FORM 2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970 (39 OF 1970) & THE PATENT RULES, 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See section 10 and rule 13)
“STANDALONE MODE MILLI-METER WAVE (MMWAVE)
BAND RADIO UNIT”
We, Jio Platforms Limited, an Indian National, of Office - 101, Saffron, Nr. Centre Point, Panchwati 5 Rasta, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad - 380006, Gujarat, India.
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.

STANDALONE MODE MILLI-METER WAVE (MMWAVE) BAND
RADIO UNIT
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of wireless communication systems. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit or device.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The following description of related art is intended to provide background information pertaining to the field of the disclosure. This section may include certain aspects of the art that may be related to various features of the present disclosure. However, it should be appreciated that this section be used only to enhance the understanding of the reader with respect to the present disclosure, and not as admissions of prior art.
[0003] Wireless communication technology has rapidly evolved over the past few decades, with each generation bringing significant improvements and advancements. The first generation of wireless communication technology was based on analog technology and offered only voice services. However, with the advent of the second-generation (2G) technology, digital communication and data services became possible, and text messaging was introduced. 3G technology marked the introduction of high-speed internet access, mobile video calling, and location-based services. The fourth-generation (4G) technology revolutionized wireless communication with faster data speeds, better network coverage, and improved security. Currently, the fifth-generation (5G) technology is being deployed, promising even faster data speeds, low latency, and the ability to connect multiple devices simultaneously. With each generation, wireless communication

technology has become more advanced, sophisticated, and capable of delivering more services to its users.
[0004] With the increase in frequency in 5G which has drastically increased the data speed, comes a limitation of decreased speed and therefore there is need for smaller 5G units to enhance that range. The smaller units are available to provide 5G in dense areas, however these units have many problems such as these units are available in many physical sub parts which come as different parts of the unit and need to be installed separately. Further, the installation process is also complicated with these units.
[0005] Thus, there exists an imperative need in the art to provide a device or unit standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit or device, which the present disclosure aims to address.
SUMMARY
[0006] This section is provided to introduce certain aspects of the present disclosure in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify the key features or the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0007] An aspect of the present disclosure may relate to a standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit. The unit comprises at least: a housing comprising an outer surface and an inner cavity; at least one radio transceiver unit. Further, each of the radio transceiver unit comprises at least: one or more network processors, and at least one physical layer baseband modem module. The unit further comprising at least one RF Front end module connected to the at least one radio transceiver unit, comprising at least: one or more radio frequency (RF) front end – up convertor, at least one Power amplifier (PA), at least one RF down-

convertor, at least one Low noise amplifier (LNA), and at least one phase-shifter and filter; at least one RF Mixer. The unit further comprises at least one Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna array unit; and one or more network connecting ports.
[0008] In an exemplary aspect, the at least one radio transceiver unit, the at least one RF Front end module, and the at least one MIMO antenna array unit are placed in the inner cavity of the housing.
[0009] In an exemplary aspect, at least the radio transceiver unit is mounted at least on a four layered printed circuit board (PCB).
[0010] In an exemplary aspect, the one or more network processors and the at least one physical layer baseband modem module is connected at least via a high-speed interface.
[0011] In an exemplary aspect, the at least one RF Front end module and the at least one radio transceiver unit is connected via at least one of a wired connection, blind mate connection using RF connectors and a wireless connection.
[0012] In an exemplary aspect, the at least one RF Front end module and the at least one MIMO antenna array unit are mounted on one or more PCBs.
[0013] In an exemplary aspect, at least a set of network connecting ports from the one or more network connecting ports are mounted on the outer surface of the housing.
[0014] In an exemplary aspect, one or more network processors further comprises an optical interface for a backhaul connectivity associated with a network.

[0015] In an exemplary aspect, the outer surface of the housing comprises a radome cover, and wherein the radome covers partially shield the at least one MIMO antenna array unit, the at least one radio transceiver unit, and the at least one RF Front end module from ambient.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0016] Some of the objects of the present disclosure, which at least one embodiment disclosed herein satisfies are listed herein below.
[0017] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a system and a method to provide a design of hardware architecture of fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) milli-meter wave band outdoor radio unit for standalone mode.
[0018] It is another object of the present disclosure to provide a solution that to provide a compact, lightweight all-in-one self-contained unit that house the entire gNodeB functionality (without any CU-DU spit) including radio transceiver, RF front end as well as Antenna in one unit.
[0019] It is yet another object of the present disclosure to provide a solution to provide a radio unit capable of providing 5G coverage in dense urban, medium urban, and rural morphologies.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the disclosed methods and systems in which like reference numerals refer to the same parts throughout the different drawings. Components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present

disclosure. Some drawings may indicate the components using block diagrams and
may not represent the internal circuitry of each component. It will be appreciated
by those skilled in the art that disclosure of such drawings includes disclosure of
electrical components, electronic components or circuitry commonly used to
5 implement such components.
[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit, in accordance with exemplary implementation of the present disclosure. 10
[0022] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit, in accordance with exemplary implementation of the present disclosure.
15 [0023] FIGs. 3A and 3B illustrate perspective top view and side view of a housing
and radome of a radio unit, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0024] The foregoing shall be more apparent from the following more detailed
20 description of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, various
25 specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of
embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, that
embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific
details. Several features described hereafter can each be used independently of one
another or with any combination of other features. An individual feature may not
30 address any of the problems discussed above or might address only some of the
problems discussed above. Some of the problems discussed above might not be
6

fully addressed by any of the features described herein. Example embodiments of the present disclosure are described below, as illustrated in various drawings in which like reference numerals refer to the same parts throughout the different drawings. 5
[0026] The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not
intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather,
the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in
the art with an enabling description for implementing an exemplary embodiment.
10 It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and
arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth.
[0027] It should be noted that the terms "mobile device", "user equipment", "user
15 device", “communication device”, “device” and similar terms are used
interchangeably for the purpose of describing the invention. These terms are not
intended to limit the scope of the invention or imply any specific functionality or
limitations on the described embodiments. The use of these terms is solely for
convenience and clarity of description. The invention is not limited to any particular
20 type of device or equipment, and it should be understood that other equivalent terms
or variations thereof may be used interchangeably without departing from the scope of the invention as defined herein.
[0028] Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough
25 understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known
7

circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.
[0029] Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may be described as a process
5 which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure
diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as
a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or
concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process
is terminated when its operations are completed but could have additional steps not
10 included in a figure.
[0030] The word “exemplary” and/or “demonstrative” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject matter disclosed herein is not limited by such examples. In addition, any
15 aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” and/or “demonstrative” is not
necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs, nor is it meant to preclude equivalent exemplary structures and techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” “has,” “contains,” and other similar words are used in either the detailed
20 description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive—in a manner
similar to the term “comprising” as an open transition word—without precluding any additional or other elements.
[0031] As used herein, an “electronic device”, or “portable electronic device”, or
25 “user device” or “communication device” or “user equipment” or “device” refers
to any electrical, electronic, electromechanical and computing device. The user
device is capable of receiving and/or transmitting one or parameters, performing
function/s, communicating with other user devices and transmitting data to the
other user devices. The user equipment may have a processor, a display, a memory,
30 a battery and an input-means such as a hard keypad and/or a soft keypad. The user
8

equipment may be capable of operating on any radio access technology including
but not limited to IP-enabled communication, Zig Bee, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low
Energy, Near Field Communication, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi direct, etc. For
instance, the user equipment may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone,
5 smartphone, virtual reality (VR) devices, augmented reality (AR) devices, laptop,
a general-purpose computer, desktop, personal digital assistant, tablet computer, mainframe computer, or any other device as may be obvious to a person skilled in the art for implementation of the features of the present disclosure.
10 [0032] Further, the user device may also comprise a “processor” or “processing
unit” includes processing unit, wherein processor refers to any logic circuitry for processing instructions. The processor may be a general-purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a
15 DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits,
Field Programmable Gate Array circuits, any other type of integrated circuits, etc. The processor may perform signal coding data processing, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the working of the system according to the present disclosure. More specifically, the processor is a hardware processor.
20
[0033] As portable electronic devices and wireless technologies continue to improve and grow in popularity, the advancing wireless technologies for data transfer are also expected to evolve and replace the older generations of technologies. In the field of wireless data communications, the dynamic
25 advancement of various generations of cellular technology are also seen. The
development, in this respect, has been incremental in the order of second generation (2G), third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), and now fifth generation (5G), and more such generations are expected to continue in the forthcoming time.
9

[0034] Radio Access Technology (RAT) refers to the technology used by mobile
devices/ user equipment (UE) to connect to a cellular network. It refers to the
specific protocol and standards that govern the way devices communicate with base
stations, which are responsible for providing the wireless connection. Further, each
5 RAT has its own set of protocols and standards for communication, which define
the frequency bands, modulation techniques, and other parameters used for transmitting and receiving data. Examples of RATs include GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), LTE (Long-Term Evolution),
10 and 5G. The choice of RAT depends on a variety of factors, including the network
infrastructure, the available spectrum, and the mobile device's/device's capabilities. Mobile devices often support multiple RATs, allowing them to connect to different types of networks and provide optimal performance based on the available network resources.
15
[0035] As used herein, standalone mode refers to all-in-one self-contained unit that house the entire gNodeB functionality including radio transceiver, RF front end as well as antenna in one unit. The standalone mode radio unit can provide 5G coverage in dense urban, medium urban, and rural morphologies.
20
[0036] As used herein the transceiver unit include at least one receiver and at least one transmitter configured respectively for receiving and transmitting data, signals, information or a combination thereof between units/components within the system and/or connected with the system.
25
[0037] As used herein, network processor refers to a processor or a microprocessor that performs data packet processing functions within network devices, such as routers, switches, and radio units. The network processors are designed to manage high-speed data flows and execute complex networking tasks, including packet
30 classification, routing, encryption, and policy enforcement.
10

[0038] As used herein, physical layer baseband modem module refers to a
component that processes the baseband signals at the physical layer. The physical
layer baseband module manages functions such as modulation, demodulation,
5 coding, decoding, and signal processing to prepare data for transmission over the
air interface. The physical layer baseband modem module converts data between digital and analog formats, for efficient communication between the radio transceiver and the network.
10 [0039] As used herein, RF Front end module refers to the component that processes
radio frequency signals between the antenna and the baseband section. The RF Front end module includes functions such as amplification, filtering, up conversion, and down conversion of RF signals. The RF Front end module comprises components such as power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, mixers, and filters.
15
[0040] As used herein, radio frequency (RF) front end – up convertor refers to a component that converts lower frequency baseband or intermediate frequency (IF) signals to higher radio frequencies for transmission. The RF front end up convertor includes mixers and oscillators to achieve this frequency translation, ensuring that
20 the signals are suitable for propagation through the wireless medium.
[0041] As used herein, power amplifier (PA) refers to a component that amplifies the power of radio frequency signals for transmission.
25 [0042] As used herein, RF down-convertor refers to a component that converts
higher radio frequency signals to lower intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband signals for processing. The RF down-convertor encompasses mixers and oscillators to achieve the frequency translation such that the signals are suitable for further processing by the baseband modem.
30
11

[0043] As used herein, low noise amplifier (LNA) refers to a component that
amplifies weak radio frequency signals received by the antenna while adding
minimal noise. The LNA facilitates in improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of
the received signals, such that they are strong enough for subsequent processing
5 stages without significant degradation.
[0044] As used herein, phase-shifter and filter refers to components that adjust the
phase of radio frequency signals and remove unwanted frequencies from the signal,
respectively. The phase-shifter alters the phase angle of the signal, which facilitates
10 in beamforming and directional signal transmission in MIMO systems. The filter
eliminates out-of-band noise and interference such that only the desired frequencies are processed.
[0045] As used herein, RF Mixer refers to a component that combines two signals
15 to produce new frequencies, specifically the sum and difference of the original
frequencies. The RF mixer enables the translation of signals between different frequency bands, facilitating their processing and transmission.
[0046] As used herein, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna array unit
20 refers to a system that uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to
improve communication performance. The MIMO antenna array unit exploits spatial diversity and multiplexing to enhance data rates, reliability, and spectral efficiency.
25 [0047] As used herein, network connecting ports refers to interfaces on a device
that enable the connection and communication with other network devices. The network connecting ports facilitate the transfer of data and signalling between the radio unit and the broader network infrastructure.
12

[0048] As used herein, multi-layer PCB refers to a printed circuit board composed
of multiple layers of conductive material separated by insulating layers. The multi¬
layer design enables the integration of complex circuits and components in a
compact form factor, enhancing the board's capability to handle high-speed signals
5 and power distribution efficiently.
[0049] As used herein, central unit (CU) refers to a component of the 5G NR
network architecture that handles higher-layer protocols, including the control
plane and user plane functions. The CU facilitates in managing functions such as
10 radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet
data convergence protocol (PDCP).
[0050] As used herein, distributed unit (DU) refers to a component of the 5G NR
network architecture that handles the lower-layer protocols and real-time baseband
15 processing. The DU facilitates in managing functions such as medium access
control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), and physical layer (PHY) processing.
[0051] As used herein, outdoor small cell (ODSC) unit refers to a compact, low-
power wireless access point used to enhance cellular coverage and capacity in
20 outdoor environments. The ODSC unit is designed to provide localized 5G NR
connectivity, supporting high data rates and low latency in dense urban, suburban, and rural areas.
[0052] As used herein, radio resource control (RRC) refers to a protocol layer in
25 the 5G NR network architecture that manages the control plane signalling between
the user equipment (UE) and the network. The RRC is responsible for functions such as connection establishment, maintenance, and release, as well as mobility management, security, and QoS control.
13

[0053] As used herein, packet data protocol (PDP) refers to a protocol that
establishes and manages the data sessions between the user equipment (UE) and the
core network in mobile communication systems. The PDP facilitates in allocating
IP addresses, managing data flow, and ensuring end-to-end data connectivity for
5 services such as internet access, multimedia messaging, and other IP-based
applications.
[0054] As used herein, application (APP) Layer refers to the uppermost layer in the
3GPP network architecture that interacts directly with end-user applications and
10 services. The application layer encompasses protocols and interfaces that support
various applications such as web browsing, email, streaming, and social networking.
[0055] As used herein, radio link control (RLC) refers to a protocol layer in the 5G
15 NR network architecture that manages the transmission of data over the radio
interface. The RLC is responsible for segmenting and reassembling data packets,
error correction through retransmission, and ensuring in-sequence delivery of data.
It operates between the medium access control (MAC) layer and the packet data
convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, facilitating reliable and efficient data
20 communication between the user equipment (UE) and the network.
[0056] As used herein, medium access control (MAC) refers to a protocol layer in
the 5G NR network architecture that facilitates in managing access to the physical
transmission medium. The MAC layer is responsible for functions such as
25 scheduling, multiplexing, error correction, and managing data transfer between the
physical layer (PHY) and the radio link control (RLC) layer.
[0057] As used herein, physical (PHY) Layer refers to the lowest layer in the 5G NR network architecture that handles the transmission and reception of raw data
14

bits over the physical medium. The PHY layer facilitates in coding, modulation, signal processing, and managing the physical radio frequency (RF) resources.
[0058] As used herein, analog to digital converter (ADC) refers to a component that
5 converts continuous analog signals into discrete digital data. The ADC samples the
analog signal at regular intervals and quantizes it into a digital format, allowing for the subsequent digital processing and transmission of the signal.
[0059] As used herein, digital to analog converter (DAC) refers to a component that
10 converts discrete digital data into continuous analog signals. The DAC takes digital
input, typically from a digital signal processor or baseband modem, and transforms it into an analog signal suitable for transmission over the air interface.
[0060] As used herein, RF Front End and Antenna Module refers to the integrated
15 components that handle the transmission and reception of radio frequency signals,
including amplifying, filtering, and converting signals, as well as radiating and capturing electromagnetic waves. The RF Front End and Antenna module includes power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, mixers, filters, and antennas.
20 [0061] As used herein, RF UP-Converter refers to a component that converts lower
frequency baseband or intermediate frequency (IF) signals to higher radio frequencies for transmission.
[0062] As used herein, RF Down Converter refers to a component that converts
25 higher radio frequency (RF) signals to lower intermediate frequency (IF) or
baseband signals for processing.
[0063] As used herein, Power Amplifier refers to a component that amplifies the power of radio frequency (RF) signals for transmission. 30
15

[0064] As used herein, Digital Step Attenuator refers to a component that controls the amplitude of radio frequency (RF) signals by providing discrete attenuation levels for fine-tuning of signal strength in a digital manner, ensuring optimal performance and signal integrity. 5
[0065] As used herein, Phase-Shifter refers to a component that alters the phase angle of radio frequency (RF) signals, enabling the control of signal direction and beamforming.
10 [0066] As used herein, Filter refers to a component that selectively allows certain
frequencies to pass while attenuating others, thereby reducing noise and interference in radio frequency (RF) signals.
[0067] As used herein, multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) Antenna Array
15 module refers to a system that utilizes multiple antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver to improve communication performance. The MIMO module enhances data throughput, reliability, and spectral efficiency by leveraging spatial diversity and multiplexing techniques.
20 [0068] As used herein, L2 switch refers to a network device that operates at the
Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model, managing and directing data traffic within a local area network (LAN) based on MAC addresses. The L2 switch facilitates efficient data transfer, reduces collisions, and enhances network performance by using hardware-based switching to forward data frames between
25 devices on the same network.
[0069] As used herein, backhaul connectivity refers to the communication link
between base stations (like gNodeB in 5G) and the core network, facilitating data,
control signals, and network management information transfer. This can be through
30 fibre optics, microwave links, or satellite connections, ensuring efficient data
routing and seamless communication across the network.
16

[0070] As used herein, USB/UART interface refers to the combined Universal
Serial Bus (USB) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART)
interface within the mmWave band radio unit, enabling both high-speed data
5 transfer and serial communication. The USB/UART interface allows the radio unit
to connect to external devices for configuration, debugging, and data exchange. The USB component provides a standardized connection for high-speed data transfer, while the UART component facilitates serial communication, often used for diagnostic purposes and low-speed data exchanges.
10
[0071] As used herein, USB port refers to a standardized interface that allows the connection of peripheral devices to the standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit. The USB port facilitates data transfer and power supply between the radio unit and external devices such as computers, flash drives, or
15 diagnostic tools.
[0072] As used herein, RGMII interface refers to the Reduced Gigabit Media Independent Interface, a high-speed interface standard used for connecting Ethernet MAC (Media Access Control) and PHY (Physical Layer) components. RGMII is
20 designed to reduce the number of signal lines required for data transmission,
thereby simplifying the design and reducing cost. RGMII operates at speeds of up to 1 Gbps and supports both half-duplex and full-duplex modes. This interface utilizes double data rate (DDR) technology to transmit data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, enhancing data throughput efficiency.
25
[0073] As used herein, RJ-45 connector refers to a standardized physical interface commonly used for terminating twisted-pair Ethernet cables and facilitating network connections. The RJ-45 includes eight pins, allowing for the transmission of data across four pairs of wires, supporting Ethernet networking standards such
30 as 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T.
17

[0074] As used herein, physical layer interface refers to the connection that
facilitates communication between the physical layer baseband modem module and
other components within the radio unit, such as the RF front end module and the
5 network processor. The physical layer interface manages the transmission and
reception of raw data bits over the network, handling essential tasks such as modulation, demodulation, encoding, and decoding of signals.
[0075] As used herein, JTAG interface refers to an interface used for testing and
10 debugging integrated circuits and PCBs. JTAG interface allows access to the
internal states of the device, enabling developers to diagnose and troubleshoot issues at the hardware level.
[0076] As used herein, JTAG debug emulator refers to a hardware tool that
15 facilitates the testing, debugging, and programming of embedded systems by
connecting to the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) interface of the device.
[0077] As used herein, JTAG connector refers to a standardized interface used for
testing, programming, and debugging integrated circuits and PCBs (Printed Circuit
20 Boards).
[0078] As used herein, RF connector refers to electrical connector designed to work
at radio frequencies in the multi-megahertz range and above, facilitating the
transmission of RF signals between components within the mmWave band radio
25 unit.
[0079] As used herein, blind mate connection refers to a type of connector designed
to enable easy, automatic alignment and connection without the need for visual
guidance or manual intervention. The blind mate connections are used in scenarios
30 where components need to be connected in confined or hard-to-reach spaces.
18

[0080] As discussed in the background section, the current known solutions have
several shortcomings. The present disclosure aims to overcome the above-
mentioned and other existing problems in this field of technology by providing a
5 standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit or device.
[0081] The present disclosure aims to overcome the above-mentioned and other existing problems in this field of technology by the mmWave Radio unit which is an all-in-one self-contained unit that houses the entire gNodeB functionality
10 (without any CU-DU spit) including radio transceiver, RF front end as well as
Antenna in a single unit. The GPS is a primary source of timing synchronization with IEEE 1588V2 as a secondary source when GPS is not available. The unit includes an additional 10G optical port which is used for daisy chain, providing the backhaul to the co-located small cell on the same pole or tower and thereby
15 eliminating the requirement and cost of an additional L2 switch. The heat
dissipation of the RF Front end and antenna module using the advanced thermal techniques – metal plate and heat pipes, thereby eliminating the need of using additional heat sink.
20 [0082] Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be
described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0083] Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram of a standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit [100] (alternatively referred to as unit [100] herein), is
25 shown, in accordance with the exemplary implementation of the present disclosure.
The unit [100] comprises at a housing [302] (as shown in FIGs. 3A and 3B) comprising an outer surface and an inner cavity; at least one RF transceiver unit [102] (alternatively referred to as radio transceiver unit [102]), at least one network processor [104], at least one physical layer baseband modem module [106], at least
30 one RF Front end module [108], at least one radio frequency (RF) front end – up
19

convertor [110], at least one Power amplifier (PA) [112], at least one RF down-
convertor [114], at least one Low noise amplifier (LNA) [116], at least one phase-
shifter and filter [118], at least one RF Mixer [120], at least one Multiple-Input
Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna array unit [122], at least one network connecting
5 ports [124]. The at least one RF transceiver unit [102] comprises backhaul interface
[126] and memory 128. Also, all of the components/ units of the unit [100] are
assumed to be connected to each other unless otherwise indicated below. Also, in
FIG. 1 only a few units are shown, however, the unit [100] may comprise multiple
such units or the unit [100] may comprise any such numbers of said units, as
10 required to implement the features of the present disclosure.
[0084] The unit [100] is configured for providing 5G coverage using single
mmWave radio unit, with the help of the interconnection between the
components/units of the unit [100]. As used herein, mmWave band radio unit [100]
15 is also termed as radio unit [100] and unit [100].
[0085] In order to providing 5G coverage using standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit [100] comprises a housing [302] (as shown in FIGs. 3A and 3B) comprising an outer surface and an inner cavity. Further, at least one
20 radio transceiver unit [102], the at least one RF Front end module [108], and the at
least one MIMO antenna array unit [122] are placed in the inner cavity of the housing [302]. The housing [302] further comprises of a radome [304] (as shown in FIGs. 3A and 3B) cover which is essential for shielding the antenna array unit and associated electronics of RF front end module [108] and radio transceiver unit
25 [102] from harsh weather conditions such as wind, rain, ice, sand, and ultraviolet
rays and also ensures the longevity and reliability of the system, preventing damage and degradation caused by environmental elements. It also ensure that material and shape of the cover are carefully selected to ensure that it provides the necessary protection without significantly attenuating the signal, thus maintaining the
30 radiation characteristics of the antenna system.
20

[0086] The mmWave band radio unit [100] includes one multi-layer PCB, which
integrates multiple modules/units on to a single module. The mmWave band radio
unit [100] comprising at least the radio transceiver unit [102] is mounted at least on
5 a four layered printed circuit board (PCB). Further, at least one RF Front end
module [108] and the at least one MIMO antenna array unit [122] are mounted on one or more PCBs.
[0087] The radio transceiver unit [102] comprises one or more network processors
10 [104], and at least one physical layer baseband modem module [106]. The one or
more network processors [104] and the at least one physical layer baseband modem
module [106] is connected at least via a high-speed interface. The one or more
network processors [104] further comprises an optical interface (e.g., 10G optical
interface) for a backhaul connectivity associated with the network. Further, the
15 network processor [104] handles central unit (CU) and distributed unit (DU) part of
the gNodeB/gNB of 5G network.
[0088] The mmWave radio unit [100] comprises a 5G NR mmWave band Outdoor
small cell operating in micro class. The mmWave radio unit [100] has one 10G
20 optical interface for the backhaul connectivity. The mmWave radio unit [100] act
as a 5G mm Wave outdoor small cell (ODSC) unit.
[0089] The physical layer baseband modem module [106] provides the
functionality of the physical (PHY) layer and digital up converter (DUC) and
25 analog to digital converter (ADC) with an intermediate frequency (IF) interface
towards the RF section. The CU-DU comprises the functionality of radio resource control (RRC)/packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)/radio link control (RLC)/medium access control (MAC).
21

[0090] Further, the physical layer baseband modem module [106] of the radio unit [100] is configured to output of the PHY chip is an Intermediate Frequency (IF), which the RF Front end module [108] and MIMO Antenna Array Unit [122] take as an input and up/down convert to the Radio frequency in the mmWave band. 5
[0091] Further, the radio unit [100] comprises at least one RF Front end module [108] connected to the at least one radio transceiver unit [102], comprising at least one or more radio frequency (RF) front end – up convertor [110], at least one Power amplifier (PA) [112], at least one RF down-convertor [114], at least one Low noise
10 amplifier (LNA) [116], at least one phase-shifter and filter [118], at least one RF
Mixer [120]. The radio unit [100] also comprises at least one Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna array unit [122]. The at least one RF Front end module [108] and the at least one radio transceiver unit [102] is connected via at least one of a wired connection, blind mate connection using RF connectors and a
15 wireless connection. In an implementation, the Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) antenna array unit [122] may be integrated with the RF Front end module [108], which together makes an antenna module.
[0092] Further, the MIMO antenna array unit [122] of the radio unit [100] consists
20 of a m x n array of dual polarized antenna elements arranged in m rows and n rows.
The RF front end module [108] and MIMO antenna array unit [122] internally consist of digital attenuators and phase-shifters to support the analog beamforming. The radio unit [100] supports two layers of analog beamforming corresponding to two polarizations (either ±90º or ±45º). 25
[0093] Further, the multi-layers PCBs of the radio unit [100] may comprise various
interface circuitry such as a clock interface, a back-haul interface, interface to
peripheral memory circuits or memory sections, such as, without limitation, a
Double Data Rate Fourth Generation Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access
30 Memory (DDR4) interface, an embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC) interface, and
22

a flash memory interface. The PCBs further includes a power supply interface, a universal serial bus (USB)/universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) interface, a high-speed interface, Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) for communication between the network processor [104] and physical layer baseband modem module [106], a joint test action group (JTAG) interface, and radio frequency interfaces at Intermediate frequency (6-10 GHz) towards the RF front end module [108] and MIMO antenna array unit [122].
[0094] The backhaul interface [126] facilitates the high-speed transfer of data, control signals, and network management information, which is essential for maintaining seamless communication and network performance. The backhaul interface [126] is integrated within the RF transceiver unit [102]. The backhaul interface [126] includes an optical interface (such as 10G optical interface) to establish a reliable backhaul connection. The backhaul interface [126] supports the large bandwidth requirements of 5G networks, enabling the efficient transmission of data between the radio unit and the network core. Additionally, the backhaul interface [126] is associated with a Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus (SFP+) cage connector, which allows for flexible and scalable connectivity options. Moreover, the backhaul interface [126] is equipped with synchronization capabilities, including GPS for primary timing synchronization and Precision Time Protocol (PTP) for secondary synchronization when GPS is unavailable.
[0095] The memory [128] is integrated into the RF transceiver unit [102], providing necessary storage for firmware, operational data, and temporary buffers needed during data processing and transmission. The memory [128] includes various types of memory interfaces and storage components. For instance, the EEPROM on the PCB includes NAND/NOR flash memory, which is used for storing firmware and configuration data. This non-volatile memory ensures that essential software and operational parameters are retained even when the unit is powered down. Additionally, the memory [128] encompasses interfaces to peripheral memory

circuits or sections, such as Double Data Rate Fourth Generation Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR4) and embedded Multimedia Card (eMMC). These memory interfaces provide high-speed, temporary storage for data being processed by the network processor [104] and the physical layer baseband modem module [106]. The DDR4 memory interface offers fast and efficient data access and storage, which is crucial for handling the high throughput and low latency requirements of 5G networks.
[0096] Further, the clock interface of the radio unit [100] is connected to a clock section including a clock generator module, the backhaul haul interface, or 10G interface, is associated with a Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus (SFP+) cage connector, an RF interface for the external GPS input for the 1 pps or 10 MHz timing clock to the clock circuitry, surge protection, and an RS-485 transceiver. The EEPROM on the PCB includes a NAND/NOR type of flash memory section. The power interface is connected to a power supply section comprising a 48V to 12V direct current (DC) convertor and various other 12V to other lower voltages for the supply of various chipsets on the board. The USB/UART interface is connected to a USB port, the RGMII interface is connected to a RJ-45 connector through a physical layer interface, the JTAG interface is connected to a JTAG debug emulator through a JTAG connector, and the RF connector interfaces towards the RF front end module [108] and MIMO antenna array unit [122].
[0097] Further, the clock generator circuit the radio unit [100] includes a GPS as a primary source of synchronization and it also includes precision time protocol (PTP) for synchronizing the radio unit [100]. The radio unit [100] gets auto switch to synchronize with PTP, when GPS is not available through PTP on 10G backhaul interface while running PTP client to on board synchronization circuit. The clock section includes clock generator circuit comprising ultra-low noise clock generation phased lock loops (PLLs), programmable oscillator.

[0098] Further, the radio unit [100] is configured to the layout for digital high-speed signals, switching power supplies, clock section and radio frequency signal, is designed on eighteen or more layers printed circuit board (PCB).
[0099] Further, the radio unit [100] comprises a phased array antenna module (PAAM), is configured to integrate on a metal plate having higher thermal conductivity like copper or aluminium which is placed above the heatsink and through the heat pipes below the PAAM module heat is transferred to the heatsink. Thus, the top heatsink is eliminated, reducing weight and avoid other complication of interconnections between the PAAM and the main PCB on the heatsink. Further, the radio unit [100] comprises an RF shielding of oscillators. The radio unit [100] comprises a crystal oscillator, which requires effective shielding in order to avoid the RF leakage to other components. Instead of using a separate physical metal shield, a shield walls are installed in the heatsink around the components with form-in paste and Electromagnetic interference (EMI) gasket for compact shield solution.
[0100] The radio unit [100] further comprises one or more network connecting ports [124]. Further, the at least a set of network connecting ports [124] from the one or more network connecting ports [124] are mounted on the outer surface of the housing [302].
[0101] Referring to FIG. 2 an exemplary block diagram [200] of standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit [100], in accordance with exemplary implementation of the present disclosure is shown. The block diagram [200] comprises at least:
• Network Processor [204] supporting RRC, packet data protocol (PDP), application (APP) Layer, RLC, MAC attaching via high-speed interface with Baseband Modem Module [206].
• Baseband Modem Module [206] supporting physical (PHY) Layer, ADC, digital to analog converter (DAC).

• RF Front End and Antenna Module [208] supporting RF UP-Converter, Down Converter, Power Amplifier, Low Noise Amplifier, Digital Step Attenuator, Phase-Shifter, Filter, and MIMO Antenna Array module.
• Wired Connection [210] between radio transceiver unit [102] and RF Front End and Antenna Module [208].
[0102] Referring to FIGs. 3A and 3B, exemplary diagram of perspective top view and side view of housing and radome of a radio unit [300], in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.
[0103] In an aspect, the outer surface of the housing [302] comprises a radome [304] cover, and wherein the radome [304] covers partially shield the at least one MIMO antenna array unit [122], the at least one radio transceiver unit [102], and the at least one RF Front end module [108] from ambient. The outer surface of the housing [302] of the mmWave band radio unit features a radome [304] cover, which is designed to partially shield the critical components inside the unit from external environmental factors. The radome [304] cover serves as a protective barrier for the Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna array unit [122], the radio transceiver unit [102], and the RF Front end module [108]. By doing so, it helps to protect these sensitive components from exposure to elements such as rain, dust, and extreme temperatures, which can potentially degrade performance or cause damage. The radome [304] cover is designed to allow the transmission and reception of radio waves with minimal interference while ensuring the longevity and reliability of the internal components by providing this essential environmental shielding.
[0104] As is evident from the above, the present disclosure provides a technically advanced solution for providing 5G coverage using a single mmWave radio unit. By utilizing a single mmWave radio unit, the radio unit enables the all-in-one self-

contained unit that houses the entire gNodeB functionality (without any CU-DU spit) including radio transceiver, RF front end as well as antenna in a single unit.
[0105] The gNB is divided into three main functional units: the Central Unit (CU), the Distributed Unit (DU), and the Radio Unit (RU). These units collectively handle various tasks like radio resource control, data transmission, and radio signal processing. The traditional gNB architecture is split into CU, DU, and RU components. The Central Unit (CU) manages higher-layer protocol processing, including Radio Resource Control (RRC) and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP). The Distributed Unit (DU) manages lower-layer processing such as Radio Link Control (RLC), Medium Access Control (MAC), and some physical layer (PHY) functions. The Radio Unit (RU) is responsible for the radio frequency (RF) functions and directly interfaces with the antenna. The absence of a CU-DU split simplifies the deployment and management of 5G networks by reducing the number of physical components and interconnections required. This results in a more streamlined, cost-effective, and efficient solution for providing 5G coverage, particularly in challenging deployment scenarios such as high-rise buildings or rural areas. The all-in-one design not only saves space and reduces power consumption but also enhances the reliability and performance of the 5G network by minimizing potential points of failure and latency issues associated with multiple separate units.
[0106] Further, the GPS is a primary source of timing synchronization with IEEE 1588V2 as a secondary source when GPS is not available. Further, the radio unit [100] includes an additional 10G optical port which is used for daisy chain, providing the backhaul to the co-located small cell on the same pole or tower and thereby eliminating the requirement and cost of an additional L2 switch. Further, the heat dissipation of the RF Front end and antenna module using the advanced thermal techniques-metal plate and heat pipes, thereby eliminating the need of using additional heat sink. The 5G new radio (NR) milli-meter wave band outdoor radio

unit for standalone mode can provide 5G coverage in dense urban, medium urban, and rural morphologies.
[0107] While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the disclosed embodiments, it will be appreciated that many embodiments can be made and that many changes can be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles of the present disclosure. These and other changes in the embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, whereby it is to be understood that the foregoing descriptive matter to be implemented is illustrative and non-limiting.

We Claim:
1. A standalone mode milli-meter wave (mmWave) band radio unit, the unit
comprising at least:
- a housing [302] comprising an outer surface and an inner cavity;
- at least one radio transceiver unit [102], wherein each of the at least one radio transceiver unit [102] comprises at least:

• one or more network processors [104], and
• at least one physical layer baseband modem module [106];
- at least one RF Front end module [108] connected to the at least one radio
transceiver unit [102], comprising at least:
• one or more radio frequency (RF) front end – up convertor [110],
• at least one Power amplifier (PA) [112],
• at least one RF down-convertor [114],
• at least one Low noise amplifier (LNA) [116], and
• at least one phase-shifter and filter [118];
• at least one RF Mixer [120];

- at least one Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna array unit [122]; and
- one or more network connecting ports [124].

2. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one radio transceiver unit [102], the at least one RF Front end module [108], and the at least one MIMO antenna array unit [122] are placed in the inner cavity of the housing [302].
3. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least the radio transceiver unit [102] is mounted at least on a four layered printed circuit board (PCB).
4. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more network processors [104] and the at least one physical layer baseband modem module [106] is connected at least via a high-speed interface.

5. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one RF Front end module [108] and the at least one radio transceiver unit [102] is connected via at least one of a wired connection, blind mate connection using RF connectors and a wireless connection.
6. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one RF Front end module [108] and the at least one MIMO antenna array unit [122] are mounted on one or more PCBs.
7. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least a set of network connecting ports [124] from the one or more network connecting ports [124] are mounted on the outer surface of the housing [302].
8. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more network processors [104] further comprises an optical interface for a backhaul connectivity associated with the network.
9. The unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer surface of the housing [302] comprises a radome [304] cover, and wherein, the radome [304] cover is configured to at least partially shield the at least one MIMO antenna array unit [122], the least one radio transceiver unit [102], and the at least one RF Front end module [108] from ambient.