Description:Field of Invention
The present invention relates to the field of electrical engineering and more specifically in the subfield of antenna design and RF (Radio Frequency) engineering. More particularly, the present invention relates on the development, optimization, and application of antennas to meet the growing demands of wireless technology, including telecommunications, wireless networking, radars systems and satellite communications .
The objectives of this invention
The objective of this invention is to create an antenna that can operate efficiently and effectively at multiple frequency bands. The versatility of a single antenna to cover multiple frequency bands, reducing the need for multiple antennas in a system. To make efficient use of available frequency spectrum resources by accommodating various wireless standards or communication systems and also provides good signal coverage across different frequency bands, ensuring reliable communication.
Background of the invention
The release of the spectrum of 7.5 GHz from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in 2002, the wireless market saw the commercial potential in UWB communication.Apart from the applications explained above their scope extends to collision-avoidance radars that are being developed to reduce auto accidents. For personal-area networking, UWB can provide wireless links among camcorders, personal computers, DVD players, flat-screen television displays, printers, MP3 players and other devices. These UWB devices, which potentially support data rates in excess of 1 Gb/s, pose a range of regulatory concerns(V. Kolli and S. M. Reddy, IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication vol. 2, pp. 26-35, 2014). In these realizations, the UWB transmission takes the form of noise-like signals at or below the background noise floor(M. V. K. A. K. Arya, and A. Patnaik, International Conference on Recent Advances in Microwave Theory and Applications, 2008, pp. 729-731).They work across an unprecedented range of the radio spectrum, which is already licensed to a large number of government and commercial users. A key concern from other spectrum users is the interference that UWB transmissions potentially cause. To prevent such interference, a restricted spectrum mask has been imposed to limit the use of this enormous bandwidth.P.Surya Anuja, Int. J. Mod. Eng. Res., vol. 4, pp. 24-30, 2015).
Detailed of Prior Art
UWB field originated from research in time-domain electromagnetics (EM) that was strong even in the early sixties and was able to fully describe the transient behaviour of a certain class of microwave networks through their characteristic impulse response. During the1960s and 1970s impulse radars were investigated for military purposes to obtain greater resolution through their larger relative bandwidth. The experiments with radar led to research on impulse radio or broadband radio. In these impulse radios, signals are transmitted in the form of very narrow pulses. This is also called carrier-less transmission because no sinusoidal carrier is used. These extremely short pulses use a large bandwidth and therefore fall in the category of UWB signals. Prior to 1994, much of the work in the UWB field, particularly in the area of impulse communications, was performed under classified programs. The only commercial non-classified application was Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The concept of OPR extended to newapplications and is now being applied to new imaging devices which enable law enforcement, fire and rescue personnel to see through walls and debris during emergencies. These devices can also improve safety in construction sites by locating steel bars, electrical wiring, and utility pipes hidden inside walls or underground. UWB offers several unique capabilities that can enable a host of new sensing, positioning, and communication applications. Since ultra-wideband systems use very narrow pulses they can be separated out at the receiver.It is revealed an omnidirectional X, Ku, and K-band antenna with dielectric loading. It consists of a ground plane and a conductor with a loading dielectric resonator. A uniform azimuthal coverage range of +10 to +70 degrees is included in the B road frequency coverage from 7,5 to 26 GHz. The antenna can be used for microwave communications in general, including DRaFT communications with satellites and airborne platforms using Digital Radio Frequency Tags (DRaFTs).(CN102549839B).
A wireless communication terminal has a secondary antenna. An electrically conductive planar element with a first edge that is essentially linear and a first length is a part of the secondary antenna. The electrically conductive planar element could also have a second, essentially linear edge that runs counterclockwise to the first edge and has a second length that is shorter than the first length. Between the first edge and the second edge, there may be at least one curved edge. A transitional section between the at least one curved edge and the second edge may give rise to at least one elongated slot that is substantially perpendicular to the second edge.(CN102549839B).

Summary of Invention
Unlike traditional single-band antennas, multiband microstrip patch antennas can handle various wireless services and protocols within a single device.To achieve multiband functionality, innovative design techniques have been developed, such as dual-fed antennas, stacked patch antennas, and slot-coupled/aperture-coupled designs. These methods allow for resonance at different frequencies, making them adaptable to a wide range of applications. The invention of multiband microstrip patch antennas has significantly improved wireless communication, addressing the increasing demand for versatile and efficient antennas that can support multiple frequency bands, a critical requirement in modern telecommunications.
Detailed description of the invention
Traditional wireless network communication which is supporting around 100-200 Mbps have been revolutionized by 5G communication with a hike in the speed of data transfer up to 10-20gbps. The fifth-generation wireless communication is promoted by LAS-CDMA (Large Area Synchronized Code-Division Multiple Access), UWB (Ultra-wideband). 5G uses a higher bandwidth spectrum in a millimetre-wave region to overcome the dilemma of multipath fading and inter-symbol interference. It is ubiquitous access to high and low data rate services, habitually the antenna used in mobile communication systems is a static element which is used to improve the coverage, increasing the capacity, and decreasing the complexity of the networks. It helps in interconnecting the world without any limits. 5G can transfer both voice and high-speed data concurrently and more accurately. One of the decisive features of the 5G is low latency which is necessary for live streaming, cloud gaming, etc. Globally these generations of wireless communication provide us 10X decline in the end- to-end latency. This can intensely boost the ongoing user experience and can seed the opportunity for brand new features including some of the services in Ultra-low latency as it can show doctors the movements in the patient’s body in real time. Further improvements in latency can bring remote robotic surgery into the market. Virtual reality and augmented reality call for an HD video with a very low latency where 5G comes into the picture to influence an incredible virtual experience. 5G network is most efficient for data collection, processing, transmission, control and real-time analytics assisting IoT in many ways. The next generation demands wide bandwidth and decreases in data traffic, craving every organization for the advanced techniques. As a spectral bandwidth is becoming more influential for the radio communication, MIMO technology which empowers the devices to connect more than one frequency band at the same time makes it one of the most essential technologies hired in the present years. Radio Location is one more important application of the designed antenna. The technology uses radio waves to identify and locate flying vehicles. There are two techniques, one measuring the distance by the difference in the power of Received Signal Strength (RSSI), another uses time of arrival (TOA). To provide strong global coverage and versatility satellite communication conjointly accommodate the basic telecommunication requirements of many people across the country. These satellite communication at the range of 24GHz to 25GHz are widely used for mobile phones communication furnishing a vast network across the globe.
The key factors required to design an antenna are realizing the application to be accomplished and fulfil the requirements of the parameters. Undoubtedly, frequency plays a crucial role. Further, the operation of the antenna aids to determine the substrate to be used. After deciding the required data, then the physical dimensions have to be calculated. In this work, authors use Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) v 15.0 to design and simulate the antenna. A ground layer of 40mm x 40mm is designed initially, this provides the base upon which the antenna is to be mounted. The thickness of the antenna is affected depending on the substrate used which further depends on the relative permittivity value. Hence the thickness of substrate material has to be calculated. Theradius“R”ofthecircular hole has been computed by using standard theory ofcircularpatchantennai.e.

where h is the thickness of the substrate, ?r is the relative permittivity of the substrate, and fr is the resonance frequency. F is an empirically derived fraction, which is inversely proportional to the resonant frequency. It controls the radius of the circular patch antenna. In the present example, we use a different value of R.
The second layer of the substrate is attached along with the ground layer. A radiating patch forms the third and most effective layer of the antenna. The patch is fed with the current using various types of feeds. Microstrip line feed is considered to be the simplest form of feeding techniques. Usually, the conducting strip is smaller in size compared with the patch and supplies current through one of its ends. This further eases the fabrication process and the patch to be etched on the same plane providing a planar structure to the arrangement. The height of the substrate is directly proportional to the spurious feed radiations, also the surface waves. This is discovered to inhibit the bandwidth and unwanted cross-polarization of the antenna. It is observed that in microstrip line feed technique the feed is just an extension of the patch connecting with the ground and hence easy to match the impedance by modifying the position of the inset. To obtain better impedance matching it is advised to choose an inset feed that can be later incorporated into the patch.

This is achieved by adjusting the inset position. This technique is considered as one of the easiest technique for providing ease to fabrication and modesty in modelling. The antenna is designed by using the following dimensions of 40mm x 40mm having a thickness of 1.6mm at the substrate. The substrate is composed of FR4 epoxy with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. Further, the patch having dimensions 22mm X 30mm is etched onto the substrate. The feed line with dimensions 1.705mm X 0.334mm.

The geometric parameters are adjusted to observe the variations concerning the gain, bandwidth, and resonant frequency of the proposed antenna. This work focuses on the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna. Many applications such as radiolocation, radio astronomy, mobile and satellite communication and space research are taken into consideration and the antenna is designed specifically for these applications.
Brief description of Drawing
Figure 1 Geometrical model of themultiband patch antenna.
Figure 2 Reflection coefficient of patch antenna.

Detailed description of the drawing
Figure 1 shows schematic diagram of the geometrical model of themultiband patch antenna. Theantennausesa1.6mmthickerFR4substrate,havingarelative permittivity of4.4. The ground plane and radiatingpatcharemadeof0.035mmthickcoppersheet. Theoverall size of the antenna is 40 × 40 × 1.6 mm3. The dimensions ofthe circular hole of the proposed antenna are chosen after adetailed parametric analysis in order to fine tune the targetedresonant frequencies to their standard frequency bands (i.e.WLAN,X-bandandMobileWiMAX).
Figure 2 shows Reflection coefficient of proposed patch antenna for different values of R.It is observed that when R is less than 0.75 mm, the reflection coefficient of the crescent antenna (also true for other radiation characteristics) is nearly identical to those of the basic microstrip patch antenna. However, when it is equal to 0.75 mm, an additional resonance appears.
Table 1 shows data of It is observed from Fig.3 that when R is less than 0.75 mm, the reflection coefficient of the crescent antenna (also true for other radiation characteristics) is nearly identical to those of the basic microstrip patch antenna. However, when it is equal to 0.75 mm, an additional resonance appears.
4 Claims & 2 Drawings , Claims:The following claims define the scope of the invention:

Claims:
1. The antenna is simulated in a soft High Frequency Structural Simulator HFSS.13 of following steps:
To observe the effect of changing dimensions of the radius of the circular hole in the radiating patch.
(a)Designed the Microstrip patch antenna by changing the geometry of substrate to achieve resonances at desired frequency bands
(d)Designed the Microstrip patch antenna by changing the dimensions of the patch to desired results.
(c) Designed the Microstrip patch antenna by giving Microstrip line feed which considered to be the simplest form of feeding techniques.
2. As per claim 1,multiband microstrip patch antennas are designed to operate efficiently across multiple frequency bands. This versatility allows them to support various wireless communication standards and applications, making them highly adaptable and cost-effective for multi-frequency systems.
3. As mentioned in claim 1, these antennas are known for their compact and low-profile design. Their small form factor makes them suitable for integration into space-constrained devices and systems.
4. As per claim 1, feed network and matching circuitry are optimized to ensure impedance matching and enhanced radiation patterns.