Description:FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the use of semiochemicals for insect pest control, and more specifically the methods of using semiochemicals in agricultural fields for effective mating disruption in insect pests based on competitive attraction.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Insect pests substantially reduce yields of staple grains, especially in temperate, tropical climates of Asia and Africa. These continents are a potential food bowl to feed the future. Insect pests cause significant loss to the tune of more than $400 billion. This is going to increase considerably due to climate change. Every degree increase in temperature is making insect metabolism higher and prone to be ravenous.

[0003] Multiple strategies have been developed to manage insect populations and mitigate crop damage inflicted by pests. Cultural control methods include timely harvest and termination of the crop, destruction of harvested material, and winter and spring irrigations to reduce survival among overwintering larvae. The effort to identify effective biological control methods has been an active area of research for many decades, largely focusing on parasitoids. Pheromone-baited traps also have been exploited to monitor pest populations and as a mass trapping strategy, but this technique is costly to implement, as the traps used.

[0004] Sleeve traps and/or Delta sticky traps must be placed at a relatively high density (8–10 traps/acre) and must be replaced often. Moreover, deposition of significant amount of plastic waste in the environment makes traps unviable.

[0005] Traditional insecticide sprays are a less than ideal solution for pest such as internal borers and feeders. The arvae feed on the internal tissues are shielded from contact with toxic chemicals, greatly reducing their efficacy. Nevertheless, several classes of chemical pesticides have been deployed against these pests, including chlorpyrifos, teflubenzuron, pyrethroids, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, and carbaryl. However, reliance on these chemical pesticide sprays has been showing multiple harmful effects on living beings including humans and, on the environment. Moreover, unintended impacts on beneficial insects, and secondary pest outbreaks. These chemical compounds also susceptible to the resistance development in targeted species of insects.

[0006] In light of these resistance problems, a great deal of effort and research has been devoted to the development of an alternative, pesticide-free pest control methods, for example, using semiochemicals, targeting mating disruption. This technique utilizes the application of a sex pheromone of the target pest species throughout the treated crop to disorient male insects and prevent them from locating female mates. Thus, adult male insects unable to reproduce and significantly reduces the size of the following larval generation, thereby reducing their impact on the crop.

[0007] Pest control products based on mating disruption have been developed as manually applied dispensers or sprayable formulations. However, these products suffer from several key limitations. For example, manual dispensers, such as plastic rope pheromone dispensers, usually have high-dose reservoirs of the sex pheromone active ingredient (AI) (50 mg to 150 mg AI per dispenser) to allow for a long-sustained field life, which is not affordable solution for end users compare to alternative chemical insecticides.. Also these diffusers are non attractive to males insects due to high amount of pheromone released per day. These dispeners are limited to use to camaflouge male insects finding its female insect. In disclosedinvention, evaluated technologies are unique in the sense which needs very small quantities of the pheromone. It works on trail following technique and diffusers are capable to attract male insects. The diffusers release pheromone in the amounts which virgin female emits,by creating false cues of female and thereby confusing the male insect which hops from one diffuser to another. Sprayable formulations could be an alternative option, but they lack longevity, require repeated applications of the pheromone to maintain effective control of the pest, and typically need at least 150 grams of pheromone per season. Furthermore, almost all current pest control methods recommend using the products to treat areas over 50 acres, while key crop growing areas, such as Asia and Africa, typically have farms about 5 to 10 acres. As such, the use of current products and methods in these areas is limited. Additionally, almost all current pest control methods also recommend applying the products once in a season, usually very early in a crop season when the plants are less than one feet. However, mating happens mostly on top of the crop as the moth prefer to lay eggs in newly opened flowers or leaf. Single time application limits the diffusers to be very low in crop thereby making them ineffective. The effectiveness of current control products and methods can also be severely compromised in the event of inclement weather following application of the pheromone. Therefore, new pest control products and methods are needed. The present disclosure addresses this and other needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] In some aspects, provided herein is a method of disrupting mating of insect pests affecting plants in a field, comprising: applying a semiochemical composition over a single or multiple applications at discrete point sources, wherein the semiochemical composition at each discrete point source competitively attracts male insect over female insect. Thus, the male insect pests unable to trace female insect pests for mating in the field, thereby causing the male insect pests to die naturally without producing offspring,
wherein the semiochemical composition, at each application, comprises a unit dose between 1 mg to 20 mg of at least one semiochemical,
wherein the semiochemical composition is formulated to provide controlled release of the at least one semiochemical between applications, and the semiochemical composition is formulated as:
a) a gel;
b) a tablet; optionally provided in a blister pack or other packaging material;
c) a paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or
d) a cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants;
All the above semiochemical composition exhibits electroantennogram (EAG) response towards respective insect pets
optionally, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied at between 100 and 5000 source points in the field, and
optionally, wherein the semiochemical composition is placed every 1 m2 to 80 m2 for each application,
wherein, in a first application, the semiochemical composition is applied before emergence of the first brood of the insect pests, and the semiochemical composition is applied on the axil of a stem of the plant, hooked to the stem, applied directly on the stem, applied on a support system in the vicinity of the plant, or applied on the soil around the plant,
wherein the semiochemical composition is optionally applied in a second application between 30 days and 60 days after the first application, or all doses of the semiochemical composition is applied before emergence of the first brood of the insect pests.

[0009] In some variations, at least one semiochemical is a pheromone, an allomone, a kairomone, or a synomone, or any combinations thereof. In some variations, at least one semiochemical is (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate; (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate; Z-9-Tetadecenyl acetate; Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate; Z-7-Dodecenol, (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate; (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate; (Z)-11 hexadecenal; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol; (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl Acetate; (E)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate; (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol; Dodecanol; Tetradecanol; Z-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate; Z-8-Dedecen-1-ol; E-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate; E-5-Decenyl acetate; E-5-Decene-1-ol; E-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate; Z-8-dodecenyl acetate; E3,Z8,Z11-Tetradecenyl acetate; E3,Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate; (Z,E)-7,9,11-Dedecatrienyl Formate; 7Z,11Z,13E-Hexadecatrienal; 7Z,11Z-Hexadecadienal; (Z)-11-hexadecenal; (Z)-9-hexadecenal; (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate; (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol; Z11,Z13-Hexadecenal; Z11,Z13-16:OH; Z3Z6Z9Z12Z15-23Hy; or (S)-(+) Lavanulyl senecioate, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition exhibits rain-fastness, non-phytotoxicity to plant surface, controlled release of the at least one semiochemical for a minimum of about four weeks (e.g., about 12 weeks to about 20 weeks), is stable under drastic environmental conditions, suitable for mating disruption, attract and kill, mass trapping of the insect pests.

[0010] In some embodiments, in the first application, the semiochemical composition is applied before flowering, after sowing, or immediately after transplantation. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a third application between 30 days and 60 days after the second application. In some embodiments, the single or multiple applications occur from seed sowing until harvest of crops of the plants in the field. In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 800-unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application. In some embodiments, the field is in India, China, Africa, Mexico or the United State. In some embodiments, the unit dose is about 1 mg to 20 mg (e.g., 10 mg) of at least one semiochemical. In some embodiments, the method decreases: (i) the average number of adult insect pests over the single or multiple applications; (ii) the overall damage to the plants in the field, as compared to plants in a field in which the semiochemical composition has not been applied.

[0011] In some embodiments, the insect pest is Pectinophora gossipiella, Spodoptera frugiperda, Leucinodes orbonalis, Plutella xylostella, Lobesia botrana, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Anarsia lineatella, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, Tuta absoluta, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, Phyllocnistis citrella, Helicoverpa zea, Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo infuscatellus, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus, Amyelois transitella, or Planococcus ficus, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the insect pest is Pink bollworm; Fall army worm; Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer; Diamond backmoth; Grapevine moth; Codling moth; Oriental Fruit moth; Peach Twig Borer; False Codling Moth; Tomato Leaf Miner; Carob Moth; Citrus leaf miner; Corn Ear Worm; Rice Yellow Stem Borer; Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer; Sugarcane Internode borer; Navel orangeworm; or Vine mealybug, or any combination thereof.

[0012] In some embodiments, the pest is Pectinophora gossipiella. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate and (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate. In some embodiments, the plants are cotton plants. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application within 50th days after seed sowing (before square formation) at about 6 inches below the crop canopy at the primary branch axil. Distribute the dispensers at equal space with uniform distance (3x2 meters distance between the source points) placements across one hactare.

[0013] Similarly, second application may be applied directly on upper branch axil preferably 6-8 inches below the crop canopy.. and about 50 to about 60 days after the first application. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied at each application directly attached to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0014] In some embodiments, the pest is Spodoptera Frugiperda. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises Z9-Tetadecenyl acetate, Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate, and Z7 -Dodecenol. In some embodiments, the plants are maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, cabbage, beet, peanut, soybean, alfalfa, onion, cotton, pasture grasses, or millet, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application On or before 10 days after seed germination (V2-V3 stage), wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is applied on soil or with support system or middle (midrib) region of the leaf or stick to the support system in the vicinity of the plant,. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application on the V-9 leaf of the plant and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 to about 45 days) after the first application. Second application is six inches below the crop canopy on the leaf surface near the leaf axil, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the support system in the vicinity of the plant. In some embodiments, the pest is Leucinodes orbonalis. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 days to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 to about 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied at each application directly attached to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0015] In some embodiments, the pest is Plutella xylostella. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11 hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application within five days after transplanting. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 30 days to about 45 days after the first application. In some embodiments, at each application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil, sticked to the leaf, hooked to the leaf axil, or applied on the support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0016] In some embodiments, the pest is Lobesia botrana. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl Acetate and (E)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate. In some embodiments, the plants are fruit crops. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied first application one week before flowering, wherein in , semiochemical composition is applied on the on the axil of stem OR hooked or hung to the vines or trellis. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is only applied in a single application (e.g., the first application). In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 days to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 to about 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied at each application directly attached to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0017] In some embodiments, the pest is Tuta absoluta. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises E3, Z8, Z11− Tetradecenyl acetate and E3, Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 days to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 to about 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied directly to the axil of stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition can be applied in a third, and a fourth application, wherein the third and the fourth applications are the same as the second application. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition can be applied in a third application without a fourth application, wherein the dose of the third application is twice of the dose of dose for the second application.

[0018] In some embodiments, the pest is Helicoverpa zea. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-hexadecenal. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application at V7 stage of the crop. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application in the axil of leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application in the axil of leaf and about V10 to V12 stage.

[0019] In some embodiments, the pest is Scirpophaga incertulas. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenal. In some embodiments, the plants are rice, maize or sugarcane, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied immediately after transplantation, wherein the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.

[0020] In some embodiments, the pest is Chilo infuscatellus. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenol. In some embodiments, the plants are sugarcane, corn, rice, sorghum, or sudangrass, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after plantation or transplantation, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 to about 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied in the axil of leaf.

[0021] In some embodiments, the pest is Chilo sacchariphagus indicus. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-13- octadecenyl acetate and (Z)-13- octadecen-1-ol. In some embodiments, the plants are sugarcane, corn, rice, sorghum, or sudangrass, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application in the axil of leaf about 60 days after plantation or transplantation.

[0022] In some embodiments, the pest is Planococcus ficus. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (S)-(+) Lavanulyl senecioate. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application one week before flowering, on the axil of stem or can be hooked or hung to the vines or trellis. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is only applied in a single application (e.g., the first application). In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 to about 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied directly to the axil of stem of the plant, hung to the vines or trellis or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0023] In some embodiments, the pest is Cydia pomonella. In some embodiments, the pest is Grapholita molesta. In some embodiments, the pest is Anarsia lineatella. In some embodiments, the pest is Thaumatotibia leucotreta. In some embodiments, the pest is Ectomyelois ceratoniae. In some embodiments, the pest is Phyllocnistis citrella. In some embodiments, the pest is Amyelois transitella. In some embodiments, the plants are fruit crops. In some embodiments, the plants are walnuts, almonds, pistachios, or figs, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible one week before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 to about 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, at each application, the semiochemical composition is applied directly to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0024] In other aspects, provided herein is a blister pack for the tablet described herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The drawings illustrate certain embodiments of the features and advantages of this disclosure. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims in any manner.

[0026] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show the front and side view of an exemplary blister pack together with the tablet, respectively.

[0027] FIG. 1C shows the blister pack designs for tablet composition.

[0028] FIG. 2 shows an exemplary placement of source points in a field.

[0029] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show exemplary application methods for gel comprising a semiochemical. FIG. 3C shows the competitive attraction of pests achieved by applied gel dispenser.

[0030] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, and FIG. 4C show exemplary application methods for a blister pack containing a tablet comprising a semiochemical. FIG. 4D shows the competitive attraction of pests achieved by applied tablet blister pack dispenser.

[0031] FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, and FIG. 5C show exemplary application methods for cloth comprising a semiochemical. FIG. 5D and FIG. 5E shows the competitive attraction of pests achieved by applied paper and cloth dispenser, respectively.

[0032] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show exemplary multi-dispenser unit containing more than one unit doses.

[0033] FIG. 7 shows an exemplary long strip multi-dispenser unit containing more than one unit doses.
[0034] FIG. 8A shows the comparison of the average level of pest population between treated and untreated field, as reflected by the numbers of pests trapped under the same conditions.

[0035] FIG. 8B shows the ability of tablet blister pack attached on a paper in attracting pests.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, compositions, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.

[0037] In some aspects, provided herein is a method of pest control and/or reducing pest damage. In some embodiments, provided is a method of disrupting mating of insect pests affecting plants in a field (e.g., an agricultural field). In some embodiments, the method comprises applying a semiochemical composition over a single or multiple applications at discrete point sources, each of which will competitively attract male insect pests over virgin female insect pests. The male insect pests instead fly from one point source of the semiochemical composition to another point source in a futile effort to find female insect pests, expending their limited energy reserves until they die. In other words, this competitive attraction reduces the likelihood that male insect pests find female insect pests for mating in the field, thereby causing the male insect pests in the field to die naturally without producing offspring. In some embodiments, the applied semiochemical composition provides sustained release of the semiochemical, and the method can thereby control the pest population and reduce pest damage for a period of at least 4 months.

[0038] In some embodiments, the single or multiple applications of the semiochemical composition at discrete point sources competitively attract male insect pests over virgin female insect pests. This competitive attraction method relies on a fundamentally different approach compared to commonly used mating disrupting methods and techniques. The commonly used methods rely on a concentrated cloud of a semiochemical, such as pheromone, to camouflage the male insects, thereby disrupting the normal mating process. To camouflage the male insects efficiently, these methods typically require a high dose of the semiochemical (more than 50 mg per dispenser), and a high number and density of application sites, such as about 400 application sites per acre, which is noneconomical. In contrast, the present method relies on competitive attraction, which intends to attract the male insects to fly from one point source of the semiochemical composition to another point source as they would respond to a calling female, but in a futile effort to find female insect pests, expending their limited energy reserves until they die. Such a competitive attraction method requires a much less dose of semiochemical and more source points density of application sites (e.g., source points), and is more reliable and efficient even in small farm holdings of less than 10 acres. Furthermore, use of the methods provided herein are not limited to large farms, for example, farms larger than 100 acres. Instead, the methods provided herein show superior performances when treating small farms, such as farms between 1 acre to 10 acres, and are not limited to certain agro-climatic zones.

Semiochemicals:

[0039] In some embodiments, any suitable semiochemicals may be used in the methods herein. In some embodiments, at least one semiochemical used in the methods provided herein is a pheromone, an allomone, a kairomone, or a synomone, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the semiochemical comprise a sex pheromone or attractant. In some embodiments, the method uses only one type of semiochemical. In some embodiments, the method uses a combination of more than one types of semiochemical, and the more than one types of semiochemicals are pre-mixed before use. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the same type of semiochemical over a single or multiple applications at different point sources. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying different semiochemicals in different applications and/or point sources. In some embodiments, each of the different semiochemicals used is independent selected. In some embodiments, the combination of semiochemicals used is specifically designed for a pest and/or a crop.

[0040] In one embodiment, the semiochemical is a pheromone.

[0041] In some variations, the semiochemical is selected from a group consisting of any of these listed and/ or combination thereof. (Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate ; (Z, E)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate; Z-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, Z-7- Dodecenyl acetate; Z-11- Hexadecenyl acetate; (E)-11- hexadecen-1-yl acetate ;(E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol; 3E,8Z,11Z- tetradecatrienyl acetate ;3E,8Z-tetradecadienyl acetate; (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13- hexadeca trien-1-al; Z-11-hexadecenal, Z-11-hexadecenyl-1-acetate ;Z-11-Hexadecenol; Z-11-hexadecenal; Z-9- hexadecenal; Z-11-hexadecenal ;Z-9-hexadecenal; (Z,E)-9,11- tetradecadienyl acetate; Z9,E-12-tetradecadienyl acetate; cis-3-hexenyl acetate ;2E-hexen-1-ol; Z-11-hexadecenyl-1-acetate; Z- 11-hexadecenol; Z-11-hexadecenol; (7Z,9E)-dodeca-7,9,11-trien-1-yl formate; 11Z,13Z-hexadeca dienal; 4-methyl-5-nonanol ;4-methyl-5-nonanone; ethyl-4-methyl octanoate; methyl eugenol; methyl eugenol ;cuelure; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-yl acetate, (E)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate ;(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol; (1R)-cis-4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one; trans-3,7-dimethyl- 2,6-octadien-1-ol ; cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol; Z-13-octadecynyl acetate; Z-13-octadecenol; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, (E,E)-10,12- hexadecadienol ; E-10-hexadecenal; Z,E-9,12-tetradecadien-1-yl-acetate ;Z-9 tetradecenol; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecen-1-yl-acetate; (7E,9Z) dodeca-7,9-dien-1-yl acetate; Beta Ionone; Alpha Ionone; ethyl tiglate; γ-octalactone; 1- octen-3-ol; 3-careneγ-octalactone; acetoin; methionol; 3-carene; 4-vinyl anisole; methyl isonicotinate; mono terpenes and terpene alcohols.

[0042] Other pheromones that may be used as semiochemicals in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, (Z,Z,E)-3,6,8-Dodecatrien-1-ol, (E, E)-10, 14-Hexadecadienal (Z,Z)-9,2-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8, 0-Tetradecadienai l, (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)- 10,12-Hexadecadienai, (Z,Z)-7,11-Tridecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-Heptadecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-5,9-Tridecadieny acetate, (Z)-11-Heptadecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienal, (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal, (E, E)-10, 12-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate, (Z)-8-Heptadecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadien-1-ol, (E)-8-Heptadecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-4,7-Decadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal, (Z,Z)-4,7-Decadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-9, 11-Pentadecadienal, (Z,Z)-3,8-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)-7,11 -Hexadecadienal, (Z,Z)-2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9, 12-Tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradeeadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E,E)-3,6,8-Dodecatrien-1-ol (Z,Z)-11, 13-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-9,11-Teiradecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-8, 10-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-9, 11-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienal, (Z,E)-9,1-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9, 12-Octadecadienal, (Z,E)-3,5-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,E)-7,1 1 -Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8, 10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-5,9-Tridecadienyl acetate, (E)-10-Heptadecenyl acetate, (Z, E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9, 12-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z, E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z, E)-8,10-Dodecadienal, (Z,E)-1,13-Hexadecadienal, (Z, E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z, E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-9,1-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-8, 10-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z)-S-Tetradecenyi acetate, (Z)-13-Octadecen-1-ol, (Z)-10-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,E,Z,Z)-4,6,11,13-Hexadecatetraenal, (Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-10-Dodecenyi acetate, (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-Undecenyl acetate, (E)-6-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal, (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyi acetate, (Z)-9-Tetradecenal, (E,Z)-2,13-Qctadecadienai, (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-9-Dodecenyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-9-Dodecenal, (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-Dodecen-1-ol, (E,E)-1 ,3-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-8-Undecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Trideceny! acetate, (E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienai, (Z)-8-Tetradecenal, (Z)-3-Octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E)-13-Octadecenai, (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-12-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-Hexadecenal, (Z)-7-Tridecenyl acetate, (Z,Z,E)-7,11 ,13-Hexadecatrienal, (Z)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Tetradecenai, (Z)-11-Octadecenal, (Z)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-1-Octadecen--ol, (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate (E)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-7-Dodecenal, (E)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-10-Hexadecenal, (Z)-7-Decenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienyi acetate, (Z)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Octadecenal, (Z)-5-Undecenyl acetate (E)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate (E)-9-Octadecenal, (Z)-5-Tetradecenai, (Z)-9-Octadecen-1-ol, (Z)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E)-9-Octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate (E)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Dodecenal, (E)-9-Hexadecenal, (Z)-5-Dodecen-1-ol (E)-9-Hexadeceno1-ol, (Z)-5-Decenyl acetate, (E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Decen-1-ol, (Z)-10-Pentadecenal, (Z)-4-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate, (Z)-4-Tridecenal, (E, E,Z)-4,6,1-Hexadecatrienyl acetate, (Z)-4-Decenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-4-Decenai, (Z)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate (E)-2-0ctadecenal, (Z)-3-Tetradecen-1-ol (E)-2-0ctadecenyl acetate, (Z)-3-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-3-Dodecen-1-ol, (E)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-2-Tridecenyl acetate, (E, E,Z)-4,6, 0-Hexadecatrien-ol, (Z)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate (E,E)-5,9-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-11-Tridecenyl acetate, (Z)-2-Heptadecenal, (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-Tetradecenai, (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-10-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-7, 0-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-7-Undecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-5-Decenal, (Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal, (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-Tridecatrienyl acetate, (E, E)-4,8-Heptadecadienyi acetate, (E,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal, (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-11 ,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienal, (E,Z)-11,3-Hexadecadienai, (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-11,3-Hexadecadien-l-ol, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienal, (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-5,9-Tridecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-Heptadecenal, (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,11-Hexadecadienal, (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal, (E, E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal, (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienyi acetate, (Z,Z)-13,15-Octadecadienal, (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Octadecatrienyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate, (E)-8-Heptadecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-4,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E,E)-9, 2, 5-Octadecatrien-1-ol, (E,Z)-3,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-11 ,14-Octadecadienal, (E,Z)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienai l, (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-8,10-Hexadecadieny acetate, (E,Z)-3,7-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-11 ,13-Octadecadienal, (E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl, (E,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-1,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-5,8-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienyi acetate, (E,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienal, (E,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-7,1-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-4,10-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,Z)-7,1-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-9,12-Octadecadien-1-ol, (E,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (E, E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl, (E, E)-9, 2-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyi acetate, (E, E)-8,10-Tetradecadienal, (E, E)-8,1 Q-Dodeeadien-1-ol, (E,E)-11 ,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E, E)-8, 0-Dodecadienal, (E,E)-11 ,13-Hexadecadienal, (E, E)-2,4-Tetradecadienal, (E,E)-5,9-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-2,4-Decadienal, (E, E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (E)-S-Tridecenyl acetate, (E.E.Z)-4,6. 10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate, (E)-S-Tetradecenal, (E)-9-Octadecen-1-ol l, (E)-S-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-2-0ctadecenyl acetate, (E)-S-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-S-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-S-Decenyl acetate, (Z)-10-Pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-I O-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,E)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E)-I O-Dodecenyl acetate, (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E)-I O-Dodecenal, (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienal, (E)-9-Tridecenyl acetate acetate, (E)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-13-Octadecenal, (E)-9-Dodecenai, (Z)-14-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-9-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-12-Hexadecenal, (E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-14-Octadecenal, (E)-9-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-14-Hexadecenal , (E)-8-Tridecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-13-Octadecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-8-Dodecenal, (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Dodecen-1-ol, (E)-11-Hexadecenal, (E)-8-Decen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienal, (E)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-Octadecenal, (E)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E)-11-Octadecen-1-ol, (E)-7-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-10-Hexadecenal, (E)-7-Dodecenal, (Z)-10-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-7-Dodecen-1-ol, (E)-10-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-7-Decenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8,9-Pentadecadien-1-ol, (E)-6-Tridecenyi acetate, (E, E,Z)-4,8,1-Hexadecatriena!, (E)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Octadeceny acetate, (E)-6-Dodecenal, (Z)-9-Hexadecenal, (E)-6-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-5-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-7-Hexadecenal, (E)-5-Decen-1-ol, (E)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-2-0ctadecenal, (E)-4-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol, (E)-4-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Hexadecenyi acetate, (E)-4-Decenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Pentadecen-1-ol, (E)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8,11-Heptadecadienyi acetate, (E)-3-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-8, 10-Heptadecadien-1-ol, (E)-3-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-7-Hexadecenal, (E)-2-Undecenyi acetate, (Z)-3-Hexadecenyi acetate, (E)-2-Undecenal, (E)-5-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-2-Tridecenyl acetate, (Z,E)-1 ,14-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E)-2-Dodecenal, (E)-7-Hexadecen-1-ol , (E)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienai, (E)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E, E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E)-10-Dodecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal, (E)-1-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E)-11-Tridecenyl acetate, (E)-2-Heptadecenal, (E)-11-Tetradecenal, (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-8,10-Tetradecadien-1-ol, and any combination thereof.

[0043] In some embodiments, the semiochemical is (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate; (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate; Z-9-Tetadecenyl acetate; Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate; Z-7-Dodecenol, (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate; (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate; (Z)-11 hexadecenal; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol; (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl Acetate; (E)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate; (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol; Dodecanol; Tetradecanol; Z-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate; Z-8-Dedecen-1-ol; E-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate; E-5-Decenyl acetate; E-5-Decene-1-ol; E-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate; Z-8-dodecenyl acetate; E3,Z8,Z11-Tetradecenyl acetate; E3,Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate; (Z,E)-7,9,11-Dedecatrienyl Formate; 7Z,11Z,13E-Hexadecatrienal; 7Z,11Z-Hexadecadienal; (Z)-11-hexadecenal; (Z)-9-hexadecenal; (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate; (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol; Z11,Z13-Hexadecenal; Z11,Z13-16:OH; Z3Z6Z9Z12Z15-23Hy; or (S)-(+) Lavanulyl senecioate, or any combination thereof.

Semiochemical Compositions:

[0044] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is formulated to provide controlled release of the at least one semiochemical between applications.

[0045] In one embodiment, the semiochemical composition is formulated as a gel; a tablet; a paper or cloth that comprises microcapsules and are affixed to the plants; or any controlled release delivery diffuser or source point which can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and last for at least about eight weeks are used in this method

[0046] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition exhibits rain-fastness. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition adheres on the plant surface for even during rain, as determined by ASTM STP 1268 procedure.. In some embodiments, the release rate of the semiochemical from the composition is about 0.01 mg to 0.1 mg per unit dose of the composition per day. In some embodiments, the release rate of the semiochemical from the composition can be modulated by changing the composition ingredients concentrations.

[0047] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition exhibits non-phytotoxicity to plant surface and is eco-friendly.

[0048] In some embodiments, at least one semiochemical used in the method is to target at a single kind of pest. In some embodiments, at least one semiochemical used in the method is to target minimumtwo kinds of insect pests. In some embodiments, tat least one semiochemical composition targeting minimum two kinds of insect pests is formulated in the same semiochemical composition.

[0049] In some embodiments, at each discrete source point, the same semiochemical composition is used. In some embodiments, at each discrete source point, the semiochemical composition is alternated based on need. In some embodiments, in each application, the same semiochemical composition is used. In some embodiments, in the single or multiple applications, different semiochemical compositions are used depending on the need.

[0050] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is used alone. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is used in combination with insecticides or agricultural adjuvants or colouring agent.

Gel:

[0051] In some embodiments, the method provided herein comprises applying the semiochemical composition formulated as a gel. In some variations, the gel comprises a nanomaterials,vegetable oils and waxes.

[0052] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition formulated as a gel comprises: (i) a dispersed phase in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 50 w/w% of the total amount of the composition; (ii) a dispersion medium component in an amount of 0.1 to 50 w/w% of the total amount of the composition; and (iii) additives in the range of 0.01 to 15% of the total amount of the dispersion medium. In some embodiments of the foregoing, the dispersed phase component comprises (a) wax as a carrier in the range of 1 w/w% to 50 w/w% of the total amount of the composition; (b) oil in an amount of 0.01 w/w% to 15 w/w% of the total amount of the composition; (c) at least one semiochemical in the range of 0.01 w/w% to 20 w/w% of the total amount of the composition; and (d) antioxidant in an amount of 0.01 w/w% to 3 w/w% of the total amount of the composition. In some embodiments, the semiochemical is entrapped within the wax carrier, along with the dispersion medium, which comprises an emulsifier, and an additive that are homogeneously dispersed in the system dispersion media.

[0053] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition formulated as a gel comprises:
(i) a dispersed phase comprising (a) at least one semiochemical in an amount of about 0.5 to 20 w/w% of the total composition; (b) a wax carrier in an amount of about 0.5 to 60 w/w% of the total composition; (c) a diluent in an amount of about 0.5 to 20 w/w% of the total composition; (d) an antioxidant in an amount of about 0.01 to 6 w/w% of the total composition; (e) a lubricant or a texture modifier in an amount of about 0.5 to 10 w/w% of the total composition;
(ii) a dispersion medium comprising (a) an emulsifier in an amount of 0.1 w/w% to 50 w/w% of the total composition; and (b) an additive; wherein
the additive comprises
a. a stabilizer in an amount of 0.5 w/w% to 10 w/w% of the total composition;
b. a preservative in an amount of about 0.01 to 0.5 w/w% of the total composition;
c. a film forming agent in an amount in of about 0.1to 7.5 w/w% of the total the composition; and/or
d. a mesoporous or nanoporous material in 0.1 to 10 w/w% of the total composition.

[0054] In some embodiments, the mesoporous or nanoporous material is selected from the group consisting of activated charcoal, carbon, graphite sourced carbon and carbon particles derived from natural organic substrate. In some embodiments, the mesoporous or nanoporous material is silica or amorphous uniform monodisperse spherical carbon particles derived from natural organic substrate. In some embodiments, the mesoporous or nanoporous material has BET surface area of about > 2500 m2/g when measured using nitrogen adsorption method. In some embodiments, the ratio of the semiochemical to the mesoporous material or nanoporous is about 1:10 to about10:1. In some embodiments, the carbon HBET and mesoporous silica is used for control release matrix material by adsorbing active on its surface for prolonged release and efficient moth catch as compared to conventionally used charcoal.

[0055] In some embodiments, the wax carrier is selected from the group consisting of natural wax, synthetic wax and combinations thereof. Exemplary synthetic wax includes, but are not limited to, microcrystalline wax, ozokerite, ceresin, Montan wax, paraffin, and any combinations thereof. Exemplary natural wax includes, but are not limited to, rice bran wax, sunflower wax, bees wax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, Chinese insect wax, esparto wax, Japan wax, spermaceti wax, lanolin wax, and any combinations thereof.

[0056] In some embodiments, the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of group consisting of cetostearyl alcohol, Lecithin, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, montanic acid, oleic acid, polyhydroxy alcohol, phospholipid, Sorbitan mostearate, sorbitan monooleate, Polysorbate, and combinations thereof.

[0057] In some embodiments, the diluent is selected from either paraffin oil, soyabean oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, jojoba oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, castor oil, medium chain triglycerides, Isopropyl palmitate, and any combination thereof.

[0058] In some embodiments, the film forming / adhesion promoter and rheology modifying agent is poly vinyl pyrrolidone, or polyvinyl solution. In some embodiments, the film forming agent is used alone.

[0059] In some embodiments, the preservative is methyl paraben, propyl paraben, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, or any combination thereof.

[0060] In some embodiments, the antioxidant is BHT, BHA, tocopherol, or any combination thereof.
[0061] In some embodiments, the texture modifier is metallic stearate such as magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, and blend of esters of behenic acid with glycerol, such as Comprittol 888 or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the texture modifier, such as magnesium stearate and zinc stearate, acts as water repellent. In some embodiments, propylene glycol is used as humectants. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition formulated as a gel is configured such that it can be squeezed into dollop and directly applied onto plant. In some embodiments, the consistency, viscosity, and density of the gel composition allows for a stable attachment of the gel to the axil of leaves without placing a heavy burden to the leaves.

Tablet:

[0062] In some embodiments, the method provided herein comprises applying the semiochemical composition formulated as a tablet.

[0063] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition formulated as a tablet comprises: a premix comprising a semiochemical in an amount of 0.5 to 60% (w/w) of the total composition adsorbed onto a mesoporous material, a matrix forming agent or a combination of mesoporous material and matrix forming agent in an total amount of 1 to 50% (w/w) of the total composition; and extra granular ingredients in an amount of 75 to 85% (w/w) of the total composition comprising a mesoporous material, emulsifying agent, binder and lubricant.

[0064] In other embodiments, the semiochemical composition formulated as a tablet comprises: a premix comprising a semiochemical in an amount of 0.5 to 60% (w/w) of the total composition adsorbed onto a mesoporous material in an amount of 1 to 50% (w/w) of the total composition; and extra-granular ingredients in an amount of 75 to 85% (w/w) of the total composition comprising a mesoporous material, emulsifying agent, binder and lubricant.

[0065] In other embodiments, the semiochemical composition formulated as a tablet comprises: a premix comprising a semiochemical in an amount of 0.5 to 60% (w/w) of the total composition adsorbed onto a matrix forming agent in an amount of 1 to 50% (w/w) of the total composition; and extra-granular ingredients in an amount of 75 to 85% (w/w) of the total composition comprising a mesoporous material, emulsifying agent, binder and lubricant.

[0066] In yet other embodiments, the semiochemical composition formulated as a tablet comprises: a premix comprising a semiochemical in an amount of 0.5 to 60% (w/w) of the total composition adsorbed onto a combination of matrix forming agent and mesoporous materials in an amount of 1 to 50% (w/w) of the total composition; and extra-granular ingredients in an amount of 75 to 85% (w/w) of the total composition comprising a mesoporous material, emulsifying agent, binder and lubricant.

[0067] In some variations of the foregoing, the mesoporous material is Carbon with a BET area of at least about 1000 m2/g (e.g., about 2500 m2/g), Magnesium Aluminometasilicate, or mesoporous silica, or any combination thereof. The mesoporous material can be used as intra-granular as well as extra-granular carriers in the preparation of tablets.

[0068] In some embodiments, the matrix forming agent comprises an emulsifying agent. Exemplary emulsifying agent includes, but is not limited to, Glyceryl behanate (Compritol 888), Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monolaurate or Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), or any combination thereof.

[0069] In some embodiments, exemplary binder includes, but is not limited to, Hydroxy propyl cellulose, HPMC & povidone, Glyceryl behenate or Ethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the lubricant is stearic acid, magnesium stearate, Zinc stearate, calcium stearate, or any combination thereof.

[0070] In some embodiments, the tablet optionally comprises an anti-oxidant such as butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). In some embodiments, the tablet optionally comprises a filler such as dicalcium phosphate, MCC, lactose, starch or mannitol.

[0071] In some embodiments, the tablet optionally comprises polymeric materials used as control release polymer and/or film coating control release polymer and/or hydrophobic polymer. In some embodiments, the polymeric materials are SC3001, a mixture of Methyl MethAcrylates and 2-Hydroxy Ethyl Acrylates, Seppic LM LP-030, HPMC, Stearic acid, Magnesium Stearate, a mixture of Ethyl Cellulose and Cetyl Alcohol, or any combination thereof.

[0072] In some embodiments, the tablet a multi-layered tablet, a minitablet, a polo type tablet, or a biconvex tablet with or without score line. In some embodiments, the tablet is optionally coated. In some embodiments, the tablet is packed in the blister pack described herein and can be applied directly in the blister pack.

Blister Pack:

[0073] In some aspects, provided herein is a blister pack for the tablet described herein, comprising:
a base portion (e.g., paper or cloth) and a lidding foil;
the base portion comprising
a main chamber capable of containing a tablet comprising a semiochemical,
a secondary chamber capable of being punched with an orifice and connected to the main chamber; wherein the main chamber and the secondary chamber share an upper opening periphery; and
a substantially flat flange that extends in a plane around the opening periphery of the main chamber and the secondary chamber;
the lidding foil being substantially flat and being sealed to the flange in a sealing zone that extends around the opening periphery of the main chamber and the secondary chamber;
wherein the main chamber is not significantly larger than the tablet, and the secondary chamber is smaller than the tablet;
wherein the secondary chamber is narrower than the main chamber, substantially in the shape of a channel tapering away from the main chamber and forming a tip away from the main chamber,
thereby when the secondary chamber is punched with an orifice, vapor of the semiochemical in the tablet in the main chamber can escape out from the hole while the tablet stays in the main chamber.

[0074] In some embodiments, the tablet comprising a semiochemical in the blister pack can be any tablet described herein.

[0075] In some embodiments, the tablet comprising a semiochemical is provided in an adhesive cloth or paper which can be stuck to crop.

[0076] FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show the front and side view of an exemplary blister pack together with the tablet, respectively. The blister pack 100 for the tablet (e.g., 114 in FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B) comprises a base portion 112 and a lidding foil 122, wherein the base portion comprises a main chamber 102 capable of containing a tablet 114 comprising a semiochemical, a secondary chamber 104 capable of being punched with an orifice 106 and connected to the main chamber 102; wherein the main chamber and the secondary chamber share an upper opening periphery. The blister pack 100 further comprises a substantially flat flange 108 that extends in a plane around the opening periphery of the main chamber and the secondary chamber. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1B, the lidding foil 122 being substantially flat and being sealed to the flange 108 in a sealing zone that extends around the opening periphery of the main chamber and the secondary chamber. In some embodiments, the main chamber 102 is not significantly larger than the tablet 114, and the secondary chamber 104 is smaller than the table. In some embodiments, the secondary chamber 104 is narrower than the main chamber 102, substantially in the shape of a channel tapering away from the main chamber and forming a tip away from the main chamber, thereby when the secondary chamber is punched with an orifice, the volatile semiochemical in the tablet in the main chamber can escape out from the orifice while the tablet stays in the main chamber. In some embodiments, the main chamber 102 may further be punched with one or more small orifices (e.g., two orifices), such as 112 in FIG. 1A, to further facilitate the release of the semiochemical in the tablet.

[0077] In some embodiments, the substantially flat flange (e.g., 108 in FIG. 1A) further comprises a pre-punched hole (e.g., 110 in FIG. 1A), thereby the blister pack can be hanged onto a plant via the hole. In some embodiments, the substantially flat flange (e.g., 108 in FIG. 1A) further comprises a hook (e.g., 116 in FIG. 1A), thereby the blister pack can be hanged onto a plant via the hook. In some embodiments, the hook is an extending inward on the flange rather than outward from the flange, such as 116 in FIG. 1A.

[0078] In some embodiments, the blister pack is configured such that a portion of it can be inserted into soil while the main chamber with the tablet is above the ground. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, the bottom half 122a of the blister pack can be inserted into soil.

[0079] In some embodiments, each blister pack has any of one, two, four, or eight tablets. In some embodiments, each blister pack can be easily broken or cut into unit doses, wherein each unit dose comprises one tablet. In some embodiments, the size of the main chamber can vary to accommodate the size of the tablet. In some embodiments, each main chamber contains one tablet. In some embodiments, each main chamber contains any of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, sixteen, or 32 tablets.

[0080] In some embodiments, the base portion material is selected from the group consisting of PVC, PVC/PVDC, aluminum, polypropylene, and multi-layered or epoxy coated Aclar (PVC/PVTFE/PVC), paper, cloth or any degradable plastic. In some embodiments, the Aclar (PVC/PVTFE/PVC) can be designed with medium barrier, high barrier or ultra-high barrier depending on thickness of Aclare blister packing (min 15 µm to max 152 mm thickness). In some embodiments, the base portion is made of a leak proof material with low moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR). In some embodiments, the thickness of the base portion is designed to have the minimal moisture vapor transmission rate as pre-designed for each type of tablet described herein. In some embodiments, the base portion material is PVC/PVDC with a MVTR of about 0.4 g/m2 to about 0.8 g/m2 per day under 90%RH and 38°C. In some embodiments, the base portion material is PVC with a MVTR less than 4 gm/m2 per day under 90%RH and 38°C for a film thickness of less than 200 µm and less than 3.75 gm/m2 per day under 90%RH and 38°C for a film thickness of more than 220 µm. In some embodiments, the base portion material is aluminum foil with a MVTR of less than 0.005 g/m2 per day under 90%RH and 38°C.

[0081] In some embodiments, the lidding foil is selected from the group consisting of aluminum layer, LDPE layer, paper/aluminum layer, and polypropylene layer with cellulose paper layer. In some embodiments, the base portion is made of PVC and the lidding foil is aluminum foil. In some embodiments, the base portion is made of PVC/PVDC and the lidding foil is aluminum foil. In some embodiments, the base portion is made of aluminum and the lidding foil is aluminum foil. In some embodiments, the blister pack is a polyethylene terephthalate blister pack.

[0082] In some embodiments, the blister pack further comprises an adhesive cloth or paper which can be stuck to crop. In some embodiments, the blister pack comprises a base portion made of a paper or cloth, wherein the paper or cloth comprises an adhesive outside surface and can be attached onto a crop. In some embodiments, the blister can be directly attached onto a paper or cloth via an adhesive agent, and the paper or cloth can be applied via a method described herein for paper or cloth dispensers.

[0083] In some embodiments, each blister pack comprises 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 unit dose blisters or tablets, and each unit dose blister or tablet can be separated by cutting the blister pack with scissor. In some embodiments, for example, the blister pack is as shown in FIG. 1C. As shown in top panel of FIG. 1C, each blister pack can comprise a 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, or 2 g tablet, and about 100 to about 100 blister packs can be applied per acre. In some embodiments, each tablet (i.e., diffuser) may contain about 0.5% to about 2% semiochemical. In some embodiments, each tablet (i.e., diffuser) may provide a release of pheromones over at least about 4 weeks, at least about 8 weeks, or at least about 120 days. In some embodiments, each tablet (i.e., diffuser) may release about 0.01 mg to about 0.16 mg pheromone per day. In some embodiments, each blister pack can be pouched with three orifices, wherein one orifice is at the secondary chamber with a diameter of about 3mm and wherein two orifices are on the side of the main chamber with a diameter of about 1mm. In some embodiments, as shown in the middle panel of FIG. 1C, each blister pack can contain two unit dose blisters or tablets, wherein about 50 to about 500 blister packs can be applied per acre. In some embodiments, the two unit dose blisters or tablets comprise two single type of pheromones. In some embodiments, the two unit dose blisters or tablets comprise two types of pheromones acting in combination. In some embodiments, as shown in bottom panels of FIG. 1C, each blister pack can contain four unit dose blisters or tablets, wherein about 25 to about 50 blister packs can be applied per acre; or each blister pack can contain eight unit dose blisters or tablets, wherein about 10 to about 150 blister packs can be applied per acre. In some embodiments, the four or eight unit doses or tablets comprise the same type of pheromone. In some embodiments, the four or eight unit doses or tablets comprise more than one types of pheromones, which act in combination. After cutting the blister pack to get a single unit dose blister, a big orifice can be punched on the secondary chamber. After this, a side orifice or a bottom orifice can be punched on the main chamber to further facilitate the release of the semiochemical. Then the unit dose blister can be placed on soil or plant following the methods provided herein, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B.

Paper and Cloth:

[0084] In some embodiments, the method provided herein comprises applying a paper and/or a cloth that comprises the semiochemical microcapsules. Such paper and/or cloth like band aid may be affixed to the plants. In some embodiments, the paper or cloth exhibit rain-fastness.

[0085] In some embodiments, the microcapsules comprise at least one semiochemical encapsulated in a polymer shell. In some embodiments, the microcapsules comprise a core and shell, wherein the shell is in an amount of 5 to 90% by weight of neat microcapsule, and wherein:
the core comprises (a) at least one semiochemical in an amount of 0.1 to 90% by the toral weight of the microcapsules; (b) a release modifier oil the ratio of 10:1 to 1:10 by weight of semiochemical; and (c) an antioxidant in an amount of 0.01 to 3 % by weight of the semiochemical;
the shell comprises (a) encapsulating polymer in an amount of 1 to 30% by the total weight of the microcapsules.

[0086] In some embodiments, microcapsules adhered to the cloth with bath padding method with the help of binder. In some embodiments, the composition is a paper and the microcapsules are embedded by printing. In some embodiments, water repellent agent is used along with the binder. In some embodiments, even under water washing the microcapsules remain adhered to the paper and/or cloth, and the paper and/or cloth remain adhered to the plant or any supporting system showing good rain-fastness property.
[0087] In some embodiments, the microcapsules have a particle size in the range of 1 to 200 microns, such as 2- 100 microns or 5-50 microns.

[0088] In some embodiments, paper and/or cloth and the microcapsules show physical and chemical stability at 0°C to 540C temperature and microcapsules remain uniformly dispersed in the paper/cloth for at least two years at 27 to 30°C.

[0089] In an embodiment, the encapsulating polymer is selected from the group consisting of synthetic and/or natural polymer. Exemplary synthetic polymer includes, but is not limited to, epoxy resins; aminoplast resin, or any combination thereof. Exemplary natural polymer includes, but is not limited to, gelatine- gum, chitosan-gum, pectin-gum, sodium alginate, or any combination thereof. Exemplary amino resins include, but are not limited to, urea/melamine formaldehyde resin, resorcinol formaldehyde resin and those that are commercially available as Luwipal068, Luwipal063, luracoll SD and cymel 303/323/327, or in-house prepared amino plast resin.

[0090] In an embodiment, the release modifier oil is vegetable oil or synthetic oil. Exemplary vegetable oil includes, but is not limited to, plant oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, olive oil, grape oil, walnut oil, linseed oil, palm oil, coconut oil, argan oil, avocado oil, almond oil, hazel nut oil, pistachio oil, rice oil, cotton seed oil, wheat germ oil, sesame oil, mineral oil and mixtures thereof. Exemplary synthetic oil include, but is not limited to light and heavy paraffin oil, silicone oil, preferably heavy paraffin oil, and mixture thereof.

[0091] In an embodiment, the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic polymers such as poly vinyl alcohol, poly vinyl pyrrolidone, poly styrene malic anhydride, polyethylene maleic anhydride or nonionic emulsifiers such as, Brij50, Brij 52, Brij 30, Brij 35, Brij 90, Brij 92, Span 20, Span 40, Span 60, Span 80, tween 20, tween 40, tween 60 or tween 80, and mixtures thereof.

[0092] In an embodiment, the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of BHT (butylhydroxytoluene), BHA (butylhydroxyanisole), ethyl protocatechuate, isoamyl gallate, propyl gallate, NDGA (nor dihydroguauaretic acid) and guaicum gum.

[0093] In some embodiments, the cloth used herein can be woven from natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic fibers, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the binder may comprise butadiene acrylonitrile latex, carboxylated butadiene acrylonitrile, vinyl acrylate, melamine resin, or any combination thereof.

Application Methods:

Amount-

[0094] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition, at each application, comprises a unit dose between 1 mg and 30 mg (e.g., about any of 1 mg to 25 mg, 1 mg to 20 mg, 1.5 mg to 20 mg, 5 mg to 20 mg, 5 mg to 18 mg, 5 mg to 16 mg, 8 mg, 10 mg, or 12 mg) of at least one semiochemical. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition over a single or multiple applications at discrete point sources, wherein at each application and one point source, a unit dose comprising between 1 mg and 30 mg (e.g., about any of 5 mg to 25 mg, 1.5 mg to 20 mg, 5 mg to 20 mg, 5 mg to 18 mg, 5 mg to 16 mg, 8 mg, 10 mg, or 12 mg) of at least one semiochemical is applied.

[0095] In one variation, provided is a 0.5% tablet or gel diffuser, each 250 mg containing 1.5 mg per diffuser with a release rate of 0.01 mg semiochemical per day. Such formulation last up to 120 days.

[0096] In some embodiments, the unit dose of semiochemical is configured such that a linear release of the semiochemical can be achieved. In some embodiments, the unit dose of semiochemical is configured such that it attracts the male insects to fly from one point source of the semiochemical composition to another point source as they would respond to a calling female, but is not concentrated enough to form a cloud of pheromone to completely camouflage natural females.

[0097] In some embodiments, about 600 to about 1000 unit doses (e.g., about 800 tablets) are applied per acre, wherein each unit dose comprises about 1 mg to about 25 mg (e.g., about any of 2 mg to 23 mg, 1.5 mg to 20 mg, 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg) semiochemical. In some embodiments, the unit doses are applied in a single time. In some embodiments, the unit doses are applied over a single or multiple applications. In some embodiments, one unit dose is applied at a single source point, for example, 800 unit doses (e.g., 800 tablets or gel drops) are applied on or close to about 800 plants. In some embodiments, more than one unit dose is applied at a single source point, for example, 800 unit doses (e.g., 800 tablets or gel drops) are applied on or close to about 400 plants, with each plant receiving two unit doses, or 800 unit doses (e.g., 800 tablets or gel drops) are applied on or close to about 200 plants, with each plant receiving four unit doses, or 800 unit doses (e.g., 800 tablets or gel drops) are applied on or close to about 100 plants, with each plant receiving eight unit doses.

[0098] In some embodiments, about 20 mg and 300 mg (e.g., about any of 20 mg to 270 mg, 20 mg to 250 mg, 20 mg to 230 mg, 22 mg to 220 mg, or 22 mg to 200 mg) of at least one semiochemicals is released per acre per day. In some embodiments, the unit dose can provide a sustained and steady release of the semiochemical for about 90 to about 120 days. In some embodiments, the release rate of the semiochemcial is enough to provide a complete trap shutdown wherein the pest population drops below economic threshold level and restrict damage due to the insect pests is reduced to less than 5%.

Timing-

[0099] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition over a single or multiple applications, wherein, in a first application, the semiochemical composition is applied before emergence of the first brood of the insect pests. In some embodiments, in the first application, the semiochemical composition is applied before flowering, during sowing, or immediately after transplantation.
[00100] In some embodiments, the single or multiple applications occur from seed sowing until harvest of crops of the plants in the field. In some embodiments, the single or multiple applications all occur before the first brood of the insect pests. In some embodiments, the multiple applications comprise a first application, a second application, and a third application.

[0100] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application that is at least 15 days (e.g., at least any of 18 days, 20 days, 22 days, 24 days, 26 days, 28 days, 30 days, 32 days, 34 days, 36 days, 38 days, 40 days, 42 days, or 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the second application is no more than 75 days (e.g., no more than any of 73 days, 70 days, 68 days, 66 days, 64 days, 62 days, 60 days, 58 days, 56 days, 54 days, 52 days, 50 days, 48 days, or 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is optionally applied in a second application between 15 days and 75 days (e.g., between 30 and 60 days, about 30 days, or about 60 days) after the first application.

[0101] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a third application that is at least 15 days (e.g., at least any of 18 days, 20 days, 22 days, 24 days, 26 days, 28 days, 30 days, 32 days, 34 days, 36 days, 38 days, 40 days, 42 days, or 45 days) after the second application. In some embodiments, the third application is no more than 75 days (e.g., no more than any of 73 days, 70 days, 68 days, 66 days, 64 days, 62 days, 60 days, 58 days, 56 days, 54 days, 52 days, 50 days, 48 days, or 45 days) after the second application. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is optionally applied in a second application between 15 days and 75 days (e.g., between 30 and 60 days, about 30 days, or about 60 days) after the second application.

Placement-

[0102] In some embodiments, the method provided herein comprises applying a unit dose semiochemical composition (e.g., a drop of gel, a tablet, a blister pack, a paper, or a cloth) at discrete point sources, wherein the discrete point sources are uniformly spaced. In some embodiments, in each application, the semiochemical composition (e.g., a drop of gel, a tablet, a blister pack, a paper, or a cloth) is placed with a spacing of at least 1 m2 (e.g., at least any of 2 m2, 3 m2, 3.5 m2, 4 m2, 4.5 m2, 5 m2, 5.5 m2, 6 m2, 8 m2, 10 m2, 15 m2, 20 m2, 30 m2, or 40 m2). In some embodiments, in each application, the semiochemical composition is placed with a spacing of no more than 150 m2 (e.g., no more than any of 125 m2, 110 m2, 100 m2, 96 m2, 94 m2, 92 m2, 88 m2, 86 m2, 84 m2, 82 m2, 80 m2, 75 m2, 70 m2, or 60 m2). In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is placed between 5 m2 and 80 m2 for each application.

[0103] In some embodiments, the semiochemical (e.g., a drop of gel, a tablet, a blister pack, a paper, or a cloth) is applied over an area of at least 0.5 acres (e.g., at least any of 0.7 acres, 1 acre, 1.5 acres, 2 acres, 2.5 acres, or 3 acres). In some embodiments, the semiochemical is applied over an area of no more than 50 acres (e.g., no more than any of 45 acres, 40 acres, 35 acres, 30 acres, 25 acres, 20 acres, 15 acres, or 10 acres). In some embodiments, the semiochemical is applied over an area between 0.5 acres and 50 acres, for example, any of between 1 acre to 30 acres, between 1 acre to 20 acres, or between 1 acre to 10 acres.

[0104] In some embodiments, the total number of source points in the area is at least 100 (e.g., at least any of 100, 200, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, or 800). In some embodiments, the total number of source points in the area is no more than 10000 (e.g., no more than any of 9000, 8000, 7500, 7000, 6500, 6000, 5500, or 5000). In some embodiments, the total number of source points in the area is between 100 and 10000, for example, any of between 100 to 5000, between 400 and 8000, between 500 and 7500, between 600 and 6000, or between 800 and 5000.

[0105] In some embodiments, for example, the placement of source points can be designed as FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the application sources points can be aligned in rows with a zig-zag fashion. In a first application, the unit doses (e.g., drops of gel, tablets, blister packs, paper, or cloth) can be applied at the source points on rows A, while no unit doses are applied at rows B or row C, so that there is about 5 m distance between each row that received treatment. In a second application, the unit doses are applied on the very next row leaving the row which received the first application, i.e., rows B. And in a third application, the unit doses are applied on rows C.
[0106] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying a semiochemical composition in a field, wherein the field can be at any agro-climate zone. In some embodiments, the field is in a country where small farms (less than 50 acres) are common. In some embodiments, the field is in East Asia, South Asia, Africa, North America, or South America. In some embodiments, the field is in Africa, Asia, India, Mexico or the United States.

[0107] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition (e.g., a drop of gel, a tablet, a blister pack, a paper, or a cloth) is applied on the axil of a stem of the plant, hooked to the stem, applied directly on the stem, applied on a support system in the vicinity of the plant, or applied on the soil around the plant. In certain embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied on soil with support system, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.

[0108] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition (e.g., a drop of gel, a tablet, a blister pack, a paper, or a cloth) is applied in the axil of leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied about 6 inches (e.g., 4 inches, 4.5 inches, 5 inches, 5.5 inches, 6 inches, 6.5 inches, 7 inches, or 7.5 inches) below the plant height. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied as high as possible on the plant. In some embodiments, the single or multiple applications comprise applying the semiochemical composition at the same position. In some embodiments, the single or multiple applications comprise applying the semiochemical composition at different positions. In some embodiments, the positions of application can be varied depending on the height and/or growth stage of the plant.

[0109] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is a gel, and one exemplary application method is illustrated in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. As shown in FIG. 3A, a drop of the gel is directly squeezed and applied in the axil of leaves. The consistency, viscosity, and density of the gel composition allows for a stable attachment of the gel to the axil of leaves without placing a heavy burden to the leaves. In some embodiments, the numbers of dollops of the semiochemical gel can vary depending on the concentration of semiochemical in the gel. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 3B, about any of 1, 2, 4, or 8 dollops of the semiochemical composition formulated as gel can be applied on each plant. In some embodiments, more than one dollops of the gel is applied on each plant, wherein the dollops all comprise the same semiochemical. In some embodiments, more than one dollops of the gel is applied on each plant, wherein different dollops may comprise different semiochemical(s) to disrupt the mating of either the same or different pests. In some embodiments, each gel dollop applied on a plant serves a source point to competitively attract a male insect. In some embodiments, for example, the competitive attraction process is illustrated in FIG. 3C. As shown in FIG. 3C, rather than completely camouflaging the female insects by a thick cloud of semiochemical (e.g., pheromone), the semiochemical gel dollops attract the male insects to fly from another source point of the semiochemical composition to the source points of the gel dollops as they would respond to a calling female, but in a futile effort to find female insect pests, expending their limited energy reserves until they die.

[0110] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is a tablet, which is packed in a blister, and one exemplary application method is illustrated in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B. As shown in FIG. 4A, the blister containing the tablet(s) can be applied on soil after the transplantation of the plant, for example, in a first application. As shown in FIG. 4B, the blister containing the tablet(s) can be hanged onto plants, for example, in a second application that is about 30 days after the first application. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4C, the semiochemical composition is a tablet, wherein the tablet can be attached onto a paper or cloth by a tape, and the paper or cloth can be applied near a plant as detailed herein. In some embodiments, the tablet can be directly attached onto the plant by a tape.

[0111] In some embodiments, about any of 1, 2, 4, or 8 tablets or blisters containing the tablets of the semiochemical composition can be applied on each plant. In some embodiments, more than one tablets or blisters are applied on each plant. In some embodiments of the foregoing, all the blisters contain the same tablets. In some embodiments of the foregoing, each blister pack contains one or more than one tablet(s) comprising the same semiochemical or same combination of semiochemicals, or each blister pack contains one or more than one tablets comprising different or different combinations of semiochemicals. In some embodiments, more than one tablets or blister packs are applied on each plant, wherein the tablets or blister packs comprise more than one type or a combination of semiochemicals, which can target at the same or different pests. In some embodiments, each blister pack or tablet applied on a plant serves a source point to competitively attract a male insect. In some embodiments, for example, the competitive attraction process is illustrated in FIG. 4D. As shown in FIG. 4D, rather than completely camouflaging the female insects by a thick cloud of semiochemical (e.g., pheromone), the semiochemical tablets or blister packs containing tablets attract the male insects to fly from another source point of the semiochemical composition to the source points of the application as they would respond to a calling female, but in a futile effort to find female insect pests, expending their limited energy reserves until they die.

[0112] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is a paper or cloth that comprises semiochemical microcapsules. In some embodiments, the paper or cloth can be directly applied on or near the plant. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 5A, a cloth sprayed with microcapsules comprising one or more types of semiochemical(s) is applied close to or beneath the plant. In some embodiments, the paper or cloth further comprises an adhesive agent, wherein the paper or cloth can be attached onto the plant via the adhesive agent. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 5B, a paper with embedded with semiochemical microcapsules and an adhesive agent can be applied on a plant. In some embodiments, the paper can be used as a sticky tag. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 5C, a cloth with embedded with semiochemical microcapsules and an adhesive agent can be applied on a plant. In some embodiments, the cloth can be applied on plant like a band aid. Similar as the gel or tablet or blister pack described herein, about any of 1, 2, 4, or 8 paper or cloth comprising semiochemical microcapsules can be applied on each plant, and the paper or cloth can comprise the same semiochemical or different types or a combination of semiochemicals, and different paper or cloth can target at the same or different pests. Also similar as the gel or tablet or blister pack described herein, each paper or cloth applied on the plant can serve as a source point to competitively attract the male insects and thereby disrupt the mating of the male pests, as shown in FIG. 5D and FIG. 5E.

[0113] In some embodiments, more than one unit doses or diffusers of the semiochemical composition (e.g., more than one gel dollops, tablets, blister packs, pieces of paper, or pieces of cloth) can be packed in a multi-dispenser unit. In some embodiments, each multi-dispenser unit comprises at least about 5 (e.g., at least about any of 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30) unit doses or diffusers (e.g., gel dollops, tablets, blister packs, pieces of paper, or pieces of cloth). In some embodiments, each unit dose or diffuser can comprise about 50 mg to about 2 g semiochemical compositions described herein, for example, about any of 100 mg to about 1 g, about 100 mg, about 250 mg, about 500 mg, or about 1 g of the gel, tablets, paper, or cloth described herein. In some embodiments, the semiochemical compositions, such as the gel, tablets, paper, or cloth described herein, comprise about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.% (e.g., about 0.5 wt.% to about 2 wt.%) Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones (SCLP) or about 5% to about 50 wt.% (e.g., about 10 wt.% to about 30 wt.%) semiochemical(s) other than SCLP. In some embodiments, the numbers of multi-dispenser unit applied per acre can be calculated based on the numbers of unit doses in multi-dispenser unit and the desired doses per acre provided herein.

[0114] In some embodiments, the multi-dispenser unit can be a hangable container with a hook, which can be directly hanged onto plant. In some embodiments, the container comprises holes for pests to pass through. In some embodiments, the multi-dispenser unit has a shape of pentagon or a hexagon. In some embodiments, each multi-dispenser unit comprises about 20 to about 30, such as about 25 unit doses or diffusers. FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show two exemplary multi-dispenser units, wherein each multi-dispenser unit comprises 25 diffusers.

[0115] In some embodiments, the multi-dispenser unit can be a long strip. In some embodiments, each long strip comprises about 20 to about 30, such as about 25 unit doses or diffusers wherein the spacing between each unit dose is about 0.1 to about 2 feet. One exemplary long strip and the method of application is shown in FIG. 7.

Insect Pests –

[0116] In some embodiments, the insect pest can be any pest whose mating could be affected by the semiochemicals described herein. In some embodiments, the insect pest is selected from Table X below.

Table X. Exemplary Insect Pests
Pink bollworm Pectinophora gossipiella
Fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda
Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer Leucinodes orbonalis
Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella
Grape vine moth Lobesia botrana
Codling moth Cydia pomonella
Oriental Fruit moth Grapholita molesta
Peach Twig Borer Anarsia lineatella
False Codling Moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta
Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta
Carob Moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae
Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella
Corn Ear Worm Helicoverpa zea
Rice Yellow Stem Borer Scirpophaga incertulas
Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer Chilo infuscatellus
Sugarcane Internode borer Chilo sacchariphagus indicus
navel orange worm Amyelois transitella
Vine mealybug Planococcus ficus

Plant-

[0117] In some embodiments, the plant is any plant that could be affected by an insect pest, wherein the mating of the insect pest can be affected by any of the semiochemical described herein. In some embodiments, the plant is any plant that could be affected by any of the insect pests in Table X. In some embodiment, the plant is selected from the group consisting of cotton plants, kenaf, hibiscus, maize, rice, sorghum sugarcane, soybean, peanut, almonds, coffee, corn, macadamia nut, tea, walnut, pistachios, and other vegetable and fruit crops including cabbage, beet, alfalfa, onion, pasture grasses, millet, old stone fruit, apple, ornamental cherry, citrus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, collard, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, radish, turnip, watercress, berries, grapes, apples, pears, peach trees, plum, apricot, nectarine, apricot, avocado, banana, cacao, cherry (all varieties), eggplant, grapefruit, grape, hibiscus, lemon, lima bean, lime, mango, oak, okra, olive, pepper, persimmon, pomegranate, prune, tomato, dates, figs, carob, oranges, grapefruit, kumquat, calamondin, artichoke, asparagus, cantaloupe, collard, cowpea, cucumber, lettuce, melon, pea, potato, pumpkin, snap bean, spinach, squash, sweet potato, and watermelon.

Articles of Manufacture and Kits –

[0118] In certain aspects, the present disclosure further provides kits for carrying out the methods of the invention. The kits may comprise any of the compounds, or agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, or compositions described herein, and suitable packaging. The kits may comprise one or more packaging comprising any compound or composition described herein. In one aspect, a kit includes a compound of the disclosure or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and a label and/or instructions for use of the compound in disrupting the mating of a pest as described herein. The kits may comprise a unit dosage form of the compound.

[0119] In certain aspects, provided herein are articles of manufacturing (such as kits), comprising: (i) an effective amount of any of the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or compositions, including agricultural compositions, described herein; and (ii) instructions for use in treating disrupting the mating of a pest described herein.

Exemplary Methods –

[0120] In some embodiments, the methods described herein are specifically designed for a certain crop and/or pest. In some embodiments, certain aspects of the methods, such as the unit dose of semiochemical and the number of discrete source points, do not vary for different plants or pests, and are optimized to provide uniformly high pest control potency. In some embodiments, other aspects of the methods, such as detailed parameters in the single or multiple applications, may vary for various plants and/or pests.
Pink bollworm –

[0121] In some embodiments, the pest is Pectinophora gossipiella, which is also known as pink bollworm. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate and (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the pests when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are cotton plants, Okra, Kenaf, or Hibiscus.

[0122] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application at about 6 inches below the crop canopy and before flowering. In some embodiments, the first application is about 30 to about 50 days (e.g., about 30 days or 45 days) after sowing. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below the crop canopy and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., about 30 days to about 45 days) after the first application.

[0123] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied at each application directly attached/applied to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0124] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.
Fall army worm –

[0125] In some embodiments, the pest is Spodoptera Frugiperda, which is also known as fall army worm. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises Z9-Tetadecenyl acetate, Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate, and Z7 -Dodecenol. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for minimum 90 days. In some embodiments, the plants are maize, rice, sorghum and sugarcane, as well as other crops, including cabbage, beet, peanut, soybean, alfalfa, onion, cotton, pasture grasses, millet.

[0126] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition in a first application, wherein the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil, with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application after seeds germination. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application on the 9th leaf of a plant and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

[0127] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer –

[0128] In some embodiments, the pest is Leucinodes orbonalis, which is also known as Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel with vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet with nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetables and fruits, such as old stone fruit, apple, ornamental cherry and citrus.

[0129] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition in a first application, wherein the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days (about 30 days to about 45 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a third application about 6 inches below crop height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 30 days) after the second application. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a fourth application about 6 inches below crop height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 30 days) after the third application. In some embodiments, the third and the fourth application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.
[0130] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Diamond back moth –

[0131] In some embodiments, the pest is Plutella xylostella, which is also known as Diamond backmoth. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11 hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are cruciferous vegetable crops, such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, collard, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, radish, turnip, and watercress.

[0132] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition in a first application, wherein the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil, with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.
[0133] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Grape vine moth –

[0134] In some embodiments, the pest is Lobesia botrana, which is also known as grapevine moth. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl Acetate and (E)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as berries or grapes.

[0135] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application at about 6 inches below the height of the plant on the axil of stem, and before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0136] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.
Codling moth –

[0137] In some embodiments, the pest is Cydia pomonella, which is also known as coding moth. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (E,E)-8, 10-Dodecadien-1-ol, Dodecanol, and Tetradecanol. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as apples and pears.

[0138] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible, and before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible, and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the first and second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0139] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Oriental Fruit moth –

[0140] In some embodiments, the pest is Grapholita molesta, which is also known as oriental fruit moth. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises Z-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate, Z-8-Dedecen-1-ol, and E-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporousmaterials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as peach trees, apple, pear, plum, apricot, cherry and almonds.

[0141] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible, and before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible, and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the first and second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0142] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Peach Twig Borer –

[0143] In some embodiments, the pest is Anarsia lineatella, which is also known as peach twig borer. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises E-5-Decenyl acetate and E-5 Decene-1-ol. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporousmaterials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as peach, nectarine, and apricot.

[0144] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible, and before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible, and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the first and second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0145] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

False Codling Moth –

[0146] In some embodiments, the pest is Thaumatotibia leucotreta, which is also known as false codling moth. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises E-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate and Z-8-dodecenyl acetate. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as apricot, avocado, banana, cacao, cherry (all varieties), citrus, coffee, cotton, corn, eggplant, grapefruit, grape, hibiscus, lemon, lima bean, lime, macadamia nut, mango, oak, okra, olive, peach, pepper, persimmon, plum, pomegranate, prune, tea, tomato, and walnut.

[0147] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible, and before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible, and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the first and second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0148] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Tomato Leaf Miner –

[0149] In some embodiments, the pest is Tuta absoluta, which is also known as tomato leaf miner. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises E3,Z8,Z11− Tetradecenyl acetate and E3,Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trapIn some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are solanaceous crops, such as tomatoes.

[0150] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition in a first application, wherein the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil, with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, or sticked to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application 6 inches below crop height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 30 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a third application 6 inches below crop height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 30 days) after the second application. In some embodiments, the third application applies the semiochemical composition by directly applying it to the axil of stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a fourth application 6 inches below crop height and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 30 days) after the third application. In some embodiments, the fourth application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0151] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Carob Moth –

[0152] In some embodiments, the pest is Ectomyelois ceratoniae, which is also known as carob moth. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z,E)-7,9,11-Dedecatrienyl Formate. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. In some embodiments, a unit dose or a diffuser releases 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day and changes the behavioral response of male insects (e.g., attracting male insects) for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as citrus, dates, figs, carob, oranges, and pomegranates.

[0153] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible, and before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible, and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the first and second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0154] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Citrus leaf miner -

[0155] In some embodiments, the pest is Phyllocnistis citrella, which is also known as citrus leaf miner. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises 7Z,11Z,13E -Hexadecatrienal and 7Z,11Z-Hexadecadienal. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap . In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. Wherein every day the diffuser shows behavioral response of attracting male insect for 120 days and releases about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, grapefruit, kumquat and calamondin.

[0156] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible, and one week before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible, and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the first and second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0157] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Corn Ear Worm –

[0158] In some embodiments, the pest is Helicoverpa zea, which is also known as corn ear worm. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-hexadecenal. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as corn, tomato, artichoke, asparagus, cabbage, cantaloupe, collard, cowpea, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, lima bean, melon, okra, pea, pepper, potato, pumpkin, snap bean, spinach, squash, sweet potato, and watermelon.
[0159] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application in the axil of leaf, for example, in the axil of the 7th leaf, and about 30 to 60 days after transplantation (e.g., 30 days). In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application at V7 stage of the crop. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application in the axil of leaf, for example, in the axil of any of the 10th, 11th, or 12th leaf, or any combination thereof and about 30 to 60 days after transplantation (e.g., 30 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application in the axil of leaf and about V10 to V12 stage.

[0160] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Rice Yellow Stem Borer –

[0161] In some embodiments, the pest is Scirpophaga incertulas, which is also known as Rice Yellow Stem Borer. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenal. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. Wherein every day the diffuser shows behavioral response of attracting male insect. . In some embodiments, the plants are rice, maize and sugarcane.

[0162] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition directly on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooking the composition to the leaf, or sticking the composition to the leaf. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied immediately after transplantation.

[0163] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer –

[0164] In some embodiments, the pest is Chilo infuscatellus, which is also known as Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenol. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. Wherein every day the diffuser shows behavioral response of attracting male insect for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are crops such as sugarcane, corn, rice, sorghum, and sudan grass.

[0165] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition in a first application, wherein the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plantation. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after plantation. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application in the axil of leaf 6 inches below the crop canopy. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 30 days) after the first application.

[0166] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Sugarcane Internode borer –

[0167] In some embodiments, the pest is Chilo sacchariphagus indicus, which is also known as Sugarcane Internode borer. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-13- octadecenyl acetate and (Z)-13- octadecen-1-ol. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release enough to attract the moths when placed in trap. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release semiochemical from 90 to 120 days. Wherein every day the diffuser shows behavioral response of attracting male insect for 120 days. In some embodiments, the plants are crops such as sugarcane, corn, rice, sorghum, and sudangrass.
[0168] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the semiochemical composition in a first application in the axil of leaf about 60 days after plantation.

[0169] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Navel Orange Worm –

[0170] In some embodiments, the pest is Amyelois transitella, which is also known as navel orange worm. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises Z11,Z13-Hexadecenal, Z11,Z13-16OH, and Z3,Z6,Z9,Z12,Z15-23Hy. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consists vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, the plants are walnuts, almonds, pistachios and figs.

[0171] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible, and before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible, and about 30 to about 60 days (e.g., 60 days) after the first application. In some embodiments, the first and second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0172] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Vine mealybug –

[0173] In some embodiments, the pest is Planococcus ficus, which is also known as citrus leaf miner. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition comprises (S)-(+) Lavanulyl senecioate. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is (a) the gel consist vegetable oils and waxes; (b) the tablet contains nanoporous materials; (c) the paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or (d) the cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants, as described herein. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the semiochemical composition can release about 0.01 mg to about 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day. In some embodiments, the plants are vegetable or fruit crops, such as apple, beet, potato, walnut and willow.

[0174] In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application in the axil of stem and after pruning and one week before flowering. In some embodiments, the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about inches below crop height and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application. In some embodiments, the second application applies the semiochemical composition by directly attaching it to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

[0175] In some embodiments, between about 100 to about 10000, such as about 300 to about 800, or about 400 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

Performance –

[0176] In some embodiments, the method provided herein decreases (i) the average number of adult insect pests over the single or multiple applications; or (ii) the overall damage to the plants in the field, as compared to plants in a field in which the semiochemical composition has not been applied. In some embodiments, the method provided herein decreases (i) the average number of adult insect pests over the single or multiple applications; or (ii) the overall damage to the plants in the field, by at least 5%, for example, at least any of 7%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%. In some embodiments, the method provided herein decreases the average number of adult insect pests over the single or multiple applications by at least 5%, for example, at least any of 7%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, as compared to plants in a field in which the semiochemical composition has not been applied.

[0177] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0178] The term “about” indicates and encompasses an indicated value and a range above and below that value. In certain embodiments, the term “about” indicates the designated value ± 10%, ± 5%, or ± 1%. In certain embodiments, the term “about” indicates the designated value ± one standard deviation of that value.
EXAMPLES

[0179] The presently disclosed subject matter will be better understood by reference to the following Examples, which are provided as exemplary of the invention, and not by way of limitation.

Example 1. Pest Mating Disruption Methods

[0180] Mating disruption tests of 18 common pests were carried out by impregnating certain semiochemical(s) in the range of 1 mg to 20 mg, preferably 10mg per unit dose. The type(s) of semiochemicals and application method used for each pest are summarized in Table 1. The semiochemical composition was uniformly placed in spacing of between 1 m2 to 80 m2 for each application, preferably 5 to 8 m2. Each unit dose of the semiochemical composition in each application can independently be in the form of a gel dollop, a tablet, a blister pack, a piece of paper, or a piece of cloth, as described herein.

[0181] The semiochemical(s) were applied in a single or multiple applications. The detailed timing and placement for each application, and the numbers of unit doses per acre per application for each pest are also summarized in Table 2.
 

Table 2
Pest-Name Pest-Technical Names Semiochemical(s) First Application Second Application Third Application No. Of unit doses/acre/Application
Timing Placement Timing Placement Timing Placement
Pink bollworm Pectinophora gossipiella (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate,
(Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate within 50 days after seed sowing (before square formation) 6 inches below crop canopy either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop
Any time between 50 to 60 days after first application
6 inches below crop canopy either in axil of stem OR hook to stem
OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop

100 to 800, Specifically 400

Fall army worm Spodoptera Frugiperda Z9-Tetadecenyl acetate,
Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate,
Z7 -Dodecenol On or before 10 days after germination (V2-V3 stage)
On Soil with support system OR middle (midrib) region of the leaf
Any time between 30 to 45 days after first application

the 9th leaf of the plant
6 inches below the crop canopy on the leaf surface near the leaf axil -



100 to 800 Specifically 400


Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer Leucinodes orbonalis (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
(E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol Immediately after Transplantation
On Soil with support system OR on hooked to the leaf OR stick to the leaf
Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application
6 inches below crop height either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop Any time between 30 to 60 days after second application
6 inches below crop height either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop 100 to 800 Specifically 400

Diamond backmoth Plutella xylostella (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate,
(Z)-11 hexadecenal,
(Z)-11 hexadecen-1-ol within five days after transplanting On Soil with support system OR on hooked to the leaf OR stick to the leaf

Any time between 30 to 45 days after first application

On Soil with support system OR on hooked to the leaf OF stick to the leaf. The second application in alternate rows from the first application rows int zig-zag manner

N/A

N/A
100 to 800 Specifically 400


Grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl Acetate
(E)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate one week Before Flowering On the axil of stem OR hooked or hung to the vines or trellis
N/A N/A

100 to 800 Specifically 400

Codling moth Cydia pomonella (E, E)-8, 10-Dodecadien-1-ol,
Dodecanol,
Tetradecanol One week Before Flowering
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application

As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop N/A N/A

100 to 800 Specifically 400


Oriental Fruit moth Grapholita molesta Z-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate,
Z-8-Dedecen-1-ol,
E-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate Before Flowering
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application

As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop N/A

N/A

100 to 800 Specifically 400


Peach Twig Borer Anarsia lineatella E-5-Decenyl acetate
E-5 Decene-1-ol 1 Week Before Flowering As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook/hungto stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop
Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop.
The second application in alternate rows of vines from the first application rows, in zig-zag manner. N/A

N/A

100 to 800 Specifically 400

False Codling Moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta E-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate
Z-8-dodecenyl acetate Before Flowering
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop Any time between 50 to 60 days after first application
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400

Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta E3,Z8,Z11− Tetradecenyl acetate
E3,Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate within five days after Transplantation
On Soil with support system OR OR stick to the leaf
Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application
6 inches below crop height either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR stick on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop
Any time between 90 to 150 days after first application

6 inches below crop height either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR stick on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop 100 to 800 Specifically 400

Carob Moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Z,E)-7,9,11-Dedecatrienyl Formate One week before Flowering As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR apply on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop Any time between 50 to 60 days after first application As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400
Citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella 7Z,11Z,13E -Hexadecatrienal,
7Z,11Z-Hexadecadienal Before Flowering
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400

Corn Ear Worm Helicoverpa zea (Z)-11-hexadecenal
(Z)-9-hexadecenal the 7th leaf of the plant In the axil of leaf
any of the 10th, 11th, or 12th leaf In the axil of leaf
N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400

Rice Yellow Stem Borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Z)-11-hexadecenal
(Z)-9-hexadecenal Immediately after Transplantation
On Soil with support system OR on hooked to the leaf OF stick to the leaf
-
-
N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400

Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer Chilo infuscatellus (Z)-11-hexadecenol Immediately after plantation On Soil with support system OR on hooked to the leaf OF stick to the leaf Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application In the axil of leaf N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400
Sugarcane Internode borer Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Z)-13- octadecenyl acetate,
(Z)-13- octadecen-1-ol 60 Days after plantation
In the axil of leaf
Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application In the axil of leaf
N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400

Navel Orange Worm Amyelois transitella Z11Z13-Hexadecenal,
Z11Z13-16OH,
Z3Z6Z9Z12Z15-23Hy Before Flowering


As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop
Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application
As high as possible, either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop
N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400



Vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (S)-(+) Lavanulyl senecioate One week before flowering On the axil of stem OR
can be hooked or hung to the vines or trellis Any time between 30 to 60 days after first application 6 inches below crop height either in axil of stem OR hook to stem OR on stem OR on any support system in the vicinity of the crop N/A N/A 100 to 800 Specifically 400

 

Example 2. Field bio-efficacies of tablet and gel dispenser on mating disruption:

[0182] The controlled release pheromone dispensers i.e., tablets and gels were evaluated in the open field study to check their performance and longevity in mating disruption, reduction of insect pest and their damages on the respective crop produces. The glue dispensers were applied to control of Tuta absoluta on tomato, Lucinodes orbonellis on brinjal, Spodoptera frugiperda on fall armyworm, Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton and some more pests on their respective host crops were tested and observed higher percentage mating disruption, low pest infestation by which received higher yield without pest damage than the plots studied alone with farmers practices. In the present study, 250g per acre two-time application was employed as an optimal dosage except that for cotton, 125g per application with 3 applications during the crop season was employed. In Tuta absoluta more than 90% % mating disruption was observed on tomato crop with 145.5% higher yield of harvest than the plot treated with synthetic pesticides application alone (control field). In addition , three folds of additional harvesting were done in the field treated with TUTA 1% gel dispenser. Unlike in case of untreated plot, within 2 picking the fruits haven’t been harvested or the crop was uprooted due to higher damages. Similarly, Pink bollworm, on cotton more than 90% mating disruption was witnessed with 36.52 % of higher yield,than the control plots. In case of Plutella xylostella on cabbage, Helicoverpa armigera on tomato and chilli crop, Lucinodes orbonalis on brinjal crops more than 90% mating disruption with 20% increase in yield of vegetables were obtained compared with the fields treated with farmers practices.

[0183] Similarly, tablet dispenser was also studied in the field to check their efficacies in pest control through integrated pest management strategies (IPM). The field results revealed that, the fields treated with tablet dispenser had significant amount of pest reduction during both vegetative and productive stage of crop. Tablet dispenser can be applied on day zero and it does not require any crop foliage for apply. Tablet dispensers were applied to control Tuta absoluta, Plutella xylostella, Lucinodes orbonalis on their respective host crops with 400 unit doses with two applications. The results revealed more than 95% of mating disruption with high percent yield on their respective crops. These tablet dispensers were well sealed with blister pack and therefore had enhanced longevity in addition to the technology that protected the tablets and prolonged the efficacies in the field.

[0184] The above semiochemical composition dispensers did not only directly benefit in terms of pest control and increase the harvest but also, they reduced 2 to 3 folds of pesticides usages in treated field than the farmers practices as well. The longevityof tablet dispenser and gel dispenser was tested for 120 days and 90 days respectively with respect to the semiochemical releases. In this study effective release period significantly decreased yield loss of the agricultural produces and reduced the expenses compare to conventional farmer’s practice. In summary, about 0.02 - 0.2 mg pheromone release per dispenser per day and 22mg - 200 mg per day per acre is giving complete trap shut down (Population below ETL- Economic threshold level) which restricted damage due to insect pests to less than 5% compared to conventional farmers practice with insecticides application resulting in up to 40% damage.

Example 3. Field bio-efficacies of gel dispenser on mating disruption:

[0185] Efficacy evaluation of a semiochemical-based (e.g., pheromone-based) mating disruption formulation, DBM Gel dispenser (4%) to promote mating disruption of Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella under field conditions was carried out. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 2. And the results are summarized in Table 3.

[0186] Evaluation parameters include: (i) % Mating disruption: Percent mating disruption need to be worked out based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Percentage Mating Disruption = 100- [(No. of moth catch in treated/No. of moth catch in control)*100]. (ii) Leaf damage: Randomly select 10 blocks in an acre plot and select 10 plants in each block,10*10 =100 plants (both in treated and control), check for damaged leaves among total leaves. The observation were noted by weekly interval starting from the day of transplantation. The results expressed in percentage of damaged leaves (average results) out of total observed leaves. Percent leaf infestation = (No. of damaged leaves)/(Total No. of leaves observed) × 100. (iii) Head damage: Randomly select 10 blocks in an acre plot and select 10 plants in each block,10*10=100 plants; check for head damage both in treated and farmer’s practice plots. Each cabbage/cauliflower head from randomly selected plant was observed for damage at weekly intervals from the head formation stage. The results should be expressed in percentage of damaged heads (average results) out of total observed cabbage heads. (iv) Total yield: Total yield per acre need to be documented and per cent increase in yield against control field to be worked out. Percent increase in yield= (Yield in treated - Yield in control)/ (Yield in treated) × 100. (v) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty need to be documented at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 & 14th day after applications in randomly selected 20 plants. (vi) Effect of formulation on beneficiary insects: need to be documented at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 14th day after second application.

[0187] Efficacy evaluation of a pheromone-based mating disruption formulation, FAW Gel dispenser (4%) to investigate mating disruption of Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda under field conditions was carried out. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 2.

[0188] The Evaluation parameters include: (i) Percentage mating disruption: Percentage mating disruption works based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Pecentage Mating Disruption= 100-[(No. of moth catch in treated/No. of moth catch in control)*100]. (ii) Percentage infestation of plants: For the random unbiased selection of the assessment point in the field, the observer should throw an identifiable object behind him and start the assessment from the object’s falling point. Observe 10 plants in a row with 10 consecutive rows in an acre (10 plants x10 rows = 100 plants/acre) and observe the leaves for FAW damage. Assessment should be made based on Davis visual rating scale (Davis and Williams, 1992). Consider the infestation as damage if infestation is equal or higher tacren rating 3 according to Davis scale. Percent leaf infestation = (No. Of plants observed/ No. of plants infested) ×100. (iii) Percentage leaf damage: Calculate the number of leaves infested per plant by observing 100 plants per acre. This could be assessed while assessing plant infestation. Per cent leaf damage = (No. of infested leaves per 100 plant/ Total no. of observed leaves per 100 plant) × 100. (iv) No. of larvae & Egg mass per plant: Randomly select 10 blocks in an acre plot and select 10 plants in each block (both in treatment and control), observe for number of egg mass and number of larvae in each plant, the results will be expressed average number of egg mass and larvae per plant. (v) No. of larvae per cob: At the R6 stage, randomly select 10 blocks in an acre plot and select 10 plants in each block (both in treatment and control), observe for no. of larvae per cob. Percentage cob damage = (No of damaged cobs / total no. of cobs observed) × 100. (vi) Percentage cob damage: At the R6 stage, randomly select 5 blocks in an acre plot and select 10 plants in each block (both in treatment and control), and observe cobs for FAW damage. (viii) Total yield: Total yield per acre should be documented and percentage increase in yield over control needs to be worked out. Percent increase in yield = ((Yield in treated - yield in control)/Yield in control) x 100. (viii) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty are documented at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th & 15th day after CREMIT P application in randomly selected 20 plants.

[0189] Efficacy evaluation of a pheromone-based mating disruption formulation, PBW Gel dispenser (4%) to promote mating disruption of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella under field conditions. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 2. And the results are summarized in Table 4.

[0190] Evaluation parameters include: (i) Percent Mating disruption: Percent mating disruption calculated based on moth catch data for individual treatments (Control and treated). Percent Mating disruption = 100 - (No. of moth catch in treated)/(No. of moth catch in control) × 100. (ii) Flower damage: The demonstration plot was less than 5 acre, randomly 2 blocks were selected in an acre and 5 plants in each block (both in treatment and control) to assess the rosette flowers. For area more than 5 acre 20 blocks selected randomly in a demo plot and 5 plants in each block to assess the rosette flowers. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged flower (average results) out of total observed flowers. Percent Flower damage = (No. of infested flower in treated)/(No. of infested flower in control)×100. (iii) Locule damage: For the assessment one block/acre in a demo plot selected and select 10 plants in each block to assess the locule damage. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged locules (average results) out of total locules observed. Percent locule damage = (No. of infested locule in treated)/ (No. of infested locule in control) × 100. (iv) Yield: At the time of every picking, yield of 100 plants recorded by selecting a block at centre of the field. The damage and healthy cotton to be segregated and percentage damage of cotton to be calculated. Total actual yield of all pickings (first picking, second picking and third picking) along with picking charges and market price of cotton was also recorded for all the plots. Percent increase in yield = (Yield in treated – Yield in control)/ (Yield in control) × 100. (vi) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty were documented at 1st, 5th, 10th & 15th day after semiochemical composition application in randomly selected 20 plants.

[0191] Efficacy evaluation of a pheromone based mating disruption formulation, BFSB Gel dispenser (3%) to promote mating disruption of Brinjal Fruit and Stem Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis under field conditions was carried out. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 2. And the results are summarized in Table 5.

[0192] Evaluation parameters include: (i) Percent Mating disruption: Percent mating disruption was assessed based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Percentage Mating Disruption= 100- [(No. of moth catch in treated/No. of moth catch in control)*100]. (ii) Shoot damage: Randomly 10 blocks were selected in an acre plot and 10 plants in each block,10*10 =100 plants (both in treatment and control), damaged shoots among total shoots were observed. The observation were taken by weekly interval starting from the day of transplantation. The results expressed in percentage of damaged shoots (average results) out of total observed shoots. Percent shoot damage = (No. of damaged shoots)/ (Total No. of shoots observed) × 100. (iii) Fruit damage: Randomly select 10 blocks in a acre plot and select 10 plants in each block,10*10=100 plants; check for fruit damage both in treated and farmer’s practice plots. All newly formed fruits from randomly selected plants were observed for damage at weekly intervals. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged fruits (average results) out of total observed fruits. (iv) Total yield: Total yield per acre is documented and percent increase in yield against control field. Percent increase in yield= (Yield in treated - Yield in control)/(Yield in treated) × 100. (v) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty are documented at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 & 14th day after applications in randomly selected 20 plants.

[0193] Efficacy evaluation of a pheromone based mating disruption formulation, HELIO Glue dispenser (4%) to investigate mating disruption of Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera under field conditions was carried out. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 2. And the results are summarized in Table 6.

[0194] Evaluation parameters include: (i) Percentage Mating disruption: Percent mating disruption worked out based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Percent Mating Disruption= 100- [(No. of moth catch in treated/No. of moth catch in control)*100]. (ii) Leaf damage: Randomly 10 blocks were selected in an acre plot and 10 plants selected in each block,10*10 =100 plants (both in treatment and control), damaged leaves among total leaves were observed. The observation were taken by weekly interval starting from the day of transplantation. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged shoots (average results) out of total observed shoots. Percent leaf infestation = (No. of damaged leaves)/ (Total No. of leaves observed) × 100. (iii) Fruit/Locule damage: Randomly 10 blocks were slected in an acre plot and 10 plants were selected in each block,10*10=100 plants; check for fruit damage both in treated and farmer’s practice plots. All newly formed fruits from randomly selected plants were observed for damage at weekly intervals. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged fruits (average results) out of total observed fruits. (iv) Total yield: Total yield per acre documented and percent increase in yield against control field. Percent increase in yield= (Yield in treated - Yield in control)/ (Yield in treated) × 100. (v) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty documented at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 & 14th day after applications in randomly selected 20 plants. (vi) Effect of formulation on beneficiary insects: documented at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 14th day after second application.

[0195] Efficacy evaluation of a pheromone based mating disruption formulation, TUTA Glue dispenser (1%) to investigate mating disruption of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta under field conditions was carried out. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 2. And the results are summarized in Table 7.

Evaluation parameters include: (i) Percentage Mating disruption: Percent mating disruption studied based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Percentage Mating Disruption= 100- [(No. of moth caught in treated/No. of moth caught in Farmer’s practice block)*100]. (ii) Percentage leaf infestation: Randomly 5 blocks were selected in one hectare and 10 plants were selected in each block. From each block randomly 10 leaf clusters were selected from upper 1/3rd portion of the plant and check for leaf infestation (both in treatment and Farmer’s practice plots). The observation were taken at weekly interval starting from the day of transplantation. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged leaves (average results) out of total observed leaves. Percent leaf damage = (No of infested leaves or plant)/(total no. of observed leaves/plant) ×100. (iii) Perscentage fruit damage: Randomly select 10 blocks in one acre and select 10 plants in each block (both in treatment and Farmer’s practice plot), check for fruit infestation by Tuta absoluta. The observation werewere taken at weekly interval starting from initiation of fruit setting. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged fruits (average results) out of total observed fruits. Percent fruit damage = (No of damaged fruits or plant total)/ (total no. of observed fruits/plant) ×100. (iv) Total yield: Total yield per acre documented . Percent increase in yield = (Yield in treated - yield in control)/ (Yield in control) ×100. (v) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty are documented at 1st, 5th, 10th & 15th day after semiochemical formulation application in randomly selected 20 plants.
Table 2
Composition DBM Gel dispenser 4% FAW Gel dispenser 4% PBW Gel dispenser 4% BFSB Gel dispenser 3% HELIO Gel dispenser 4% TUTA Gel dispenser 1%
Product type Gel Gel Gel Gel Gel Gel
Recommended crop Cabbage/Cauliflower/Broccoli Maize Cotton Brinjal Maize and legumes Tomato
Target pest (Common name) Plutella xylostella (Dimond back moth) Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm) Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink bollworm) Leucinodes orbonalis (Brinjal Fruit and Stem Borer) Helicoverpa armigera (Cotton bollworm) Tuta absoluta (Tomato leaf miner, Tomato pinworm)

Treatment details: Treatment-1 (T1): DBM gel dispenser 4% - 0.750 kg/acre/application
Treatment-2 (T2): Conventional Farmer’s Practice Treatment-1 (T1): Conventional farmer’s practice
Treatment-2 (T2): 250g/acre/application Treatment-1 (T1): PBW gel dispenser 4% - 125g /acre/application
Treatment-2 (T2): Conventional Farmer’s Practice Treatment-1 (T1): BFSB gel dispenser 3% - 0.250 kg/acre/application
Treatment-2 (T2): Conventional Farmer’s Practice Treatment-1 (T1): HELIO gel dispenser 4% - 0.250 kg/acre/application
Treatment-2 (T2): Conventional Farmer’s Practice Treatment-1 (T1): TUTA gel dispenser 1% - 250g /acre/application
Treatment-2 (T2): Conventional Farmer’s Practice

Time of application First application: within 0-5 days after transplantation
Second application: 30 days after 1st application
Third application: 60 days after 1st application
Application interval: for every 30-35 days interval
First Application: T2-800 dollops
(~300mg per source point)
Second Application: 500 dollops
(~500mg per source point)

First application: On or before 25 days after germination (V4 stage)
Second application: 30 days after first application First application: within 50th days after transplantation (before flowering)
Second application: 30 days after 1st application
Third application: 60 days after 1st application
Fourth application: 90 days after 1st application
Application interval: 30-35 days interval
(depending on the hybrid/variety duration) First application: within 0-5 days after transplantation
Second application: 30 days after 1st application
Third application: 60 days after 1st application
Fourth application: 90 days after 1st application
Application interval: for every 30 days interval
First application: within 0-5 days after transplantation
Second application: 30 days after 1st application
Third application: 60 days after 1st application
Fourth application: 90 days after 1st application
Application interval: for every 30 days interval
First application: within 0-5 days after transplantation
Second application: 30 days after 1st application
Third application: 60 days after 1st application
Fourth application: 90 days after 1st application
Application interval: for every 30-35 days interval
(depending on the hybrid/variety duration)

Application and Re- application procedure First Application: Distribute ~500 mg of DBM gel dispenser per source point in the treatment plot preferably on wooden pegs. If wooden pegs are not available, apply the dollops on drip liner or mulching sheet or directly on leaf surface. Distribute the dollops at equal space with uniform distance (5x2 meters distance between the source points) placements across one acre as per the pattern mentioned below.
Similarly, second & third application of DBM gel dispenser 4% may be applied directly on upper branch axil/leaf stem with ~500 mg dollop sizes preferably 6’ inch below the crop canopy. First application should be made on the 2nd leaf at the middle (mid rib) region with a dollop size of about 300 mg each.
The second application can be done, 6 inches below the crop canopy on the leaf surface near the leaf axil.
Application methodology:
Application can be made manually/aircraft/drone
1. Hold the tube perpendicular to the point of application on plant surface.
2. Mouth of the tube should touch the plant surface.
3. Press the tube from the end to dispense required quantity of product (as per the treatment)
4. Care should be taken not to pull back the tube during tube squeezing
After dispensing the formulation gently pull back the tube from the point of application. First Application: Distribute ~500 mg of PBW gel dispenser per source point in the treatment plot preferably on 6 inch below the crop canopy at primary branch axil. Distribute the dollops at equal space with uniform distance (3x2 meters distance between the source points) placements across one acre as per the pattern mentioned below.
Similarly, second, third and fourth application of PBW gel dispenser 4% may be applied directly on upper branch axil with ~500 mg dollop sizes preferably 6-8’ inch below the crop canopy. First Application: Distribute ~500 mg of BFSB gel dispenser per source point in the treatment plot preferably on wooden pegs. If wooden pegs are not available, apply the dollops on drip liner or mulching sheet or directly on branch axil/on leaf surface. Distribute the dollops at equal space with uniform distance (5x2 meters distance between the source points) placements across one acre as per the pattern mentioned below.
Similarly, second & third application of BFSB gel dispenser 3% may be applied directly on upper branch axil/leaf stem with ~500 mg dollop sizes preferably 6’ inch below the crop canopy. First Application: Distribute ~500 mg of HELIO gel dispenser per source point in the treatment plot preferably on wooden pegs. If wooden pegs are not available, apply the dollops on drip liner or directly on branch axil/on leaf surface. Distribute the dollops at equal space with uniform distance (5x2 meters distance between the source points) placements across one acre as per the pattern mentioned below.
Similarly, second & third application of HELIO gel dispenser 4% may be applied directly on upper branch axil/leaf stem with ~500 mg dollop sizes preferably 6’ inch below the crop canopy. First Application: Distribute ~500 mg of TUTA gel dispenser per source point in the treatment plot preferably on wooden pegs. If wooden pegs are not available, apply the dollops on drip liner or mulching sheet or directly on leaf surface. Distribute the dollops at equal space with uniform distance (5x2 meters distance between the source points) placements across one acre as per the pattern mentioned below.
Similarly, second & third application of TUTA gel dispenser 1% may be applied directly on upper branch axil with ~500 mg dollop sizes preferably 6-8’ inch below the crop canopy.
# of monitoring traps for pest incidence Place Delta white sticky traps at 4/acre and replace lures at one month interval. Observe the traps for moth catch on weekly basis throughout the crop season. 4 funnel traps per acre; Lure should be replaced once in 4 weeks. Observe the traps for moth catches at weekly interval throughout the crop season. Place Funnel traps at 4/acre and replace lures at one month interval. Observe the traps for moth catch on weekly basis throughout the crop season. Place Funnel traps at 4/acre and replace lures at one month interval. Observe the traps for moth catch on weekly basis throughout the crop season. Place Funnel traps at 4/acre and replace lures at one month interval. Observe the traps for moth catch on weekly basis throughout the crop season. Place A4 size yellow sticky traps at 10/acre and replace lures at one month interval. Observe the traps for moth catch on weekly basis throughout the crop season.
Minimum area to be treated under each treatment 3 Acre Large scale trial without replication (acre): 40 40
Small scale trial with replications (acre): 20 20
No. of replications: 3 3
No of Applications: 3 3
Total Area to be planned (acre): 250 250
10 Acre 5 acres 10 acres 3 Acre
Isolation distance between treatment and Farmer’s practice blocks minimum 500 m ~500 meters between treated and Farmer’s practice blocks
minimum 500 m minimum 500 m minimum 500 m minimum 500 m
Table 3

Table 4

Table 4 (cont’d)

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Example 4. Field bio-efficacies of tablet dispenser on mating disruption:

[0196] Efficacy Evaluation of Pheromone based mating disruption formulations TUTA Solid (tablet) dispenser 1% against the Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta, under field conditions was carried out. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 8.

Table 8
Product type TUTA Solid dispenser 1%
Recommended crop Tomato
Target pest (Common
name) Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta
Composition: Synthetic Pheromone blend of E3,Z8,Z11− Tetradecenyl acetate + E3,Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate- 10 mg; Other inert materials-990 mg

Treatment/ Application details (time of application given in parenthesis) Treatment 1:

No. of application: 1

1st Application: TUTA Solid Dispenser 1% - (400 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 5 days after transplanting

Treatment 2:

No. of application: 2

1st Application: TUTA Solid Dispenser 1% - (400 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 5 days after transplanting

2nd Application: TUTA Solid Dispenser 1% - (400 tablets)/acre
Time of application: 30 days after 1st application
Treatment 3:

No. of application: 1

1st Application: TUTA Solid Dispenser 1% - (800 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 5 days after transplanting
Application procedure Manual or Mechanical

The tablets packed in the blisters are ready to use for field application and the same to be placed on the soil in between the newly transplanted tomato seedlings in the fashion of tablet loaded blister facing the sun at above ground level. Tablet blisters to be placed at the ratio of 10 x 8 meters distance. The second application will be done by arranging the blister between first application rows at zig-zag manner on 6 inch below the crop canopy using twisting wire.
Pest monitoring Install yellow sticky traps at 4/acre along with lure; replace lures once in a month. Observe the traps for moth catch once in a week throughout the crop season.

Area to be treated Minimum 2 Acre each treatment
Isolation distance between treatment and Farmer’s Practice plots
Minimum 500 m

[0197] The evaluation parameters include: (i) Percentage Mating disruption: Percent mating disruption calculated based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Percentage Mating Disruption= 100- [(No. of moth catch in treated/No. of moth catch in control)*100]. (ii) Leaf damage: Randomly 10 blocks were selected in an acre plot and 10 plants were selected in each block (both in treatment and control), for damaged leaves among total leaves. The observations were recorded at every week interval starting from the day of transplantation. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged leaves (average results) out of total observed leaves. Percent leaf damage = (No. of damaged leaves) / (Total No. of leaves observed) × 100. (iii) Fruit damage: Randomly 10 blocks were selected in an acre plot and 10 plants were selected in each block; check for fruit damage both in treated and farmer’s practice plots at weekly interval. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged fruits (average results) out of total observed fruits. (iv) Total yield: Total yield per acre and percent increase in yield is documented against control field Percent increase in yield= (Yield in treated - yield in control)/ (Yield in treated) × 100. (v) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty were documented at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14th day after applications in randomly selected 20 plants.

[0198] The mating disruption results are summarized in Table 9 and Table 11 and shown in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B. As shown in Table 9 and FIG. 8A, the numbers of moth caught under same conditions were significantly reduced in the treated plot compared to the untreated one, suggesting a great reduction of overall pest population. As shown in FIG. 8B, the tablet was able to attract a great number of pests to the trap while the blank control did not attract many. Therefore, the current tablet dispensers are efficient in attracting the pest and reducing the overall population of pests by mating disruption.

Table 9

[0199] Efficacy Evaluation of Pheromone based mating disruption formulations DBM Solid (Tablet) Dispenser 2% against the Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella, under field conditions was also carried out. The detailed application method is summarized in Table 10 and the results are summarized in Table 11.

Table 10
Product Name DBM Solid Dispenser -2%
Recommended crop Cabbage/Cauliflower/Broccoli
Target pest (Common
name) Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella)
Composition: Synthetic Pheromone blend of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate + (Z)-11 hexadecenal + (Z)-11 hexadecen-1-ol- 10 mg; Other inert materials-490 mg

Treatment/ Application details (time of application given in parenthesis) Treatment 1:

1st Application: DBM Solid Dispenser 2% - (400 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 5 days after transplanting

No. of application: 1

Treatment 2:
1st Application: DBM Solid Dispenser 2% - (400 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 5 days after transplanting

2nd Application: DBM Solid Dispenser 2% - (400 tablets)/acre
Time of application: 30 days after 1st application

No. of application: 2

Treatment 3:

1st Application: DBM Solid Dispenser 2% - (800 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 5 days after transplanting

Application procedure Manual or Mechanical

The tablets packed in the blisters are ready to use for field application and the same to be placed on the soil in between the newly transplanted cabbage or cauliflower seedlings in the fashion of tablet loaded blister facing the sun at above ground level. Tablet blisters to be placed at the ratio of 10 x 8 meters distance. The second application will be done between first application rows at zig-zag manner.

Pest monitoring Install White/yellow Delta sticky traps @ 4/acre along with lure; replace lures once in a month. Observe the traps for moth catch once in a week throughout the crop season.

Area to be treated Minimum 2 Acre each treatment
Isolation distance between treatment and Farmer’s Practice plots
Minimum 500 m

[0200] The evaluated parameters include: (i) Percentage Mating disruption: Percent mating disruption calculated based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Percentage Mating Disruption= 100- [(No. of moth catch in treated/No. of moth catch in control)*100]. (ii) Leaf damage: Randomly 10 blocks were selected in an acre plot and 10 plants were selcted in each block,10*10 =100 plants(both in treatment and control), for damaged leaves among total leaves observation. The observation were taken by weekly interval starting from the day of transplantation. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged leaves (average results) out of total observed leaves. Percent leaf infestation = (No. of damaged leaves)/ (Total No. of leaves observed) × 100. (ii) Head damage: Randomly 10 blocks were selected in an acre plot and 10 plants in each block,10*10=100 plants; for head damage in both, treated and farmer’s practice plots. Each cabbage/cauliflower head from randomly selected plant was observed for damage at weekly intervals from the head formation stage. The results are expressed in percentage of damaged heads (average results) out of total observed cabbage heads. (iv) Total yield: Total yield per acre is documented and percent increase in yield is calculated . Percent increase in yield= (Yield in treated - Yield in control)/(Yield in treated) × 100. (v) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty were documented at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 & 14th day after applications in randomly selected 20 plants.

Table 11

Table 11 (cont’d)

[0201] Efficacy Evaluation of Pheromone based mating disruption formulations FAW Solid (Tablet) dispenser 2% against the Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, under field conditions was carried out. The application method details are summarized in Table 12.

Table 12
Product Name FAW Solid dispenser 2%
Recommended crop Maize
Target pest (Common
name) Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Composition: Synthetic Pheromone blend of Z9-Tetradecenyl acetate + Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate- 20 mg; Other inert materials-980 mg

Treatment/ Application details (time of application given in parenthesis) No. of application: 2

Treatment 1:
1st Application: FAW Solid Dispenser 2% - (1000 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 7 days after sowing

2nd Application: FAW Solid Dispenser 2% - (1000 tablets)/acre
Time of application: 30 days after 1st application

Treatment 2:
1st Application: FAW Solid Dispenser 2% - (1500 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 7 days after sowing

2nd Application: FAW Solid Dispenser 2% - (1500 tablets)/acre
Time of application: 30 days after 1st application

Treatment 3:
1st Application: FAW Solid Dispenser 2% - (2000 tablets)/acre
Time of application: within 7 days after sowing

2nd Application: FAW Solid Dispenser 2% - (2000 tablets)/acre
Time of application: 30 days after 1st application

Application procedure Manual or Mechanical

The tablets packed in the blisters are ready to use for field application and the same to be placed between maize plant on the soil on day 0-7 after sowing. Tablet blisters to be placed at the ratio of 10 x 8 meters distance. The second application will be done by arranging the blister between first application rows at zig-zag manner on 6 inch below the crop canopy using twisting wire.
Pest monitoring Install funnel traps @ 4/acre along with lure; replace lures once in a month. Observe the traps for moth catch once in a week throughout the crop season.
Area to be treated Minimum 5-10 Acre each treatment
Isolation distance between treatment and Farmer’s Practice plots
Minimum 500 m

[0202] Evaluation parameters include: (i) Percentage mating disruption: Percentage mating disruption needs to be worked out based on moth catch data for individual treatments. % Mating Disruption= 100-[(No. of moth catch in treated/No. of moth catch in control)*100]. (ii) Percentage infestation of plants:. 10 plants observed in a row with 10 consecutive rows in an acre (10 plants x10 rows = 100 plants/acre) and leaves for FAW damage were also observed. Assessment made based on Davis visual rating scale (Davis and Williams, 1992). Infestation is considered as damage if infestation is equal or higher tacren rating 3 according to Davis scale. Percent leaf infestation = (No. Of plants observed/ No. of plants infested) × 100. (iii) Percentage leaf damage: Calculated the number of leaves infested per plant by observing 100 plants per acre. This could be assessed while assessing plant infestation. Percent leaf damage = (No. of infested leaves per 100 plant/ Total no. of observed leaves per 100 plant) × 100. (iv) No. of larvae & Egg mass per plant: Randomly 10 blocks selected in an acre plot and 10 plants in each block (both in treatment and control), for number of egg mass and number of larvae in each plant were observed, the results are expressed as average number of egg mass and larvae per plant. (v) No. of larvae per cob: At the R6 stage, randomly 10 blocks selected in an acre plot and 10 plants in each block (both in treatment and control), observe for no. of larvae per cob. Percentage cob damage = (No of damaged cobs / total no. of cobs observed) × 100. (vi) Percentage cob damage: At the R6 stage, randomly select 5 blocks in an acre plot and select 10 plants in each block (both in treatment and control), and observe cobs for FAW damage. (vii) Total yield: Total yield per acre should be documented and percentage increase in yield over control needs to be worked out. Percent increase in yield = ((Yield in treated - yield in control)/Yield in control) × 100. (viii) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty need to be documented at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th & 15th day after CREMIT P application in randomly selected 20 plants.

[0203] Efficacy Evaluation of Pheromone based mating disruption formulations BFSB Solid Dispenser 2% against the Brinjal fruit and stem borer Leucinodes orbonalis, under field conditions was carried out. The application method details are summarized in Table 13.

Table 13
Product Name BFSB Solid dispenser 2%
Recommended crop Brinjal
Target pest (Common
name) Brinjal fruit and stem borer, Leucinodes orbonalis
Composition: Synthetic Pheromone blend of (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate - 20 mg; Other inert materials-980 mg

Treatment/ Application details (time of application given in parenthesis) Treatment 1:
1st Application: BFSB Solid Dispenser 2% - 400 blisters (2 tablets/blister) (800 tablets)/acre

Time of application: 0-5 days after transplantation

2nd Application: BFSB Solid Dispenser 2% - 400 blisters (2 tablets/blister) (800 tablets)/acre

Time of application: 30 days after first application

No. of application: 2

Pest monitoring Funnel traps @ 4/acre along with lure; replace lures once in a month. Observe the traps for moth catch once in a week throughout the crop season.
Area to be treated Minimum 1 acre each treatment
Isolation distance between treatment and Farmer’s Practice plots Minimum 500 m

[0204] Evaluation parameters and observations include: (i) Traps shutdown: Observe the no. of moths in treated field which should not exceed ETL. The observations are likely to be very low moth catches far below ETL. Percentage mating disruption recorded based on moth catch data for individual treatments. Percentage Mating Disruption=100-[(No. of moth caught in treated/No. of moth caught in Farmer’s practice)*100]. (ii) Percent infestation and shoot/fruit damage: Randomly 10 block were selected per acre and 10 plants per block (= 100 plants/block). Number of plants infested out of numbers of plants observed is taken into account.The number of shoot/fruits infested in each plant out of total numbers observed are calculated separately. Result are recorded as percent shoot infestation and percent fruit damage using the below formulas. Percent infestation = (No. Of plants observed/ No. of plants infested) × 100. (iii) Percent shoot/fruit damage = (No. of infested shoot/fruit per 100 plant/ Total no. of observed shoots/fruits per 100 plant) × 100. (iv) Total yield: Total yield per acre should be documented and percentage increase in yield over farmer’s practice needs to be worked out. Percent increase in yield = ((Yield in treated - yield in farmer’s practice)/Yield in farmer’s practice) × 100. (v) Phytotoxicity: parameters such as leaf surface injury, wilting, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty need to be documented at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th & 15th day after CREMIT application in randomly selected 20 plants.
, Claims:WE CLAIM

1. A method of disrupting mating of insect pests affecting plants in a field, comprising: applying a semiochemical composition over a single or multiple applications at discrete point sources, wherein the semiochemical composition at each discrete point source competitively attracts male insect over female, causing natural death of male insect without producing offspring,
wherein each unit dose or point source of semiochemical composition, at each application, comprises between 1 mg to 20 mg of at least one semiochemical.
Wherein each point source of semiochemical composition releases average 0.01 to 0.1 mg of semiochemical per day.
wherein the semiochemical composition is formulated to provide controlled release of the at least one semiochemical isin the form of:
a) a gel;
b) a tablet; optionally in a blister pack;
c) a paper that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants; or
d) a cloth that comprises microcapsules and can be affixed to the plants;

optionally, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied at between 100 and 5000 source points in the field, and
optionally, wherein the semiochemical composition is placed every 1 m2 to 80 m2 for each application,
optionally, multiple source points, upto 50 separated by a min of 5 mm to 100 mm can be placed.
Or
optionally, wherein the semiochemical composition can be applied as 10 – 50 places per acre each having 25 diffusers as 5 x 5 configuration each separated by 1 sq cm or in any other configuration each separated by 1 sq cm
optionally, wherein the semiochemical composition when placed in trap attracts adult male moths and last for 120 dayswherein, in a first application, the semiochemical composition is applied before emergence of the first brood of the insect pests, and the semiochemical composition is applied on the axil of a stem of the plant, hooked to the stem, applied directly on the stem, applied on a support system in the vicinity of the plant, or applied on soil around the plant,
wherein the semiochemical composition is optionally applied in a second application between 30 days and 60 days after the first application, optionally before emergence of the first brood of the insect pests.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one semiochemical is a pheromone, an allomone, a kairomone, or a synomone, or combination thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one semiochemical comprises of a sex pheromone or an attractant.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the pheromone is selected from a group consisting of:
(Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate;
(Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate;
Z9-Tetadecenyl acetate;
Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate;
Z7 -Dodecenol;
(E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate;
(E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol;
(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate;
(Z)-11-hexadecenal;
(Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol;
(E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl Acetate;
(E)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate;
(E, E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol;
Dodecanol;
Tetradecanol;
Z-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate;
Z-8-Dedecen-1-ol;
E-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate;
E-5-Decenyl acetate;
E-5 Decene-1-ol;
E-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate;
Z-8-dodecenyl acetate;
E3,Z8,Z11− Tetradecenyl acetate;
E3,Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate;
(Z,E)-7,9,11-Dedecatrienyl Formate;
7Z,11Z,13E -Hexadecatrienal;
7Z,11Z-Hexadecadienal;
(Z)-11-hexadecenal;
(Z)-9-hexadecenal;
(Z)-13- octadecenyl acetate;
(Z)-13- octadecen-1-ol;
Z11Z13-Hexadecenal;
Z11Z13-16OH;
Z3Z6Z9Z12Z15-23Hy;
(S)-(+) Lavanulyl senecioate;
(Z,Z,E)-3,6,8-Dodecatrien-1-ol, (E, E)-10, 14-Hexadecadienal (Z,Z)-9,2-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8, 0-Tetradecadienai l, (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)- 10,12-Hexadecadienai, (Z,Z)-7,11-Tridecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-Heptadecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-5,9-Tridecadieny acetate, (Z)-11-Heptadecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienal, (Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal, (E, E)-10, 12-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate, (Z)-8-Heptadecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadien-1-ol, (E)-8-Heptadecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-4,7-Decadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal, (Z,Z)-4,7-Decadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-9, 11-Pentadecadienal, (Z,Z)-3,8-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)-7,11 -Hexadecadienal, (Z,Z)-2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9, 12-Tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradeeadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E,E)-3,6,8-Dodecatrien-1-ol (Z,Z)-11, 13-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-9,11-Teiradecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-8, 10-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-9, 11-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienal, (Z,E)-9,1-Hexadecadienal, (Z,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9, 12-Octadecadienal, (Z,E)-3,5-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,E)-7,1 1 -Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8, 10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-5,9-Tridecadienyl acetate, (E)-10-Heptadecenyl acetate, (Z, E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9, 12-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienal, (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z, E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z, E)-8,10-Dodecadienal, (Z,E)-1,13-Hexadecadienal, (Z, E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z, E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-9,1-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-8, 10-Tetradecadien-1-ol, (Z)-S-Tetradecenyi acetate, (Z)-13-Octadecen-1-ol, (Z)-10-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,E,Z,Z)-4,6,11,13-Hexadecatetraenal, (Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-10-Dodecenyi acetate, (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-Undecenyl acetate, (E)-6-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal, (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyi acetate, (Z)-9-Tetradecenal, (E,Z)-2,13-Qctadecadienai, (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-9-Dodecenyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-9-Dodecenal, (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-Dodecen-1-ol, (E,E)-1 ,3-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-8-Undecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Trideceny! acetate, (E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienai, (Z)-8-Tetradecenal, (Z)-3-Octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E)-13-Octadecenai, (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-12-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-Hexadecenal, (Z)-7-Tridecenyl acetate, (Z,Z,E)-7,11 ,13-Hexadecatrienal, (Z)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Tetradecenai, (Z)-11-Octadecenal, (Z)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-1-Octadecen--ol, (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate (E)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-7-Dodecenal, (E)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-10-Hexadecenal, (Z)-7-Decenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienyi acetate, (Z)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Octadecenal, (Z)-5-Undecenyl acetate (E)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate (E)-9-Octadecenal, (Z)-5-Tetradecenai, (Z)-9-Octadecen-1-ol, (Z)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E)-9-Octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate (E)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Dodecenal, (E)-9-Hexadecenal, (Z)-5-Dodecen-1-ol (E)-9-Hexadeceno1-ol, (Z)-5-Decenyl acetate, (E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Decen-1-ol, (Z)-10-Pentadecenal, (Z)-4-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate, (Z)-4-Tridecenal, (E, E,Z)-4,6,1-Hexadecatrienyl acetate, (Z)-4-Decenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-4-Decenai, (Z)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate (E)-2-0ctadecenal, (Z)-3-Tetradecen-1-ol (E)-2-0ctadecenyl acetate, (Z)-3-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-3-Dodecen-1-ol, (E)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-2-Tridecenyl acetate, (E, E,Z)-4,6, 0-Hexadecatrien-ol, (Z)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate (E,E)-5,9-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-11-Tridecenyl acetate, (Z)-2-Heptadecenal, (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-11-Tetradecenai, (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (Z)-10-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-7, 0-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (Z)-7-Undecenyl acetate, (Z)-5-Hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-5-Decenal, (Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal, (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-Tridecatrienyl acetate, (E, E)-4,8-Heptadecadienyi acetate, (E,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal, (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-11 ,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienal, (E,Z)-11,3-Hexadecadienai, (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-11,3-Hexadecadien-l-ol, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienal, (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-5,9-Tridecadienyl acetate, (Z)-9-Heptadecenal, (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-8,11-Hexadecadienal, (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal, (E, E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal, (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienyi acetate, (Z,Z)-13,15-Octadecadienal, (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Octadecatrienyl acetate, (E,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate, (E)-8-Heptadecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-4,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E,E)-9, 2, 5-Octadecatrien-1-ol, (E,Z)-3,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-11 ,14-Octadecadienal, (E,Z)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol, (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienai l, (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-8,10-Hexadecadieny acetate, (E,Z)-3,7-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-11 ,13-Octadecadienal, (E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl, (E,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-1,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-5,8-Tetradecadienal, (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienyi acetate, (E,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate, (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienal, (E,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol, (Z,Z)-7,1-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-4,10-Dodecadienyi acetate, (Z,Z)-7,1-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E,E)-9,12-Octadecadien-1-ol, (E,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (E, E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl, (E, E)-9, 2-Tetradecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyi acetate, (E, E)-8,10-Tetradecadienal, (E, E)-8,1 Q-Dodeeadien-1-ol, (E,E)-11 ,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol, (E, E)-8, 0-Dodecadienal, (E,E)-11 ,13-Hexadecadienal, (E, E)-2,4-Tetradecadienal, (E,E)-5,9-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-2,4-Decadienal, (E, E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate, (E)-S-Tridecenyl acetate, (E.E.Z)-4,6. 10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate, (E)-S-Tetradecenal, (E)-9-Octadecen-1-ol l, (E)-S-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-2-0ctadecenyl acetate, (E)-S-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-S-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-S-Decenyl acetate, (Z)-10-Pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-I O-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,E)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E)-I O-Dodecenyl acetate, (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E)-I O-Dodecenal, (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienal, (E)-9-Tridecenyl acetate acetate, (E)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-13-Octadecenal, (E)-9-Dodecenai, (Z)-14-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-9-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-12-Hexadecenal, (E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-14-Octadecenal, (E)-9-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-14-Hexadecenal , (E)-8-Tridecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-13-Octadecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-8-Dodecenal, (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-8-Dodecen-1-ol, (E)-11-Hexadecenal, (E)-8-Decen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienal, (E)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-Octadecenal, (E)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol, (E)-11-Octadecen-1-ol, (E)-7-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-10-Hexadecenal, (E)-7-Dodecenal, (Z)-10-Hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-7-Dodecen-1-ol, (E)-10-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-7-Decenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8,9-Pentadecadien-1-ol, (E)-6-Tridecenyi acetate, (E, E,Z)-4,8,1-Hexadecatriena!, (E)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-Octadeceny acetate, (E)-6-Dodecenal, (Z)-9-Hexadecenal, (E)-6-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-5-Dodecen-1-ol, (Z)-7-Hexadecenal, (E)-5-Decen-1-ol, (E)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate, (E)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-2-0ctadecenal, (E)-4-Tridecenyl acetate, (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol, (E)-4-Dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-Hexadecenyi acetate, (E)-4-Decenyl acetate, (Z)-8-Pentadecen-1-ol, (E)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-8,11-Heptadecadienyi acetate, (E)-3-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-8, 10-Heptadecadien-1-ol, (E)-3-Dodecenyl acetate, (E)-7-Hexadecenal, (E)-2-Undecenyi acetate, (Z)-3-Hexadecenyi acetate, (E)-2-Undecenal, (E)-5-Hexadecen-1-ol, (E)-2-Tridecenyl acetate, (Z,E)-1 ,14-Hexadecadienyl acetate, (E)-2-Dodecenal, (E)-7-Hexadecen-1-ol , (E)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienai, (E)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate, (E, E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E)-10-Dodecen-1-ol, (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal, (E)-1-Tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E)-11-Tridecenyl acetate, (E)-2-Heptadecenal, (E)-11-Tetradecenal, (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate, (E, E)-8,10-Tetradecadien-1-ol, and/or any combination thereof.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the semiochemical composition exhibits rain-fastness, non-phytotoxicity to plant surface, controlled release of the at least one semiochemical for a minimum of about eight weeks, is stable under drastic environmental conditions, suitable for mating disruption, attract and kill, mass trapping of the insect pests, physical and chemical stability with controlled release over an extended period of time.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein, in the first application, the semiochemical composition is applied before flowering, immediately after seed germination, or immediately after transplantation.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied between 30 days to 60 days after the first application.

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a third application between 30 days and 60 days after the second application.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the multiple applications occur from seed sowing until harvest of crops of the plants in the field.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein between about 100 to about 800 unit doses of the semiochemical composition are applied per acre per application.

11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the field is in India, China, Africa, Mexico or the United States.

12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the unit dose is about 10 mg of at least one semiochemical.

13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the release rate of the semiochemical from the semiochemical composition is about 0.01 mg to 50 mg per unit dose of the composition per day.

14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein a unit dose of the semiochemical composition releases at least about 0.005 mg of the semiochemical per day.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the placement of source points is aligned in equidistant rows with zig-zag fashion.

16. The method of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein, in first application, the unit doses are applied at the source points in the first row, in second application, the unit doses are applied at the source points in the second row, and in third application, the unit doses are applied at source points in the third row.

17. The method of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied on the axil of a stem of the plant, hooked to the stem, applied directly on the stem, applied on a support system in the vicinity of the plant, applied on the soil around the plant, applied on soil with support system, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.

18. The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the method decreases:
(i) the average number of adult insect pests over the single or multiple applications; or
(ii) the overall damage to the plants in the field, as compared to plants in a field in which the semiochemical composition has not been applied.

19. The method of any of one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the at least one semio chemical targets at least two kinds of insect pests.

20. The method of any of one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the at least one semiochemical targeting at least two kinds of insect pests is formulated in the same semiochemical composition.
21. The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the insect pest is selected from a group consisting of:
Pectinophora gossipiella;
Spodoptera frugiperda;
Leucinodes orbonalis;
Plutella xylostella;
Lobesia botrana;
Cydia pomonella;
Grapholita molesta;
Anarsia lineatella;
Thaumatotibia leucotreta;
Tuta absoluta;
Ectomyelois ceratoniae;
Phyllocnistis citrella;
Helicoverpa zea;
Scirpophaga incertulas;
Chilo infuscatellus;
Chilo sacchariphagus indicus;
Amyelois transitella; or
Planococcus ficus,
or any combination thereof.

22. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the insect pest is selected from a group consisting of:
Pink bollworm;
Fall army worm;
Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer;
Diamond backmoth;
Grapevine moth;
Codling moth;
Oriental Fruit moth;
Peach Twig Borer;
False Codling Moth;
Tomato Leaf Miner;
Carob Moth;
Citrus leaf miner;
Corn Ear Worm;
Rice Yellow Stem Borer;
Sugarcane Early Shoot Borer;
Sugarcane Internode borer;
Navel orangeworm; or
Vine mealybug,
.
23. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Pectinophora gossipiella.

24. The method of claim 24, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate and (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate.

25. The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the plants are cotton plants.

26. The method of any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application at about 6 inches below the height of the plant and before flowering.

27. The method of claim 27, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 45 days after the first application.

28. The method of claim 28, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a third application about 6 inches below crop height and about 30 to about 45 days after the second application.
29. The method of any one of claims 24to 29, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied at each application directly attached to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

30. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Spodoptera Frugiperda.

31. The method of claim 31, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises Z9-Tetadecenyl acetate, Z11-Hexadecenyl acetate, and Z7 -Dodecenol.

32. The method of claim 31 or 32, wherein the plants are maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, cabbage, beet, peanut, soybean, alfalfa, onion, cotton, pasture grasses, or millet, or any combination thereof.

33. The method of any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application after seeds germination, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.

34. The method of claim 34, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application on the 9th leaf of the plant and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

35. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Leucinodes orbonalis.

36. The method of claim 36, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises €-11-hexadecenyl acetate a€(E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol.

37. The method of claim 36 or 37, wherein the plants are vegetable or fruit crops.

38. The method of any one of claims 36 to 38, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.

39. The method of claim 39, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

40. The method of claim 40, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a third application about 6 inches below crop height and about 30 to about 60 days after the second application.

41. The method of claims 40 or 41, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied at each application directly attached to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

42. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Plutella xylostella.

43. The method of claim 43, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11 hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol.

44. The method of claim 43 or 44, wherein the plants are vegetable or fruit crops.

45. The method of any one of claims 43 to 45, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation.

46. The method of claim 46, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

47. The method of claims 46 or 47, wherein at each application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.
48. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Lobesia botrana.

49. The method of claim 49, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl Acetat€nd (E)-7-Dodecenyl Acetate.

50. The method of claim 49 or 50, wherein the plants are vegetable or fruit crops.

51. The method of any one of claims 49 to 51, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application before flowering, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is applied on the axil of stem.

52. The method of claim 52, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

53. The method of claim 53, wherein in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied at each application directly attached to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

54. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Tuta absoluta.

55. The method of claim 55, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises E3,Z8,Z11− Tetradecenyl acetate and E3,Z8-Tetradecenyl acetate.

56. The method of claim 55 or 56, wherein the plants are vegetable or fruit crops.

57. The method of any one of claims 55 to 57, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.
58. The method of claim 58, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

59. The method of claim 59, wherein in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied directly to the axil of stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

60. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Helicoverpa zea.

61. The method of claim 61, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-hexadecenal.

62. The method of claim 61 or 62, wherein the plants are vegetable or fruit crops.

63. The method of any one of claims 61 to 63, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application in the axil of leaf at V7 stage of the crop.

64. The method of claim 64, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application in the axil of leaf at about V10 to V12 stage of the crop.

65. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Scirpophaga incertulas.

66. The method of claim 66, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenal.

67. The method of claim 66 or 67, wherein the plants are rice, maize or sugarcane, or any combination thereof.

68. The method of any one of claims 66 to 68, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied immediately after transplantation, wherein the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, hooked to the leaf, or sticked to the leaf.

69. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Chilo infuscatellus.

70. The method of claim 70, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-11-hexadecenol.

71. The method of claim 70 or 71, wherein the plants are sugarcane, corn, rice, sorghum, or sudangrass, or any combination thereof.

72. The method of any one of claims 70 to 72, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application immediately after transplantation, wherein in the first application, the semiochemical composition is directly applied on soil with a support system in the vicinity of the plant, , or sticked to the leaf.

73. The method of claim 73, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

74. The method of claim 74, wherein in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied in the axil of leaf.

75. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Chilo sacchariphagus indicus.

76. The method of claim 76, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (Z)-13- octadecenyl acetate and ctadeceneoctadecen-1-ol.

77. The method of claim 76 or 77, wherein the plants are sugarcane, corn, rice, sorghum, or sudangrass, or any combination thereof.
78. The method of any one of claims 76 to 78, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application in the axil of leaf about 60 days after transplantation.

79. The method of claim 79, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application in the axil of leaf and about 30 days to about 60 days after the first application.

80. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Planococcus ficus.

81. The method of claim 81, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (S)-(+) Lavanulyl senecioate.

82. The method of claim 81 or 82, wherein the plants are vegetable or fruit crops.

83. The method of any one of claims 81 to 83, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application on the axil of stem after pruning.

84. The method of claim 84, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application about 6 inches below plant height and about 30 to about 45 days after the first application.

85. The method of claim 85, wherein in the second application, the semiochemical composition is applied directly to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

86. The method of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the pest is Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, Anarsia lineatella, Thaumatotibia leucotreta, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, Phyllocnistis citrella, or Amyelois transitella.

87. The method of claim 87, wherein the semiochemical composition comprises (E,E)-8, 10-Dodecadien-1-ol, Dodecanol, Tetradecanol, Z-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate, Z-8-Dedecen-1-ol, E-8-Dodecen-1-yl Acetate, E-5-Decenyl acetate, E-5 Decene-1-ol, E-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate and Z-8-dodecenyl acetate, (Z,E)-7,9,11-Dedecatrienyl Formate, 7Z,11Z,13E -Hexadecatrienal, 7Z,11Z-Hexadecadienal, Z11Z13-Hexadecenal, Z11Z13-16OH or Z3Z6Z9Z12Z15-23Hy, or any combination thereof.

88. The method of claim 87 or 88, wherein the plants are vegetable, fruit, or nuts crops.

89. The method of any one of claims 87 to 89, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a first application as high as possible before flowering.

90. The method of claim 90, wherein the semiochemical composition is applied in a second application as high as possible and about 30 to about 60 days after the first application.

91. The method of claims 90 or 91, wherein at each application, the semiochemical composition is applied directly to the axil of stem of the plant, the stem of the plant, or any support system in the vicinity of the plant.

92. A blister pack, comprising
a base portion and a lidding foil,
the base portion comprising
a main chamber capable of containing a tablet comprising a semiochemical,
a secondary chamber capable of being punched with an orifice and connected to the main chamber; wherein the main chamber and the secondary chamber share an upper opening periphery; and
a substantially flat flange that extends in a plane around the opening periphery of the main chamber and the secondary chamber;
the lidding foil being substantially flat and being sealed to the flange in a sealing zone that extends around the opening periphery of the main chamber and the secondary chamber;
wherein the main chamber is not significantly larger than the tablet, and the secondary chamber is smaller than the tablet;
wherein the secondary chamber is narrower than the main chamber, substantially in the shape of a channel tapering away from the main chamber and forming a tip away from the main chamber,
thereby when the secondary chamber is punched with an orifice e, vapor of the semiochemical in the tablet in the main chamber can escape out from the orifice while the tablet stays in the main chamber.

93. The blister pack of claim 93, wherein the tablet comprises:
a premix comprising a semiochemical in an amount of 0.5 to 60% (w/w) of the total composition adsorbed onto a mesoporous material,
a matrix forming agent or a combination of mesoporous material and matrix forming agent in an total amount of 1 to 50% (w/w) of the total composition; and
extra granular ingredients in an amount of 75 to 85% (w/w) of the total composition comprising a mesoporous material, emulsifying agent, binder and lubricant.

94. The blister pack of claims 92 or 93, wherein each blister pack can contain 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, or 32 tablets.

95. The blister pack of any one of claims 92-95, wherein the blister pack is configured such that a portion of it can be inserted into soil while the main chamber with the tablet is above the ground.

96. The blister pack of any one of claims 92-96, wherein the blister pack further comprises a hole or a hook configured to be hanged onto a plant.