Description:Field of Invention
The current invention relates to an antenna designed for receiving or transmitting electromagnetic waves with a wider passband, which is required for 5G systems. The antenna has a stepped rectangular design that lends itself nicely to manufacturing via printed circuit techniques. This feature allows the antenna to be both inexpensive and lightweight. Compared to existing printed circuit antennas, the antenna of this invention has a high bandwidth while simultaneously exhibiting a reasonable level of gain. Depending on the resulting configuration, the invention also refers to numerous desirable antenna applications. The invention also includes a useful process for producing such an antenna. The invention can be used efficiently in mass-production equipment for fifth-generation systems, mobile terrestrial terminals, or satellite communication television receivers.

The objectives of this invention

This invention aims to improve the performance of microstrip patch antennae in terms of bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern, and reflection coefficient. The objective of this invention is to present a planar antenna that possesses a broad frequency pass-band and moderate gain. The primary objectives of this study are to provide a cost-effective manufacturing solution and to enhance the radiation characteristics of the antenna feasible for 5G systems. The rationale behind achieving moderate gain is elucidated by the advantages of minimizing the number of feed points for the antennas, thereby reducing the complexity and potential losses inherent in arrays of antenna elements. This technology can be effectively utilized in the context of mass-production equipment for mobile terrestrial terminals or satellite communication television receivers. The invention also pertains to a beneficial technique for manufacturing said antenna.The designed antenna has multiple frequency bands and resonates at both lower band (32 GHz) and higher band (36 GHz). It also possesses enhanced bandwidth in both frequency bands with significant improvement in the gain.
Background of the invention
5G communication technology is viewed as a breakthrough in the wireless communication sector since modern smartphones require unusually high bandwidth. Academics are motivated to create communication technologies, whether in software or hardware, by this rapid evolution. A crucial area that requires ongoing development to support 5G wireless communication networks is antenna design. This invention's primary goal is to design and build a wideband, multi-band, and highly effective microstrip antenna for 5G systems that satisfies all standards for contemporary wireless communication networks. The suggested antennas are designed to operate at two distinct frequencies: 32GHz and 36GHz.5G frequency bands are FR1 and FR2. FR1 (4.1 GHz to 7.125 GHz) carries most standard cellular mobile communications traffic, while FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz) focuses on short-range, high-data-rate capabilities.These high-frequency bands are known as "mm-waves" due to their extremely short wavelengths. Although mm-wave bands can operate at up to 300 GHz, 5G will utilize 24 to 100 GHz. We use almost the entire radio frequency range below 6 GHz today. The Defective Ground Structure (DGS) method is one of the most popular approaches to enhancing radiation properties. The fundamental distortion of the ground plane necessitates a change in the inductive and capacitive properties. [Jayendra Kumar, MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016]. With the DGS approach, the resonating frequency may change. This approach is chosen since it yields better outcomes and is simpler. The number of devices with high traffic needs is increasing, and soon our network's capacity will be exhausted. (H. -C. Huang, 2018 International Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT). We are compelled to employ bandwidth above 6 GHz as the need for spectrum to accommodate future improvements increases. There are numerous design strategies in the literature that can be used to fix the antenna's dimensions. The parametric analysis method is preferred by most antenna designers. This approach can lead to optimized specs.
Researchers have proposed a wide range of techniques to alter any antenna's radiation performance, notably to increase an antenna's bandwidth for 5G communication systems. The 5G requirements (24-100 GHz) may be satisfied by the new microwave spectrum (3.3-4.2 GHz) and more effective millimeter-wave frequency band bandwidth usage. [J.G.Andrews et.al, IEEE J. Commun., vol. 32, pp. 1065–1082, June 2014]. The 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands among these high-frequency bands receive more attention and have superior bandwidth, resulting in rapid data transfer and low latency. [Risto Valkonen, IEEE/MTT-S, Int.Microw.Symp., Pennsylvania, pp. 1334–1337,2018].Local multi-point block distribution service A1 (LMDS-A1), with an overall width of 850 MHz, was reallocated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to open up a frequency band between 27.5 and 28.35 GHz, which currently includes the 28 GHz band. The SHF band has a frequency range of 3 to 30 GHz, while the EHF (millimeter-wave range) has a range of 30 to 300 GHz. The 3-300 GHz spectrum is made up of millimeter-wave bands with wavelengths of 1-100 mm because SHF and EHF radio waves travel in exactly the same ways.[Mohsen Khalily Rahim Tafazolli et.al, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol 67, pp. 1–8, 2018]. In [Khalily, M et.al, IEEE Tran. Ant. Propag. Lett. 2018, 66, 4641–4647], Based on the observation from the literature [Ravi, K.C.; Kumar, J., Iran. J. 7Sci. Technol. Trans. Electr. Eng. 2022, 46, 311–317], [C.A.Balanis, Wiley, 2005] a parasitic-based patch antenna is invented and the DGS method is implemented to enhance the bandwidth. The study's main data sources were the Urban area (38 GHz) and New York University (28 GHz). Base stations can provide uninterrupted coverage at 28 and 38 GHz with a cell radius of just 200 meters. Currently, 5GHz is used in mobile phones. Extremely high frequency (EHF) causes a very low wavelength since frequency and wavelength are inversely linked. Millimeter waves are waves with a length of 1 mm to 10 mm. Smartphones now employ centimeter-sized radio waves, which are substantially larger than millimeter-sized waves. These millimeter waves have so far been applied to satellites and radar systems. With the advent of 5G, there may be numerous applications that could completely transform this planet. [Venkatesh, et.al, (2019), Cell and tissue research, 377, 125-151.].
Details of Prior Art
Modern electronic equipment like computers, printers, digital cameras, refrigerators, TVs, and air conditioners may now communicate more easily thanks to Bluetooth. The frequency range of the Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band of Bluetooth is 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz. The ISM's single frequency band will not be able to handle the large volume and transmission rate if more wireless products adopt Bluetooth technology. The main uses of 5G networks, where bandwidth is critical, include virtual reality (VR) versus augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and driverless automobiles. It is suggested to use a Rampart type antenna to increase bandwidth, although the design complexity is higher. (US2537191A). As communication technology develops, a variety of wireless products are produced in massive quantities. Other ISM 2.4 GHz wireless communication technologies, like WLAN (wireless local area network) and Home RF (Home radio frequency), exhibit the same behavior)- (US6788257B2). As any antenna engineer is aware, microstrip patch antennas have a small bandwidth yet are low profile and inexpensive. The creation of a portable microwave antenna that can emit a large, unidirectional beam of radiofrequency radiation from a small, hand-held source is thus one of the invention's objectives. The invention of a dual frequency cavity-backed antenna. With this invention, the problem of creating a portable, lightweight microwave radiator that can be carried in the hand and beam invisible microwave energy in a manner similar to how a regular flashlight beams visible light is intended to be solved. The microwave flashlight of the invention is also capable of projecting two or more beams of various wavelengths and frequencies down a similar central axis, either independently concurrently, or alternately, depending on the numerous purposes for which the device may be utilized. The device of the invention is useful for field testing by offering a portable source of microwave energy, numerous types of microwave equipment can be used.(US3312976A).Therefore, increasing the bandwidth of any microstrip antenna is a difficult operation. The antennas used in this invention are those used for transmitting or receiving signals, respectively. These antenna structures are made to fit inside the hull of a ship or an airplane, with the cavity structure inside the hull and the slot opening covered by an insulating sheet that is electrically transparent and is used with the hull. (US2885676).
Summary of Invention
The improvement of radiation parameters like gain, pattern, and reflection coefficient—all necessary for 5G mobile communication systems—is described in this innovation. A very successful method for enhancing antenna performance that is appropriate for fifth-generation communication systems is the flawed structure. The resonant frequency is attained by using a stepped rectangular form, and the DGS technique is employed to widen the bandwidth. Little adjustments to the antenna's design are necessary to get better results. The suggested antenna concept can be applied to a variety of applications, including mobile phones, aerial ships, and aviation, and it is conformal and easy to incorporate into complex networks.
Detailed description of the invention
Figure 1 shows the layout of the primary antenna designed to operate at 28 GHz frequency. Initially, the dimensions of the substrate, ground plane, patch, and quarter wave transformer are calculated using the formulas given in Balani'stextbook. A simple rectangular patch antenna is designed as a part of the primary design. The designed model has been simulated using HFSS.
Design of rectangular microstrip patch array for 28 GHz: ?_r=4.4, h=1.6 mm
Theoretical Calculations:

Dimensions of the patch antenna can be calculated from the following formulae:

Width of the patch (W_p):

W_p=v/?2f?_r v(2/(?_r+1)) (1)

Where v is the velocity of the electromagnetic wave

f_r is the resonant frequency

?_ris the relative permittivity

Therefore, the width of the patch (W_p) = 2.015mm (optimized to 2.4 mm)

Length of the patch (L_p): The patch's length is calculated by subtracting the effective length from the expanded length.

L_p=L_eff-2 ? L (2)

Where L_eff is the effective length of the patch and is given by

L_eff= v/?2f?_(r v(?_reff )) (3)

Where ?_reff is the effective relative permittivity and is given by

?_reff=(?_r+1)/2+(?_r-1)/2 [1+12 h/W_p ]^((-1)/2) (4)

And ? Lis theextended length due to the fringing effect and is given by

? L=0.412 h (?_reff+0.3)(W_p/h +0.264)/(?_reff-0.258)(W_p/h+0.8) (5)

Therefore, Length of the patch (L_p) = 2.095mm (optimized to 2.4 mm)

Substrate dimensions:

Length of substrate (L_sub) = L_p+6h = 8.2 mm (optimized to 10 mm) (6)
width of the substrate (W_sub) = W_p+6h= 11.2mm (optimized to 13mm) (7)

feed length = ?/2=3.2135 mm (1mm chosen) (8)

feed width (50O line) = (377/((v(?_r ))Z_o ) – 2) h; [Z_o=50 ohms] (9)

= 2.4667 mm (1mm chosen)

feed width (100O line) = (377/((v(?_r ))Z_o ) – 2) h; [Z_o=100 ohms] (10)

=0.43338 mm (chosen value 1mm)

To optimize the dimensions of the antenna, the parametric analysis method is adopted. Initially, deviation from resonating frequency is observed. The reflection coefficient is also not significant. The first layout is in the figure.1 shows the primary antenna (A-1) with dimensions. The entire design is divided into two designs, the first primary model is shown in figure1. The second design is the proposed model for further analysis.
A variety of strategies have been published for improving the parameters of traditional microstrip antennas, including EBG, PBG, Metamaterial, and so on. Because of its easy structural design, the microwave component with DGS has acquired favor among all ways for increasing parameters. DGS are etched grooves or faults on the ground plane of a microstrip circuit. After implementing DGS method, the resonating frequency is significant and reflection coefficient also has considerable value. The bandwidth also improved from 5.77 GHz to 6.98 GHz. The radiation pattern shows better characteristics compared to that of the primary antenna when not applyingthe DGS method. Then for further analysis, to obtain better radiation characteristics that meet the major objective of the invention is the to enhance bandwidth of the antenna useful for 5G systems. To reduce the cross-polarization, a series of parasitic patches have been placed inside the primary patch that forms the proposed model (A2). This changes the capacitive and inductive values and in turn changes fields on the patch. Also it cancels out the cross polarization obtained from the primary model. Hence the bandwidth has been enhanced more compared to the other first three models. Also, the directionality and the gain are improved correspondingly.
Brief Description of Drawing
The List ofFigures, which are illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.
Figure 1 Design flow chart of Parasitic loaded angled dipole Antenna.
Figure 2Layout of the primary antenna model (A1).
Figure 3Layout of the proposed antenna model (A2).
Figure 4Reflection coefficient curve of the two designs
Figure 52D E plane Radiation pattern of the A1 and A2.
Figure 6 2D H plane Radiation pattern of the A1 and A2.
Detailed description of the drawing
As described above present invention relates to the low cross-polarization multiple bandwidth improvement of a parasitic-based patch antenna useful for 5G communication systems.Figure 2 shows the layout of the primary patch antenna model.
The primary antenna is represented with A-1, and a series of ‘u’ shaped parasitic patches are placed inside the primary antenna model. Now the final iteration is made to form the proposed model (A2) as shown in figure 3.
The parametric analysis method is adopted to fix the dimensions of the antenna. The S11 curve obtained for two different models(A1 and A2) is shown in Figure4.
Figure 5 shows the2D E-plane radiation pattern of the both models the resonating frequency are (32 GHz, 36GHz) also the reflection coefficient value has been improved from 22. 52 dB to 27.25 dB. The bandwidth also has been improved for the proposed model from 5.7 GHz to 6.9 GHz.
Figure 6 shows the 2D H-plane radiation pattern of the two models. The gain has been improved from 5.1 to 6.1dB. The pattern is omni directional for the primary model. The directionality of the proposed model becomes multi-directionalwhich means radiation can be directed towards the specific region that covers 360 degrees. This is advantageous as per as 5G communication systems are concerned. Therefore, the proposed model can provide better bandwidth in two important frequency bands (32 GHz and 36GHz) and better radiation pattern characteristics.
6 Claims & 6 Figures , Claims:The following claims define the scope of the invention:
Claims:
1. A low-profile easy-to-fabricate multiple wide bandwidth parasitic-based patch antenna is proposed for the invention. It is useful for 5G communication systems.
a) The formulae in Balani's textbook determine the dimensions of the rectangular patch. This antenna has a straightforward very simple structure, is simple to manufacture, and is quite small.
b) The patch, substrate-ground, and feed dimensions are constructed using the optometric analysis approach. The analysis has been conducted using conventional techniques.Next, with the help of the HFSS tool simulation is done for different iterations.
2. As per Claim 1, the reflection coefficient plot for two different models has been simulated.
3. As per Claim 1, the obtained S11 results have been compared for the two different models like A-1 (-22 dB), A-2(-27.4 dB).
4. As per Claim 1, The bandwidth of the two models has been calculated: Bandwidth for A1 is 6.98 GHz, for A2 is 5.77 GHz. The cross polarization has been reduced significantly though the proposed antenna has got less bandwidth compared to primary model.
5. As mentioned in Claim1, the gain has been improved from 5.1 dB to 6.1dB.