Description:DESCRIPTION:
Field of the invention:
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to the technical field of synthetization of nano-catalysts and, in particular, relates to an efficient, economic, and eco-friendly bio-diesel production from non-edible oils using a nano-catalyst.
Background of the invention:
[0002] Energy is an essential resource that may be used to assess a country's level of development. The bulk of domestic, business, and transportation operations rely on the availability of energy. Because of the widespread use of fossil fuels, energy is given by petrochemical sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are harmful to the environment. The use of fossil fuels brings a range of health risks to the general population, as well as environmental concerns that may have long-term consequences for global warming.

[0003] Wind, hydro, solar, biomass, and biofuels are the most popular forms of renewable energy. It is critical to create sustainable alternative energy sources that are biodegradable, ecologically benign, non-toxic, and emit fewer aromatic hydrocarbons, SOX, NOx, CO, and other greenhouse gases. Diesel fuel is a refined petroleum product that is burnt in the engines that power the majority of the world's railways, ships, vehicles, and trucks. Of course, petroleum is a non-renewable resource with a finite quantity. Acute shortages and extreme price spikes in gasoline and refined goods generated from petroleum have imposed significant hardships on consumers over the last quarter century.

[0004] Furthermore, diesel engines generate a very high amount of pollutants, particularly particles such as soot, adsorbed hydrocarbons, and sulfates, which are often created as a result of incomplete fuel combustion and pose major health risks. Nitric oxides and nitrogen oxides are the most frequent pollutants in diesel exhaust, followed by hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide, and, to a lesser degree, carbon monoxide. As a result, substantial research is now being conducted in order to replace part or all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel with a cleaner-burning fuel generated from sustainable sources such as non-edible oils.

[0005] The energy, density, cetane number, heat of vaporization, and stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of edible oils are comparable to those of mineral diesel. Furthermore, they are biodegradable, non-toxic, and produce far less pollution. The use of edible oils and derivatives in diesel engines reduces emissions of sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, smoke, particulate matter, and noise significantly. Furthermore, biofuels provide a negligible contribution to the greenhouse impact. To run compression ignition engines, edible oil is frequently added directly to diesel fuel in an attempt to substitute at least a portion of the diesel fuel. These foods are mostly constituted of triglycerides and often contain trace levels of free fatty acids (usually between 1 and 10% by weight).

[0006] Edible oils, on the other hand, are a valuable food supply, and utilizing them to make fuel might result in a food scarcity. For example, in a few countries, the manufacturing of bio-diesel from palm oil has been related to deforestation and relocation of local residents. Fertilizers are required to grow edible oils for bio-diesel manufacturing, which can contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. At the moment, bio-diesel is more costly than petroleum diesel. This is owing to the high expense of manufacturing bio-diesel from edible oils, as well as the fact that it is not as commonly available as petroleum diesel. Bio-diesel made from edible oils can cause issues in some diesel engines, particularly older engines not meant to run on bio-diesel. This can lead to engine damage and performance problems.

[0007] Used cooking oils are non-edible oils that emit hazardous compounds and raise free radicals in the body, causing inflammation and a variety of chronic ailments. Most populations in underdeveloped countries just discard used cooking oils into the environment. This has a negative impact on the environment, society, the economy, and people's health. When used cooking oil is thrown into bodies of water, the level of organic contaminants in the water rises. As a result, the water is considerably deteriorated, threatening local populations as well as fish stocks and other aquatic species.

[0008] Therefore, there is a need for a preparation method of efficient, economic, and eco-friendly bio-diesel that is produced from non-edible oils using a nano-catalyst. There is also a need for a preparation method of bio-diesel that eliminates the release of non-edible oils into the environment after usage, thereby protecting the environment, society, economy, and people’s health. There is also a need for preparation of bio-diesel that can be used on existing engines without needing to modify or retune them. Further, there is also a need for preparation of bio-diesel that recycles non-edible oils to generate clean and renewable energy.
Objectives of the invention:
[0009] The primary objective of the invention is to provide a preparation method of efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly bio-diesel that is produced from used cooking oil utilizing nano-sized calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst in a transesterification process.

[0010] Another objective of the invention is to provide a preparation method of bio-diesel that eliminates the release of non-edible oils into the environment after usage, thereby protecting the environment, society, economy, and people’s health.

[0011] Another objective of the invention is to provide a preparation method of bio-diesel that can be used on existing engines without needing to modify or retune them.

[0012] Yet another objective of the invention is to provide a preparation method of bio-diesel that lowers the cost of waste management while partially replacing imports of petrochemical oil.

[0013] Further objective of the invention is to provide a preparation method of bio-diesel that recycles non-edible oils for generating clean and renewable energy.
Summary of the invention:
[0014] The present disclosure proposes a preparation method of environment-friendly bio-diesel. The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the claimed subject matter. This summary is not an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope of the claimed subject matter. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0015] In order to overcome the above deficiencies of the prior art, the present disclosure is to solve the technical problem of providing a preparation method of efficient, economic, and eco-friendly bio-diesel from non-edible oils using a nano-catalyst.

[0016] According to an aspect, the invention provides a bio-diesel that eliminates the release of non-edible oils into the environment after usage, thereby protecting the environment, society, economy, and people’s health. The bio-diesel can be used on existing engines without needing to modify or retune them. The bio-diesel lowers the cost of waste management while partially replacing imports of petrochemical oil. In one embodiment herein, the bio-diesel recycles non-edible oils for generating clean and renewable energy. The bio-diesel comprises 70-75 weight percentage of at least one non-edible oil, 20-30 weight percentage of at least one organic alcohol, and 0-1 weight percentage of at least one nano-catalyst.

[0017] In one embodiment herein, the at least one non-edible oil comprises at least one castor seed oil, rubber seed oil, yellow oleander seed oil, jatropha seed oil, used cooking oil, or kapok oil. In one embodiment herein, the at least one organic alcohol is methanol. The at least one nano-catalyst is calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst, which is synthesized with high purity using a sol-gel process. In one embodiment herein, the bio-diesel contains no sulfur or nitrogen compounds to prevent air pollution.

[0018] According to an aspect, a method is disclosed for producing the bio-diesel. First, at least one non-edible oil and at least one organic alcohol are provided. At another step, at least one nano-catalyst is provided using a sol-gel process. Further, at another step, the at least one non-edible oil, the at least one organic alcohol and the nano-catalyst are reacted using a transesterification process to produce the bio-diesel of high quality. In one embodiment herein, the reaction conditions are improved by adjusting the reaction temperature, the at least one organic alcohol to oil molar ratio, the at least one nano-catalyst quantity, and the reaction time.

[0019] Further, objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from a study of the following portion of the specification, the claims, and the attached drawings.
Detailed description of drawings:
[0020] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention, and, together with the description, explain the principles of the invention.

[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates a flowchart of a method for producing an environment-friendly bio-diesel, in accordance to an example embodiment of the invention.
Detailed invention disclosure:
[0022] Various embodiments of the present invention will be described in reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, same or similar reference numerals are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts or steps.

[0023] The present disclosure has been made with a view towards solving the problem with the prior art described above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide an efficient, economic, and eco-friendly bio-diesel from non-edible oils using a nano-catalyst.

[0024] According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the bio-diesel eliminates the release of non-edible oils into the environment after usage, thereby protecting the environment, society, economy, and people’s health. The bio-diesel can be used on existing engines without needing to modify or retune them. The bio-diesel lowers the cost of waste management while partially replacing imports of petrochemical oil. In one embodiment herein, the bio-diesel recycles non-edible oils for generating clean and renewable energy. The bio-diesel comprises 70-75 weight percentage of at least one non-edible oil, 20-30 weight percentage of at least one organic alcohol, and 0-1 weight percentage of at least one nano-catalyst.

[0025] In one embodiment herein, the non-edible oil comprises at least one castor seed oil, rubber seed oil, yellow oleander seed oil, jatropha seed oil, used cooking oil, or kapok oil. In one embodiment herein, the organic alcohol is methanol. The nano-catalyst is calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst, which is synthesized with high purity using a sol-gel process. In one embodiment herein, the bio-diesel contains no sulfur or nitrogen compounds to prevent air pollution. In one embodiment herein, 100 ml of used cooking oil is transesterified with 35.6 ml of methanol using 0.93 g of calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst to produce bio-diesel of high purity. In one embodiment herein, the weight percentage of the calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst is up to 1 weight percentage of the non-edible oil.

[0026] Transesterification is the interaction of lipids or oils with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. The use of a nano-catalyst increases the reaction rate and yield. Alkalis, acids, nano-catalysts, and enzymes can all be used to catalyze the process. Nanotechnology is used to manufacture nano-catalysts for the production of bio-diesel. Because the majority of particle surfaces may be exploited for catalysis, nanoparticle catalysts are extraordinarily active. Nanoparticles can be added to gasoline to enhance the majority of its properties.

[0027] The use of nanoparticles in the production of biofuel stabilizes chemical processes and reduces the cost of manufacturing biofuel. The use of nanoparticles in diesel engines significantly increases Break Thermal Efficiency (BTE) while decreasing Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). Nanoparticles minimize the hazardous exhaust pollutants emitted by diesel engines. Nano-catalysts are made from nanoparticles having a cross-section smaller than 100 nm and a range of shapes and morphologies. They are at the crossroads of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis because they exhibit the advantages of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts in terms of activity, selectivity, efficiency, and reusability. Except for the absorption of nano-catalysts on both acidic and basic sites, the processes of transesterification of oil to bio-diesel over both acidic and basic nano catalysts are substantially the same.

[0028] In this acidic nano-catalyst technique, the nano-catalyst functions as a positively charged acid site for oil to adsorb on. Adsorption of triglycerides on the acid sites of the nano-catalyst initiates the reaction between methanol and triglycerides, which occurs swiftly on the nano-catalyst and in a mild environment. Methanol is adsorbed on the sites of the basic nano-catalyst to create methoxide anions and hydrogen cations during the transesterification process. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are formed when methoxide anions combine with a triglyceride molecule of a non-edible oil. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are utilized to produce a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic bio-diesel.

[0029] According to an example embodiment of the invention, FIG. 1 refers to a flowchart 100 of a method for producing the environment-friendly bio-diesel. First, at step 102, the non-edible oil and the organic alcohol are provided. At step 104, the nano-catalyst is provided using the sol-gel process. Further, at step 106, the non-edible oil, the organic alcohol and the nano-catalyst are reacted using the transesterification process to produce the environment-friendly bio-diesel of high quality. In one embodiment herein, the reaction conditions are improved by adjusting the reaction temperature, the at least one organic alcohol to oil molar ratio, the at least one nano-catalyst quantity, and the reaction time.

[0030] Numerous advantages of the present disclosure may be apparent from the discussion above. In accordance with the present disclosure, the environment-friendly bio-diesel is produced from used cooking oil using nano-sized calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst particles through the transesterification process. The environment-friendly bio-diesel eliminates the release of non-edible oils into the environment after usage, thereby protecting the environment, society, economy, and people’s health. The environment-friendly bio-diesel can be used on existing engines without needing to modify or retune them. The environment-friendly bio-diesel lowers the cost of waste management while partially replacing imports of petrochemical oil. The environment-friendly bio-diesel recycles non-edible oils for generating clean and renewable energy.

[0031] It will readily be apparent that numerous modifications and alterations can be made to the processes described in the foregoing examples without departing from the principles underlying the invention, and all such modifications and alterations are intended to be embraced by this application.
, Claims:CLAIMS:
I/We Claim:
1. An environment-friendly bio-diesel, comprising:
70-75 weight percentage of at least one non-edible oil;
20-30 weight percentage of at least one organic alcohol; and
0-1 weight percentage of at least one nano-catalyst,
whereby the environment-friendly bio-diesel is prepared with substantially reduced particulate matter emission characteristics and at an extremely low cost.
2. The environment-friendly bio-diesel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one non-edible oil comprises at least one castor seed oil, rubber seed oil, yellow oleander seed oil, jatropha seed oil, used cooking oil, or kapok oil.
3. The environment-friendly bio-diesel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one organic alcohol is methanol.
4. The environment-friendly bio-diesel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one nano-catalyst is calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst, which is synthesized with high purity using a sol-gel process.
5. The environment-friendly bio-diesel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the environment-friendly bio-diesel contains no sulfur or nitrogen compounds to prevent air pollution.
6. A method for producing an environment-friendly bio-diesel, comprising:
providing at least one non-edible oil and at least one organic alcohol;
providing at least one nano-catalyst using a sol-gel process; and
reacting the at least one non-edible oil, the at least one organic alcohol and the nano-catalyst using a transesterification process to produce the bio-diesel of high quality.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the reaction conditions are improved by adjusting the reaction temperature, the at least one organic alcohol to oil molar ratio, the at least one nano-catalyst quantity and the reaction time.