FORM2
THE PATENTS ACT 1970
39 OF 1970
&
THE PATENT RULES 2003
COMPLETESPECIFICATION
(SEE SECTIONS 10 & RULE 13)
1. TITLEOF THE INVENTION
“A COMBINED CHARGING SYSTEM FOR DUAL BATTERY SYSTEM IN
AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE”
2. APPLICANTS (S)
(a) Name: Varroc Engineering Limited
(b) Nationality: Indian
(c) Address: L-4, Industrial Area,
Waluj MIDC, Aurangabad-431136, Maharashtra, India
3. PREAMBLETOTHEDESCRIPTION
COMPLETESPECIFICATION
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND PRIORITY
[0001] The present application claims priority from the Indian provisional patent application number 202421041525, filed on 28th day of May 2024, which is incorporated herein as a reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates in general to integrating components in an electric vehicle powertrain, and more particularly integration of power factor correction (PFC) circuit and an inverter circuit of an on-board charger (OBC).
BACKGROUND
[0003] In a typical electric vehicle (EV) powertrain architecture, an on-board charger (OBC) and an auxiliary power module (APM) are key components. The OBC draws power from a utility grid or an alternating current (AC) plug point. The OBC processes and delivers the power to charge a traction battery. The OBC may consist of a PFC (power factor correction) rectifier and a dc-dc converter. The dc-dc converter of the OBC may include three sub-parts, namely, an inverter, a transformer and a rectifier. The inverter converts a DC input voltage to a high frequency AC voltage. This high frequency AC voltage is given to the transformer which changes its voltage level. The change in the voltage level is decided by the turn’s ratio of the transformer. The output of the transformer, i.e. changed in the AC voltage, is given to the rectifier. The rectifier outputs a DC voltage suitable for charging the traction battery. [0004] An EV also contains an auxiliary battery (typically 12 V) for system wake up and for supplying power to auxiliary loads. The auxiliary loads include lighting, dashboard, sensors, infotainment system, fans, motors, pumps and the like. The APM may draw power from the traction battery and charges the auxiliary battery. The APM may also consist of a dc-dc converter. The dc-dc converter of the APM may also include three sub-parts, namely an inverter, a transformer and a rectifier.
[0005] Typically, the OBC and the APM components may be placed physically apart in an EV powertrain architecture and require electrical wires to establish connection. The electric wires connecting the OBC and the APM with each other or with the batteries add to the space required, cost and weight of the electric vehicle. The aforesaid challenge becomes more severe

when the OBC and the APM increase in power to reduce the charging time. Hence, it is desirable to co-package and integrate as many components as possible in the EV powertrain. [0006] In light of the foregoing discussion, there exists a need for an improved integrated powertrain for the electric vehicle which may address at least one of the above-mentioned requirements.
SUMMARY
[0007] In an example aspect, an integrated powertrain for a vehicle may include an auxiliary
power module (APM) and an on-board charger (OBC). Further, a first rectifier of the (OBC)
and a second inverter of the APM form a first integrated circuit. Furthermore, the integrated
powertrain for the vehicle may include a power factor correction (PFC) rectifier and a first
inverter of the OBC form a second integrated circuit.
[0008] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit may be configured to draw power
from a utility grid at a unity power factor and supply power to a first transformer of the OBC.
[0009] In another embodiment, the first integrated circuit may be configured to draw power
from a first transformer of the OBC and supply power to a second transformer of the APM
and to a traction battery.
[00010] In yet another embodiment, the first integrated circuit may be configured to draw
power from the second integrated circuit and participate in independent charging of a traction
battery and an auxiliary battery, along with supplying power to an auxiliary loads.
[00011] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit may be configured to supply
power to the first integrated circuit via a first transformer.
[00012] In yet another embodiment, the first integrated circuit may be configured to charge
an auxiliary battery from a utility grid via the second integrated circuit using a second
transformer.
[00013] In yet another embodiment, the first integrated circuit may include at least three legs
(a first leg, a second leg and a third leg), each leg may include at least two circuit elements,
such as a switching element, a non-switching element, or a combination thereof.
[00014] In yet another embodiment, the non-switching elements may be configured to
generate a sinusoidal current in a first transformer of the OBC and a second transformer of the
APM, thereby reducing power loss.

[00015] In yet another embodiment, the first leg may be connected to a first transformer (103b), the third leg may be connected to a second transformer, and the second leg may be connected to both transformers. Further, the first leg and the second leg may be configured to function as the rectifier circuit for the OBC operation. Furthermore, the second leg and the third leg may be configured to function as the inverter circuit for the APM operation. [00016] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit may include plurality of legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg, and the like), each leg include at least two circuit elements, such as a switching element, a non-switching element, or a combination thereof. [00017] In yet another embodiment, the switching elements may be configured to draw power from a utility grid at a unity power factor.
[00018] In yet another embodiment, the non-switching elements may be configured to generate a sinusoidal current in a first transformer of the OBC, thereby reducing the power loss.
[00019] In yet another embodiment, at least two legs from the plurality of legs may be connected to a utility grid, and at least two legs from the plurality of legs are connected to a first transformer. Further, the legs connected to the utility grid may be configured to perform the function of the PFC rectifier. Furthermore, the legs connected to the first transformer may be configured to perform the function of the first inverter circuit.
[00020] In yet another embodiment, the legs connected to the utility grid and the legs connected to the first transformer may be either directly connected or connected through at least one energy storage element, which controls the current shape drawn from the utility grid. [00021] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit in a first implementation, may include at least three legs (a first leg, a second leg, and a third leg). Further, the first leg may include at least two switching elements connected to a utility grid. Furthermore, the second leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and to a first transformer. Additionally, the third leg includes at least two energy storage elements such as capacitors connected to the first transformer.
[00022] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit, in a second implementation may include at least four legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg and a fourth leg). Further,

the first leg may include at least two switching elements may be connected to a utility grid. Furthermore, the second leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Additionally, the third leg may include at least two switching elements connected to the first transformer. Further, the fourth leg may include at least one energy storage element such as capacitor connected to the first three legs.
[00023] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit in a third implementation, may include at least four legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg and a fourth leg). Further, the first leg may include at least two switching elements connected to a utility grid. Furthermore, the second leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Additionally, the third leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Further, the fourth leg may include at least one energy storage element such as capacitor connected to first three legs.
[00024] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit in a fourth implementation, may include at least four legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg and a fourth leg). Further, the first leg may include at least two switching elements such as diodes connected to a utility grid. Furthermore, the second leg may include at least two switching elements such as diodes connected to the utility grid. Additionally, the third leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Further, the fourth leg may include at least two energy storage elements such as capacitors connected to the first transformer.
[00025] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit in a fifth implementation, may include at least five legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg, a fourth leg and a fifth leg). Further, the first leg may include at least two switching elements such as diodes connected to a utility grid. Furthermore, the second leg may include at least two switching elements such as diodes connected to the utility grid. Additionally, the third leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Further, the fourth leg may include at least two switching

elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Furthermore, the fifth leg may include at least one energy storage element such as capacitor connected to the legs.
[00026] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit in a sixth implementation, may include at least four legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg and a fourth leg). Further, the first leg may include at least two switching elements connected to a utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor. Furthermore, the second leg may include at least two switching elements connected to a utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor. Additionally, the third leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Further, the fourth leg includes at least two energy storage elements such as capacitors connected to the first transformer.
[00027] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit in a seventh implementation, may include at least five legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg, a fourth leg and a fifth leg). Further, the first leg may include at least two switching elements connected to a utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor. Furthermore, the second leg may include at least two switching elements connected to a utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor. Additionally, the third leg may include at least two switching elements, connected to the utility grid via an energy storage element such as an inductor, and a first transformer. Further, the fourth leg includes at least two switching elements connected to the first transformer. Furthermore, the fifth leg may include at least one energy storage element such as capacitors, connected to the first leg, the second leg, the third leg, the fourth leg, and the fifth leg.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
[00028] The features, nature, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which reference characters identify correspondingly throughout. Some embodiments of system and/or methods in accordance with embodiments of the present

subject matter are now described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
[00029] Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of an electric vehicle powertrain illustrating an on¬board charger and an auxiliary power module, in accordance with a conventional system; [00030] Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of an electric vehicle powertrain illustrating a first integrated circuit of an electronic components between an on-board charger and an auxiliary power module, in accordance with an embodiment of a present disclosure;
[00031] Fig. 3a shows a circuit diagram of a first implementation of the first integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00032] Fig. 3b shows a circuit diagram of a second implementation of the first integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00033] Fig. 3c shows a circuit diagram of a third implementation of the first integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00034] Fig. 3d shows a circuit diagram of a fourth implementation of the first integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00035] Fig. 3e shows a circuit diagram of a fifth implementation of the first integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00036] Fig. 3f shows a circuit diagram of a sixth implementation of the first integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00037] Fig. 4a shows a block diagram of an electric vehicle powertrain illustrating a second integrated circuit of an electronic components between an on-board charger in accordance with an embodiment of a present disclosure;
[00038] Fig. 4b shows a block diagram of an electric vehicle powertrain illustrating a second integrated circuit of an electronic components between an on-board charger and the first integrated circuit of an electronic components between an on-board charger and an auxiliary power module, in accordance with an embodiment of a present disclosure;
[00039] Fig. 5a shows a circuit diagram of a first implementation of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00040] Fig. 5b shows a circuit diagram of a second implementation of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[00041] Fig. 5c shows a circuit diagram of a third implementation of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00042] Fig. 5d shows a circuit diagram of a fourth implementation of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00043] Fig. 5e shows a circuit diagram of a fifth implementation of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00044] Fig. 5f shows a circuit diagram of a sixth implementation of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; [00045] Fig. 5g shows a circuit diagram of a seventh implementation of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. [00046] It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any block diagram herein represents conceptual views of illustrative systems embodying the principles of the present subject matter. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and executed by a computer or processor, whether such computer or processor is explicitly shown.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[00047] The terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “include(s)”, or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a setup, system, or method that comprises a list of components or steps does not include only those components or steps but may include other components or steps not expressly listed or inherent to such setup or system or method. In other words, one or more elements in a system or apparatus proceeded by “comprises… a” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other elements or additional elements in the system or apparatus.
[00048] In the following detailed description of the embodiments of the disclosure, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that changes

may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The following description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.
[00049] A typical arrangement of an on-board charger (OBC) (103) and an auxiliary power module (APM) (107) in an electric vehicle (EV) powertrain is depicted in Fig. 1. The OBC (103) and the APM (107) are ideal for integration due to the similarities in their operation and the components such as redundant electrical components like switches, capacitors and gate drivers may be removed. However, the challenge in such integration is that common circuit components may ensure proper operation of the OBC (103) and the APM (107), without negatively affecting each other’s operation/contribution.
[00050] In the EV powertrain architecture, the OBC (103) and the APM (107) are key components. The OBC (103) may draw power from a utility grid (100) or an alternating current (AC) plug point. This AC input can be a single phase or a three phase depending upon the charging power level. The OBC (103) may process and deliver the power to charge a traction battery (105). Further, the OBC (103) may consist of a power factor correction (PFC) rectifier (101) with other components. The PFC rectifier (101) converts the AC voltage from the grid into a high direct current (DC) voltage (typically 400 V). Further, the OBC (103) may draw power from the 400 V DC and provides suitable output voltage/current for charging of the traction battery (105). The OBC (103) along with a PFC rectifier (101) may include a dc-dc converter. The dc-dc converter of the OBC (103) may include three sub-parts, namely, a first inverter (103a), a first transformer (103b) and a first rectifier (103c). Further, in another configuration, the OBC (103) may also be referred only to the dc-dc converter (the first inverter (103a), the first transformer (103b) and the first rectifier (103c)). Therefore, the referral numeral (103) may not be only limited to either the PFC rectifier (101) and the dc-dc converter (first inverter (103a), the first transformer (103b) and the first rectifier (103c)) or only to the first inverter (103a), the first transformer (103b) and the first rectifier (103c). Depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit, the referral numeral (103) may be connoted.
[00051] The first inverter (103a) may convert the DC input voltage to a high frequency AC voltage. This high frequency AC voltage may be provided to the first transformer (103b), which changes its voltage level. The change in the voltage level may be decided by the turn’s

ratio of the first transformer (103b). The output of the first transformer (103b), i.e. the change in AC voltage, is given to the first rectifier (103c). The first rectifier (103c) outputs a DC voltage suitable for charging the traction battery (105).
[00052] The EV powertrain may also include an auxiliary battery (typically 12 V) (109) for system wake up and for supplying power to the auxiliary loads (not shown). The auxiliary loads may include lighting, dashboard, sensors, infotainment system, fans, motors, pumps and the like.
[00053] The APM (107) may draw power from the traction battery (105) and charges the auxiliary battery (109). The APM (107) may consist of three sub-parts, namely, a second inverter (107a), a second transformer (107b) and a second rectifier (107c) and may also consist of other components. The second inverter (107a) may convert a DC input voltage from the traction battery (105) to a high frequency AC voltage. This high frequency AC voltage is given to the second transformer (107b), which may change its voltage level. The change in the voltage level is decided by the turn’s ratio of the second transformer (107b). The output of the second transformer (107b), i.e. change in the AC voltage, is given to the second rectifier (107c). The second rectifier (107c) outputs a DC voltage suitable for charging the auxiliary battery (109).
[00054] In the conventional integration attempt, the power flow of the transformers of the OBC and the APM were adversely affected. Hence, additional control actions or circuit elements are needed to restore the unwanted power flow change. This requires complicated control schemes and fast acting controllers, which are costly and complex. The additional circuit elements increase the cost and size of the system, which may limit the commercial viability in the electric two-wheeler, three-wheeler and the like.
[00055] In addition, the APM (107), may have a traction battery (105) connected to its input, and the auxiliary battery (109) connected at its output. There may be a single power converter (second inverter (107a), second transformer (107b) and second rectifier (107c)) connected between the traction battery (105) and the auxiliary battery (109), which is the main component of the APM (107). Both the batteries (the traction battery (105) and the auxiliary battery (109)) see a very large variation in voltage. Hence, the single power converter needs to be designed for all the desired operating conditions, such as highest input voltage feeding

lowest output voltage or vice versa. Although such a design is possible, designing for desired conditions requires oversizing the circuit components including but not limited to increasing the wire thickness of the first transformer and the second transformer (103b, 107b) of the APM (107) and the OBC (103) respectively, thereby increasing the current rating of the switches etc. These components again increase the cost and size of the system.
[00056] Referring to Fig. 2, the first integrated circuit (111a) may be configured to make a common connection to the first transformer (103b) of the OBC (103) and the second transformer (107b) of the APM (107). The first rectifier (103c) (as shown in Fig. 1) of the OBC (103) is integrated with the second inverter (107a) (as shown in Fig. 1) of the APM (107). Alternatively, the second inverter (107a) of the APM (107) may be integrated with the first rectifier (103c) of the OBC (103). Fig. 2 illustrating the block diagram of the electric vehicle powertrain may be divided into three sub-blocks which may be referred by reference numeral (300), (400) and (500). The reference numeral (300) may include the first transformer (103b), the second transformer (107b), the first integrated circuit (111a) and the traction battery (105). The reference numeral (400) may include the PFC rectifier (101), the first inverter (103a) and the first transformer (103b). Similarly, the reference numeral (500) may include the auxiliary battery (109), the second rectifier (107c) and the second transformer (107b).
[00057] Fig. 3(a) shows a circuit diagram of a first implementation (111a-1) of the first integrated circuit (111a) as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In other words, Fig. 3(a) and the Figs. 3(b)-3(f) may be depicted by the reference numeral (300) which may include the first transformer (103b), the second transformer (107b), the first integrated circuit (111a) in the first implementation (111a-1) and the traction battery (105).
[00058] In one embodiment, the first integrated circuit (111a) in its first implementation (111a-1) includes at least three legs, namely a first leg (L1), a second leg (L2) and a third leg (L3). However, the number of legs can be one and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg (L1) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a diode (D1) and a diode (D2). The second leg (L2) may consist of a plurality of

switching elements such as a switch (S1) and a switch (S2). The third leg (L3) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S3) and a switch (S4).
[00059] The first leg (L1) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L2) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The third leg (L3) may be connected to the second transformer (107b).
[00060] The first leg (L1) may be connected to the first transformer (103b) and the second leg (L2) connected to both, the first transformer (103b), and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of the first rectifier (103c). Here, the first leg (L1) and the second leg (L2) act as a semi-controlled full bridge rectifier. The diagonal switching elements such as which are a top switching element of the first leg (L1) and a bottom switching element of the second leg (L2) or a top switching element of the second leg (L2) and a bottom switching element of the first leg (L1), carry current to convert AC power to DC power. The third leg (L3) may be connected to the second transformer (107b) and the second leg (L2) may be connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of second inverter (107a). Here, the third leg (L3) and the second leg (L2) act as a full bridge inverter. The plurality of switches of the second leg (L2) and the third leg (L3) carry current alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the first integrated circuit (111a) is achieved. In this way, the first implementation (111a-1) of the first integrated circuit (111a) is achieved.
[00061] A full bridge inverter in the present disclosure offers significant advantages over a half bridge structure, particularly in terms of higher efficiency, simpler transformer design, and reduced conduction losses (thermal stress). To deliver the same output power, a half bridge requires twice the current, leading to higher conduction losses in both the power switches and transformer windings.
[00062] Fig. 3(b) shows a circuit diagram of a second implementation (111a-2) of the first integration circuit (111a) as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[00063] In one embodiment, the integrated circuit (111a-2) includes at least three legs, namely a first leg (L4), a second leg (L5) and a third leg (L6). However, the number of legs can be one and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg

(L4) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S5) and a switch S6). The second leg (L5) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S7) and a switch (S8). The third leg (L6) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S9) and a switch (S10).
[00064] The first leg (L4) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L5) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The third leg (L6) may be connected to the second transformer (107b).
[00065] The first leg (L4) may be connected to the first transformer (103b) and the second leg (L5) may be connected, to both the first transformer (103b), and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of the first rectifier (103c). Here, the first leg (L4) and the second leg (L5) act as a full bridge rectifier. The diagonal switching elements such as which are a top switching element of the first leg (L4) and a bottom switching element of the second leg (L5) or a top switching element of the second leg (L5) and a bottom switching element of the first leg (L4), carry current to convert AC power to DC power. The third leg (L6) is connected to the second transformer (107b) and the second leg (L5) connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of the second inverter (107a). Here, the third leg (L6) and the second leg (L5) act as a full bridge inverter. The plurality of switches of the second leg (L5) and the third leg (L6) carry current alternatively to convert DC power into AC power.
[00066] A full bridge inverter in the present disclosure offers significant advantages over a half bridge structure in the prior art, particularly in terms of higher efficiency, simpler transformer design, and reduced conduction losses (thermal stress). To deliver the same output power, a half bridge requires twice the current, leading to higher conduction losses in both the power switches and transformer windings. In this way, the second implementation (111a-2) of the first integrated circuit (111a) is achieved.
[00067] Fig. 3(c) shows a circuit diagram of a third implementation (111a-3) of the first integration circuit (111a) as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[00068] In an embodiment, the integrated circuit (111a-3) includes at least three legs, namely a first leg (7), a second leg (L8) and a third leg (L9). However, the number of legs can be one

and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg (L7) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a diode (D3) and a diode (D4). The second leg (L8) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S11) and a switch (S12). The third leg (L9) may consist of a plurality of non-switching elements such as a capacitor (C1) and a capacitor (C2).
[00069] The first leg (L7) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L8) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The third leg (L9) may be connected to the second transformer (107b).
[00070] The first leg (L7) is connected to the first transformer (103b) and the second leg (L8) connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of the first rectifier (103c). Here, the first leg (L7) and the second leg (L8) act as a semi-controlled full bridge rectifier. The diagonal switching elements such as which are a top switching element of the first leg (L7) and a bottom switching element of the second leg (L8) or a top switching element of the second leg (L8) and a bottom switching element of the first leg (L7), carry current to convert AC power to DC power. The third leg (L9) is connected to the second transformer (107b) and the second leg (L8) connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of second inverter (107a). Here, the third leg (L9) and the second leg (L8) act as a half bridge inverter. The plurality of switches (S11, S12) of the second leg (L8) alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the third implementation (111a-3) of the first integrated circuit (111a) is achieved.
[00071] Fig. 3(d) shows a circuit diagram of a fourth implementation (111a-4) of the first integration circuit (111a) as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[00072] In one embodiment, the integrated circuit (111a-4) includes at least three legs, namely a first leg (10), a second leg (L11) and a third leg (L12). However, the number of legs can be one and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg (L10) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S13) and a switch (S14). The second leg (L11) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch

(S15) and a switch (S16). The third leg (L12) may consist of a plurality of non-switching elements such as a capacitor (C3) and a capacitor (C4).
[00073] The first leg (L10) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L11) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The third leg (L12) may be connected to the second transformer (107b).
[00074] The first leg (L10) is connected to the first transformer (103b) and the second leg (L11) connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of the first rectifier (103c). Here, the first leg (L10) and the second leg (L11) act as an active full bridge rectifier. The diagonal switching elements such as which are a top switching element of the first leg (L10) and a bottom switching element of the second leg (L11) or a top switching element of the second leg (L11) and a bottom switching element of the first leg (L10), carry current to convert AC power to DC power. The third leg (L12) is connected to the second transformer (107b) and the second leg (L11) connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the second transformer (107b) are configured to perform the function of second inverter (107a). Here, the third leg (L12) and the second leg (L11) act as a full bridge inverter. The plurality of switches (S15, S16) of the second leg (L11) alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the fourth implementation (111a-4) of the first integrated circuit (111a) is achieved.
[00075] Fig. 3(e) shows a circuit diagram of a fifth implementation (111a-5) of the first integration circuit (111a) as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[00076] In an embodiment, the integrated circuit (111a-5) includes at least three legs, namely a first leg (L13), a second leg (L14) and a third leg (L15). However, the number of legs can be one and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg (L13) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a diode (D5) and a diode (D6). The second leg (L14) may consist of a plurality of non-switching elements such as a capacitor (C5) and a capacitor (C6). The third leg (L15) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S17) and a switch (S18).

[00077] The first leg (L13) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L14) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The third leg (L15) may be connected to the second transformer (107b).
[00078] The first leg (L13) is connected to the first transformer (103b). The third leg (L15) is connected to the second transformer (107b). In a specific embodiment, the second leg (L14) which consists of plurality of capacitors (C5, C6) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The first leg (L13) consists of a plurality of diodes connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L14) along with the first leg (L13) may be configured to perform the function of first rectifier (103c). Here, the first leg (L13) along with second leg (L14) acts as a half bridge rectifier. The top capacitor (C5) and bottom capacitor (C6) of the second leg (L14) are charged alternatively to convert AC power into DC power. On the other hand, the third leg (L15) may be connected to the second transformer (107b). The second leg (L14) along with the third leg (L15) may perform the function of second inverter (107a). Here, the circuit acts as a half bridge inverter. The plurality of switches (S17, S18) of the third leg (L15) alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the fifth implementation (111a-5) of the first integrated circuit (111a) is achieved.
[00079] Fig. 3(f) shows a circuit diagram of a sixth implementation (111a-6) of the first integration circuit (111a) as shown in the Fig. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[00080] In an embodiment, the integrated circuit (111a-6) includes at least three legs, namely a first leg (L16), a second leg (L17) and a third leg (L18). However, the number of legs can be one and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg (L16) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S19) and a switch (S20). The second leg (L17) may consist of a plurality of non-switching elements such as a capacitor (C7) and a capacitor (C8). The third leg (L18) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S21) and a switch (S22).
[00081] The first leg (L16) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L17) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The third leg (L18) may be connected to the second transformer (107b).

[00082] The first leg (L16) is connected to the first transformer (103b). The third leg (L18) is connected to the second transformer (107b). In a specific embodiment, the second leg (L17) which consists of plurality of capacitors (C7, C8) may be connected to both the first transformers (103b) and the second transformer (107b). The first leg (L16) consists of a plurality of switches (S19, S20) connected to the first transformer (103b). The second leg (L17) along with the first leg (L16) may be configured to perform the function of first rectifier (103c). Here, the first leg (L16) along with second leg (L17) acts as a half bridge active rectifier. The top capacitor (C7) and bottom capacitor (C8) of the second leg (L17) are charged alternatively to convert AC power into DC power. On the other hand, the third leg (L18) may be connected to the second transformer (107b). The second leg (L17) along with the third leg (L18) may perform the function of second inverter (107a). Here, the circuit acts as a half bridge inverter. The plurality of switches (S21, S22) of the third leg (L18) are turned on alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the sixth implementation (111a-6) of the first integrated circuit (111a) is achieved.
[00083] Referring to Fig. 4a, the second integrated circuit (111b) may be formed by integrating the PFC rectifier (101) of the OBC (103) and the first inverter (103a) of the OBC (103). The output of the utility grid (100) is connected to the second integrated circuit (111b) and the output of the second integrated circuit is connected to the first transformer (103b). Further, referring to Fig. 4b, the first integrated circuit (111a) may be formed by integrating the first rectifier (103c) of the OBC (103) and the second inverter (107a) of the APM (107). The details of the first integrated circuit (111a) and its working are explained in the above Figs.
[00084] In one embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) may be configured to draw power from the utility grid (100) at unity power factor and further supply the power to the first transformer (103b) of the OBC (103). The unity power factor rectification reduces reactive power and harmonics in the system by maintaining the shape of the input current. This ensures better energy usage and reduces strain on the electrical grid. It shapes the input current i.e. current drawn from the utility grid (100) to match the grid voltage waveform. It uses transistors which are turned on and off by a feedback system. A control system adjusts the

input current in real-time to stay in phase with the input voltage, which helps to achieve the desired unity power factor.
[00085] In another embodiment, the first integrated circuit (111a) may be configured to draw power from the second integrated circuit (111b) via the first transformer (103b). Further, the first integrated circuit (111a) may be configured to participate in independent charging of the traction battery (105) and the auxiliary battery (109) along with supplying power to auxiliary loads. The second integrated circuit (111b) may be configured to independently control the voltages appearing on the secondary side of the first transformer (103b) and the primary side of the second transformer (107b). These voltages dictate the currents flowing through both the transformers (103b, 107b) and thereby the power flowing through both of them. In this way, the first integrated circuit (111a) may be configured to draw power from the second integrated circuit (111b), thereby enabling a power-sharing mechanism between the first and second integrated circuits (111a, 111b). This multi-functional role of the first integrated circuit (111a) enhances overall system integration, reduces the need for additional components, and contributes to improved compactness of the system.
[00086] In yet another embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) may be configured to supply power to the first integrated circuit (111a) via the first transformer (103b). The second integrated circuit (111b) controls the voltage appearing on the primary side of the first transformer (103b). The first integrated circuit (111a) dictates the voltage appearing on the secondary side of the first transformer (103b). This voltage difference along with the impedance of the transformer decides the current flowing through the same. In this way, the second integrated circuit (111b) may be configured to supply power to the first integrated circuit (111a).
[00087] In yet another embodiment, the first integrated circuit (111a) in charging state may be configured to charge the auxiliary battery (109) from the utility grid (100) via the second integrated circuit (111b) using the second transformer (107b). The first integrated circuit (111a) draws power from the second integrated circuit (111b), which in turn draws power from the utility grid (100). The first integrated circuit (111a) controls the voltage appearing on the primary side of the second transformer (107b). The second rectifier (107c) dictates the voltage appearing on the secondary side of the second transformer (107b). This voltage

difference along with the impedance of the transformer decides the current flowing through the same. In this way, the first integrated circuit (111a) charges the auxiliary battery (109). [00088] Fig. 5a shows a circuit diagram of a first implementation (111b-1) of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[00089] According to an embodiment, the multiple implementations (111b-1 to 111b-7) of the second integrated circuit (111b) include plurality of legs. Further, at least two legs from the plurality of legs are connected to a utility grid (100) via at least a circuit element and at least two legs from the plurality of legs are connected to a first transformer (103b). Furthermore, the at least two legs connected to the utility grid (100) are configured to perform function of the PFC rectifier (101) circuit and the at least two legs connected to the first transformer (103b) are configured to perform the function of a first inverter circuit (103a). [00090] The term circuit element used encompasses all circuit elements used in electronic circuits, including but not limited to switching elements and non-switching elements. The switching elements are group of circuit elements, including but not limited to transistors, diodes, thyristors, electro-mechanical switching devices and combination thereof. The non-switching elements are a group of circuit elements, including but not limited to all energy storage elements, i.e. inductors, capacitors and combination thereof.
[00091] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) in its first implementation (111b-1) includes at least three legs, namely a first leg (L19), a second leg (L20) and a third leg (L21). However, the number of legs can be one and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg (L19) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S23) and a switch (S24). The second leg (L20) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S25) and a switch (S26). The third leg (L21) may consist of a plurality of non-switching elements such as a capacitor (C9) and a capacitor (C10). [00092] The first leg (L19) may be connected to the utility grid (100). The second leg (L20) may be connected, to the utility grid (100) via a non-switching element such as an inductor (L1), and the first transformer (103b). The third leg (L3) may be connected to the first transformer (103b).

[00093] The first leg (L19) may be connected to the utility grid (100) and the second leg (L20) connected to both the utility grid (100) and the first transformer (103b). The first leg (L19) and the second leg (L20) are configured to perform the function of the PFC rectifier (101). Here, the first leg (L19) and the second leg (L20) act as an active full bridge rectifier. The diagonal switching elements such as which are a top switching element of the first leg (L19) and a bottom switching element of the second leg (L20) or a top switching element of the second leg (L20) and a bottom switching element of the first leg (L19), carry current to convert AC power to DC power. The third leg (L21) may be connected to the first transformer (103b) and the second leg (L20) may be connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the utility grid (100), wherein the second (L20) and the third leg (L21) and are configured to perform the function of first inverter (103a). Here, the third leg (L21) and the second leg (L20) act as a half bridge inverter. The plurality of switches of the second leg (L20) and the third leg (L21) carry current alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the first implementation (111b-1)of the second integrated circuit (111b) is achieved.
[00094] A full bridge inverter in the present disclosure offers significant advantages over a half bridge structure, particularly in terms of higher efficiency, simpler transformer design, and reduced conduction losses (thermal stress). To deliver the same output power, a half bridge requires twice the current, leading to higher conduction losses in both the power switches and transformer windings.
[00095] Fig. 5b shows a circuit diagram of a second implementation (111b-2) of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[00096] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) in its second implementation (111b-2) includes at least three legs. In a specific embodiment of the second implementation (111b-2), four legs are present, namely a first leg (L22), a second leg (L23), a third leg (L24) and a fourth leg (L25). However, the number of legs can be one and more depending upon the specific configuration of the circuit. The first leg (L22) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S27) and a switch (S28). The second leg (L23) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S29) and a switch (S30). The third leg (L24)

may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S31) and a switch (S32). The fourth leg (L25) may include at least one energy storage element such as capacitor (C11). [00097] The first leg (L22) may be connected to the utility grid (100). The second leg (L23) may be connected, to the utility grid (100) via a non-switching element such as an inductor (L2), and the first transformer (103b). The third leg (24) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The fourth leg may be connected to the first three legs (L22, L23, L24). [00098] The first leg (L22) may be connected to the utility grid (100) and the second leg (L23) connected to both the utility grid (100) and the first transformer (103b), wherein the first leg (L22) and the second leg (L23) are configured to perform the function of the PFC rectifier (101). Here, the first leg (L22) and the second leg (L23) act as an active full bridge rectifier. The diagonal switching elements such as which are a top switching element of the first leg (L22) and a bottom switching element of the second leg (L23) or a top switching element of the second leg (L23) and a bottom switching element of the first leg (L22), carry current to convert AC power to DC power. The third leg (L24) may be connected to the first transformer (103b) and the second leg (L23) may be connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the utility grid (100) are configured to perform the function of first inverter (103a). Here, the third leg (L24) and the second leg (L23) act as a full bridge inverter. The plurality of switches of the second leg (L23) and the third leg (L24) carry current alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the second implementation (111b-2) of the second integrated circuit (111b) is achieved.
[00099] Fig. 5c shows a circuit diagram of a third implementation (111b-3) of the second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[000100] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) in its third
implementation (111b-3) includes at least three legs. In a specific embodiment of the third implementation (111b-3), four legs are present, namely a first leg (L26), a second leg (L27), a third leg (L28) and a fourth leg (L29). The first leg (L26) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S33) and a switch (S34). The second leg (L27) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S35) and a switch (S36). The third leg (L28) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S37) and a

switch (S38). The fourth leg (L29) may include at least one energy storage element such as capacitor (C12).
[000101] The first leg (L26) may be connected to the utility grid (100). The second leg
(L27) may be connected, to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an
inductor (L3), and the first transformer (103b). The third leg (28) may be connected, to the
utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L4), and a first
transformer (103b). The fourth leg may be connected to the first three legs (L26, L27, L28).
[000102] The first leg (L26) may be connected to the utility grid (100) and the second
leg (L27) along with the third leg (L28) may be connected to both the utility grid (100) through a energy storage elements (L3, L4) and the first transformer (103b) are configured to perform the function of the PFC rectifier (101). Here, the first leg (L26) and the second leg (L27) along with the third leg (L28) act as an interleaved active full bridge rectifier. The diagonal switching elements such as which are a top switching element of the first leg (L26) and a bottom switching element of the second leg (L27) along with the third leg (L28) or a top switching element of the second leg (L27) along with the third leg (L28) and a bottom switching element of the first leg (L26), carry current to convert AC power to DC power. The interleaving reduces the current stress of the circuit elements by providing alternative parallel path to the current flow, thereby reducing the power loss in the system and improving its energy conversion efficiency. The second leg (L27) along with the third leg (L28) may be connected to both the first transformer (103b) and the utility grid (100) are configured to perform the function of first inverter (103a). Here, the third leg (L28) and the second leg (L27) act as a full bridge inverter. The plurality of switches of the second leg (L27) and the third leg (L28) carry current alternatively to convert DC power into AC power. In this way, the third implementation (111b-3) of the second integrated circuit (111b) is achieved.
[000103] Fig. 5d shows a circuit diagram of a fourth implementation (111b-4) of the
second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[000104] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) in its fourth
implementation (111b-4) includes at least three legs. In a specific embodiment of the fourth implementation (111b-4), four legs are present, namely a first leg (L30), a second leg (L31),

a third leg (L32) and a fourth leg (L33). The first leg (L30) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a diode (D7) and a diode (D8). The second leg (L31) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a diode (D9) and a diode (D10). The third leg (L32) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S39) and a switch (S40). The fourth leg (L33) may include plurality of energy storage elements such as a capacitor (C13) and a capacitor (C14).
[000105] The first leg (L30) may be connected to the utility grid (100). The second leg
(L31) may be connected to the utility grid (100). The third leg (32) may be connected, to the
first leg (L30) and the second leg (L31) via an energy storage element such as an inductor
(L5), and a first transformer (103b). The fourth leg (L33) may be connected to the first
transformer (103b) and the first leg (L30), the second leg (L31) and the third leg (L32).
[000106] Here, the first leg (L30) and the second leg (L31) are connected to the utility
grid (100). The first leg and the second leg (L30, 31) along with the energy storage element (L5) and the third leg (L32) form the boost rectifier circuit, which performs the function of PFC rectifier (101). The first two legs (L30, 31) help to maintain the shape of the current through the energy storage element (L5) due to the achieved connection. The switching elements (S39, S40) in the third leg (L32) turn on and off to increase and decrease the current in the energy storage element (L5). When the current goes above the required value, it is increased and vice versa. In this way, the current is made to track a sinusoidal reference, thereby ensuring the desired unity power factor on input side. The third leg (L32) and the fourth leg (L33) are connected to the first transformer (103b), which act as the first inverter (103a). They form a half bridge inverter circuit. In this way, the fourth implementation (111b-4) of the second integrated circuit (111b) is achieved.
[000107] Fig. 5e shows a circuit diagram of a fifth implementation (111b-5) of the
second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[000108] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) in its fifth
implementation (111b-5) includes at least three legs. In a specific embodiment of the fifth implementation (111b-5), five legs are present, namely a first leg (L34), a second leg (L35), a third leg (L36), a fourth leg (L37) and a fifth leg (L38). The first leg (L34) may consist of a

plurality of switching elements such as a diode (D11) and a diode (D12). The second leg (L35)
may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a diode (D13) and a diode (D14). The
third leg (L36) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S41) and a
switch (S42). The fourth leg (L37) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a
switch (S43) and a switch (S44). The fifth leg (L38) may consist of at least a capacitor (C15).
[000109] The first leg (L34) may be connected to the utility grid (100). The second leg
(L35) may be connected to the utility grid (100). The third leg (36) may be connected, to the first two legs (L34, L35) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L6), and a first transformer (103b). The fourth leg (37) may be connected to the first two legs (L34, L35) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L7), and a first transformer (103b). The fifth leg (L38) may be connected to the third leg (L36) and the fourth leg(L37).
[000110] Here, the first leg (L34) and the second leg (L35) are connected to the utility
grid (100). These two legs (L34, L35) along with the energy storage elements (L6, L7) and
the third leg (L36)/the fourth leg (L37) form the interleaved boost rectifier circuit, which
performs the function of PFC rectifier (101). The first two legs (L34, L35) help to maintain
the shape of the current through the energy storage element (L6, L7) due to the achieved
connection. The switching elements in the third leg (L36) along with the fourth leg (L37) turn
on and off to increase and decrease the current in the energy storage element (L6, L7). When
the current goes above the required value, it is increased and vice versa. In this way, the current
is made to track a sinusoidal reference, thereby ensuring the desired unity power factor on
input side. The third leg (L36) and the fourth leg (L37) are connected to the first transformer
(103b), which act as the first inverter (103a). They form a half bridge inverter circuit. In this
way, the fifth implementation (111b-5) of the second integrated circuit (111b) is achieved.
[000111] Interleaved boost PFC offers several advantages over non-interleaved designs.
By reducing input current ripple through phase-shifted operation, it simplifies EMI filter requirements and improves harmonic performance. The load is shared across multiple phases, which lowers peak currents, reduces conduction and switching losses, and enhances overall efficiency. This distribution also minimizes thermal stress on individual components, improving reliability and longevity. Additionally, it enables the use of smaller magnetics and passives, making the design more compact and scalable for higher power applications.

[000112] Fig. 5f shows a circuit diagram of a sixth implementation (111b-6) of the
second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[000113] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) in its sixth
implementation (111b-6) includes at least three legs. In a specific embodiment of the sixth
implementation (111b-6), four legs are present, namely a first leg (L39), a second leg (L40),
a third leg (L41) and a fourth leg (L42). The first leg (L39) may consist of a plurality of
switching elements such as a switch (S45) and a switch (S46). The second leg (L40) may
consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S47) and a switch (S48). The
third leg (L41) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S49) and a
switch (S50). The fourth leg (L42) may consist of plurality of capacitors (C16, C17).
[000114] The first leg (L39) may be connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy
storage element, such as an inductor (L8). The second leg (L40) may be connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element, such as an inductor (L9). The third leg (41) may be connected, to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element, such as an inductor (L10) and, a first transformer (103b). The fourth leg (L42) may be connected to the first transformer (103b) and the first leg (L39), the second leg (L40), the third leg (L41) and the fourth leg (L42).
[000115] The first leg (L39) may be connected to the utility grid (100) through the
energy storage element (L8). The second leg (L40) may be connected to the utility grid (100) through the energy storage element (L9). The third leg (L41) may be connected to the utility grid (100) through the energy storage element (L10) and to the first transformer (103b). The fourth leg (L42) is connected to the first three legs (L39, L40, L41) and the first transformer (103b). The first three legs (L39, L40, L41) along with the respective energy storage elements form a three phase active rectifier, which performs the function of PFC rectifier (101). The third leg (L41) and the fourth leg (L42) form a half bridge inverter connected to the first transformer (103b). In this way, the sixth implementation (111b-6) of the second integrated circuit (111b) is achieved.

[000116] Fig. 5g shows a circuit diagram of a seventh implementation (111b-7) of the
second integrated circuit as shown in the Fig. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[000117] In an embodiment, the second integrated circuit (111b) in its seventh
implementation (111b-7) includes at least three legs. In a specific embodiment of the seventh implementation (111b-7), five legs are present, namely a first leg (L43), a second leg (L44), a third leg (L45), a fourth leg (L46) and a fifth leg (L47). The first leg (L43) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S51) and a switch (S52). The second leg (L44) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S53) and a switch (S54). The third leg (L45) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S55) and a switch (S56). The fourth leg (L46) may consist of a plurality of switching elements such as a switch (S57) and a switch (S58). The fifth leg (L47) may consist of at least an energy storage element such as a capacitor (C18).
[000118] The first leg (L43) may be connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy
storage element, such as an inductor (L11). The second leg (L44) may be connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element, such as an inductor (L12). The third leg (45) may be connected, to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element, such as an inductor (L13), and a first transformer (103b). The fourth leg (46) may be connected to the first transformer (103b). The fifth leg (L47) may be connected to the first leg (L43), the second leg (L44), the third leg (L45) and the fourth leg (L46).
[000119] The first three legs (L43, L44, L45) along with the respective energy storage
elements form a three phase active rectifier, which performs the function of PFC rectifier (101). The third leg (L45) and the fourth leg (L46) form a full bridge inverter connected to the first transformer (103b). In this way, the seventh implementation (111b-7) of the second integrated circuit (111b) is achieved..
[000120] According to an embodiment, the non-switching elements in the first and the
second integrated circuits (111a) and (111b) are configured to form resonant networks with the first transformer (103b) the second transformer (107b). A resonant network is a combination of energy storage elements, such as inductors and capacitors, which store energy and transfers the stored energy in a controlled fashion. Such controlled energy transfer helps

to regulate the output power, for example, controlling rate of battery charging to ensure its safe operation. More importantly, such a resonant network smoothens out the power flow, which is understood from the sinusoidal current shapes. The sinusoidal shape does not have any sharp edges and hence, the power flow is understood to be smooth. In addition to smoothening out the power flow, the resonant tanks also reduce the heating effect of electric current due to smooth current shapes. This reduces the loss in the system and improves its efficiency. This also eases the heat evacuation and is expected to reduce the overall size, cost and material requirement of the system.
[000121] While the specific language has been used to describe the present subject
matter, any limitations arising on account thereto, are not intended. As would be apparent to a person in the art, various working modifications may be made to the method in order to implement the inventive concept as taught herein. The drawings and the foregoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment.

WE CLAIM:
1. An integrated powertrain for a vehicle, comprising:
an auxiliary power module (APM) (107) and an on-board charger (OBC) (103), wherein a first rectifier (103c) of the (OBC) (103) and a second inverter (107a) of the APM (107) form a first integrated circuit (111a); and
a power factor correction (PFC) rectifier (101) and a first inverter (103a) of the OBC (103) form a second integrated circuit (111b).
2. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit (111b) is configured to draw power from a utility grid (100) at a unity power factor and supply power to a first transformer (103b) of the OBC (103).
3. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first integrated circuit (111a) is configured to draw power from a first transformer (103b) of the OBC (103) and supply power to a second transformer (107b) of the APM (107) and to a traction battery (105).
4. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first integrated circuit (111a) is configured to draw power from the second integrated circuit (111b) and participate in independent charging of a traction battery (105) and an auxiliary battery (109), along with supplying power to an auxiliary loads.
5. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit (111b) is configured to supply power to the first integrated circuit (111a) via a first transformer (103b).
6. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first integrated circuit (111a) is configured to charge an auxiliary battery (109) from a utility grid (100) via the second integrated circuit (111b) using a second transformer (107b).

7. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first integrated circuit (111a) includes at least three legs (a first leg, a second leg and a third leg), each leg comprising at least two circuit elements, such as a switching element, a non-switching element, or a combination thereof.
8. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 7, wherein the non-switching elements are configured to generate a sinusoidal current in a first transformer (103b) of the OBC (103) and a second transformer (107b) of the APM (107), thereby reducing power loss.
9. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 7, wherein the first leg is connected to a first transformer (103b), the third leg is connected to a second transformer (107b), and the second leg is connected to both transformers (103b, 107b);
wherein the first leg and the second leg are configured to function as the rectifier circuit (103c) for the OBC (103) operation; and
wherein the second leg and the third leg are configured to function as the inverter circuit (107a) for the APM (107) operation.
10. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit (111b) includes plurality of legs (a first leg, a second leg, a third leg, and the like), each leg comprising at least two circuit elements, such as a switching element, a non-switching element, or a combination thereof.
11. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 10, wherein the switching elements are configured to draw power from a utility grid (100) at a unity power factor.
12. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 10, wherein the non-switching elements are configured to generate a sinusoidal current in a first transformer (103b) of the OBC (103), thereby reducing the power loss.

13. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 10, wherein at least two legs from the
plurality of legs are connected to a utility grid (100), and at least two legs from the
plurality of legs are connected to a first transformer (103b);
wherein the legs connected to the utility grid (100) are configured to perform the function of the PFC rectifier (101); and
wherein the legs connected to the first transformer (103b) are configured to perform the function of the first inverter circuit (103a).
14. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 13, wherein the legs connected to the utility grid (100) and the legs connected to the first transformer (103b) are either directly connected or connected through at least one energy storage element, which controls the current shape drawn from the utility grid (100).
15. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit (111b) in a first implementation (111b-1), includes at least three legs (a first leg (L19), a second leg (L20), and a third leg (L21)),
wherein the first leg (L19) includes at least two switching elements (S23, S24) connected to a utility grid (100);
wherein the second leg (L20) includes at least two switching elements (S25, S26), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L1), and to a first transformer (103b); and
wherein the third leg (L21) includes at least two energy storage elements such as capacitors (C9, C10) connected to the first transformer (103b).
16. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit
(111b), in a second implementation (111b-2) includes at least four legs (a first leg
(L22), a second leg (L23), a third leg (L24) and a fourth leg (L25)),
wherein the first leg (L22) includes at least two switching elements (S27, S28) connected to a utility grid (100);

wherein the second leg (L23) includes at least two switching elements (S29, S30), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L2), and a first transformer (103b);
wherein the third leg (L24) includes at least two switching elements (S31, S32) connected to the first transformer (103b); and
wherein the fourth leg (L25) includes at least one energy storage element such as capacitor (C11) connected to the first three legs (L22, L23, L24).
17. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit
(111b) in a third implementation (111b-3), includes at least four legs (a first leg (L26),
a second leg (L27), a third leg (L28) and a fourth leg (L29)),
wherein the first leg (L26) includes at least two switching elements (S33, S34) connected to a utility grid (100);
wherein the second leg (L27) includes at least two switching elements (S35, S36), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L3), and a first transformer (103b);
wherein the third leg (L28) includes at least two switching elements (S37, S38), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L4), and a first transformer (103b); and
wherein the fourth leg (L29) includes at least one energy storage element such as capacitor (C12) connected to first three legs (L26, L27, L28).
18. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit
(111b) in a fourth implementation (111b-4), includes at least four legs (a first leg
(L30), a second leg (L31), a third leg (L32) and a fourth leg (L33)),
wherein the first leg (L30) includes at least two switching elements such as diodes (D7, D8) connected to a utility grid (100);
wherein the second leg (L31) includes at least two switching elements such as diodes (D9, D10) connected to the utility grid (100);

wherein the third leg (L32) includes at least two switching elements (S39, S40), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L5), and a first transformer (103b); and
wherein the fourth leg (L33) includes at least two energy storage elements such as capacitors (C13, C14) connected to the first transformer (103b).
19. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit
(111b) in a fifth implementation (111b-5), includes at least five legs (a first leg (L34),
a second leg (L35), a third leg (L36), a fourth leg (L37) and a fifth leg (L38)),
wherein the first leg (L34) includes at least two switching elements such as diodes (D11, D12) connected to a utility grid (100);
wherein the second leg (L35) includes at least two switching elements such as diodes (D13, D14) connected to the utility grid (100);
wherein the third leg (L36) includes at least two switching elements (S41, S42), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L6), and a first transformer (103b);
wherein the fourth leg (L37) includes at least two switching elements (S43, S44), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L7), and a first transformer (103b); and
wherein the fifth leg (L38) includes at least one energy storage element such as capacitor (C15) connected to the legs (L36, L37).
20. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit
(111b) in a sixth implementation (111b-6), includes at least four legs (a first leg (L39),
a second leg (L40), a third leg (L41) and a fourth leg (L42)),
wherein the first leg (L39) includes at least two switching elements (S45, S46) connected to a utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L8);

wherein the second leg (L40) includes at least two switching elements (S47, S48) connected to a utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L9);
wherein the third leg (L41) includes at least two switching elements (S49, S50), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L10), and a first transformer (103b); and
wherein the fourth leg (L42) includes at least two energy storage elements such as capacitors (C16, C17) connected to the first transformer (103b).
21. The integrated powertrain as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second integrated circuit (111b) in a seventh implementation (111b-7), includes at least five legs (a first leg (L43), a second leg (L44), a third leg (L45), a fourth leg (L46) and a fifth leg (L47)),
wherein the first leg (L43) includes at least two switching elements (S51, S52) connected to a utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L11);
wherein the second leg (L44) includes at least two switching elements (S53, S54) connected to a utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L12);
wherein the third leg (L45) includes at least two switching elements (S55, S56), connected to the utility grid (100) via an energy storage element such as an inductor (L13), and a first transformer (103b);
wherein the fourth leg (L46) includes at least two switching elements (S57, S58) connected to the first transformer (103b); and
wherein the fifth leg (L47) includes at least one energy storage element such as capacitors (C18), connected to the first leg (L43), the second leg (L44), the third leg (L45), the fourth leg (L46), and the fifth leg (L47).