.33 6.56 5.33 4.33 3.33 84.70
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 457.08 8.22 6.22 5.22 4.22 3.22 85.21
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 728.00 8.33 6.11 5.11 4.11 3.11 85.71
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 8.22 7.55 7.33 8.33 12.33 43.36
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 8.33 7.33 6.33 6.33 9.37 56.96
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 8.33 7.22 6.22 6.22 9.33 57.14
T-9 Untreated Check - 8.22 10.33 14.55 17.22 21.77 0.00
DBS- Day before spraying; DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

Table-6: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Aphid, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) VI-070931

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (g a.i./ha) Mean Number of Aphid/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 182.00 9.56 8.33 5.33 4.33 1.33 93.39
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 273.00 9.33 8.22 5.22 4.22 1.22 93.93
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 364.00 9.22 7.33 4.33 3.33 0.22 98.91
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 457.08 9.33 7.22 4.22 3.22 0.11 99.45
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 728.00 9.56 7.11 4.11 3.11 0.11 99.45
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 9.33 8.46 8.33 9.53 12.37 38.49
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 9.77 8.33 7.33 7.63 11.46 43.01
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 9.66 8.78 7.22 7.33 11.33 43.66
T-9 Untreated Check - 9.43 10.93 16.23 16.23 20.11 0.00
DBS- Day before spraying; DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated
Table7. Bio-efficacy of test in secticides on market able yield of Tomato, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) VI-070931

Sr. No.
Treatments Dosage (ga.i./ha) Fruityield (kg/ha) Percent
Increase over control
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 182.00 169.3 32.58
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 273.00 172.5 35.08
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 364.00 180.4 41.27
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 457.08 181.3 41.97
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 728.00 182.2 42.68
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 156.5 22.55
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 160.2 25.45
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 156.6 22.63
T-9 Untreated Check - 127.7 -

Phytotoxicity:
In each treatment replicated blocks (25m2), the data on crop response was recorded on 1 day before spray, and subsequently on 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after spray on 10 randomly selected hills on leaf tip injury, yellowing, scorching, chlorosis, epinasty, hyponasty and necrosis by following 1-10 scale (0-100%) where 0 means ‘no phytotoxicity’ and 100 means ‘death of plant’.
Phytotoxicity rating scale:
% Injury Rating % Injury Rating
0-10 1 11-20 2
21-30 3 31-40 4
41-50 5 51-60 6
61-70 7 71-80 8
81-90 9 91-100 10

Table 8. Phytotoxicity of test insecticides for Leaf tip injury, Chlorosis, Scorching, Epinasty & Hyponasty in Tomato, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) VI-070931

Sr. No.
Treatments
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Leaftipinjury/Chlorosis/Scorching/Epinasty or Hyponasty/Necrosis(%)
1DBS 1DAS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 182.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 273.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 364.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 457.08 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 728.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-9 Untreated Check - 0 0 0 0 0 0
DBS: Day before spray; DAS: Days after spray

Table 9. Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against natural enemy complex in Tomato, Summer2023-24
Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) VI-070931

Sr. No.
Treatments Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean No. of spiders/plant Mean No. of coccinellids/plant
1DBS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS 1DBS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 182.00 1.56 1.34 1.28 1.20 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
T-2 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 273.00 1.55 1.36 1.24 1.20 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
T-3 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 364.00 1.45 1.35 1.26 1.15 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
T-4 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 457.08 1.55 1.38 1.34 1.14 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
T-5 Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC 728.00 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.14 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 1.64 1.54 1.44 1.35 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 1.62 1.58 1.41 1.32 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 1.52 1.43 1.31 1.26 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
T-9 Untreated Check - 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.58 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6
DBS: Day before spray; DAS: Days after spray

Results:

Summary and Conclusion:

Evaluation of bio-efficacy of Mites, Green jassid, Aphid and Whitefly on Tomato crop:
Results shown in Protocol-A, specifically in Tables 3 to 6, reveal that the novel Trimix-Insecticide formulation labeled as JU (3) VI-070931, composed of Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC, demonstrated superior efficacy in controlling various insect-pests on tomato crops. Applied at optimal dosages upon reaching the Economic Threshold Level (ETL) for insect-pest infestation, this formulation provided the highest and longest-lasting control over mites, green jassid, aphids, and whiteflies.
Compared to standard market insecticides used individually (T-6 to T-8), as well as lower dosages of this novel formulation (T-1 & T-2) and untreated controls (T-9), the combination of the three active ingredients in JU (3) VI-070931 consistently performed better. Treatment-3 (875 ml/ha, delivering 6.125 + 84.00 + 273.875 g active ingredient per hectare), closely followed by Treatments T-4 and T-5, emerged as the most effective and economical solution. Notably, no phytotoxic effects were observed on the tomato plants, supporting its suitability and potential in integrated pest management.
The effectiveness likely stems from the unique composition and synergistic interactions between the three molecules, maximizing pest control while minimizing crop damage. This blend showcases the benefits of a multi-component approach over single-agent applications, especially in pest resistance management.

Protocol-B: Table 10: Treatment details: Code: JU (3) VI-050723

Sr. No.
Treatment details Individual component dosages (g a.i./ha) Combined dosages of all components (g a.i./ha) Formulation dose/ha (ml/gm)
T-1 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC
2.19 + 30.63 + 100.63 133.44 437.5
T-2 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC
3.28 + 45.94 + 150.94 200.16 656.25
T-3 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC
4.38 + 61.25 + 201.25 266.88 875
T-4 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC
5.49 + 76.91 + 252.71 335.12 1098.75
T-5 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC
8.75 + 122.50 + 402.50 533.75 1750
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC (Market standard) - 7.13 375
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD (Market standard) - 91.86 600
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Market standard) - 300.00 600
T-9 Untreated Check - - -

Table-11: Bio-efficacy of test in secticides against Mites, Summer2023-24
Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) VI-050723

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of Mites/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 133.44 8.56 7.56 7.33 6.33 6.33 68.86
T-2 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 200.16 8.33 7.33 7.22 6.22 6.22 69.40
T-3 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 266.88 8.33 6.33 6.33 5.33 5.33 73.78
T-4 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 335.12 8.22 7.22 6.22 5.22 5.22 74.32
T-5 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 533.75 8.46 7.46 6.11 5.11 5.11 74.86
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 8.22 7.46 6.33 7.33 9.27 54.40
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 8.33 7.33 6.33 7.33 9.46 53.47
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 8.33 7.83 8.22 9.22 10.37 48.99
T-9 Untreated Check - 8.22 10.93 14.33 16.33 20.33 0.00
DBS-Day before spraying; DAS-Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

Table-12: Bio-efficacy of test in secticides against Green jassid, Summer2023-24
Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) VI-050723

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of Green jassid/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 133.44 9.56 8.33 6.33 6.11 6.33 70.32
T-2 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 200.16 9.33 8.22 6.22 5.77 6.22 70.84
T-3 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 266.88 9.22 7.33 5.33 5.22 5.33 75.01
T-4 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 335.12 9.33 7.22 5.22 5.11 5.22 75.53
T-5 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 533.75 9.56 7.11 5.11 4.11 5.11 76.04
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 9.33 8.46 8.33 9.53 11.37 46.69
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 9.77 8.33 7.33 7.63 10.46 50.96
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 9.66 8.78 7.22 7.33 10.33 51.57
T-9 Untreated Check - 9.44 10.93 16.33 18.33 21.33 0.00
DBS-Days before spraying; DAS-Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

Table-13: Bio-efficacy of test in secticides against White fly, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) VI-050723

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of White fly/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 133.44 8.33 7.33 6.22 6.22 7.33 67.17
T-2 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 200.16 8.22 7.22 6.11 6.11 7.22 67.67
T-3 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 266.88 8.33 6.56 5.33 5.33 6.56 70.62
T-4 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 335.12 8.22 6.22 5.22 5.22 6.22 72.15
T-5 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 533.75 8.33 6.11 5.11 5.11 6.11 72.64
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 8.22 7.55 7.33 8.33 12.33 44.78
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 8.33 7.33 6.33 6.33 9.37 58.04
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 8.33 7.22 6.22 6.22 9.33 58.22
T-9 Untreated Check - 8.33 11.33 14.22 17.33 22.33 0.00
DBS-Days before spraying; DAS-Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

Table-14: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Aphid, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) VI-050723

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (g a.i./ha) Mean Number of Aphid/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 133.44 9.56 8.33 6.33 6.11 5.33 73.78
T-2 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 200.16 9.33 8.22 6.22 5.77 5.22 74.32
T-3 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 266.88 9.22 7.33 5.33 5.22 4.33 78.70
T-4 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 335.12 9.33 7.22 5.22 5.11 4.22 79.24
T-5 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 533.75 9.56 7.11 5.11 4.11 4.11 79.78
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 9.33 8.46 8.33 9.53 12.37 39.15
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 9.77 8.33 7.33 7.63 11.46 43.63
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 9.66 8.78 7.22 7.33 11.33 44.27
T-9 Untreated Check - 9.44 10.93 16.33 18.33 20.33 0.00
DBS- Day before spraying; DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

Table-15. Phytotoxicity of test insecticides for Leaf tip injury, Chlorosis, Scorching, Epinasty & Hyponasty in tomato, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) VI-050723

Sr. No.
Treatments
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Leaftipinjury/Chlorosis/Scorching/Epinasty or Hyponasty/Necrosis(%)
1DBS 1DAS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 133.44 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-2 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 200.16 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-3 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 266.88 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-4 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 335.12 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-5 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 533.75 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-9 Untreated Check - 0 0 0 0 0 0
DBS: Days before spray; DAS: Days after spray

Table-16. Bio-efficacy of test in secticides against natural enemy complex in tomato crop Summer 2023-24
Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) VI-050723

Sr. No.
Treatments Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean No. of spiders/plant Mean No. of coccinellids/plant
1DBS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS 1DBS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 133.44 1.46 1.34 1.28 1.30 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5
T-2 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 200.16 1.45 1.36 1.24 1.30 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4
T-3 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 266.88 1.55 1.35 1.26 1.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
T-4 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 335.12 1.45 1.38 1.34 1.24 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4
T-5 Abamectin 0.5% + Spirotetramat 7.0% + Diafenthiuron 23.0% SC 533.75 1.54 1.40 1.35 1.34 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 1.54 1.54 1.44 1.45 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 1.52 1.58 1.41 1.42 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 1.51 1.43 1.31 1.46 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5
T-9 Untreated Check - 1.51 1.52 1.54 1.56 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6
DBS-Days before spray; DAS- Day after spray
Protocol-C:
Table 17: Treatment details: Code: JU (3) VI-080239

Sr. No.
Treatment details Individual component dosages (g a.i./ha) Combined dosages of all components (g a.i./ha) Formulation dose/ha (ml/gm)
T-1 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 3.85 + 52.50 + 170.63 226.98 437.5
T-2 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 5.78 + 78.75 + 255.94 340.46 656.25
T-3 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 7.70 + 105.00 + 341.25 453.95 875
T-4 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 9.67 + 131.85 + 428.51 570.03 1098.75
T-5 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 15.40 + 210.00 + 682.50 907.90 1750
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC (Market standard) - 7.13 375
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD (Market standard) - 91.86 600
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Market standard) - 300.00 600
T-9 Untreated Check - - -

Table-18: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Mites, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) VI-080239

Sr. No.
Treatment details
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of Mites/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 226.98 8.56 7.56 6.11 5.33 4.22 79.24
T-2 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 340.46 8.33 7.33 6.11 5.22 4.11 79.78
T-3 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 453.95 8.33 6.33 5.22 4.33 3.33 83.62
T-4 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 570.03 8.22 7.22 5.11 4.22 3.22 84.16
T-5 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 907.90 8.46 7.46 5.11 4.11 3.11 84.70
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 8.22 7.46 6.33 7.33 9.27 54.40
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 8.33 7.33 6.33 7.33 9.46 53.47
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 8.33 7.83 8.22 9.22 10.37 48.99
T-9 Untreated Check - 8.33 10.83 14.33 16.23 20.33 0.00
DBS-Day before spraying; DAS-Days after spraying; UT- Untreated
Table-19: Bio-efficacy of test in secticides against Green jassid, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) VI-080239
Sr. No. Treatment details Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of Green jassid/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 226.98 9.56 8.33 5.22 4.22 3.22 84.90
T-2 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 340.46 9.33 8.22 5.11 4.11 3.11 85.42
T-3 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 453.95 9.22 7.33 4.22 3.33 1.33 93.76
T-4 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 570.03 9.33 7.22 4.11 3.22 1.22 94.28
T-5 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 907.90 9.56 7.11 4.11 3.11 1.11 94.80
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 9.33 8.46 8.33 9.53 11.37 46.69
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 9.77 8.33 7.33 7.63 10.46 50.96
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 9.66 8.78 7.22 7.33 10.33 51.57
T-9 Untreated Check - 9.43 10.93 16.23 16.23 21.33 0.00
DBS-Day before spraying; DAS-Days after spraying; UT- Untreated
Table-20: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against White fly, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) VI-080239

Sr. No. Treatment details
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Mean Number of White fly/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 226.98 8.33 7.33 6.22 5.33 5.22 76.39
T-2 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 340.46 8.22 7.22 6.11 5.22 5.11 76.89
T-3 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 453.95 8.33 6.56 5.33 4.22 3.33 84.94
T-4 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 570.03 8.22 6.22 5.22 4.11 3.22 85.44
T-5 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 907.90 8.33 6.11 5.11 4.11 3.11 85.93
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 8.22 7.55 7.33 8.33 12.33 44.23
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 8.33 7.33 6.33 6.33 9.37 57.62
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 8.33 7.22 6.22 6.22 9.33 57.80
T-9 Untreated Check - 8.11 10.22 14.33 18.22 22.11 0.00
DBS-Day before spraying; DAS-Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

Table-21: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Aphid, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) VI-080239

Sr. No. Treatment details Dosage (g a.i./ha) Mean Number of Aphid/Leaf Percent Reduction Over UT Check
DBS 3 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 226.98 9.56 8.33 5.22 4.22 2.22 90.39
T-2 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 340.46 9.33 8.22 5.11 4.11 2.11 90.87
T-3 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 453.95 9.22 7.33 4.22 3.33 2.33 89.92
T-4 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 570.03 9.33 7.22 4.11 3.22 2.22 90.39
T-5 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 907.90 9.56 7.11 4.11 3.11 2.11 90.87
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 9.33 8.46 8.33 9.53 12.37 46.47
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 9.77 8.33 7.33 7.63 11.46 50.41
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 9.66 8.78 7.22 7.33 11.33 50.97
T-9 Untreated Check - 9.43 10.93 16.23 16.23 23.11 0.00
DBS- Day before spraying; DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated
Table-22. Phytotoxicity of test in secticides for Leaftipinjury, Chlorosis, Scorching, Epinasty & Hyponastyin tomato crop, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) VI-080239

Sr. No.
Treatments
Dosage (ga.i./ha) Leaftipinjury/Chlorosis/Scorching/Epinasty or Hyponasty/Necrosis(%)
1DBS 1DAS 3DAS 7DAS 10DAS 14DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 226.98 0 1 2 3 3 3
T-2 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 340.46 0 2 3 3 3 3
T-3 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 453.95 0 3 4 4 4 4
T-4 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 570.03 0 4 5 5 5 5
T-5 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 907.90 0 5 6 6 6 6
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
T-9 Untreated Check - 0 0 0 0 0 0
DBS: Days before spray; DAS: Days after spray

Table-23. Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against natural enemy complex in Tomato crop, Summer 2023-24
Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) VI-080239
Sr. No. Treatments Dosage
(g a.i./ha) Mean No. of spiders/plant Mean No. of coccinellids/plant
1 DBS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS 1 DBS 7 DAS 10 DAS 14 DAS
T-1 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 226.98 2.34 1.40 1.20 0.90 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3
T-2 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 340.46 2.32 1.30 1.10 0.90 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
T-3 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 453.95 2.30 1.36 1.05 0.80 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
T-4 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 570.03 2.36 1.43 1.00 0.70 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2
T-5 Abamectin 0.88% + Spirotetramat 12% + Diafenthiuron 39% SC 907.90 2.32 1.33 0.90 0.70 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1
T-6 Abamectin 1.9% EC 7.13 2.45 1.65 2.35 2.45 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.0
T-7 Spirotetramat 15.31% OD 91.86 2.42 1.58 2.24 2.62 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.0
T-8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300.00 2.46 1.42 2.12 2.39 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.0
T-9 Untreated Check - 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.65 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2
DBS- Day before spray; DAS- Day after spray

Result and conclusion:
The novel Trimix-Insecticidal Synergistic Combination, Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC applied at 875 ml/ha (Treatment-3, Protocol-A), demonstrated exceptional outcomes for controlling Mites, Green jassid, Aphid, and Whitefly on tomato crops. This treatment effectively managed pest populations while ensuring crop safety, outperforming other combinations and market-standard products.
1. Composition and Application:
o Formulation: Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC.
o Application: Applied upon reaching the Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of insect-pests.
2. Effectiveness:
o Treatment-3 provided the longest-lasting control of insect-pests compared to other combinations and individual market-standard products.
o Showed superior control in managing Mites, Green jassid, Aphid, and Whitefly without causing any phytotoxicity, as verified in Protocol-A.
3. Comparison with Market-Standard Products:
o Treatment-3 (Protocol-A) surpassed individual market-standard products applied alone (T-6 to T-8) and even lower dosages of the same combination (T-1 & T-2) in pest control and crop safety.
o Treatments in Protocol-C (Treatments 1 to 5) controlled pests but led to phytotoxic effects, such as leaf injury and necrosis.
4. Phytotoxicity and Crop Safety:
o The novel Trimix formulation (Treatment-3) was non-phytotoxic at all tested dosages, ensuring crop safety (Table 8, Protocol-A).
5. Impact on Yield:
o Treatment-3 contributed to a significantly higher fruit yield (180.4–182.2 q/ha), reflecting an increase of 41.27–42.68% over other treatments (Table 7, Protocol-A).
6. Impact on Natural Enemies:
o No significant effect was observed on natural predator populations (Spiders and Coccinellids), supporting the treatment's safety for beneficial insects (Table 9, Protocol-A).
o Protocol-C treatments showed adverse effects on natural predators.
Conclusion: The novel Trimix-Insecticidal Combination Abamectin 0.7% + Spirotetramat 9.6% + Diafenthiuron 31.3% SC at 875 ml/ha (364 g a.i./ha) in Treatment-3 is recommended for tomato crops. This formulation offers effective, long-lasting pest control, crop safety, and economic benefits to farmers, making it a sustainable choice for managing Mites, Green jassid, Aphid, and Whitefly.
,CLAIMS:1. An insecticidal composition comprising:
a) abamectin in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 10% w/w,
b) spirotetramat in an amount ranging from 1 to 20% w/w; and
c) diafenthiuron in an amount ranging from 15 to 50%w/w.
d) agrochemically acceptable Salts.
2. The insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein Abamectin is present in an amount of 0.7% w/w, Spirotetramat is present in an amount of 9.6% w/w and Diafenthiuron is present in an amount of 31.3 % w/w.
3. The insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
4. The insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 3, comprising at least Anti-freezing, Biocide, dispersing agent, defoamers, Rheology modifiers and diluents/solvents or a combination thereof.
5. The insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said insecticidal composition is formulated in a form selected from the group consisting of water-soluble concentrates (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions (EW), micro-emulsions (ME), Suspension concentrates (SC), oil-based suspension concentrates (OD), flowable suspensions (FS), water-dispersible granules (WG), water-soluble granules (SG), wettable powders (WP), water soluble powders (SP), dry flowables (DF), granules (GR), encapsulated granules (CG), fine granules (FG), macrogranules (GG), aqueous Suspo-emulsions (SE), capsule suspensions (CS), and microgranules (MG).
6. The insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein said insecticidal composition is formulated in the form of a Suspension concentrate (SC).
7. A process for preparing an insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 as a Suspension concentrate formulation, said process comprising:
(a) add Deionized (DM) water into a high-shear mixing kettle.
(b) add polyethylene glycol to the water.
(c) mix for 30 minutes to ensure thorough blending
(d) add the surfactant to the mixture.
(e) slowly add Diafenthiuron while stirring at 1500 RPM.
(f) continue mixing for another 30 minutes.
(g) add Spirotetramat and then Abamectin one by one to the reaction mixture.
(h) add the defoamer to prevent foam formation.
(i) mix the entire solution for 1 hour to achieve a homogeneous suspension.