FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT, 1970
(39 of 1970)
&
The Patents Rules, 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(see section 10, rule 13)
1. 1 Title: Photothermal Detector Empowered with Internet of Things (IoT)
2. Applicants:
Name: RK University, Rajkot
Nationality: Indian
Address: Rajkot-Bhavnagar Highway, Kasturbadham,
Rajkot. 360020
Inventors
1. Name: Dr. Harshal B. Desai
a. Nationality: Indian
b. Address: Department of Physics, School of
Science, RK University, Kasturbadham, Rajkot.
360020
2. Name: Mr. Vijay C. Togadiya
a. Nationality: Indian
b. Address: Department of Physics, School of
Science, RK University, Kasturbadham, Rajkot.
360020
3. Name: Mr. Nikunj Vadher
a. Nationality: Indian

b. Address: Department of Computer Engineering, RK University, Kasturbadham, Rajkot. 360020 4. Name: Dr. Ashish R. Tanna
a. Nationality: Indian
b. Address: Department of Physics, School of
Science, RK University, Kasturbadham, Rajkot.
360020
3. Preamble to the description
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed
4. Technical field of the invention
The present invention is related to Photothermal effect. Functional oxides exhibit photo thermal behavior in the presence of sunlight. We can calculate the efficiency of functional oxides using standard equations. In this invention, the photothermal effect can be observed with the help of IoT.
5. Background art including citation of prior art review of Literature. (consists of and
comprise)
One of the prior arts CN110473955B titled “Application of perovskite type composite oxide in ultra-wideband photothermal detector” reported that perovskite type composite oxide used to fabricate manufacture an ultra-wideband photothermal detector [1]. In the present invention, functional oxides are used to study photothermal effect.
Another prior art CN112670396B titled “Application of layered compound in photothermal detector and application method thereof” reported that an application of a layered compound in a photothermal detector and an application method thereof and relates to the field of photothermal detection. The photo-

thermal detector adopts NdSb with a two-dimensional structure. After being prepared into a sheet, the photothermal detector is prepared by a transfer electrode method. Compared with the traditional thermal detector, the hot carrier auxiliary mechanism in the detector enables the current carriers to be rapidly cooled, so that the purpose of rapid response is achieved [2]. In the present invention, functional oxides are used to study photothermal effect. Another prior art US20180003648A1 titled “Apparatus and methods for combined brightfield, darkfield, and photothermal inspection” reported the methods and apparatus for detecting defects or reviewing defects in a semiconductor sample [3]. In the present invention, photothermal efficiency of functional oxides are measured with the help of IoT.
Another prior art CN112864301A titled “Application of transition metal oxide in photo-thermal detector” reported that compared with the traditional photoelectric detector, the photo-thermal detector manufactured by the invention has the advantages of ultra-wideband spectral response, simple structure, high stability, high sensitivity and the like, is wide in raw material storage and low in cost and has great application value in the field of optical detection [4]. In the present innovation, the electromagnetic source is used to study the photothermal effect of functional oxides.
Another prior art, US11491300B2 titled “Robot-connected IoT-based sleep-caring system” reported a robot-connected IoT-based sleep-caring system includes a sleep-caring robot and an IoT system. The sleep-caring robot includes environment monitoring, physiology monitoring, sleep monitoring, sound, lighting and electricity control, a smart storage compartment, central data processing, and machine arms. The IoT system senses and executes instructions from the sleep-caring robot, thereby catering to bedroom activities of the user [5]. In the present innovation, the temperature sensor is collected data of temperature of functional oxides transmitted to internet cloud and based on the program, temperature vs time data is received in our android device. The

photothermal efficiency of functional oxides is calculated using a standard equation.
Another prior art, US11073505B2 titled “Internet-of-things based crop growth monitoring device and method thereof” reported that crop growth monitoring device includes a plurality of monitoring mechanisms using IoT [6]. In the present innovation, the temperature sensor is collected data of temperature of functional oxides transmitted to internet cloud and based on the program, temperature vs time data is received in our android device. The photothermal efficiency of functional oxides is calculated using a standard equation.
Another prior art, Mosleh-Shirazi et al. synthesized cobalt ferrite and zinc ferrite nanoparticles using green synthesis method and studied anticancer properties of synthesized nanoparticles in the presence and absence of LASER. They observed that photothermal efficacy of green synthesized cobalt ferrite is more effective than ferrite nanoparticles combined with laser radiation against MCF-7 cells [7]. Another prior art, the photothermal efficiency of hemoglobin-functionalized copper ferrite nanoparticles studied by Liu et al. They observed that the synthesized specimen can serve as an antibacterial candidate with negligible toxicity to realize synergistic treatment of bacterial infections through catalytic and photothermal effects [8].
Another prior art, Yang et al. deposited superparamagnetic manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles on graphene oxide (GO) and loaded doxorubicin (DOX) by the thermal decomposition method. They observed that DOX release from GO/MnFe2O4 is significantly influenced by pH and can be triggered by NIR laser. The enhanced cancer cell killing by GO/manganese ferrite/DOX composites has been achieved when irradiated with near-infrared light, suggesting that the nanohybrids could deliver both DOX chemotherapy and photothermal therapy with a synergistic effect [9].
Another prior art, photothermal effect of Iron ferrite, manganese ferrite and zinc ferrite studied by Wang et al. for the killing cancer cells under NIR laser

irradiation. They observed that zinc ferrite nanoparticles showed little toxicity to cells and achieved outstanding effect in killing cancer cells under NIR laser irradiation [10]. References
1. CN110473955B, Application of perovskite type composite oxide in ultra-wideband photothermal detector, Jiang Peng, Lu Xiaowei, Bao Xinhe, 2018
2. CN110473955B, Application of perovskite type composite oxide in ultra-wideband photothermal detector, Li Liang, Wang Xi, Li Gang
3. US20180003648A1, Apparatus and methods for combined brightfield, darkfield, and photothermal inspection, Lena Nicolaides, Mohan Mahadevan, Alex Salnik, Scott A. Young
4. CN112864301A, Application of transition metal oxide in photo-thermal detector, Jiang Peng, Wan Xueying, Bao Xinhe, 2019
5. US11491300B2, Robot-connected IoT-based sleep-caring system, Zhongtang WANG, 2019
6. US11073505B2, Internet-of-things based crop growth monitoring device and method thereof, Baozhong ZHANG, Zheng Wei, Songjun HAN, Zhigong PENG
7. Mosleh-Shirazi, S., Kasaee, S. R., Dehghani, F., Kamyab, H., Kirpichnikova, I., Chelliapan, S. & Amani, A. M. (2023). Investigation through the anticancer properties of green synthesized spinel ferrite nanoparticles in present and absent of laser photothermal effect. Ceramics International, 49(7), 11293-11301.
8. Liu, Y., Guo, Z., Li, F., Xiao, Y., Zhang, Y., Bu, T., & Wang, L. (2019). Multifunctional magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles as fenton-like reaction and near-infrared photothermal agents for synergetic antibacterial therapy. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 11(35), 31649-31660.
9. Yang, Y., Shi, H., Wang, Y., Shi, B., Guo, L., Wu, D., & Wu, H. (2016). Graphene oxide/manganese ferrite nanohybrids for magnetic resonance imaging,

photothermal therapy and drug delivery. Journal of biomaterials applications, 30(6), 810-822. 10. Wang, K., Yang, P., Guo, R., Yao, X., & Yang, W. (2019). Photothermal performance of MFe2O4 nanoparticles. Chinese Chemical Letters, 30(12), 2013-2016.
6. Objects of Invention (3 to 4 objectives)
The primary aim of this innovation is to address the existing gap in research efforts related to studying the photothermal effect of functional oxides. Despite extensive research on this phenomenon, there is currently a lack of an IoT-enabled device specifically designed for such studies.
The secondary objective is to efficiently collect, synthesize, process, and preserve data in the cloud, which generate graphical representations, and display the results on screened devices for further analysis.
Additionally, our goal manufactures a device capable of investigating temperature variations in functional oxide specimens caused by electromagnetic radiation, all while being empowered by IoT.
7. Summary of invention
To achieve the objects, the present invention proved the solution to Photothermal detector empowered by IoT.
According to the basic aspect of the present invention, a photothermal detector empowered by IoT (1) to measure the photothermal efficiency of functional oxides having, a photothermal detector wood chamber (2) is coated inside by glass wool (3) for the thermal insulation a glass window (4) is fabricated on the top of the wood chamber (2) to allow the electromagnetic radiation from the source (14) on the sample. A sample container (5) is adjusted along the horizontal axis of a glass window (4) rested on the adjustable base (6) of the said chamber (2). A suspension of functional oxide in water (7) is poured in the sample

container (5) and a DS18B20 Temperature Sensor (9) is immersed in the said sample container (5) which is came out of the said chamber (2) through a hole (8) of the said chamber (2). A DS18B20 Temperature Sensor (9) is connected with NODEMCU(IoT) (11) by connection wires (10).
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide, the photothermal detector empowered (1) by IoT, wherein said electromagnetic light source (14) being incident on sample container (5) which contains suspension of functional oxides in water (7) through glass window (4), being heated by electromagnetic light.
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide, The DS18B20 Temperature Sensor (9) sensed the temperature and transferred the data to the NODEMCU (IoT) (11) by connection wires (10).
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide, The NODEMCU (IoT) (11) is transferred the data into cloud (13) via wi-fi (12) of the said NODEMCU (11).
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide, Cloud (13) is stored the data in Google sheet, plotted the graph of time v/s temperature which is viewed in screened device (15).
Another aspect of the present invention to provide, the photothermal efficiency of suspension of functional oxides in water (7) is calculated by the standard equation.

8. Brief description of the drawing: Preamble
Figure 1. Photothermal detector empowered by IoT according to the present
invention.
The embodiment of the present invention is illustrated with the help of accompanying drawing. Figure 1 illustrates the various parts of assembly of the Photothermal detector empowered by IoT. The present invention from figure 1 is presenting the Photothermal detector (1), wooden chamber (2), glass wool (3), glass window (4), sample container (5), adjustable base (6), suspension of functional oxides in water (7), a hole (8) in wooden chamber (2), DS18B20 temperature sensor (9), connection wires (10), NOD MCU (11), wi-fi (12), cloud (13), electromagnetic light source (14), pc/laptop/mobile (15) according to the invention.

9. Detailed Description of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawing
Spinel ferrites are special types of functional oxides that have ferrimagnetic properties as well as semiconducting properties. The chemical composition formula of spinel ferrite is MO•Fe2O3. This structure has a fcc cage of oxygen ions and the metallic cations are distributed among tetrahedral (A) and octahedral [B] interstitial sites. This MO•Fe2O3 structure can be derived from Fe2+O•(Fe3+)2O3 while Fe2+ replaced by other divalent ions like Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, etc. In the proper condition, they show a photothermal effect. In the present innovation, we have designed a photothermal detector empowered with IoT [1] as shown in figure 1. The photothermal detector is made up of a wooden chamber [2]. The glass wool [3] is placed inside the wooden chamber for thermal insulation. The sample is a mixture of water and function oxide suspension [7] which is poured into the sample container [6] and placed on the adjustable base [5]. The temperature sensor [9] is immersed into the sample container which is connected by the connection wire [10] with the NODMCU [11]. The electromagnetic irradiation [14] is incident on the sample through the glass window [4]. The temperature of functional oxides is increased due to irradiation and is transferred to the cloud with the help of Wi-Fi [12] of NODMCU [11]. Cloud [13] is stored the data of temperature and irradiation time. As the irradiation time increased, the temperature of the functional oxides increased. One can observe the data through graphical mode on a screened device [15].

Figure 1. Photothermal detector empowered by IoT according to the present
invention.
Experimental Study for scientific evidence:
Prepare different concentrations of functional oxides like 0.2M,0.4M and 1M in water. For the homogeneous mixture of the functional oxides, put it in the ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minute and 36 Cͦ . Now, put the sample container into the insulated wooden box. Insert the DS18B20 Temperature Sensor in the sample container. Connect the temperature sensor and the NODEMCU. Connect the NODEMCU with data cable and cable connect to the adapter. Adapter’s output voltage is 3V-5V which is required for the circuit as shown in Figure 2. Now, set the insulated box in front of the light source. Use a sodium lamp as a light source according to one embodiment of present invention, as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2 Experimental Setup according to the present invention
As the time increases, the temperature of functional oxides will increase. The
photothermal conversion curve is obtained by Plotting a graph of temperature
v/s time. Fig shows the photothermal conversation cure of NiFe2O4. In the
experiment the starting temperature is 37.5 °C and 38 °C for concentration 0.2M
and 0.4M respectively. The temperature of the sample rise continuously under
irradiation. The temperature data collected when the temperature is increased.
Here saturation obtain at the temperature 49.375°C and 49.565°C respectively
for 0.2M and for 0.4M. The photothermal conversion efficiency rj of the
nanoparticles can be calculated by this formula.
= � �� (�� - ��)
1 ��∆�
m = mass of functional oxides, Cp = specific heat capacity, Ts = instantaneous
temperature, T = initial temperature, A = area of exposed surface, G = incident solar flux, AT = time exposed to the solar radiation.

Result and discussion
Time v/s temperature graph of functional oxide, according to one embodimen of present invention, as shown in figure 3. It has been observed that th temperature increases with increasing irradiation time. Also observed that th concentration increases, and the temperature increases rapidly. • Time v/s temperature graph of NiFei04.
Figure 3 Time v /s temperature graph for nickel ferrite according to the present
invention The photothermal efficiency has been calculated from the above given standard equation for nickel ferrite, according to one embodiment of present invention, as shown in figure 4.

• Efficiency v/s concentration graph of NiFe204.
Figure 4 Photothermal efficiency v/s concentration of nickel ferrite according to
the present invention It has been observed that as the concentration of nickel ferrite increased, photothermal efficiency increased.
Conclusion
Using the present invention, we can calculate the photothermal efficiency of functional oxides.

10. Claims
I/we claims.
1. A photothermal detector empowered by IoT (1) to measure the photothermal
efficiency of functional oxides having, a photothermal detector wood chamber (2) is coated inside by glass wool (3) for the thermal insulation a glass window (4) is fabricated on the top of the wood chamber (2) to allow the electromagnetic radiation from the source (14) on the sample. A sample container (5) is adjusted along the horizontal axis of a glass window (4) rested on the adjustable base (6) of the said chamber (2). A suspension of functional oxide in water (7) is poured in the sample container (5) and a DS18B20 Temperature Sensor (9) is immersed in the said sample container (5) which is came out of the said chamber (2) through a hole (8) of the said chamber (2). A DS18B20 Temperature Sensor (9) is connected with NODEMCU(IoT) (11) by connection wires (10).
2. The photothermal detector empowered (1) by IoT as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic light source (14) being incident on sample container (5) which contains suspension of functional oxides in water (7) through glass window (4), being heated by electromagnetic light.
3. The DS18B20 Temperature Sensor (9) sensed the temperature and transferred the data to the NODEMCU (IoT) (11) by connection wires (10).
4. The NODEMCU (IoT) (11) is transferred the data into cloud (13) via wi-fi (12) of the said NODEMCU (11).
5. Cloud (13) is stored the data in Google sheet, plotted the graph of time v/s temperature which is viewed in PC/Laptop/Mobile (15).
6. The photothermal efficiency of suspension of functional oxides in water (7) is calculated by the standard equation.