FORM 2
THE PATENTS ACT 1970
(39 of 1970) &
THE PATENT RULES, 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
[See Section 10 and Rule 13]
Title of the invention: METHOD FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS
Name of the Applicant: UPL Limited
Nationality: India
Address: UPL House, 610 B/2, Bandra Village, Off Western Express Highway, Bandra East, Mumbai-400051, India
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.
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Technical field
The present invention relates to a method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruits. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for controlling leaf 5 hopper infestation in mango cultivations or orchards.
Background of the disclosure
Stone fruits are fruits where the outer flesh surrounds a hard shell or stone at the centre, within which the kernel or seed is situated. Examples of common stone fruits include peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots and cherries. Mangoes, lychees, loquats, 10 olives, pecans, and almonds are also from the stone fruit family. It is important for growers to recognize all stages of the insects and mites that attack stone fruits and to provide a fool proof solution to combat pest infestation in these fruits to obtain good crop yield and quality.
Mangifera indica (mango) a widely cultivated stone fruit of tropical and subtropical 15 regions is attacked by various insect and mite pests and as a result is susceptible to several diseases at every growth stage. All its plant parts, namely, trunk, branch, twig, leaf, petiole, flower and fruit are susceptible to attack by numerous insects and pathogens including fungi, bacteria and algae. They cause several kinds of rot, die back, anthracnose, scab, necrosis, blotch, spots, mildew, etc. The diseases caused are 20 economically important as they result in heavy losses in fruit production and harvest.
Insects causing diseases include leafhoppers, stem borers, fruit flies, stone weevil, mealybugs, gall midges and others. Of all the mango pests, leaf hoppers are considered most serious and widespread. Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry), Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker) and Amritodus atkinsoni (Lethierry) are the most common and 25 destructive species of hoppers which cause heavy damage to the mango crop. / clypealis is the most widespread Idioscopus species and occurs in Asia from Pakistan to the Philippines. These species can cause 40% to 50% yield loss in terms of low percent fruit setting, fruit dropping, poor quality fruits etc. They remain active throughout the year, but their incidence is severe during February to April in India.
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Large number of nymphs and adult hoppers puncture and suck phloem sap of tender shoots, inflorescences, and leaves of mango crop, which cause non-setting of flowers and dropping of immature fruits, thereby reducing the yield and vigour of plants. The affected florets turn brown and dry up, and fruit setting is affected. Heavy puncturing 5 and continuous draining of the sap causes curling and drying of the infested tissue. They also damage crop by secreting honeydew, a sweet sticky substance which facilitates growth of Maliola mangiferae, also known as sooty mould on dorsal surface of leaves, branches, and fruits which interferes with the plants photosynthetic activity, ultimately resulting in non-setting of flowers and dropping of immature fruits. Shade 10 and high humidity conditions in closely planted orchards are favourable for mango hopper multiplication. The female adult crawls down the tree and enters cracks in the soil to lay eggs. Just after hatching, the newly hatched nymphs crawl up the tree and suck sap of tender plant parts. This infestation begins during the flowering season.
Leafhoppers, planthoppers, and treehoppers are among the most abundant groups of
15 insects. These tiny insects have no wingless adult phase and are more active than
aphids. Mango leafhoppers are major pests in the Indian subcontinent. The major
damage caused is at the flowering stage and several studies have highlighted yield
reduction which may be between 20 and 100% depending on population size. At the
post-bloom stage, a population of two adults per panicle was sufficient to cause yield
20 reduction. It is suggested that the critical infestation stages are at post-bloom, when
the fruit is marble sized, and 1 month before harvest, with corresponding critical
population levels of two adults, 6-21 nymphs and 4-11 hoppers per panicle. In the
Philippines it was found that the economic injury levels for / clypealis on two
cropping's of mangoes averaged 4.21, 4.30, 4.45 and 4.55 adults per panicle at 2,
25 10, 18 and 26 days, respectively, after flower bud break for the first cropping, and
4.79, 4.88, 5.06 and 5.18 adults per panicle for the second cropping.
Presently, to manage mango hopper, / clypealis L, chemical insecticides, including imidacloprid, buprofezin, carbaryl, endosulfan, monocrotophos, phosphamidon, methyl parathion and cypermethrin have been used in multiple applications. However, a 30 recurring and extreme application of insecticides to control mango hopper has led to development of resistance and resurgence in mango hopper insect infestation. Besides,
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an excessive pesticide residue on edible fruits is left behind adversely affecting the quality of agricultural produce. Therefore, there is a need to provide a method to efficiently control mango hopper insects and to obtain consistent control.
Flupyrimin (FLP) [N-[(E)-l-(6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyDpyridin-2(lH)-ylidene]-2,2, 2-5 trifluoroacetamide], has unique biological properties, including an outstanding potency to resistant pests coupled with superior safety toward pollinators. Its impact on the environment is negligible.
Therefore, the present invention provides a commercially viable, safe and sustainable method to effectively control mango hopper insects by application of flupyrimin.
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Object of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for effectively controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations/plantations.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for effectively 15 controlling leaf or plant hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations/plantations.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a commercially viable, environmentally safe, and sustainable method for effectively controlling mango hopper infestation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide compositions for effectively 20 controlling mango hopper infestation.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying one or more nAChR 25 competitive modulators to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations, said method comprising applying one or more
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nAChR competitive modulators to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in mango cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying one 5 or more of nAChR competitive modulators to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide of the nAChR competitive modulator insecticide class to a 10 locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide of the nAChR competitive modulator insecticide 15 class to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in mango cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide of the nAChR competitive modulator insecticide class to a 20 locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in 25 said cultivations or orchards.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
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In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling leafhopper infestation in mango cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
5 In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for the control of mango hopper infestation, namely Idioscopus spp., and Amritodus spp
The present method provides for the control of mango hopper infestation, namely Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni.
In another aspect the present invention provides compositions comprising flupyrimin 10 or salts, oxides, solvate or polymorph thereof, for controlling mango plant hoppers infestation in crops.
In one aspect, the present invention provides use of flupyrimin for controlling plant hoppers infestation in stone fruit crops.
In one more aspect, the present invention provides use of flupyrimin for controlling 15 mango plant hoppers infestation in crops.
Detailed description of the invention
The following description is provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure. It includes various specific details to assist
20 in that understanding but these are to be regarded as merely exemplary. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted for clarity and conciseness.
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The terms used in the following description and claims are not limited to the bibliographical meanings but are merely used by the inventor to enable a clear and consistent understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the following description of exemplary embodiments of the
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present disclosure are provided for illustration purpose only and not for limiting the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. For the purposes of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the disclosure may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly 5 specified to the contrary. Moreover, other than in any operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing, for example, quantities of materials/ingredients used in the specification are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about".
10 Thus, before describing the present disclosure in detail, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particularly exemplified systems or process parameters that may of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments of the disclosure only and is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure in any manner. The use of examples
15 anywhere in this specification including examples of any terms discussed herein is illustrative only, and in no way limits the scope and meaning of the disclosure or of any exemplified term.
Prior to setting forth the present subject matter in detail, it may be helpful to provide 20 definitions of certain terms used herein. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this subject matter pertains. The following definitions are provided for clarity.
25 The use of the terms "a", "an", and "the" and similar referents (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms first, second etc. as used herein are not meant to denote any ordering, but simply for convenience to denote a plurality of, for example, layers.
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The terms "comprising", "having", "including", and "containing" are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning "including, but not limited to") unless otherwise noted.
5 In any aspect or embodiment described hereinbelow, the phrase comprising may be replaced by the phrases "consisting of or "consisting essentially of. In these aspects or embodiment, the combination or composition described includes or comprises or consists of or consists essentially of or consists substantially of the specific components recited therein, to the exclusion of other ingredients or excipients not 10 specifically recited therein.
"About" or "approximately" as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error
15 associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, "about" can mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±10% or ±5% of the stated value. Recitation of ranges of values are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each
20 separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The endpoints of all ranges are included within the range and independently combinable. It is understood that where a parameter range is provided, all integers within that range, and tenths thereof, are also provided. For example, "0.1-80%" includes 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, etc. up to 80%.
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All methods described herein can be performed in a suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as"), is intended merely to better illustrate the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless
30 otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure as used herein.
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As used herein, the term "agricultural" is understood to denote an agricultural chemical such as pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators and can be used interchangeably.
5 The term "active" as used herein, is meant an ingredient that is chemically active and/or biologically active in origin. By the term "active ingredient" as used herein, is meant as tricyclazole or a salt, or ester or derivative thereof. In this regard an "active" ingredient can be a single ingredient or a combination of ingredients.
10 The phrase 'insecticidally effective amount' refers to an amount of an insecticide that kills or inhibits insects or diseases for which control is desired, in an amount not significantly toxic to the crop or plant being treated.
The phrase 'insecticidally effective amount of flupyrimin' refers to an amount of 15 flupyrimin that kills or inhibits the phytopathogenic fungi or disease for which control is desired, in an amount not significantly toxic to the plant being treated.
35 The term 'disease control' as used herein denotes control and prevention of a disease. Controlling effects include all deviation from natural development, for example: killing, retardation, inhibition or decrease of the disease.
The term "plant" or "crop" refers to whole plants, plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, 40 twigs, roots, trunks, limbs, shoots, fruits etc.), plant cells, or plant seeds. This term also encompasses plant crops such as fruits. The term "plant" may further include the "propagation material thereof, which may include all the generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers, which can be used for the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, tubers, spores, 45 corms, bulbs, rhizomes, sprouts basal shoots, stolons, and buds and other parts of plants, including seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil.
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The term "plant propagation material" is understood to denote generative parts of a plant, such as seeds, vegetative material such as cuttings or tubers, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes and parts of plants, germinated plants and young plants which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from the soil. These 5 young plants may be protected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment by immersion.
The term "orchard" as used herein denotes an intentional plantation of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production. Orchards comprise fruit- or nut-10 producing trees that are generally grown for commercial production.
The term "locus" as used herein denotes the vicinity or area designated for growth of a desired crop susceptible to or likely to be susceptible to infestation by insects, and in which control of the phytopathogenic insects is desired. The locus includes 15 the vicinity of desired crop plants wherein insect infestation has either occurred or is most likely to occur or is yet to occur.
The term "plant hopper" or "leaf hopper" or "insect hopper" or "mango hopper" as used in the present invention refer to the complex of insects comprising Idioscopus 20 clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni. The said terms have been used interchangeably in the present invention.
The term "agricultural produce" means any produce out of cultivation of plants and rearing of all life forms of animals, for food, fibre, fuel, raw material or other similar 25 products, on which either no further processing is done or such processing is done as is usually done by a cultivator or producer which does not alter its essential characteristics but makes it marketable for primary market.
The term % disease severity refers to the percentage decay observed in the crops 30 in terms of the percentage of relevant host tissues covered by lesions or damaged by the disease in crops. Severity results from the number and size of the lesions. The % severity indicates the extent of damage caused by the disease.
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"Insecticide" refers to the ability of a substance to decrease or inhibit growth of insects.
To "control" or "controlling" fungus means to inhibit, and/or supress the ability of an 5 insect to grow and/or reproduce, or to limit insect-related damage or loss in crop plants or denotes control and prevention of a disease. Controlling effects include all deviation from natural development, for example: killing, retardation, decrease of the disease.
10 As used herein, the terms % disease control refers to the % control and prevention of a disease in crops.
The term "g a.i./L" or "g ai/L" as used herein denotes the concentration of the respective active ingredient in "grams" present "per litre" of the composition. 15
The terms "g a.i./ha" or "g ai/ha" as used herein denotes the concentration of the respective active ingredient in "grams" applied "per hectare" of the crop field.
References to "ai" or "a.i." means active ingredient and is construed to mean the 20 same at portions of the specification hereinafter.
The present invention has provided a method for controlling insect infestation, namely infestation caused by plant hoppers in stone fruits. The present inventors have applied flupyrimin to the stone fruits to obtain control of insects infesting stone fruit orchards.
25 Accordingly, the present inventors have unexpectedly found that a single application of the pyrilidene insecticide in class 4 according to IRAC classification (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee), i.e. the application of flupyrimin to mango cultivations facilitates the prevention and control of mango plant hopper infestation, namely, Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni. The present method
30 successfully resulted in absolute control of mango plant hopper infestation with no phytotoxicity issues being countered post application of the insecticide.
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The present invention provides a commercially viable, environmentally safe and sustainable method to effectively control mango hopper insects by application of flupyrimin.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant 5 hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying one or more of nAChR competitive modulators to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
In an embodiment, stone fruits are selected from the group comprising mangoes, peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots and cherries, lychees, loquats, olives, pecans, and 10 almonds or hybrid varieties of such fruits.
In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in mango cultivations or orchards, said method comprising applying one or more of nAChR competitive modulators to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in said cultivations or orchards.
15 In an embodiment, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator is selected from the group comprising neonicotinoids, nicotine, sulfoximines, butenolides, mesoionics and pyridylidenes.
In a preferred embodiment, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator is a pyridylidene.
20 In an embodiment, the neonicotinoid is selected from the group comprising acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam.
In an embodiment, the sulfoximine insecticide is sulfoxaflor.
In an embodiment, the butanolide insecticide is flupyradifurone.
25 In an embodiment, the mesoionic insecticide is triflumezopyrim.
In a preferred embodiment, pyridylidene insecticide comprises flupyrimin.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruits, said method comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine
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receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha, 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha, 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha, 30 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 5 250 g ai/ha and 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruits, said method comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of 10 the nAChR is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha, 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha, 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha, 30 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha and 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) 15 competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) 20 competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 25 (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango
plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
30 competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant
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propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 30 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 5 (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 10 (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 15 (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the nAChR is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruits, said method comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide 20 to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha, 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha, 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha, 30 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha and 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
25 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruits, said method comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha, 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha, 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha, 30
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g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha and 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of 5 a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of the 10 pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha.
15 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 30 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling 20 mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a 25 locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a
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locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruits, said method comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of 5 a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha, 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha, 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha, 30 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha and 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
10 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruits, said method comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the application amount of the pyridylidene insecticide is ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha, 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha, 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha, 30 g ai/ha to 400
15 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha, 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha and 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of flupyrimin is ranging 20 from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of flupyrimin is ranging from 20 g ai/ha to 800 g ai/ha.
25 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of flupyrimin is ranging from 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango 30 plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a
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plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of flupyrimin is ranging from 30 g ai/ha to 400 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, 5 or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of flupyrimin is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 300 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of flupyrimin is 10 ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 250 g ai/ha.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupyrimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the amount of flupyrimin is ranging from 50 g ai/ha to 200 g ai/ha.
15 In an embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration ranging from 10 to 800 g/L
In an embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration ranging from 10 to 600 g/L.
In an embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a 20 formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration ranging from 100 to 600 g/L.
In a preferred embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration ranging from 50 to 500 g/L.
In a preferred embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration of 500 g/L.
25 The compositions of the present invention generally include agrochemical formulation adjuvants/carriers or agrochemically acceptable excipients. The composition can be in the form of solid or liquid form. The formulation can be ready-to-use compositions. An example of such agrochemical formulations include suspension concentrate (SO,
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emulsifiable concentrate (EC), flowable concentrate (FS), Microemulsion (ME), Oil Dispersion (OD), Suspoemulsion (SE) formulations and the like.
In an embodiment, the agrochemical formulation is a liquid formulation.
In another embodiment, the liquid formulation is a suspension concentrate (SO 5 formulation.
In another embodiment, the suspension concentrate (SO formulation comprises flupyrimin.
The compositions used in present method comprise from about 0.1 to 99 % by weight, especially from 0.1 to 95 % by weight of the active ingredients and from 1 10 to 99.9 % by weight of a formulation adjuvant/carrier.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the nAChR is in an application amount ranging from 50 15 ml/ha to 1000 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the nAChR is in an application amount ranging from 20 100 ml/ha to 500 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the nAChR is in an application amount ranging from 25 100 ml/ha to 300 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the nAChR is in an application amount of 100 ml/ha.
18

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the nAChR is in an application amount of 150 ml/ha.
5 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the nAChR is in an application amount of 200 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango 10 plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the pyridylidene insecticide is in an application amount ranging from 50 ml/ha to 1000 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of 15 a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the pyridylidene insecticide is in an application amount ranging from 100 ml/ha to 500 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the pyridylidene 20 insecticide is in an application amount ranging from 100 ml/ha to 300 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the pyridylidene insecticide is in an application amount of 100 ml/ha.
25 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the pyridylidene insecticide is in an application amount of 150 ml/ha.
19

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying a pyridylidene insecticide to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the pyridylidene insecticide in an application amount of 200 ml/ha.
5 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupryimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein flupryimin is in an application amount ranging from 50 ml/ha to 1000 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango 10 plant hopper infestation comprising applying to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein flupryimin is in an application amount ranging from 100 ml/ha to 500 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupryimin to a locus of a plant, or a 15 plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the flupryimin is in an application amount ranging from 100 ml/ha to 300 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupryimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein flupryimin is in an application 20 amount of 100 ml/ha.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupryimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein the flupryimin is in an application amount of 150 ml/ha.
25 In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling mango plant hopper infestation comprising applying flupryimin to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material, wherein flupryimin in an application amount of 200 ml/ha.
20

The method according to the present invention may be applied to the locus of the plant on one or more occasions during the growth of the plant. It can be applied to the planting site before the seed is sown, during the sowing of the seed, prior to the flowering stage of the plant, pre-emergence and/or post-emergence of the insect. The 5 method of the present invention can also be used while the plant is being grown in a green house and the use can be continued after transplantation. The soil may, for example, be treated directly, prior to transplanting, at transplanting or after transplanting. The use of the compositions can be via any suitable method, which ensures that the agents penetrate the soil, for example, nursery tray application, in 10 furrow application, soil drenching, soil injection, drip irrigation, application through sprinklers or central pivot, incorporation into soil (broad cast or in band) are such methods.
The treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the active compound or its compositions is carried out directly or by action on their
15 surroundings, habitat or storage space using customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, furthermore as a powder for dry seed treatment, a solution for seed treatment, a water-soluble
20 powder for slurry treatment, by incrusting, by coating with one or more layers, etc. It is furthermore possible to apply the active compound in combination with other active(s) by the ultra-low volume method, or to inject the active compound combination into the soil.
The rate and frequency of use of the compositions on the plant may vary within wide 25 limits and depends on the type of use, the specific active agents, the nature of the soil, the method of application (pre- or post-emergence, etc.), the plant, the prevailing climatic conditions, and other factors governed by the method of application, the time of application and the target plant.
The present invention is also directed to a seed that is protected against multiple
30 insect pests comprising a seed treated with composition of flupyrimin. Advantageously
the present method provides significant efficacy against insect pest control and
21

simultaneously provides for no phytotoxicity in crops and in the improvement in plant growth.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a locus of a mango plant treated with flupyrimin and one or more pesticides, wherein the locus is planted with 5 or intended to be planted with a plant or a plant propagation material.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a locus of a mango plant comprising applying flupyrimin and one or more pesticides to the locus which is planted with or intended to be planted with a plant or a plant propagation material.
10 The present invention is also directed to a seed that is protected against multiple insect pests comprising a seed treated with composition of flupyrimin and one or more pesticides. Advantageously the present compositions provide significant efficacy on insect pest and simultaneously provide improvement in plant growth.
Therefore, in yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a mango plant 15 treated with flupyrimin and one or more pesticides.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a mango plant treated with flupyrimin and one or more pesticides, such that at least a portion of the applied flupyrimin and one or more pesticides is adhering to the mango plant or to a portion thereof.
20 In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a mango plant propagation material treated with flupyrimin and one or more pesticides.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a mango plant propagation material treated with flupyrimin and one or more pesticides, such that at least a portion of the applied flupyrimin and one or more pesticides is adhering to the mango plant 25 propagation material.
In an embodiment, the mango plant propagation material is a mango seed.
Thus, in an embodiment, the present invention provides a mango seed treated with flupyrimin and one or more pesticides.
22

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a mango seed treated with flupyrimin and one or more pesticides, such that at least a portion of the applied flupyrimin and one or more pesticides is adhering to the mango seed.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the control of insect 5 pest selected from Lepidopteran, Coleopteran, Hemipteran, or Homopteran species. However, the choice of the target insect pests is not limiting.
In a preferred embodiment, the insect pest is from the Homoptera order.
In a preferred embodiment, the insect pest is from the Hemiptera order.
In an embodiment, the insect pests are of the order Homoptera, such as Acrythosiphon
10 pisum (pea aphid), Adelges spp. (adelgids), Aleurodes proletella (cabbage white fly), Aleurodicus disperses, Aleurothrixus floccosus (woolly whitefly), Aluacaspis spp., Amrasca bigutella bigutella, Aphrophora spp (leafhoppers), Aonidiella aurantii (California red scale), Aphis spp. (aphids), Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid), Aphis pomi (apple aphid), Aulacorthum solani (foxglove aphid), Bemisia spp. (whiteflies), Bemisia
15 argentifoi, Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly), Brachycolus noxius (Russian aphid), Brachycorynella asparagi (asparagus aphid), Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae (cabbage aphid), Ceroplastes spp. (scales), Ceroplastes rubens (red bawax scale), Chionaspis spp. (scales), Chrysomphalus spp. (scales), Coccus spp. (scales), Dysaphis plantaginea (rosy apple aphid), Empoasca spp. (leafhoppers), Eriosoma lanigerum
20 (woolly apple aphid), Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale), Idioscopus nitidulus (mango leafhopper), Laodelphax striatellus (smaller brown planthopper), Lepidosaphes spp., Macrosiphum spp., Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potato aphid), Macrosiphum granarium (English grain aphid), Macrosiphum rosae (rose aphid), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (aster leafhopper), Mahanarva frimbiolata, Metopolophium dirhodum
25 (rose grain aphid), Mictis longimangois, Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Nephotettix spp. (leafhoppers), Nephotettix cinctipes (green leafhopper), Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper), Parlatoria pergandii (chaff scale), Parlatoria ziziphi (ebony scale), Peregrinus maidis (mango delphacid), Philaenus spp. (spittlebugs), Phylloxera vitifoliae (grape phylloxera), Physokermes piceae (spruce bud scale), Planococcus spp.
30 (mealybugs), Pseudococcus spp. (mealybugs), Pseudococcus brevipes (pine apple mealybug), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose scale), Rhapalosiphum spp. (aphids),

Rhapalosiphum maida (mango leaf aphid), Rhapalosiphum padi (oat bird-cherry aphid), Saissetia spp. (scales), Saissetia oleae (black scale), Schizaphis graminum (greenbug), Sitobion avenae (English grain aphid), Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper), Therioaphis spp (aphids), Toumeyella spp (scales), Toxoptera spp (aphids), 5 Trialeurodes spp (whiteflies), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly), Trialeurodes abutiloneus (bandedwing whitefly), Unaspis spp. (scales), Unaspis yanonensis (arrowhead scale) and Zulia entreriana.
In an embodiment, the insect pests are of the order Hemiptera, such as Amritodus atkinsoni Acrosternum hilare (green stink bug), Blissus leucopterus (chinch bug),
10 Calocoris norvegicus (potato mind), Cimex hemipterus (tropical bed bug), Cimex lectularius (bed bug), Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Dysdercus suturellus (cotton stainer), Edessa meditabunda, Eurygaster maura (cereal bug), Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus (brown stink bug), He lopelt is antonii, Helopeltis theivora (tea blight plantbug), Lagynotomus spp. (stink bugs), Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis,
15 Lygus spp. (plant bugs), Lygus hesperus (western tarnished plant bug), Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula (southern green stink bug), Paratrioza cockerelli, Phytocoris spp. (plant bugs), Phytocoris californicus, Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildingi, Poecilocapsus lineatus (foudined plant bug), Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae, Scaptocoris castanea and Triatoma spp. (bloodsucking conenose
20 bugs/kissing bugs)
In an embodiment, the application of flupyrimin to mango cultivations facilitates the prevention and control of insects causing mango plant hopper infestation, namely, Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising 25 flupyrimin or salts, N-oxide, solvate or polymorph thereof, for controlling mango plant hopper infestation.
The composition of the present invention may be applied to a plant, part of the plant, plant organ, plant propagation material or a plant growing locus.
In an embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a 30 formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration ranging from 10 to 600 g/L
24

In a preferred embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration ranging from 50 to 500 g/L
In a preferred embodiment, flupyrimin used in the present method is prepared from a formulation comprising flupyrimin in a concentration of 500 g/L
5 The compositions of the present invention generally include agrochemical formulation adjuvants/carriers or agrochemically acceptable excipients. The composition can be in the form of solid or liquid form. The formulation can be ready-to-use compositions. An example of such agrochemical formulations include suspension concentrate (SO, emulsifiable concentrate (EC), flowable concentrate (FS), Microemulsion (ME), Oil 10 Dispersion (OD), Suspoemulsion (SE) formulations and the like.
In an embodiment, the agrochemical formulation is a liquid formulation.
In another embodiment, the liquid formulation is a suspension concentrate (SO formulation.
In another embodiment, the suspension concentrate (SO formulation comprises 15 flupyrimin.
The compositions used in present method comprise from about 0.1 to 99 % by weight, especially from 0.1 to 95 % by weight of the active ingredients and from 1 to 99.9 % by weight of a formulation adjuvant/carrier.
In an embodiment, the total amount of insecticidal compound in the composition may 20 typically be in the range of 0.1 to 99% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 90% by weight.
In an embodiment, the constituents of the composition of the present invention may be tank mixed and sprayed at the locus or may be alternatively mixed with surfactants and then sprayed.
In an embodiment, the constituents of the composition of the present invention may 25 be used for foliar application, ground or applications to plant propagation materials. The composition may be applied pre-emergence or post-emergence. When the composition is used to regulate the growth of the mango crop plants or enhance the tolerance to abiotic stress, it may be applied post-emergence of the crop.
25

The rates of application of compositions may vary within wide limits and depend on the nature of the soil, the method of application (pre- or post-emergence; seed dressing; application to the seed furrow; no tillage application etc.), the crop plant, the prevailing climatic conditions, and other factors governed by the method of 5 application, the time of application and the target crop. For foliar or drench application, the compositions are generally applied at a rate of from 1 to 2000 g/ha, especially from 5 to 1000 g/ha. For seed treatment the rate of application is generally between 0.0005 and 150g per 100kg of seed.
In an aspect the present invention provides a suspension concentrate formulation 10 comprising flupyrimin or salts thereof as plant health promoters that causes enhanced plant health, growth and fruit quality.
In an embodiment the present invention provides the suspension concentrate formulation comprising flupyrimin or salts thereof which enhances the protection to plants from attack or infestation by insects, acarids or nematodes.
15 In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of a nAChR competitive modulators for controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of a nAChR competitive modulators for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards.
20 In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of a nAChR competitive modulators for controlling plant hopper infestation in mango orchards.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of a pyridylidene insecticide for controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of a pyridylidene insecticide for 25 controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of a pyridylidene insecticide for controlling plant hopper infestation in mango orchards.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of flupyrimin for controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards.
26

In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of flupyrimin for controlling plant hopper infestation in stone fruit cultivations or orchards.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides use of flupyrimin for controlling plant hopper infestation in mango orchards.
5 It is found that the composition comprising flupyrimin provides excellent control of mango plant hopper infestation. Further, crop growth is consistently observed in all the demonstrations with flupyrimin formulations., The present method efficiently controls mango hopper insects with consistent control of the said insect and good quality agricultural produce.
10 In view of the above, it will be seen that the several advantages of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
Although the present invention has been disclosed in full, it will be understood that numerous additional modifications and variations could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.
15 EXAMPLES Example 1
The bio-efficacy of flupyrimin against mango leaf hopper in mango cultivations against Idioscopus nitidulus was evaluated. The treatments as described in table 1 below were sprayed in a single application. The initial count of mango hoppers observed were
20 noted and the control was observed at specific time intervals. A suspension concentrate formulation of 500g/L flupyrimin was used in the field trial and accordingly, specific dose rates and concentrations were decided. The treatments and the applications have been discussed in Table 1 and the observations are made in Table 2. The application is made at time 'A', the observations were made at 3 DA-A,
25 (i.e. 3 days after applications), 7 DA-A, 10 DA-A and 15 DA-A.
Table 1: Treatment details

Trt. No. Treatment Name Active dose g ai/ha Dose Rate ml/ha
1 Untreated control NA NA
27

2 Flupyrimin 50 100
3 Flupyrimin 75 150
4 Flupyrimin 100 200
Table 2: % control of Idioscopus nitidulus

Trt. No.
1 2 3
4 Treatment Name Active
dose
g ai/ha
NA Dose Rate
ml/ha Hopper/ inflorescence % control over untreated control (UTC)

0 DAA 3 DAA 7 DAA 10 DAA 15 DAA

UTC - NA 23 0 0 0 0

Flupyrimin 50 100 22.80 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Flupyrimin 75 150 20.20 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Flupyrimin 100 200 19.30 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

An absolute control of Idioscopus nitidulus was observed in mango crop treated with 5 flupyrimin in a single application at 15 DAA compared to the untreated control. The economic threshold level (ETL) of the mango hopper was measured at 0 DAA, and the said level was significantly higher than the ETL, the same was measured as mango hopper per inflorescence. A significant control of the mango hopper insect was thus observed on treatment with flupyrimin.
10

We Claim,
1. A method for controlling insect infestation in stone fruit cultivations or
orchards comprising applying a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
5 competitive modulator to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant
propagation material.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stone fruit is selected from
the group comprising mangoes, peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots, cherries,
lychees, loquats, olives, pecans and almonds.
10 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stone fruit is mango.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insect infestation in mango
is caused by mango hopper insects comprising Idioscopus
clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
15 (nAChR) competitive modulator is selected from the group comprising
neonicotinoids, nicotine, sulfoximines, butenolides, mesoionics and pyridylidenes.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
(nAChR) competitive modulator is a pyridylidene.
20 7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the pyridylidene insecticide
comprises flupyrimin.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising applying a nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus
of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in an application
25 amount ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising applying a nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide to a locus
of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in an application
amount ranging from 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha.
30 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising applying flupyrimin
to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in an application amount ranging from 10 g ai/ha to 1000 g ai/ha.

11. The method as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising applying flupyrimin
to a locus of a plant, or a plant part or a plant propagation material in an
application amount ranging from 25 g ai/ha to 500 g ai/ha.
12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein flupyrimin is in a suspension
5 concentrate.
13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein flupyrimin is in a concentration ranging from 10 g/L to 800 g/L
14. Use of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulator for controlling insect infestation in mango cultivations.
10 15. Use as claimed in claim 14, wherein the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
(nAChR) competitive modulator insecticide is a pyrilidene insecticide comprising flupyrimin.