Description:Field of Invention
The best antennas are known as a bipolar, loop which is contained in the first digital wireless system. After decades, Guglielmo Marconi’s (1874-1937) used his experiments in monopole antennas called mono-polar antennas. Antennas can be classified according to its types, such as dipole, monopole, point source, wire, slot, loop, horn, patch, reflector, helical, lens, etc., and also can be classified based on the direction of radiation as the isotropic or anisotropic antenna. The type of antenna has no special effects on the usage of the antenna as a transmitter or receiver.

The objectives of this invention
The objective is to design and analyze different types of broadband antennas with light weights and small size. The proposed antennas should work in the mm-waves for a compact of wireless communication applications such as 5G mobile. Also, the thesis focuses on antenna characteristics in the frequency domain, such as radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and group delay time. The relevant design parameters should be analyzed in details so as to know in what way these antennas are operated and achieved the best operation of them.

Background of the invention
Recently, UWB technology is used in various fields like sensing, radar, and military communications. Since the time when the FCC released a decision that UWB can be utilized for data communication in addition to radar and other safety applications. The researches are interested in UWB technology to have a substantial surge. Therefore, it has been rapidly progressing as a promising high data rate wireless technology for different applications. In this chapter deals with an overview of UWB technology, which starts, with the brief introduction and fundamental concepts of UWB, including its definition, advantages, and its standards. Ultra-wideband (3.1 -10.6) GHz systems transmit data with a very high data rate by transferring pulses of energy instead of utilizing a narrowband frequency carrier. The time duration of these pulses is very short, few nanoseconds, which leads to an ultra-wideband spectrum. Historically, UWB systems have been founded on impulse radio. In the 1900s, the concept of impulse radio was initially originated by Marconi, where a very wide bandwidth signal is generated by spark gap transmitters. At that time, it is not possible to find an effective way to recover the wideband signals transmitted by a spark gap transmitter. Therefore, the interference between wideband signals occurs too much. As a result, the wideband communications world became deserted in favour of narrowband communications because the narrowband transmitter is easy to coordinate and regulate( V. Kolli and S. M. Reddy, IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication vol. 2, pp. 26- 35, 2014).The type of antenna has no special effects on the usage of the antenna as a transmitter or receiver. A coaxial cable with high isolation, low cross-polarization, and broadband for the DLP antenna. (Y. Y. B. Li, W. Hu, Y. Ding, and Y. Zhao, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,vol. 11, pp. 427-430, 2012).

Detailed of Prior Art
Numerous researches have been devoted to improving UWB mixers, LNAs and whole front-ends, but the number of researches which were particularized to develop the UWB antennas is not similar. Industrial and academic communities have recognized the tradeoffs between transceiver complexity and antenna design. Generally, the transceiver became more complicated when a newly developed wireless mechanism has been introduced. To improve the performance of the transceiver without increasing the cost of its architecture, the antenna which utilizes should have an advanced characteristic because of the antenna is an integrated part of the transceiver. Also, it has played a significant role to improve the performance and decrease the complexes of the overall transceiver. Furthermore, the inclination of modern wireless communication systems, including UWB founded systems, is building on integrated circuits with small size and low profile properties in order to be suitable with the portable electronic devices. The volume of the UWB devices can be miniaturized greatly by substituting the three-dimensional radiators with the planar versions of them. As well as, the fabrication of the UWB antenna with the two-dimensional geometry is relatively easier than the three-dimensional one. The radiator in the radiating patch is made up of a first part and a second part that are connected to each other. The first part and the second part are both annular structures with a first opening formed in the first part and a second opening formed in the second part. The radiating patch is placed on the substrate. The innovation gains the benefits of ultra broad band, high gain, downsizing, and superior omni-directionality by utilizing the structure. The invention's effective working frequency range is 2.98 to 22.26 GHz, its overall bandwidth is 19.28 GHz, its average gain exceeds 4 dBi, its size is 23 mm by 34 mm, and its omnidirectional radiation characteristic is attained from 3.1 to 6 GHz. (CN111262033B).A dielectric substrate, a feed line positioned on the dielectric substrate, a main radiating element radiating the electromagnetic energy inputted by the feed line, and at least one sub-radiating element positioned close to the main radiating element for multi-radiation are all components of a miniaturized ultra-wideband microstrip antenna. The antenna also has at least one connection plate that electrically links at least one of the sub-radiating components to the main radiating element. (US7324049B2).

Summary of Invention
First of all, the UWB antenna performance is desired to be stationary over the whole operating bandwidth. Ideally, the gain, radiation pattern and impedance matching of it must be steady across the whole operating bandwidth. And to avoid the interference with the neighboring devices and services that are occupying the same bandwidth, the UWB antenna may be designed to provide band-rejected characteristic. Secondly, the time domain characteristics that are required for the UWB antenna must be good. In the case of narrowband, the antenna has the same performance over the whole operational bandwidth and the fundamental parameters, such as return loss and gain, has the same values over the entire operational bandwidth. On the contrary to that, UWB systems are always using very short pulses in data transmitting, and huge bandwidth has been used. Therefore; this kind of antennas cannot be considered as a 'spot filter' but it must be treated as a 'band-pass filter'. Thus, the antenna forces important influences on the signals that are input to UWB systems. As a result, the time domain characteristic of the UWB antenna is required to be good, in other words; the received signals are desired to have minimum distortion. This condition is a primary issue of an acceptable UWB antenna because there is no carrier used, and the UWB signal is the carrier of information. Consequently, the time domain characteristic of the UWB antenna is indispensable and significant to study when designing a UWB antenna. Thirdly, the radiation pattern of the UWB antenna is directional or omnidirectional depending upon the kind of application. For example, in the applications that need a high gain like radar systems, mobile communication a directional radiation pattern antenna prefers. However, in portable and handheld systems, omnidirectional pattern antennas are desirable.
Detailed description of the invention
The components of the microstrip antenna, which consists of a patch printed on the upper side of the substrate insulation called patch antenna, and another side of the substrate print called ground plane, and consists of a very thin conductive material made of copper, aluminum or gold, or any substance having high connectivity. The advantages of these antennas are low cost, lightweight, and small size which can be used in mobile communication devices, satellite, a direct broadcast system, and military applications, where the increased energy emitted with frequency. Because of the operating features, this microstrip antenna uses a wide range of polarization patterns and may be used in a mobile system, that requires security with a narrowband range to prevent interference between users. There are three models to analyze the antenna microstructure, namely the cavity model, a full-wave model which is more complex but more precise, and the transmission line model, which is easier but less accurate.
A single-component antenna frequently has a wide emission pattern but little gain because of its low directivity. As a result, while constructing an antenna, the features of the directivity that raise the high gain that satisfies the requirement of communications that demand high gain must be taken into account. Only by expanding the electric current's surface area is remote communication possible. There are numerous approaches to improving the directional performance without enlarging the antenna. One of them, which takes the shape of a geometric array in an electrical arrangement, is the composition of a group of radiated elements.
This antenna, which comprises of several components known as an array, may or may not contain identical array components.
Numerous variables affect how an antenna's array is configured in a set of symmetric array elements.
1. The relative impact of the various elements on their surrounding neighbors.
2. The element edition's amplitude.
3- The separation of the components.
4. The element's geometry.
Excitation of the element in its fifth phase.
The easiest, simplest, and most practical method of creating the array's elements is along the line.
The use of microstrip antennas in communication systems can boost bandwidth, facilitating high-level decision-making that results in the creation of the next generation of mobile communications. It is utilized in many different applications, including radar, GPS, satellite, and mobile communications. The array is used to enhance the performance of the antenna because it has a big bandwidth that boosts band mobility and is equivalent to gain reduction, low resistance, and low efficiency. The elliptical antenna may be a suitable filter for wide bandwidth communication application, simple to construct, and lightweight feature, in order to overcome large spread lack occur with mm-wave wide bands of the antenna, steady radiation feature, and rising gain wanted.
When we use an array, a problem with the array's intended use occurs because it is impossible to reconcile the conflict between mutual coupling and side lobe, which results in the implementation of the antenna with low radiation and a significant decrease in bandwidth and gain because of the synchronization of height. The side lobe is thought to close the gap between the antenna elements. In the event of a close area, the conjunction reduction is therefore necessary. Recently, the mutual conjunction lowering has been able to provide methods for better antenna array radiation execution.
The beam adjustment elements are referred to as the array size of the array. Antenna gain is inversely proportional to gain. The signal broadcast equally to the sum of signals that have a re-radiation of identical elements, which causes the current to return to the antenna element, is due to increases in the number of elements and the energy efficiency of the pattern section. Receiving Mutual Impedance (RMI) and Conventional Mutual Impedance (CMI) are two different categories of synchronization techniques.
Brief description of Drawing
Figure 1: The radiation efficiency for the two ports antenna .The group time delay of the designed antenna should be able to transmit the electrical pulse with minimum distortion which is calculated around to be zero with variation is more than 0.1nsec due the frequency band from (6.95 -30.94 ) GHz as shown and the VSWR is also = 2 so that it considers as measure for the mismatch between the line and the load.
Figure 2:The four-portantenna (a) construction shape (b) practical. The simulation and practical results shows multi band for the reflections coefficient (S11), (S22), (S33) and (S44). Note the practical results were obtained by conducting the test of the proposed antenna using vector network analyzer 20GHz because of the unavailability of a larger range them.
Detailed description of the drawing
Today, the design of the antenna for wireless mobile phones is very precise. Many communications applications are integrated into the same device and can offer multiple services such as GPS, WLAN services, all of which rely on a multi-band antenna. Since mobile phones are small in size, their implementation is difficult to meet the requirements due to limited space and cost [40, 96-99]. In this part, the provided antenna is containing two input ports. Each of them has its frequency bands. The implementation of these two antennas is carried out on a small size of (15 × 21 × 1.6) mm2. The proposed antenna is carried out from other FR-4 components which require sufficient isolation between the antenna given that each frequency band must work at the same time and the polarization of proposed antennas phase difference between 180 degrees to reduce the interconnection and reduce interference. The proposed solution is very suitable for the configuration of the systems which requires multiple wireless services and increase the capacity to transfer and process data which can be used at the same time. One of the advantages that other negative components can be implemented is the use of a standard printed circuit board (PCB) in which the phone can be effectively integrated due to the small size of the antenna. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric relative constant er = 4.3, dissipation factor tand = 0.002 and thickness of 1.6 mm. A new antenna has been proposed by linking two physically separate ports (180o orientation), it is presented in figure (3.22). Each antenna port resonates at a different single frequency or dual frequencies within the 5G broadband and/or wideband. The simulation results for multiband for port1, are (2.3 –4.3) GHz, (9.8 - 43.2) GHz, (50.2 - more than 70) GHz and port2 (2.7 - 4.7) GHz, (7.7 - 13.5) GHz, and (35.7 - 64.5) GHz. The proposed two-port antenna is simulated by CST and the bandwidth with reflection coefficient (S11), (S22 ) are observed.
4 Claims & 3 Drawings , Claims:The scope of the invention is defined by the following claims:

Claims:
1. There are four elements and four feeding ports in the antenna system. The MIMO array antenna is implemented as an array antenna with dimensions of (40 * 40 * 1.6) mm3 and is developed in a small FR-4 substrate with relative permittivity (er) of 4.3.

a). The suggested MIMO array antenna is simulated, and the bandwidth with reflection coefficient (S11, S22, S33, S44) is the same as that for MIMO array antennas at 2.4-3.9 GHz, 7-11 GHz, and 20.7-30.5" GHz.

b).Mutual coefficient (S12, S13, S14, S21, S23, S24, S31, S32, S34, S41, S42, S43) 10dB and increase the gain from the single antenna is approximately 6.8 dBi to the multiband width (14) dBi, (5) dBi, and 8.7 dBi, respectively.

c). To run the atching, the stub transition was employed, which reduced the imaginary impedance and brought it closer to zero ohms. It also decreased the real losses, which brought the resistance near to 50 ohms.

2. As mentioned in claim 1, by placing high-density dielectric resonators atop the antenna patch, which can be employed in harvesting applications, the suggested patch antennas' bandwidth can be made suitable for the majority of wireless applications.

3. As per claim 1The link between 2N elements of the antenna and gain, where N = 3, was discovered during the design and study of a huge array antenna to improve gain.

4. As mentioned in claim 1, the addition of a semiconductor (graphene) in the space between the antenna patch and substrate has a considerable impact on how well the antenna responds. It has been observed that any gap distance as well as the change in current from the patch's surface to the substrate's direction cause the matching impedance of the antenna to worsen.