DESC:Synergistic Fungicidal Combination of Propiconazole and Isoprothiolane
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising of triazole fungicide and dithiolane fungicide in EC / WDG / SC / SL / OD / OS / Solid Granules and other formulations in different percentages. More precisely, the subject matter of the present invention is a synergistic fungicidal composition based on a combination comprising of propiconazole and isoprothiolane optionally with at least one agrochemical acceptable excipient(s) which will facilitate in the preparation of desired formulations. The present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of synergistic fungicidal composition thereof and use of this combination for combating plant pathogenic fungi in and on the seeds and plants at different growth stages for crop protection and good yields.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Crop protection is the practice of protecting the crop from pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that damage agricultural crops, which is critical from the initial stages of crop development. Preventing pests and diseases in the entire crop cycle, i.e., from root development to maturing crop, leads to increased crop quality and yield. The control of plant diseases caused by fungi is extremely important in achieving high crop efficiency. Plant diseases cause considerable damage to vegetables, fields, cereal, fruit and other crops, leading to reduction in productivity, yield and quality of the crops. Fungicides help to minimize this damage by controlling plant pathogenic fungi. The use of two or more appropriate active ingredient combinations in specific dose ratios leads to synergism in crop protection. In addition to this, often highly destructive plant diseases can be difficult to control and may develop resistance to commercial fungicides. Many products are commercially available for these purposes, but there is still a continues need to develop new fungicidal combinations which are more effective, less costly, less toxic, environmentally safer and have different sites of action.
The biggest challenge in the field of crop protection is to reduce the dosage rate of active ingredients to diminish or circumvent environmental or toxicological effects without compromising on effective crop protection against pathogenic fungi, in addition to long lasting and broad-spectrum protection from plant diseases. Another challenge is to reduce the excessive application of solo chemical compounds or fungicides which invariably helps in rapid selection of pathogenic fungi and aid in developing natural or adapted resistance against the active compound.
Therefore, it is indeed necessary to use the fungicidal combination in lower doses, fast acting with the different mode of action that can provide long lasting control against broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi and check the resistance development in fungi. The composition should have high synergistic action, no cross resistance to existing fungicides, avoid excess loading of the toxicant to the environment and negligible impact to environmental safety. Thus, there is a need for synergistic fungicidal combinations which could be physico-compatible formulations in the form of storage stability, safe packaging and ready to use formulations.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is to provide a fungicidal mixture or combination which solves at least one of the major problems discussed above like reducing the dosage rate, broadening the spectrum of activity, or combining activity with prolonged pest control and resistance management with improved environmental safety by reducing toxicity and residue deposit in soil and in crops. Thus, the combination of the present invention is designed to target and eliminate a broader spectrum of pests, prevent the development of resistance, and potentially reduce the risk of negative environmental impacts associated with a single fungicide.
The details of one or more embodiments of this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying description below and other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure / specification refers to a synergistic fungicidal or pesticidal composition and the process for the preparation for crop protection.
The term “combination” can be replaced with the words “mixture” or “composition”, or “formulation” defined or refers to as combining two or more active ingredients formulated in desired formulations.
The term “agrochemical auxiliaries” can be replaced with the words “formulation excipients” or “inactive excipients” or “agrochemical acceptable excipients” or “agrochemical excipients” or “agrochemical acceptable excipients.”
The term “pesticide” as used in this specification refers to a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest or weeds which causes damage to the crop. Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are used as pesticides which control weeds and insect pests and disease-causing pathogens respectively that eventually leads to high yield of crops.
The term “Fungicide” also called antimycotic, as used in this specification refers to a type of chemical compound or substance specifically designed to protect crops and kill or inhibit the growth of fungi and their spores that cause economic damage to crop, ornamental plants or endanger the health of domestic animals or humans.
The term “synergism” as used in this specification refers to the interaction between two or more active compounds or other factors to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. The present invention involves the mixture of two active ingredients which has increased efficacy when compared to individual use and mere admixture of those components.
Conventional fungicides have poor activity, limited to certain fungi, and are not satisfactorily maintained for prolonged periods. Even though some fungicides may bear satisfactory fungicidal effects, they need improvements in respect of environment and health safety and are also required to achieve a high fungicidal effect at a smaller dosage and lack resistance management.
We found that this objective in part or complete can be achieved by the combination of active compounds defined at the outset. Thus, the present inventors have intensively studied to solve these problems and found that by combining fungicidal composition triazole fungicide and dithiolane fungicide in different formulation and percentages have astonishing effects in controlling fungi and by reducing the amount of dosage than in a case of using an active compound alone.
Therefore, the present invention provides a novel synergistic fungicidal composition with triazole fungicide and dithiolane fungicide and purpose thereof. The synergy of this fungicidal composition having mode of action by inhibiting sterol demethylation and phospholipid biosynthesis which can generate efficient synergism and can enable broad spectrum satisfactory disease control from soil borne, seed borne, foliar plant and other diseases for prolonged period at lower dose, powered by preventive, curative and systemic activity, rain fastness, vapour activity and phytotonic effect.
This combination can be developed in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC), Dispersible Concentrates (DC), Oil Dispersions (OD), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspoemulsion (SE), Emulsion Concentrates (EW), Microemulsions, Wettable Powders (WP), Water-Dispersible Granules (WG), Soluble Powders (SP), Granules (G), Oil Solutions (OS), Aqueous Suspensions (AS), Aqueous Solutions (AS), Microencapsulated Suspensions (ME), and Microencapsulated Emulsions (MEC), mixed formulation of Suspension Concentrate and Capsule Suspension (ZC) and other conventional formulation and with different percentages can be used for foliar applications or soil applications and seed treatment.
The present invention involves the mixture of two or more active ingredients which are classified under triazole class of fungicide and dithiolane class of fungicide are described herein thereof.
Triazole fungicides (TFs) are systemic fungicides that work by inhibiting the biosynthesis of sterols specifically ergosterol, which is a vital component of the fungal cell membrane. This inhibition disrupts the cell membrane structure, leading to the death of the fungus. Propiconazole is classified as a triazole fungicide.
Propiconazole (IUPAC name: 1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1,2,4-triazole, Molecular formula: C15H17Cl2N3O2, ¬Molecular weight: 342.2 g/mol) is a broad spectrum systemic and effective fungicide that will translocate into new growth with curative, preventative and protective effects against a wide range of plant pathogenic fungi. It is also known as a DMI, or demethylation inhibiting fungicide that inhibits the ergosterols formation, which is critical component of fungal cell membrane, primarily by blocking the action of 14-a-sterol demethylase enzyme from demethylating a precursor to ergosterol.
Isoprothiolane (IUPAC name: di-isopropyl 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene) malonate; molecular formula: C12H18O4S2; molecular weight: 290.4 g/mol) is a systemic fungicide with preventive and curative action. Isoprothiolane is a chemical compound that belongs to the dithiolane group. It is used to control rice blast (pyricularia oryzae), rice stem rot and fusarium leaf spot on rice, as well as to reduce plant-hopper populations after foliar applications. Isoprothiolane inhibits phospholipid biosynthesis leading to death of fungi. It also shows high plant growth regulator (PGR) activity by activating root activity and promoting assimilates translocation.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention controls diverse groups of fungi selected from but not limited to ascomycota, deuteromycota, basidiomycota and oomycota on a wide variety of crops.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention is also used in seed treatment to protect against diseases which impair good seed germination and seedling development.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present invention controls many diseases in plants which include but not limited to leaf spot, blight, dollar spot, rusts, scab, blast, powdery mildew, downy mildew, net blotch, blight, summer patch, brown patch, stem canker, damping-off and rot etc.
The first embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
at least one triazole fungicide; and
at least one dithiolane fungicide.
The first aspect of first embodiment, the triazole fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, diclobutrazol, difenoconazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenbuconazole, fluotrimazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, furconazole, hexaconazole, huanjunzuo, imibenconazole, ipconazole, ipfentrifluconazole, mefentrifluconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, quinconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, and uniconazole.
The second aspect of the first embodiment, the dithiolane fungicide is isoprothiolane.
The third aspect of the first embodiment, synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of triazole fungicide class and isoprothiolane; wherein triazole fungicide class and isoprothiolane are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80).
The second embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
at least one triazole fungicide;
isoprothiolane; and
at least one agrochemical acceptable excipient.
The first aspect of the second embodiment, the triazole fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, diclobutrazol, difenoconazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenbuconazole, fluotrimazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, furconazole, hexaconazole, huanjunzuo, imibenconazole, ipconazole, ipfentrifluconazole, mefentrifluconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, quinconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, and uniconazole; preferably propiconazole.
The second aspect of the second embodiment, the synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of propiconazole and isoprothiolane are present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-40).
The third aspect of the second embodiment, agrochemical acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to carrier, surfactant, stabilizer, anti-freezing agent, antifoaming agent, anticaking agent, dispersing agent, and adjuvant(s). These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, carrier can be selected from liquid medium or solid medium which will provides a stable environment to the formulation. Wherein liquid medium selected from but not limited to water and organic solvents incudes hydrocarbon solvents and cycloalkanes, ether solvents, ester solvents, ketones solvents, alcohols solvents, and polar-aprotic solvents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, surfactant includes wetting agent and emulsifier.
Further aspect of the present invention, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifiers, cationic emulsifiers, nonionic emulsifiers, amphoteric emulsifiers, phospholipids, glyceryl esters, and other commercially available emulsifiers.
Further aspect of the present invention, anionic emulsifiers selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxylate sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the present invention, cationic emulsifiers selected from but not limited to cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and stearalkonium chloride.
Further aspect of the present invention nonionic emulsifiers selected from but not limited to polysorbate 80, polysorbate 20, sorbitan monolaurate, alkyl ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, and polyaryl sulfate esters.
Further aspect of the present invention, amphoteric emulsifiers selected from but not limited to cocamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine; ethoxylated emulsifiers: ethoxylated nonylphenol (nonylphenol ethoxylate), ethoxylated sorbitan esters, and ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, wetting agent is selected from but not limited to alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates / propoxylates, alkoxylates, ethoxylated alkoxylates, alkyl aryl poly alkoxy ether, alkyl polyglucosides, polysorbates, polyethylene glycol esters, polysorbate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), ethoxylated or propoxylated fatty alcohols and/or acids and/or amines, ethoxylated or propoxylated synthetic alcohols, alkyl aryl sulphates, ethoxylated alkyl aryl sulphates, ethoxylated vegetable oils, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, phosphated esters, propylene glycol esters, sodium lauryl sulfate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and block copolymers selected from the but not limited to styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBS), butyl based block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO), polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO), poly(butadiene)-poly(styrene) (PB-PS), poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(butadiene)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-PB-PMMA), poly(capro lactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG), poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG), and other commercially available wetting agents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, stabilizer includes antioxidant, chelating agent, pH adjusters, UV absorber, stabilizing polymers, and inert material.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, stabilizers selected from group vegetable and seed oils selected from but not limited to soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, castor oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, tung oil and sesame oil, and oxidized forms of the above oils.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, inert material selected from but not limited to quartz, kaolin clay, attapulgite clay, acidic clay, attapulgite, zeolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, acid white clay, pyrophyllite, talc, diatomaceous earth and calcite, china clay, corn rachis powder, walnut husk powder, urea, calcium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, silicon oxides (precipitated silica), and other commercially available inert materials.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, anti-freezing agent selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, urea, and other commercially available anti-freezing agents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, antifoaming agents selected from but not limited to silicone-based antifoams, polyethylene glycol-based antifoams, mineral oil-based antifoams, ethylene glycol-based antifoams, polysorbate-based antifoams, dimethicone-based antifoams, polypropylene glycol-based antifoams, vegetable oil-based antifoams, alkyl siloxane-based antifoams, fatty acid-based antifoams, and other commercially available antifoaming agents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, anticaking agent selected from silica-based compounds includes silicon dioxide (silica), precipitated silica (amorphous form of silicon dioxide), calcium silicate, magnesium stearate, sodium aluminosilicate, potassium aluminium silicate, tricalcium phosphate, sodium ferrocyanide, calcium carbonate, diatomaceous earth, sodium bicarbonate, and other commercially available anticaking agents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, dispersing agent selected from but not limited to polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, poly acrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, poly ethoxylated alcohol, poly ethoxylated fatty acids, polyacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate), gum arabic and carbomer and/or their comb polymers; preferably poly(methyl methacrylate), polyethylene glycol comb polymer, and other commercially available dispersing agents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, adjuvant includes but not limited to colorant, spreader, modifier, sticker, penetrant, drift control agent, buffering agent, thickener, compatibility agent, binders, and safener.
A further aspect of the second embodiment, colorant is color dye selected from natural, synthetic, and commercially available dyes.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, binder / sticking agent selected from but not limited to methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, gum, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethacrylates, and other commercially available binders.
Further aspect of second embodiment, thickener selected from but not limited to polysaccharides / carboxymethyl cellulose / bentonite clay, hydroxy propyl cellulose montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminium silicate, attapulgite, and other commercially available thickeners.
The further aspect of the second embodiment, modifier includes drift control modifiers, rain fastness modifiers, anti-foaming modifiers, UV stabilizers, pH modifiers, compatibility modifiers, and rheology modifier.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, rheology modifier is bentonite and pH modifiers is triethanolamine and/or phosphoric acid.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, preservatives is antibacterial agent selected from but not limited to triclosan, triclocarban, clotrimazole, miconazole, copper-based compounds, chlorothalonil, benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (DBSA), and other commercially available preservatives.
The third embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
propiconazole;
isoprothiolane;
carrier;
stabilizer;
emulsifier; and
adjuvant (s).
The first aspect of the third embodiment, the synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of propiconazole and isoprothiolane are present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-40).
The second aspect of the third embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to carrier, emulsifier, stabilizer, and adjuvant (s). These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of third embodiment, carrier can be selected from liquid medium or solid medium which will provides a stable environment to the formulation. Wherein liquid medium selected from but not limited to water and organic solvents incudes hydrocarbon solvents and cycloalkanes, ether solvents, ester solvents, ketones solvents, alcohols solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; preferably hydrocarbon solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; more preferably naphthalene and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
Further aspect of the third embodiment, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifier, and non-ionic emulsifier.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, anionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, non-ionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to polysorbate, castor oil ethoxylates, sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, polyalkyl sulfate esters, and polyaryl sulfate esters.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, stabilizer selected from group vegetable and seed oils selected from but not limited to soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, castor oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, tung oil and sesame oil and their oxidized forms.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, adjuvant includes but not limited to colorant, spreader, modifier, sticker, penetrant, drift control agent, buffering agent, thickener, compatibility agent, binders and safener.
The further aspect of the third embodiment, modifier includes drift control modifiers, rain fastness modifiers, anti-foaming modifiers, UV stabilizers, pH modifiers, compatibility modifiers and rheology modifier.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, rheology modifier is bentonite and pH modifiers is triethanolamine and phosphoric acid.
The fourth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
propiconazole;
isoprothiolane;
naphthalene;
n-methyl pyrrolidone;
calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate;
castor oil ethoxylates/corn oil; and
epoxidized soyabean oil.
First aspect of the fourth embodiment, the synergistic fungicidal composition comprising a combination of propiconazole and isoprothiolane are present in the weight ratio of (1-80):(1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40):(1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20):(1-40).
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of fourth embodiment is formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a fungicidal emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation comprising:
add carrier into premix vessel,
add propiconazole with isoprothiolane to the above mixture and stir for 30-60 minutes to get homogenous mixture.
add emulsifier, stabilizer and optionally add adjuvant(s) to the above vessel under continuous stirring,
mix well until a homogenous mixture is obtained, pack the formulation and seal it.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the other alternative formulations other than described herein can be prepared using conventional processes and different methods known in the art by selecting appropriate agrochemical acceptable excipient(s) to get the suitable desired formulation of present invention combination.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the fungicidal composition of the present invention used to control fungal diseases in several crops specifically selected from but not limited to rice, wheat, fruits, roots, tubers, chilli, vegetables, maize, grains, sugarcane, cereals, and field crops and for various other pest control requirements.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the fungicidal composition further comprises at least another agrochemical selected from a fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, biocide, nutrient, plant growth regulator, plant activator, fertilizers and likewise those improve the quality of crops.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the fungicidal composition of the present invention shows synergistic effects of better pest control with minimum fungal resistance and improved crop yield and quality.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the synergistic fungicidal composition is applied at various stages of crops for preventive, curative, systemic activity by conventional spraying methods, such as foliar applications or soil applications over the target areas of crops at same time avoiding excessive drift or runoff of the composition securing thorough coverage.
Another embodiment of the present invention, synergistic fungicidal combination decreases natural hazardous effect of single active ingredient and minimizes the residue deposition in environment.
The best mode of carrying present invention is described in the below given examples. These examples are merely for illustrative purposes only, not to determine the scope of the invention and in no way limit the scope or spirit of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1: DIFFERENT TYPE OF FORMULATION OF SYNERGISTIC FUNGICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION:
1.1: Synergistic Fungicidal Composition of Propiconazole and Isoprothiolane in Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) Formulation:
TABLE 1:
S. No Ingredient Weight / Weight %
1 Propiconazole 12.5
2 Isoprothiolane 32
3 Epoxidized Soyabean Oil 3
4 Calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate 2.4
5 Castor oil ethoxylates 9.6
6 N-methyl pyrrolidone 15
7 Naphthalene QS
Total 100
EXAMPLE 2: PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (EC) FORMULATION OF SYNERGISTIC FUNGICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The present fungicidal combination process of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of which can be easily mixed with a co-solvent to form a stable emulsion. This process includes selecting appropriate active ingredients, solvents, and emulsifiers, which are then thoroughly mixed and homogenized to ensure uniform distribution which further undergoes rigorous quality control testing for stability, emulsifiability, viscosity, and pH. After complete process, it is packaged, labeled with necessary safety and usage information, and stored under appropriate conditions. This method ensures the production of effectiveness during storage and handling, ensures a high-quality, user-friendly pesticidal formulation that adheres to regulatory standards, and maintaining efficacy over its shelf life.
EXAMPLE 3: BIOEFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY TESTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Methodology:
Presently to evaluate the efficacy of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC against different fungal pathogens on different crops and to test their phytotoxicity on the crop after the sprayings have been conducted. For evaluation, sheath blight and blast in paddy and anthracnose in chilli were tested. The test molecule is tested at three dose levels viz., low, medium, and high along with the sole molecule as individual treatments and their efficiency comparison is done with the current competitive market standards. The test molecules are tested at three different formulation strengths i.e., Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC (@600ml/ha, 750ml/ha and 900ml/ha). The market standards evaluated against different fungal diseases on different crops viz., for sheath blight in paddy (Validamycin 3% SL @ 2000ml/ha, Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC @ 1000ml/ha); Blast in paddy and Anthracnose in chilli (Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 300g/ha, Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 750 g/ha). To justify the results the overall effect and other parameters are calculated over untreated check, To detect synergistic activity in the novel combinations Colby’s ratio is calculated from the results and to see their effect on crop, its yield is recorded. The crops are first divided into plots for each treatment and replicated three times following Randomized Block Design. The spraying method followed was foliar application with the help of a knapsack sprayer and three sprays are with an interval of 10 Days. The combinations are even tested against any signs of Phytotoxicity on the respective crops.
Methods of Observation:
Disease observations: select 5 random plants in the plot and the disease symptoms are scored based on disease rating scale and then the percentage disease index will be calculated.
The observations were taken at 1 day before spraying and at 10 Days after spraying.
Take the observation on the crop safety of the fungicide i.e., Phytotoxicity / softener observation of fungicide after application at 5 and 10 Days after application.
Parameters of Observations:
The disease severity is measured by an index, measured as –
Percent disease index (PDI) will be calculated by using following formula –
PDI = (Sum of all disease ratings)/(Total no.of leaves x Maximum disease grade) x 100
The percent reduction is calculated by the following formula –
% Reduction = ( PDI in control plot-PDI in treated plot )/(PDI in control plot)× 100
Colby’s Method: The combined effect of Pesticidal combinations is the sum of their individual effects. Colby’s method is an approach to evaluate the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects due to the interactions of two pesticides as a combination.
Colby’s method calculates expected response, and a ratio is calculated between expected response and observed response.
The formula for expected response is as follows-
E = (A+B)-((A*B)/100)
A represents pesticide 1 and B represents pesticide 2.
The observed response is the actual percent control achieved.
Colby’s ratio = Observed response (O)/Expected response (E).
If the ratio is,
< 1 = Antagonistic effect
= Additive effect
> 1 = Synergistic effect
The effect of these fungicides in combination and alone when applied on crops were assessed based on the yield (quintal per hectare). This parameter defines the crop quality.
Results:
The fungicidal combination of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC were effective against wide range of diseases, so the different diseases controlled in different crops in the field experiments were enlisted below,
Paddy –
Sheath Blight (Rhizoctonia solanii)
Blast (Pyricularia oryzae)
Chilli –
Anthracnose (Alternaria solani)
Example – 1: Paddy -Sheath Blight
Table 1. Efficacy of fungicides combination – Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC against sheath blight disease incidence on paddy crop
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Percent Disease Index (PDI) After Every Spray % Reduction in PDI Colby’s Ratio
Pre 1 2 3 AVG 1 2 3 AVG
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 600 15.76 3.03 3.43 4.17 6.60 89.25 91.69 93.48 91.48 2.28
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 750 14.66 2.03 3.23 3.37 5.82 92.80 92.18 94.73 93.24 2.33
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 900 14.96 0 1 2 4.49 100.00 97.58 96.88 98.15 2.45
Propiconazole 25% EC 500 14.96 22.43 39.56 55.17 33.03 20.43 4.21 13.80 12.81 0.32
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 14.56 18 30.43 44 26.75 36.15 26.32 31.25 31.24 0.78
Validamycin 3% SL 2000 15.56 19.43 27 46.99 27.25 31.07 34.62 26.58 30.76 0.77
Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC 1000 14.76 21 34 44.55 28.58 25.51 17.68 30.39 24.52 0.61
UNTREATED CHECK 16.06 28.19 41.3 64 37.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The data presented in Table. 1 showed the effect of different fungicidal treatments in combination, alone and the effect of market standards on disease severity of Sheath blight disease in paddy crop. The percent reduction in disease incidence was also explained through the data represented in above table with treatments compared over control. In general, all treatments, at each rate of applications after three consecutive sprayings significantly reduced the disease severity comparing with the untreated control. The combination fungicidal treatments were more effective than sole molecules and market standards. The disease severity is measured as Percent Disease Index (PDI), this varied between 14.56 to 15.76 among all the treatments before spraying (pre-treatment/pre-spray). The disease severity was measured 12 days after spraying and the spraying was done thrice in the crop. Among the tested fungicidal treatments, Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC@ 900 ml/ha and Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha were the most effective treatments. The PDI recorded in Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900 ml/ha was 14.96 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, recorded 1 after 2nd spraying and 2 after 3rd spraying. The second-best treatment was Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha where the PDI recorded was recorded as 14.66 before spraying and came down to 2.03 after 1st spray and recorded as 3.23, 3.37 after 2nd and 3rd spray. Similar trend was observed with the lowest dose of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha with 15.76 as pre-treatment PDI, followed by 3.03 after end of first spray and increased to 3.43, 4.17 after 2nd and 3rd spray. While the market standards did not show much reduction in PDI. When calculated as percent disease reduction over control regarding the examined rates of fungicidal combination and as expected, recommended rates reduced the disease severity compared with fungicides applied alone and with market standards too. The percent reduction recorded in the three fungicidal combination doses at the end of entire spraying schedule were 98.15% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @900 ml/ha), 93.24% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha) and 91.48% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha), respectively, and the market standards recorded a percent reduction of 30.76% (Validamycin 3% SL), 24.52% (Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC @ 1000 ml/ha) which were lower than the combination treatments.
As per Colby’s method the results were evaluated to find out the interactive effects of the new fungicidal combination over their individual effect. The results showed that all the three doses of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC (600, 750, 900ml/ha) recorded a Colby’s ratio of 2.28, 2.33 and 2.45 which is a clear indication of synergistic activity. Based on these results we can conclude that the fungicidal combination is highly effective against sheath blight in paddy when applied in combination than when applied alone.
Table 2. Effect of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC formulation on yield in Paddy.
Treatments Dose (g or ml / ha) Yield (q/ha)
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 600 42.17
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 750 44.37
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 900 47
Propiconazole 25% EC 500 34.57
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 35.38
Validamycin 3% SL 2000 36.29
Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC 1000 37.37
UNTREATED CHECK 27
The yield of paddy recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 2.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900 ml/ha with 47 q/ha, followed by Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha with 44.37 q/ha and Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha with 42.17 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 34.57-37.37 q/ha apart from untreated check (27 q/ha) which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments (Table 3).

Table 3. Phytotoxicity of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC formulation on Paddy
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 25% EC @ 500 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Isoprothiolane 40% EC @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Validamycin 3% SL @ 2000 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexaconazole 5% + Validamycin 2.5% SC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated check 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the fungicide combination i.e Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC on paddy was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present fungicide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 3.).

Example – 2: Paddy -Blast
Table 4. Efficacy of fungicides combination – Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC against blast disease incidence on paddy crop
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Percent Disease Index (PDI) After Every Spray % Reduction in PDI Colby’s Ratio
Pre 1 2 3 AVG 1 2 3 AVG
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 600 16.05 3.18 3.05 4.45 6.68 91.46 94.47 93.73 93.22 1.38
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 750 16.85 0 2.45 3.09 5.60 100 95.56 95.65 97.07 1.44
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 900 17.65 0 0 3 5.16 100 100 95.77 98.59 1.46
Propiconazole 25% EC 500 16.65 26.08 30.12 39.12 27.99 29.95 45.38 44.90 40.08 0.60
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 17.05 22.78 29.11 35.13 26.02 38.81 47.21 50.52 45.51 0.68
Tricyclazole 75% WP 300 17.15 19.98 30.71 44.11 27.99 46.33 44.31 37.87 42.84 0.64
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP 750 17.25 17.08 20.13 24.05 19.63 54.12 63.49 66.13 61.25 0.91
UNTREATED CHECK 18.05 37.23 55.14 71 45.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The data presented in Table. 4 showed the effect of different fungicidal treatments in combination, alone and the effect of market standards on disease severity of blast disease in paddy crop. The percent reduction in disease incidence was also explained through the data represented in above table with treatments compared over control. In general, all treatments, at each rate of applications after three consecutive sprayings significantly reduced the disease severity comparing with the untreated control. The combination fungicidal treatments were more effective than sole molecules and market standards. The disease severity is measured as Percent Disease Index (PDI), this varied between 16.05 to 17.25 among all the treatments before spraying (pre-treatment/pre-spray). The disease severity was measured 12 days after spraying and the spraying was done thrice in the crop. Among the tested fungicidal treatments, Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC@ 900 ml/ha and Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @750 ml/ha were the most effective treatments. The PDI recorded in Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900 ml/ha was 17.65 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd spraying and to 3 after 3rd spraying. The second-best treatment was Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha where the PDI recorded was recorded as 16.85 before spraying and came down to 0 after 1st spray and recorded as 2.45, 3.09 after 2nd and 3rd spray. Similar trend was observed with the lowest dose of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha with 16.05 as pre-treatment PDI, followed by 3.18 after end of first spray and 3.05, 4.45 after 2nd and 3rd spray. While the market standards did not show much reduction in PDI. When calculated as percent disease reduction over control regarding the examined rates of fungicidal combination and as expected, recommended rates reduced the disease severity compared with fungicides applied alone and with market standards too. The percent reduction recorded in the three fungicidal combination doses at the end of entire spraying schedule were 98.59% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @900 ml/ha), 97.07% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha) and 93.22% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha), respectively, and the market standards recorded a percent reduction of 42.84% (Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 300g/ha), 61.25% (Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 750 g/ha) which were lower than the combination treatments.
As per Colby’s method the results were evaluated to find out the interactive effects of the new fungicidal combination over their individual effect. The results showed that all the three doses of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC (600, 750, 900ml/ha) recorded a Colby’s ratio of 1.38, 1.44 and 1.46 which is a clear indication of synergistic activity. Based on these results we can conclude that the fungicidal combination is highly effective against blast in paddy when applied in combination than when applied alone.
Table 5. Effect of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC formulation on yield in Paddy.
Treatments Dose (g or ml / ha) Yield (q/ha)
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 600 40.5
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 750 41.9
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 900 45.1
Propiconazole 25% EC 500 37.63
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 33.9
Tricyclazole 75% WP 300 32.1
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP 750 30.7
UNTREATED CHECK 26.3
The yield of paddy recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 5.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900 ml/ha with 45.1 q/ha, followed by Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha with 41.9 q/ha and Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha with 40.5 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 30.7-37.63 q/ha apart from untreated check (26.3 q/ha) which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments (Table 5).

Table 6. Phytotoxicity of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC formulation on Paddy
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 25% EC @ 500 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Isoprothiolane 40% EC @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 300 g/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 750 g/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
UNTREATED CHECK 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the fungicide combination i.e Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC on paddy was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present fungicide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 6).

Example – 3: Chilli-Anthracnose
Table 7. Efficacy of spray application of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC formulation against Anthracnose in Chilli.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Percent Disease Index (PDI) After Every Spray % Reduction in PDI Colby’s Ratio
Pre 1 2 3 AVG 1 2 3 AVG
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 600 13.34 5.33 6.71 9.8 8.80 82.99 85.92 83.95 84.28 1.17
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 750 14.38 0 3.38 4.9 5.67 100.00 92.91 91.97 94.96 1.29
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 900 14.83 0 0 4.6 4.86 100.00 100.00 92.47 97.49 1.31
Propiconazole 25% EC 500 14.05 20.77 24.72 30.83 22.59 33.71 48.12 49.50 43.78 0.63
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 14.14 19.33 21.81 26.81 20.52 38.30 54.23 56.09 49.54 0.70
Tricyclazole 75% WP 300 15.05 13.12 15.49 19.71 15.84 58.12 67.49 67.71 64.44 0.90
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP 750 15.83 12.22 13.93 18.7 15.17 61.00 70.77 69.37 67.04 0.94
UNTREATED CHECK 16.05 31.33 47.65 61.05 39.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The data presented in Table.7 showed the effect of different fungicidal treatments in combination, alone and the effect of market standards on disease severity of Anthracnose disease in chilli crop. The disease severity is measured as Percent Disease Index (PDI), this varied between 14.05 to 15.83 among all the treatments before spraying (pre-treatment/pre-spray). The disease severity was measured 12 days after spraying and the spraying was done thrice in the crop. Among the tested fungicidal treatments, the combinations Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900ml/ha and Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750ml/ha were recorded as the most effective treatments. The PDI recorded in Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900 ml/ha was 14.83 before spray and reduced to 0 after 1st, 2nd and 4.6 after 3rd spraying. The second-best treatments were Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha where the PDI recorded was recorded as 14.38 before spraying and came down to 0 after 1st spray and 3.38 after 2nd spray, while it increased and recorded as 4.9 after 3rd spray. Similar trend was observed with the lowest dose of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha with 13.34 as pre-treatment PDI, followed by 5.33 after end of first spray and increased to 6.71 after 2nd and 9.8 after 3rd spray. While the market standards did not show much reduction in PDI. When calculated as percent disease reduction over control regarding the examined rates the percent reduction recorded in the three fungicidal combination doses at the end of entire spraying schedule were 97.49% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900ml/ha) followed by 94.96% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750ml/ha) and 84.28% (Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600ml/ha), respectively, and the market standards recorded a percent reduction of 64.44% (Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 300g/ha), 67.04% (Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 750 g/ha) which were lower than the combination treatments.
As per Colby’s method the results were evaluated to find out the interactive effects of the new fungicidal combination over their individual effect. The results showed that all the three doses of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC (600, 750, 900ml/ha) recorded a Colby’s ratio of 1.18, 1.33 and 1.36 which is a clear indication of synergistic activity. Based on these results we can conclude that the fungicidal combination is highly effective against anthracnose in chilli when applied in combination than when applied alone.

Table 8. Effect of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC formulation on yield in Chilli.
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Yield (q/ha)
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 600 32.9
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 750 33
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC 900 36.9
Propiconazole 25% EC 500 28
Isoprothiolane 40% EC 750 25
Tricyclazole 75% WP 300 31
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP 750 29
UNTREATED CHECK 21
The yield of chilli recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 8.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses of the two types of Azoxystrobin combinations positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900ml/ha, with 36.9q/ha, followed with Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750ml/ha with 33 q/ha and lowest dose of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha with 32.9 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 25-31 q/ha apart from untreated check (21 q/ha) which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments.

Table 9. Phytotoxicity of Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC on Chilli
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 600 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC @ 900 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Propiconazole 25% EC @ 500 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Isoprothiolane 40% EC @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 300 g/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP @ 750 g/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
UNTREATED CHECK 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the fungicide combination i.e., Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC, Propiconazole 12.5% + Isoprothiolane 32% EC on Chilli was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present fungicide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 9.).
It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to a particular compositions or specific constituents, which can, of course, vary and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting the scope of the invention. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the disclosure(s), specific examples of appropriate materials and methods are described herein. The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinarily skilled in the art a complete description of how to make and use the embodiments of the compositions or specific constituents, methods of practice, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Modifications of the above-described modes for conducting the invention that is obvious to persons skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.
While specific embodiments of the present invention are explicitly disclosed herein, the above specification and examples herein are illustrative and not restrictive. It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Many variations of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the embodiments below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the embodiments, along with their full scope of equivalents and the specification, along with such variations. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. ,CLAIMS:CLAIMS:
We Claim:
1. A synergistic fungicidal composition comprising:
(a) at least one triazole fungicide;
(b) at least one dithiolane fungicide; and
(c) at least one agrochemical acceptable excipient.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, the triazole fungicide is selected from but not limited to the group comprising azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, diclobutrazol, difenoconazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenbuconazole, fluotrimazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, furconazole, hexaconazole, huanjunzuo, imibenconazole, ipconazole, ipfentrifluconazole, mefentrifluconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, quinconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, and uniconazole.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dithiolane fungicide is isoprothiolane.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the formulation for the above said composition is selected from Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC), Dispersible Concentrates (DC), Oil Dispersions (OD), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspoemulsion (SE), Emulsion Concentrates (EW), Microemulsions, Wettable Powders (WP), Water-Dispersible Granules (WG), Soluble Powders (SP), Granules (G), Oil Solutions (OS), Aqueous Suspensions (AS), Aqueous Solutions (AS), Microencapsulated Suspensions (ME), and Microencapsulated Emulsions (MEC), mixed formulation of Suspension Concentrate and Capsule Suspension (ZC) and other conventional formulation.
5. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein propiconazole and isoprothiolane is formulated in emulsifiable concentrate (EC) with the weight ratio of (1-20): (1-40).
6. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the composition controls diverse groups of fungi selected from ascomycota, deuteromycota, basidiomycota and oomycota on a wide variety of crops selected rice, wheat, paddy, fruits, roots, tubers, chilli, vegetables, maize, grains, sugarcane, cereals and other field crops.
7. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the composition is applied at various stages of crops for preventive, curative and systemic activity by conventional spraying methods over the target areas of crops.