DESC:Synergistic Fungicidal Combination Comprising of Azoxystrobin
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising of strobilurin fungicide with one or more fungicides selected from succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide and / or dithiolane fungicide in EC / WDG / SC / SL / OD / OS / Solid Granules and other formulations in different percentages. More precisely, the subject matter of the present invention is a synergistic fungicidal composition based on a combination comprising of azoxystrobin as a main component with one or more fungicide(s) optionally with at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient which will facilitate in the preparation of desired formulations. The present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of synergistic fungicidal composition thereof and use of this combination for combating plant pathogenic fungi in and on the seeds and plants at different growth stages for crop protection and good yields.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Crop protection is the practice of protecting the crop from pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that damage agricultural crops, which is critical from early stages of crop development. Preventing pests and diseases in the entire crop cycle, i.e., from root development to maturing crop, leads to increased crop quality and yield. The control of plant diseases caused by fungi is extremely important in achieving high crop efficiency. Plant diseases cause significant damage to vegetables, fields, cereal, fruit and other crops, leading to reduction in productivity, yield and quality of the crops. Fungicides help to minimize this damage by controlling plant pathogenic fungi. The use of two or more appropriate active ingredient combinations in specific dose ratios leads to synergism in crop protection. In addition to this, often highly destructive plant diseases can be difficult to control and may develop resistance to commercial fungicides. Many products are commercially available for these purposes, but there is still a continues need to develop new fungicidal combinations which are more effective, less costly, less toxic, environmentally safer and have different sites of action.
The biggest challenge in the field of crop protection is to reduce the dosage rate of active ingredients to diminish or circumvent environmental or toxicological effects without compromising on effective crop protection against pathogenic fungi, in addition to long lasting and broad-spectrum protection from plant diseases. Another challenge is to reduce the excessive application of solo chemical compounds or fungicides which invariably helps in rapid selection of pathogenic fungi and aid in developing natural or adapted resistance against the active compound.
Therefore, it is indeed necessary to use the fungicidal combination in lower doses, fast acting with the different mode of action that can provide long lasting control against broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi and check the resistance development in fungi. The composition should have high synergistic action, no cross resistance to existing fungicides, avoid excess loading of the toxicant to the environment and negligible impact to environmental safety. Thus, there is a need for synergistic fungicidal combinations which could be physico-compatible formulations in the form of storage stability, safe packaging and ready to use formulations.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is to provide a fungicide mixture or combination which solves at least one of the major problems discussed above like reducing the dosage rate, broadening the spectrum of activity, or combining activity with prolonged pest control and resistance management with improved environmental safety by reducing toxicity and residue deposit in soil and in crops. Thus, the combination of the present invention is designed to target and eliminate a broader spectrum of pests, prevent the development of resistance, and potentially reduce the risk of negative environmental impacts associated with a single fungicide.
The details of one or more embodiments of this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying description below and other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure / specification refers to a synergistic fungicidal or pesticidal composition and the process for the preparation for crop protection.
The term “combination” can be replaced with the words “mixture” or “composition” or “formulation” defined or refers to as combining two or more active ingredients formulated in desired formulations.
The term “pesticide” as used in this specification refers to a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest or weeds which causes damage to the crop. Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are mainly used as pesticides which control weeds and insect pests and disease-causing pathogens respectively that eventually leads to high yield of crops.
The term “Fungicide” also called antimycotic, as used in this specification refers to a type of chemical compound or substance specifically designed to protect crops and kill or inhibit the growth of fungi and their spores that cause economic damage to crop, ornamental plants or endanger the health of domestic animals or humans.
The term “synergism” as used in this specification refers to the interaction between two or more active compounds or other factors to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. The present invention involves the mixture of two active ingredients which has increased efficacy when compared to individual use and mere admixture of those components.
Conventional fungicides have poor activity, limited to certain fungi, and are not satisfactorily maintained for prolonged periods. Even though some fungicides may bear satisfactory fungicidal effects, as they require improvements in respect of environment and health safety and are also required to achieve a high fungicidal effect at a smaller dosage and lack resistance management.
We found that this objective in part or complete can be achieved by the combination of active compounds defined at the outset. Thus, the present inventors have intensively studied to solve these problems and found that by combining fungicidal composition having azoxystrobin with one or more fungicides selected from succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide and / or dithiolane fungicide in different formulation and percentages have astonishing effects in controlling fungi and by reducing the amount of dosage than in a case of using an active compound alone.
Therefore, the present invention provides a novel synergistic fungicidal composition with azoxystrobin with one or more fungicides selected from succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide and / or dithiolane fungicide and purpose thereof. The synergy of this fungicidal composition having azoxystrobin with mode of action by inhibition of ubiquinol oxidase at Qo site and also with other mode of action by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase and/or phospholipid biosynthesis which can generate efficient synergism and can enable broad spectrum satisfactory disease control from soil borne, seed borne, foliar plant and other diseases for prolonged period at lower dose, powered by preventive, curative and systemic activity, rain fastness, vapour activity and phytotonic effect.
This combination can be developed in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC), Dispersible Concentrates (DC), Oil Dispersions (OD), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspoemulsion (SE), Emulsion Concentrates (EW), Microemulsions, Wettable Powders (WP), Water-Dispersible Granules (WG), Soluble Powders (SP), Granules (G), Oil Solutions (OS), Aqueous Suspensions (AS), Aqueous Solutions (AS), Microencapsulated Suspensions (ME), and Microencapsulated Emulsions (MEC), mixed formulation of Suspension Concentrate and Capsule Suspension (ZC) and other conventional formulation and with different percentages and can be used for foliar applications or soil applications and seed treatment.
The present invention involves the mixture of two or more active ingredients which are classified under strobilurin fungicide and with one or more fungicides selected from succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) class of fungicide and / or dithiolane class of fungicide are described herein thereof.
Strobilurins are QoI (Quinone outside Inhibitor) fungicides belong to ß- methoxyacrylate class derived from naturally occurring strobilurin A. Strobilurins act by binding to the Qo site of mitochondrial respiratory complex III and blocking electron transfer between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1 across the membrane, which inhibits the ubiquinol oxidase. This results in loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis which inhibits cellular respiration. These fungicides have proven to be effective against a wide range of plant pathogens and are commonly used to safeguard crops from diseases that can significantly impact yield and quality. Azoxystrobin is classified as a strobilurin fungicide.
Azoxystrobin (IUPAC name: methyl (E)-2-[2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy) pyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl]-3-methoxyacrylate, Molecular formula: C22H17N3O5, Molecular weight: 403.39 g/mol) is a broad spectrum, preventive fungicide with systemic and curative properties for control of many important plant diseases. Azoxystrobin is a first marketed strobilurin fungicide generally used to control Basidiomycetes fungus Strobilurus tenacellus. It inhibits the mitochondrial respiration causing electron transport blockage in the cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III of electron transport chain).

One of the main features of azoxystrobin is to control pathogenic strains that are resistant to the other fungicide classes such as 14 demethylase inhibitors, phenylamides, dicarboxamides or benzimidazoles. Azoxystrobin has the broadest spectrum of all antifungal treatments and shows its effectiveness against different class of fungi mainly the ascomycota, deuteromycota, basidiomycota and the oomycota. It controls many diseases in plants which include leaf spots, rusts, powdery mildew, downy mildew, net blotch, and blight. It is registered as systemic fungicide for use in wheat, barley, oats, rye, soya, cotton, rice, strawberry, peas, beans, onions and many other vegetables and ornamental plants.
Another component selected from one or more fungicides selected from succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide and / or dithiolane fungicide are described herein thereof:
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides have high activity and broad fungicidal spectrum, and they are outstanding results for coordination with other fungicides. Mode of action is based on inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), thereby affecting mitochondrial respiration, and ultimately killing pathogenic fungi. Thifluzamide is classified as a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide. Thifluzamide (IUPAC name: N-[2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]-2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboximide; molecular formula: C13H6Br2F6N2O2S; molecular weight: 528.06 g/mol) is a systemic fungicide with the protective and curative action belongs to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, which inhibiting the respiration of fungi by binding to ubiquitin site of mitochondrial succinate ubiquinone reductase leading to death of fungi. It has good control effect on many fungal diseases (especially effective against diseases caused by basidiomycetes).
The other component is Isoprothiolane (IUPAC name: di-isopropyl 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene) malonate; molecular formula: C12H18O4S2; molecular weight: 290.4 g/mol) is a systemic insecticide and fungicide with preventive and curative action. Isoprothiolane is a chemical compound that belongs to the dithiolane group. It is used to control rice blast (pyricularia oryzae), rice stem rot and fusarium leaf spot on rice, as well as to reduce plant-hopper populations after foliar applications. Isoprothiolane inhibits phospholipid biosynthesis leading to death of fungi. It also shows high plant growth regulator (PGR) activity by activating root activity and promoting assimilates translocation.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention controls different groups of fungi selected from but not limited to ascomycota, deuteromycota, basidiomycota and oomycota on a wide variety of crops.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention is also used in seed treatment to protect against diseases which impair good seed germination and seedling development.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention controls many diseases in plants which include but not limited to leaf spot, blight, dollar spot, rusts, scab, blast, powdery mildew, downy mildew, net blotch, blight, summer patch, brown patch, stem canker, damping-off and rot etc.
The first embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
at least one strobilurin fungicide; and
at least one fungicide selected from succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide and/or dithiolane fungicide.
The first aspect of the first embodiment, the strobilurin fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising azoxystrobin, bifujunzhi, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin enoxastrobin, fenaminstrobin, flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, jiaxiangjunzhi, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, triclopyricarb, and trifloxystrobin.
The second aspect of the first embodiment, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising benodanil, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, fluindapyr, fluopyram, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, inpyrfluxam, isofetamid, isoflucypram, isopyrazam, mepronil, oxycarboxin, penflufen, penthiopyrad, pydiflumetofen, sedaxane and thifluzamide.
The third aspect of the first embodiment, the dithiolane fungicide is isoprothiolane.
The fourth aspect of the first embodiment, the strobilurin fungicide and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40): (1-40).
The fifth aspect of the first embodiment, the strobilurin fungicide and isoprothiolane are present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40).
The second embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
at least one strobilurin fungicide;
at least one succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
The first aspect of second embodiment, the strobilurin fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising azoxystrobin, bifujunzhi, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin enoxastrobin, fenaminstrobin, flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, jiaxiangjunzhi, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, triclopyricarb, and trifloxystrobin; preferably azoxystrobin.
The second aspect of the second embodiment, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising benodanil, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, fluindapyr, fluopyram, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, inpyrfluxam, isofetamid, isoflucypram, isopyrazam, mepronil, oxycarboxin, penflufen, penthiopyrad, pydiflumetofen, sedaxane and thifluzamide; preferably thifluzamide.
The third aspect of the second embodiment, the strobilurin fungicide and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide is present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40).
The fourth aspect of the second embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to carrier, surfactant, stabilizer, anti-freezing agent, antifoaming agent, anticaking agent, dispersing agent, and adjuvant. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
The third embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
at least one strobilurin fungicide;
isoprothiolane; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
The first aspect of third embodiment, the strobilurin fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising azoxystrobin, bifujunzhi, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin enoxastrobin, fenaminstrobin, flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, jiaxiangjunzhi, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, triclopyricarb, and trifloxystrobin; preferably azoxystrobin.
The second aspect of the third embodiment, the strobilurin fungicide and isoprothiolane are present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40).
The third aspect of the third embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to carrier, surfactant, stabilizer, anti-freezing agent, antifoaming agent, anticaking agent, dispersing agent, and adjuvant. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, carrier can be selected from liquid medium or solid medium which will provides a stable environment to the formulation. Wherein liquid medium selected from but not limited to water and organic solvents incudes hydrocarbon solvents and cycloalkanes, ether solvents, ester solvents, ketones solvents, alcohols solvents and polar-aprotic solvents, preferably water.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, surfactant includes wetting agent and emulsifier.
Further aspect of the present invention, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifier, cationic emulsifier, non-ionic emulsifier, amphoteric emulsifier, phospholipids, and glyceryl esters.
Further aspect of the present invention, anionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the present invention, cationic emulsifier selected from but not limited to cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and stearalkonium chloride.
Further aspect of of the present invention, non-ionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to polysorbate, sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, polyalkyl sulfate esters, and polyaryl sulfate esters.
Further aspect of the present invention, amphoteric emulsifier selected from but not limited to cocamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine, ethoxylated nonylphenol (nonylphenol ethoxylate), ethoxylated sorbitan esters, and ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
Further aspect of the present invention, wetting agent is selected from but not limited to alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, alkyl polyglucosides, polyethylene glycol esters, polysorbate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), ethoxylated fatty alcohols, ethoxylated vegetable oils, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, propylene glycol esters, sodium lauryl sulfate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and block copolymers selected from the but not limited to styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBS), butyl based block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO), polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO), poly(butadiene)-poly(styrene) (PB-PS), poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(butadiene)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-PB-PMMA), poly(capro lactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG), and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG); preferably butyl based block copolymer.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, stabilizer includes antioxidant, chelating agent, pH adjuster, UV absorber, stabilizing polymers, and inert filler.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, anti-freezing agent selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and urea; preferably propylene glycol.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, antifoaming agents selected from but not limited to silicone-based antifoams, polyethylene glycol-based antifoams, mineral oil-based antifoams, ethylene glycol-based antifoams, polysorbate-based antifoams, dimethicone-based antifoams, polypropylene glycol-based antifoams, vegetable oil-based antifoams, alkyl siloxane-based antifoams and fatty acid-based antifoams; preferably alkyl siloxane-based antifoams; more preferably siloxane polyalkyleneoxide.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, anticaking agent selected from silica-based compounds includes silicon dioxide (silica), precipitated silica (amorphous form of silicon dioxide), calcium silicate, magnesium stearate, sodium aluminosilicate, potassium aluminium silicate, tricalcium phosphate, sodium ferrocyanide, calcium carbonate, diatomaceous earth, and sodium bicarbonate.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, dispersing agents selected from but not limited to polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, poly acrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, poly ethoxylated alcohol, poly ethoxylated fatty acids, polyacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate), gum arabic and carbomer and/or their comb polymers; preferably poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyethylene glycol comb polymer.
Further aspect of the above said embodiments, adjuvant includes but not limited to spreader, sticker, penetrant, drift control agent, colorant, preservative, buffering agent, thickener, compatibility agent, binder and safener.
Further aspect of the present invention, thickener selected from but not limited to polysaccharides/carboxymethyl cellulose/bentonite clay, hydroxy propyl cellulose montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminium silicate and attapulgite; preferably water-soluble polysaccharides.
Further aspect of the present invention, preservative is antibacterial agent selected from but not limited to triclosan, triclocarban, clotrimazole, miconazole, copper-based compounds, chlorothalonil, benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSA); preferably benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).
The fourth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
azoxystrobin;
thifluzamide;
carrier;
wetting agent;
ant-freezing agent;
antifoaming agent;
dispersing agent;
thickener; and
antibacterial agent.
The first aspect of the fourth embodiment, synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of azoxystrobin and thifluzamide; wherein azoxystrobin and thifluzamide present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40); preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-20).
The second aspect of the fourth embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to liquid medium, wetting agent, anti-freezing agent, antifoaming agent, dispersing agent, thickener, and antibacterial agent. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, liquid medium selected from but not limited to water and organic solvents incudes hydrocarbon solvents and cycloalkanes, ether solvents, ester solvents, ketones solvents, alcohols solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; preferably hydrocarbon solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; preferably water.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, wetting agent is selected from but not limited to alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, alkyl polyglucosides, polyethylene glycol esters, polysorbate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), ethoxylated fatty alcohols, ethoxylated vegetable oils, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, propylene glycol esters, sodium lauryl sulfate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and block copolymers selected from the but not limited to styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBS), butyl based block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO), polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO), poly(butadiene)-poly(styrene) (PB-PS), poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(butadiene)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-PB-PMMA), poly(capro lactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG), and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG); preferably butyl based block copolymer; preferably butyl based block copolymer.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, anti-freezing agent selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and urea; preferably propylene glycol.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, antifoaming agent selected from but not limited to silicone-based antifoams, polyethylene glycol-based antifoams, mineral oil-based antifoams, ethylene glycol-based antifoams, polysorbate-based antifoams, dimethicone-based antifoams, polypropylene glycol-based antifoams, vegetable oil-based antifoams, alkyl siloxane-based antifoams and fatty acid-based antifoams; preferably alkyl siloxane-based antifoams; more preferably siloxane polyalkyleneoxide.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, dispersing agent selected from but not limited to polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, poly acrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, poly ethoxylated alcohol, poly ethoxylated fatty acids, polyacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate), gum arabic and carbomer and/or their comb polymers; preferably poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyethylene glycol comb polymer.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, thickener selected from but not limited to polysaccharides / carboxymethyl cellulose / bentonite clay, hydroxy propyl cellulose montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminium silicate and attapulgite; preferably water-soluble polysaccharides.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, antibacterial agent selected from but not limited to triclosan, triclocarban, clotrimazole, miconazole, copper-based compounds, chlorothalonil, benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBSA); preferably benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).
The fifth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
azoxystrobin; and
thifluzamide.
The first aspect of the fifth embodiment, synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of azoxystrobin and thifluzamide; wherein azoxystrobin and thifluzamide present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-20).
The further aspect of the fifth embodiment, the composition of the fifth embodiment comprising at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient there of which is / are used in preparation desired formulation.
The sixth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
azoxystrobin;
thifluzamide;
water;
butyl based block copolymer;
propylene glycol;
siloxane polyalkyleneoxide;
comb polymer;
polysaccharides; and
benzisothiazolin-3-one.
The first aspect of the sixth embodiment, synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of azoxystrobin and thifluzamide; wherein azoxystrobin and thifluzamide present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-20).
The further aspect of the sixth embodiment, the composition of sixth embodiment is formulated as suspension concentrates (SC).
The seventh embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
azoxystrobin; and
isoprothiolane.
The first aspect of the seventh embodiment, synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of azoxystrobin and isoprothiolane; wherein azoxystrobin and isoprothiolane present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-30).
The Further aspect of the seventh embodiment, the composition of the seventh embodiment comprising at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient there of which is / are used in preparation desired formulation.
The eighth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
azoxystrobin;
isoprothiolane;
carrier;
stabilizer;
anionic emulsifier; and
non-anionic emulsifier.
The first aspect of the eighth embodiment, synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of azoxystrobin and isoprothiolane; wherein azoxystrobin and isoprothiolane present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-30).
The second aspect of the eighth embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to carrier, emulsifier, stabilizer, and adjuvant. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of eighth embodiment, carrier selected from but not limited to water, organic solvents incudes hydrocarbon solvents and cycloalkanes, ether solvents, ester solvents, ketones solvents, alcohols solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; preferably hydrocarbon solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; and more preferably naphthalene and n-methyl pyrrolidone.
Further aspect of the eighth embodiment, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifier, and non-ionic emulsifier.
Further aspect of the eighth embodiment, anionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate; preferably calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the eighth embodiment, non-ionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to polysorbate, castor oil ethoxylates, sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, polyalkyl sulfate esters, and polyaryl sulfate esters; preferably castor oil ethoxylates.
Further aspect of the eighth embodiment, stabilizer selected from group vegetable and seed oils selected from but not limited to soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, castor oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, tung oil and sesame oil and their oxidized forms; preferably epoxidized soyabean oil.
The ninth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
azoxystrobin;
isoprothiolane;
naphthalene;
n-methyl pyrrolidone;
calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate;
castor oil ethoxylates; and
epoxidized soyabean oil.
First aspect of the ninth embodiment, synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of azoxystrobin and isoprothiolane; wherein azoxystrobin and isoprothiolane are present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-30).
Further aspect of the ninth embodiment, the composition of ninth embodiment is formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a fungicidal SC formulation comprising:
add water into premix vessel;
add wetting agent, anti-freezing, dispersing agent, anti-bacterial agent and antifoaming agent to the above vessel under continuous stirring;
add azoxystrobin and thifluzamide to the above slurry and stirred for 30-60 minutes to get homogenous mixture;
after mixing the above material, optionally mill or grind to get the desired particle size of minimum 99% by passing through 500 bss by wet sieving method and remove any oversized particles or agglomerate;
the obtained wet milled slurry particles with size d50 <5 micron material, then transfer into the blender and add thickener 2% gum solution to get desired viscosity; and
mix well until a homogenous mixture is obtained, pack the formulation and seal it.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a fungicidal EC formulation comprising:
add n-methyl pyrrolidone into premix vessel;
add azoxystrobin to the above mixture and stirred for 30-60 minutes to get homogenous mixture;
add naphthalene and isoprothiolane to the above mixture and stir;
after mixing the above material, optionally mill or grind to get the desired particle size and remove any oversized particles or agglomerate; and
add emulsifier, stabilizer and optionally add adjuvant to the above mixture and stir around 45 minutes until a homogenous mixture is obtained, pack the formulation and seal it.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the fungicidal composition of the present invention used to control fungal diseases in several crops specifically selected from rice, wheat, fruits, roots, tubers, chilli, vegetables, maize, grains, sugarcane, cereals, and field crops and for various other pest control requirements.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the fungicidal composition further comprises at least another agrochemical selected from a fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, biocide, nutrient, plant growth regulator, plant activator, fertilizers and likewise those improve the quality of crops.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the fungicidal composition of the present invention shows synergistic effects of better pest control with minimum fungal resistance and improved crop yield and quality.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the synergistic fungicidal composition is applied at different stages of crops for preventive, curative, systemic activity by conventional spraying methods, such as foliar applications or soil applications over the target areas of crops at same time avoiding excessive drift or runoff of the composition securing thorough coverage.
Another embodiment of the present invention, synergistic fungicidal combination decreases natural hazardous effect of single active ingredient and minimizes the residue deposition in environment.
Advantages of the Present Invention:
The synergistic fungicidal composition of present invention is specifically designed to control fungal diseases in plants by targeting and eliminating the fungal pathogens with mode of action of inhibition of ubiquinol oxidase at Qo site, succinate dehydrogenase inhibition and/or phospholipid biosynthesis inhibition there by enhance crop health and improve overall yields compare to single component of composition, market standards and admixture of those components.
The novel, innovative and synergistic fungicidal composition of present invention making them versatile and adaptable to different application methods and crops for various agricultural practices.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention has quick action on disease control after application. This quick action will help to prevent further disease spread and reduce crop damage.
Higher efficacy against broader spectrum of fungicides with different modes of action can be used in rotation or as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to reduce the risk of developing resistant fungal diseases.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of present invention can also be used in seed treatment which protects harvested crops during storage and transportation, preventing post-harvest diseases and ensuring the quality and marketability of the product.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of present invention minimizes the potential negative effects on the environment and non-target organisms. And which is absorbed by the plant system within two hours of the spray, and it cannot be washed away by the post application rains.
The best mode of carrying present invention is described in the below given examples. These examples are merely for illustrative purposes only, not to determine the scope of the invention and in no way limit the scope or spirit of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1: FORMULATION OF SYNERGISTIC FUNGICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION:
1.1: Suspension Concentrate (SC) Formulation of Synergistic Fungicidal Composition of the Present invention:
TABLE 1.1:
S. No Ingredient Weight / Weight %
1 Azoxystrobin 18
2 Thifluzamide 12
3 Butyl based block copolymer 2.5
4 Propylene Glycol 5
5 Siloxane polyalkyleneoxide 0.5
6 Comb polymer 2.5
7 Polysaccharides 0.3
8 Benzisothiazolin-3-one 0.1
9 Water QS
Total 100

1.2: Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) Formulation of Synergistic Fungicidal Composition of the Present invention:
TABLE 1.2:
S. No Ingredient Weight / Weight %
1 Azoxystrobin 10.5
2 Isoprothiolane 24.5
3 Epoxidized Soyabean Oil 3
4 Calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate 2.4
5 Castor oil ethoxylates 9.6
6 N-methyl pyrrolidone 15
7 Naphthalene QS
Total 100
EXAMPLE 2: PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF SYNERGISTIC FUNGICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
2.1. Process for Preparation of Suspension Concentrate (SC) Formulation of Synergistic Fungicidal Composition of the Present invention.
Add water, wetting agent, anti-freezing, dispersing agent, anti-bacterial agent, and antifoaming agent into the pre blender in the above-mentioned ratios and mix well until a homogenous mixture is obtained. Add azoxystrobin and thifluzamide in the above-mentioned ratios in table 1.1, into the above mixture and mix well. Optionally mill or grind to get the desired particle size. Then add thickener to the above obtained material mixed well until to get the homogenous mixture with desired viscosity.
2.2. Process for Preparation of Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) Formulation of Synergistic Fungicidal Composition of the Present invention.
Add n-methyl pyrrolidone and azoxystrobin and stirred for 30-60 minutes into premix vessel. Then mix naphthalene and isoprothiolane in above mentioned ratios in table 1.2, optionally mill or grind to get the desired particle size and remove any oversized particles or agglomerate. Then add emulsifier, stabilizer and optionally add adjuvant to the above obtained material mixed well until to get the homogenous mixture.
EXAMPLE 3: BIOEFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY TESTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION OF AZOXYSTROBIN 10.5% + ISOPROTHIOLANE 24.5% EC AND AZOXYSTROBIN 18% + THIFLUZAMIDE 12% SC
Methodology:
Presently to evaluate the efficacy of combination comprising Azoxystrobin with Thifluzamide or Isoprothiolane against different fungal pathogens on different crops and to test their phytotoxicity on the crop after the sprayings have been conducted. For evaluation, sheath blight and blast in paddy, early blight in tomato and anthracnose in chilli were tested. The test molecule is tested at three dose levels viz., low, medium, and high along with the sole molecule as individual treatments and their efficiency comparison is done with the current competitive market standards. The test molecules are tested at three different formulation strengths i.e., Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC (@ 800ml/ha, 1000ml/ha and 1200ml/ha); Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC (@500ml/ha, 625ml/ha and 750ml/ha). The market standards evaluated against different fungal diseases on different crops viz., for sheath blight in paddy (Validamycin 3% SL @ 2000ml/ha, Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC @ 1000ml/ha, Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC @ 830ml/ha); Blast in paddy (Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 300g/ha, Azoxystrobin 16.7% + Tricyclazole 33.3% SC @ 500ml/ha and Picoxystrobin 6.78% + Tricyclazole 20.33% SC @ 1000ml/ha); Anthracnose in Chilli and Early blight in Tomato (Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% SC @ 500ml/ha, Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC @ 830ml/ha and Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 24% WG @ 350g/ha). To justify the results the overall effect and other parameters are calculated over untreated check, To detect synergistic activity in the novel combinations Colby’s ratio is calculated from the results and to see their effect on crop, its yield is recorded. The crops are first divided into plots for each treatment and replicated three times following Randomized Block Design. The spraying method followed was foliar application with the help of a knapsack sprayer and three sprays are with an interval of 10 Days. The combinations are even tested against any signs of Phytotoxicity on the respective crops.
Methods of Observations:
Disease Observations: select 5 random plants in the plot and the disease symptoms are scored based on disease rating scale and then the percentage disease index will be calculated.
The observations were taken at 1 day before spraying and at 10 Days after spraying.
Take the observation on the crop safety of the fungicide i.e., Phytotoxicity / softener observation of fungicide after application at 5 and 10 Days after application.
Parameters of Observations:
The disease severity is measured by an index, measured as –
Percent disease index (PDI) will be calculated by using following formula –
PDI = (Sum of all disease ratings)/(Total no.of leaves x Maximum disease grade) x 100
The percent reduction is calculated by the following formula –
% Reduction = ( PDI in control plot-PDI in treated plot )/(PDI in control plot)× 100
Colby’s Method: The combined effect of Pesticidal combinations is the sum of their individual effects. Colby’s method is an approach to evaluate the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects due to the interactions of two pesticides as a combination.
Colby’s method calculates expected response, and a ratio is calculated between expected response and observed response.
The formula for expected response is as follows-
E = (A+B)-((A*B)/100)
A represents pesticide and B represents pesticide 2.
The observed response is the actual percent control achieved.
Colby’s ratio = Observed response (O)/Expected response (E).
If the ratio is,
< 1 = Antagonistic effect
= Additive effect
> 1 = Synergistic effect
The effect of these fungicides in combination and alone when applied on crops were assessed based on the yield (quintal per hectare). This parameter defines the crop quality.
Results:
The fungicide combination of Azoxystrobin (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC) were effective against wide range of diseases, so the different diseases controlled in different crops in the field experiments were enlisted below,
Paddy – Sheath Blight (Rhizoctonia solanii)
Blast (Pyricularia oryzae)
Tomato – Early blight (Eerysiphe cichoracearum)
Chilli – Anthracnose (Alternaria solani)
Example – 1: Paddy -Sheath blight
Table 1. Efficacy of fungicides combination – Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC against sheath blight disease incidence on paddy crop
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Percent disease index (PDI) after every spray % Reduction in PDI Colby’s Ratio
Pre 1 2 3 AVG 1 2 3 AVG
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 14.7 1.6 2 3 5.33 94.02 94.98 95.16 94.72 2.38
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 13.6 0.6 1.8 2.2 4.55 97.76 95.49 96.45 96.56 2.43
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 13.9 0 0 1 3.73 100 100 98.39 99.46 2.50
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 13.9 21 38 54 31.73 21.52 4.69 12.90 13.04 0.33
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 13.5 18 29 42 25.63 32.74 27.26 32.26 30.75 0.77
Validamycin 3% SL 2000 14.5 18 25 45 25.63 32.74 37.30 27.42 32.48 0.82
Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC 1000 13.7 20 32 43 27.18 25.26 19.74 30.65 25.22 0.63
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 1000 14 19 25 34 23.00 29.00 37.30 45.16 37.15 0.93
UNTREATED CHECK 15 26.76 39.87 62 35.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The data presented in Table. 1, showed the effect of different fungicidal treatments in combination, alone and the effect of market standards on disease severity of Sheath blight disease in paddy crop. The percent reduction in disease incidence was also explained through the data represented in above table with treatments compared over control. In general, all treatments, at each rate of applications after three consecutive sprayings significantly reduced the disease severity comparing with the untreated control. The combination fungicidal treatments were more effective than sole molecules and market standards. The disease severity is measured as Percent Disease Index (PDI), this varied between 13.5 to 15 among all the treatments before spraying (pre-treatment/pre-spray). The disease severity was measured 12 days after spraying and the spraying was done thrice in the crop. Among the tested fungicidal treatments, Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC@ 1200 ml/ha and Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @1000 ml/ha were the most effective treatments. The PDI recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200 ml/ha was 13.9 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd spraying and to 1 after 3rd spraying. The second-best treatment was Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha where the PDI recorded was recorded as 13.6 before spraying and came down to 0.6 after 1st spray and recorded as 1.8, 2.2 after 2nd and 3rd spray. Similar trend was observed with the lowest dose of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 14.7 as pre-treatment PDI, followed by 1.6 after end of first spray and increased to 2, 3 after 2nd and 3rd spray. While the market standards did not show much reduction in PDI. When calculated as percent disease reduction over control regarding the examined rates of fungicidal combination and as expected, recommended rates reduced the disease severity compared with fungicides applied alone and with market standards too. The percent reduction recorded in the three fungicidal combination doses at the end of entire spraying schedule were 99.46% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @1200 ml/ha), 96.56% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha) and 94.72% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha), respectively, and the market standards recorded a percent reduction of 32.48% (Validamycin 3% SL), 25.22% (Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC @ 1000 ml/ha) and 37.15% (Azoxystrobin 120+Tebuconazole 240g/l SC @ 1000 ml/ha) which were lower than the combination treatments.
As per colby’s method the results were evaluated to find out the interactive effects of the new fungicidal combination over their individual effect. The results showed that all the three doses of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC (800, 1000, 1200ml/ha) recorded a colby’s ratio of 2.38, 2.43 and 2.50 which is a clear indication of synergistic activity. Based on these results we can conclude that the fungicidal combination is highly effective against sheath blight in paddy when applied in combination than when applied alone.
Table 2. Effect of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC formulation on yield in Paddy.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Yield
(q/ha)
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 41
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 43.2
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 46
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 33.4
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 34.21
Validamycin 3% SL 2000 35.12
Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC 1000 36.2
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 1000 38.4
UNTREATED CHECK 27
The yield of paddy recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 2.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200 ml/ha with 46 q/ha, followed by Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha with 43.2 q/ha and Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 41 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 33.4-38.4 q/ha apart from untreated check (27 q/ha) which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments (Table 3).
The phytotoxicity effect of the fungicide combination i.e Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC on paddy was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present fungicide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 3.).
Table 3. Phytotoxicity of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC formulation on Paddy
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 500ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Isoprothiolane 40% EC @ 750ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Validamycin 3% SL @ 2000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
UNTREATED CHECK 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0

Example – 2: Paddy -Blast
Table 4. Efficacy of fungicides combination – Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC against blast disease incidence on paddy crop
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Percent disease index (PDI) after every spray % Reduction in PDI Colby’s Ratio
Pre 1 2 3 AVG 1 2 3 AVG
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 15 1.4 2 3.4 5.45 96.00 96.23 95.07 95.77 1.97
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 15.8 0 1.2 2 4.75 100.00 97.74 97.10 98.28 2.02
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 16.6 0 0 1.5 4.53 100.00 100 97.83 99.28 2.04
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 15.6 24 39 54 33.15 31.43 26.42 21.74 26.53 0.55
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 16 21 38 54 32.25 40.00 28.30 21.74 30.01 0.62
Tricyclazole 75 WP 300 16.1 18 29.6 43 26.68 48.57 44.15 37.68 43.47 0.89
Azoxystrobin 16.7% + Tricyclazole 33.3% SC 500 16.2 14 27 36 23.30 60.00 49.06 47.83 52.29 1.08
Picoxystrobin 6.78% + Tricyclazole 20.33% SC 1000 16.4 14 22 34 21.60 60.00 58.49 50.72 56.41 1.16
UNTREATED CHECK 17 35 53 69 43.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The data presented in Table. 4, showed the effect of different fungicidal treatments in combination, alone and the effect of market standards on disease severity of blast disease in paddy crop. The percent reduction in disease incidence was also explained through the data represented in above table with treatments compared over control. In general, all treatments, at each rate of applications after three consecutive sprayings significantly reduced the disease severity comparing with the untreated control. The combination fungicidal treatments were more effective than sole molecules and market standards. The disease severity is measured as Percent Disease Index (PDI), this varied between 15 to 17 among all the treatments before spraying (pre-treatment/pre-spray). The disease severity was measured 12 days after spraying and the spraying was done thrice in the crop. Among the tested fungicidal treatments, Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC@ 1200 ml/ha and Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @1000 ml/ha were the most effective treatments. The PDI recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200 ml/ha was 16.6 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd spraying and to 1.5 after 3rd spraying. The second-best treatment was Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha where the PDI recorded was recorded as 15.8 before spraying and came down to 0 after 1st spray and recorded as 1.2, 2 after 2nd and 3rd spray. Similar trend was observed with the lowest dose of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 15 as pre-treatment PDI, followed by 1.4 after end of first spray and increased to 2, 3.4 after 2nd and 3rd spray. While the market standards did not show much reduction in PDI. When calculated as percent disease reduction over control regarding the examined rates of fungicidal combination and as expected, recommended rates reduced the disease severity compared with fungicides applied alone and with market standards too. The percent reduction recorded in the three fungicidal combination doses at the end of entire spraying schedule were 99.28% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @1200 ml/ha), 98.28% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha) and 95.77% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha), respectively, and the market standards recorded a percent reduction of 43.47% (Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 300g/ha), 52.29% (Azoxystrobin 16.7% + Tricyclazole 33.3% SC @ 500 ml/ha) and 56.41% (Picoxystrobin 6.78%+ Tricyclazole 20.33% SC @ 1000 ml/ha) which were lower than the combination treatments.
As per colby’s method the results were evaluated to find out the interactive effects of the new fungicidal combination over their individual effect. The results showed that all the three doses of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC (800, 1000, 1200ml/ha) recorded a colby’s ratio of 1.97, 2.02 and 2.04 which is a clear indication of synergistic activity. Based on these results we can conclude that the fungicidal combination is highly effective against blast in paddy when applied in combination than when applied alone.
Table 5. Effect of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC formulation on yield in Paddy.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Yield
(q/ha)
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 39.6
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 41
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 44.2
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 36.73
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 33
Tricyclazole 75 WP 300 31.2
Azoxystrobin 16.7% + Tricyclazole 33.3% SC 500 29.8
Picoxystrobin 6.78% + Tricyclazole 20.33% SC 1000 27.6
UNTREATED CHECK 25.4
The yield of paddy recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 5.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200 ml/ha with 44.2 q/ha, followed by Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha with 41 q/ha and Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 39.6 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 27.6-36.73 q/ha apart from untreated check (25.4 q/ha) which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments (Table 5).

Table 6. Phytotoxicity of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC formulation on Paddy
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 500ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Isoprothiolane 40% EC @ 750ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Validamycin 3% SL @ 2000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
UNTREATED CHECK 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the fungicide combination i.e Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC on paddy was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present fungicide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 6).

Example – 3: Tomato – Early blight
Table 7. Efficacy of spray application of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC formulation against early blight in tomato.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Percent disease index (PDI) after every spray % Reduction in PDI Colby’s Ratio
Pre 1 2 3 AVG 1 2 3 AVG
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 13 1.5 2.3 3 4.95 95.59 95.21 94.44 95.08 3.43
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 13.4 0 0.7 1.8 3.98 100 98.54 96.67 98.40 3.55
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 13.6 0 0 1.3 3.73 100 100 97.59 99.20 3.58
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 800 13.2 4 6 9 8.05 88.24 87.50 83.33 86.36 2.49
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1000 13.3 2 4 9 7.08 94.12 91.67 83.33 89.71 2.58
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1200 13 0 0 1.2 3.55 100 100 97.78 99.26 2.86
Thifluzamide 24% SC 375 12.9 21 38 52 30.98 38.24 20.83 3.70 20.92 0.76
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 13.3 25 40 49 31.83 26.47 16.67 9.26 17.47 0.50
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 12.7 26 45 50 33.43 23.53 6.25 7.41 12.40 0.36
Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% SC 500 13.3 22 28 45 27.08 35.29 41.67 16.67 31.21 0.90
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 830 12.9 21 35 43 27.98 38.24 27.08 20.37 28.56 0.82
Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG 350 12.9 19 32 44 26.98 44.12 33.33 18.52 31.99 0.92
UNTREATED CHECK 12.8 34 48 54 37.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The data presented in Table. 7, showed the effect of different fungicidal treatments in combination, alone and the effect of market standards on disease severity of early blight disease in tomato crop. The disease severity is measured as Percent Disease Index (PDI), this varied between 12.7 to 13.6 among all the treatments before spraying (pre-treatment/pre-spray). The disease severity was measured 12 days after spraying and the spraying was done thrice in the crop. Among the tested fungicidal treatments, the combinations Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha, 1000ml/ha and Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200ml/ha, 1000ml/ha were recorded as the most effective treatments. The PDI recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200 ml/ha was 13.6 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd and 1.3 after 3rd spraying which is at par with Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200ml/ha was 13 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd spray and 1.2 after 3rd spray. The second-best treatments were Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha where the PDI recorded was recorded as 13.4 before spraying and came down to 0 after 1st spray and 0.7 after 2nd spray, while it increased and recorded as 1.8 after 3rd spray. Similar trend was observed with the lowest dose of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 13 as pre-treatment PDI, followed by 0 after end of first spray and increased to 0.7 after 2nd and 1.8 after 3rd spray. While the market standards did not show much reduction in PDI. When calculated as percent disease reduction over control regarding the examined rates the percent reduction recorded in the three fungicidal combination doses at the end of entire spraying schedule were 99.26% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha) which is at par with 99.20% (Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200ml/ha), 98.40% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000ml/ha), 95.08% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800ml/ha), 89.71% (Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1000ml/ha) and 86.36% (Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 800ml/ha) respectively, and the market standards recorded a percent reduction of 31.99% (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 350g/ha), 31.21% (Azoxystrobin 18.2%+Difenconazole 11.4% SC @ 500 ml/ha) and 28.56% (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 350 g/ha) which were lower than the combination treatments.
As per colby’s method the results were evaluated to find out the interactive effects of the new fungicidal combination over their individual effect. The results showed that all the three doses of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC (800, 1000, 1200ml/ha) recorded a Colby’s ratio of 3.58, 3.55 and 3.43 and Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC (800, 1000, 1200ml/ha) recorded a Colby’s ratio of 2.86, 2.58, 2.49 which is a clear indication of synergistic activity. Based on these results we can conclude that the fungicidal combination is highly effective against early blight in tomato when applied in combination than when applied alone.
Table 8. Effect of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC formulation on yield in Tomato.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Yield
(q/ha)
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 39.8
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 41.9
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 42.8
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 800 40
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1000 42.6
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1200 42.3
Thifluzamide 24% SC 375 37
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 35
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 33
Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% SC 500 31
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 830 29
Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG 350 30
UNTREATED CHECK 25
The yield of tomato recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 8.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses of the two types of Azoxystrobin combinations positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha, 1000ml/ha with 42.8q/ha, 41.9 q/ha, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200 ml/ha, 1000ml/ha with 42.6 q/ha, 42.3 q/ha, followed by Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 800 ml/ha with 40 q/ha and lowest dose of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 39.8 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 29-37 q/ha apart from untreated check (25 q/ha) which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments

Table 9. Phytotoxicity of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC on Tomato
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thifluzamide 24% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
UNTREATED CHECK 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the fungicide combination i.e., Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC on Tomato was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present fungicide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 9.).
Example – 4: Chilli-Anthracnose
Table 10. Efficacy of spray application of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC formulation against Anthracnose in Chilli.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Percent disease index (PDI) after every spray % Reduction in PDI Colby’s Ratio
Pre 1 2 3 AVG 1 2 3 AVG
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 11 2 4 6 5.75 92.86 91.11 89.66 91.21 3.43
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 12 0 0.7 1.3 3.50 100 98.44 97.76 98.73 3.55
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 12.4 0 0 1 3.35 100 100 98.28 99.43 3.58
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 800 12.5 1.4 2.3 4 5.05 95 94.89 93.10 94.33 2.49
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1000 11.8 0 1 1.8 3.65 100 97.78 96.90 98.22 2.58
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1200 11.9 0 0 1 3.23 100 100 98.28 99.43 2.86
Thifluzamide 24% SC 375 12.8 19 37 45 28.45 32.14 17.78 22.41 24.11 0.76
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 12.6 17 38 44 27.90 39.29 15.56 24.14 26.33 0.50
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 11.9 25 36 50 30.73 10.71 20.00 13.79 14.84 0.36
Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% SC 500 12 15 24 36 21.75 46.43 46.67 37.93 43.68 0.90
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 830 12.8 11 25 39 21.95 60.71 44.44 32.76 45.97 0.82
Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG 350 12.5 10 24 40 21.63 64.29 46.67 31.03 47.33 0.92
UNTREATED CHECK 12.6 28 45 58 35.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

The data presented in Table. 10, showed the effect of different fungicidal treatments in combination, alone and the effect of market standards on disease severity of Anthracnose disease in chilli crop. The disease severity is measured as Percent Disease Index (PDI), this varied between 11 to 12.8 among all the treatments before spraying (pre-treatment/pre-spray). The disease severity was measured 12 days after spraying and the spraying was done thrice in the crop. Among the tested fungicidal treatments, the combinations Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha, 1000ml/ha and Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200ml/ha, 1000ml/ha were recorded as the most effective treatments. The PDI recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200 ml/ha was 12.4 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd and 1 after 3rd spraying which is at par with Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200ml/ha was 11.9 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd spray and 1 after 3rd spray. The second-best treatments were Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000 ml/ha where the PDI recorded was recorded as 12 before spraying and came down to 0 after 1st spray and 0.7 after 2nd spray, while it increased and recorded as 1.3 after 3rd spray. Similar trend was observed with the lowest dose of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 11 as pre-treatment PDI, followed by 2 after end of first spray and increased to 4 after 2nd and 6 after 3rd spray. While the market standards did not show much reduction in PDI. When calculated as percent disease reduction over control regarding the examined rates the percent reduction recorded in the three fungicidal combination doses at the end of entire spraying schedule were 99.43% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha) which is at par with 99.43% (Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200ml/ha) followed by 98.73% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1000ml/ha), 98.22% (Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1000ml/ha), 94.33% (Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 800ml/ha) and 91.21% (Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800ml/ha) respectively, and the market standards recorded a percent reduction of 47.33% (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 350g/ha), 45.97% (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 350 g/ha) and 43.68% (Azoxystrobin 18.2%+Difenconazole 11.4% SC @ 500 ml/ha) which were lower than the combination treatments.
As per colby’s method the results were evaluated to find out the interactive effects of the new fungicidal combination over their individual effect. The results showed that all the three doses of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC (800, 1000, 1200ml/ha) recorded a colby’s ratio of 2.81, 2.79 and 2.58 and Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC (800, 1000, 1200ml/ha) recorded a colby’s ratio of 2.26, 2.23, 2.14 which is a clear indication of synergistic activity. Based on these results we can conclude that the fungicidal combination is highly effective against anthracnose in chilli when applied in combination than when applied alone.
Table 11. Effect of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC formulation on yield in Chilli.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Yield
(q/ha)
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 800 31
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1000 33
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 1200 35
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 800 30
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1000 32
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 1200 36
Thifluzamide 24% SC 375 29
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 500 25
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 27
Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% SC 500 22
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 830 19
Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG 350 18
UNTREATED CHECK 12
The yield of chilli recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 11.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses of the two types of Azoxystrobin combinations positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 1200ml/ha, 1000ml/ha with 35q/ha, 33 q/ha, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 1200 ml/ha, 1000ml/ha with 36 q/ha, 32 q/ha, followed by Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC @ 800 ml/ha with 31 q/ha and lowest dose of Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC @ 800 ml/ha with 30 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 18-29 q/ha apart from untreated check (12 q/ha) which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments.
Table 12. Phytotoxicity of Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC on Chilli
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thifluzamide 24% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 23% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenconazole 11.4% SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azoxystrobin 120 + Tebuconazole 240g/l SC 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
UNTREATED CHECK 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the fungicide combination i.e., Azoxystrobin 10.5% + Isoprothiolane 24.5% EC, Azoxystrobin 18% + Thifluzamide 12% SC on Chilli was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present fungicide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 12.).
It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to a particular compositions or specific constituents, which can, of course, vary and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting the scope of the invention. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the disclosure(s), specific examples of appropriate materials and methods are described herein. The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinarily skilled in the art a complete description of how to make and use the embodiments of the compositions or specific constituents, methods of practice, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention that is obvious to persons skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.
While specific embodiments of the present invention are explicitly disclosed herein, the above specification and examples herein are illustrative and not restrictive. It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Many variations of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the embodiments below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the embodiments, along with their full scope of equivalents and the specification, along with such variations. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. ,CLAIMS:CLAIMS:
We Claim:
1. A synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
(a) at least one strobilurin fungicide;
(b) at least one fungicide selected from succinate
dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide and /or
dithiolane fungicide; and
(c) at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the strobilurin fungicide is azoxystrobin, bifujunzhi, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin enoxastrobin, fenaminstrobin, flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, jiaxiangjunzhi, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, triclopyricarb, and trifloxystrobin.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide is selected from benodanil, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, fluindapyr, fluopyram, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, inpyrfluxam, isofetamid, isoflucypram, isopyrazam, mepronil, oxycarboxin, penflufen, penthiopyrad, pydiflumetofen, sedaxane and thifluzamide.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dithiolane fungicide is isoprothiolane.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the formulation for the above said composition is selected from Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC), Dispersible Concentrates (DC), Oil Dispersions (OD), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspoemulsion (SE), Emulsion Concentrates (EW), Microemulsions, Wettable Powders (WP), Water-Dispersible Granules (WG), Soluble Powders (SP), Granules (G), Oil Solutions (OS), Aqueous Suspensions (AS), Aqueous Solutions (AS), Microencapsulated Suspensions (ME), and Microencapsulated Emulsions (MEC), mixed formulation of Suspension Concentrate and Capsule Suspension (ZC) and other conventional formulation.
6. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein azoxystrobin and thifluzamide is formulated in Suspension Concentrate (SC) with the weight ratio of (1-20): (1-20).
7. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein azoxystrobin and isoprothiolane is formulated in Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) with the weight ratio of (1-20): (1-30).
8. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the composition controls different groups of fungi selected from ascomycota, deuteromycota, basidiomycota and oomycota on a wide variety of crops selected rice, wheat, paddy, fruits, roots, tubers, chilli, vegetables, maize, grains, sugarcane, cereals and field crops.
9. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the composition is applied at different stages of crops for preventive, curative and systemic activity by conventional spraying methods over the target areas of crops.