DESC:FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a composition comprising a synergistic combination of insecticides. More specifically, the invention pertains to a synergistic insecticidal combination comprising a) broflanilide, b) profenofos, and c) at least one insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram, and its use for controlling a broad spectrum of insect pests in agricultural crops.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Insect pests continue to pose a serious threat to agricultural productivity, affecting a wide range of crops including cotton, vegetables, rice, and pulses. Pest infestations during the crop cycle not only reduce yields but also impair quality, thereby leading to significant economic losses. Over time, the repeated use of single-mode-of-action insecticides has accelerated the development of insect resistance, reducing their long-term effectiveness and creating a need for improved pest management solutions.
Profenofos is a well-known organophosphate insecticide that exerts its action through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, offering effective control of chewing and sucking pests in crops such as cotton, vegetables, and rice. Despite its broad activity, repeated usage has led to the development of resistance in certain pest populations.
Broflanilide is a novel meta-diamide insecticide that acts as a non-competitive antagonist of GABA-gated chloride channels in the insect nervous system. Its unique mode of action provides excellent efficacy against a variety of insect pests, including those resistant to conventional insecticides. However, broflanilide alone may not be sufficient to achieve broad-spectrum control, especially in diverse or mixed pest populations.
Lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, acts on voltage-gated sodium channels, offering rapid knockdown effects primarily against lepidopteran, coleopteran, and hemipteran insects. However, its performance is often compromised due to increasing resistance and reduced residual activity.
Spinetoram, a semi-synthetic spinosyn, disrupts neural transmission by targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and GABA receptors. It provides effective control of thrips, caterpillars, and other lepidopteran pests, but when used alone, may be inadequate for managing mixed-pest populations or in resistance-prone geographies.
Current broflanilide formulations in the market largely focus on solo and binary mixtures. Although combinations of broflanilide with other actives have been explored, there is little to no disclosure of stable, broad-spectrum, triple-insecticide combinations that include broflanilide, profenofos, and either lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram. The formulation of such a three-way mixture presents significant challenges in terms of chemical compatibility, physical stability, and preserving bioefficacy across a wide pest spectrum.
Furthermore, achieving a true synergistic interaction, rather than mere additive effects, requires careful selection of ratios and excipients to ensure the combined formulation performs better than its individual components or binary combinations.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a synergistic insecticidal combination that:
Combines broflanilide and profenofos with lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram;
Provides enhanced efficacy even at reduced doses of each active ingredient;
Maintains chemical and physical stability in formulation; and
Reduces resistance development through multiple modes of action.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a synergistic insecticidal combination comprising the combination of a) broflanilide, b) profenofos, and c) at least one more insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
Another object of the invention is to provide a multi-active insecticidal composition with complementary modes of action that improves efficacy while reducing the risk of resistance development in target insect populations.
It is a further object of the invention to formulate the said combination into a chemically compatible and physically stable composition, suitable for application through conventional agricultural spraying equipment.
Yet another object of the invention is to achieve synergistic interaction among the three actives, allowing for reduced individual dosages while maintaining or enhancing the overall pest control performance.
An additional object of the invention is to provide a composition that demonstrates broad-spectrum control of both chewing and sucking pests, particularly in crops such as cotton, vegetables, pulses, and cereals.
It is also an object of the invention to offer an economically viable and field-effective solution that minimizes the need for multiple spray rounds and reduces environmental load.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The present disclosure pertains to the technical field of agricultural combinations and compositions. In particular, the present disclosure pertains to insecticidal combinations and compositions comprising compounds for controlling or preventing insect pests and disease/damages caused by insects in crops.
In an aspect, the present disclosure provides synergistic insecticidal combination comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos; and
at least one more insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an insecticidal combination for controlling or preventing or killing insects and insect eggs and larvae, said combination comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos; and
at least one more insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
In an aspect, the present disclosure provides synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos;
at least one more insecticide selected from lambda cyhalothrin or spinetoram; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit. The kit comprises a plurality of components comprising at least one of the ingredients of the insecticidal combination of the present disclosure.
Various objects, features, aspects, and advantages of the inventive subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present specification refers to a synergistic insecticidal composition for crop protection.
DEFINITIONS
The foregoing definitions provided herein for the terminologies used in the present disclosure are for illustrative purpose only and in no manner limit, the scope of the present invention disclosed in the present disclosure.
It will be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in this specification, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the reference to "a surfactant" includes one or more of such surfactants.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one ordinary skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Although other methods and materials similar, or equivalent, to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred materials and methods are described herein.
The term “crop” shall include a multitude of desired plants or an individual 5 plant growing at a locus. As used herein, the term “plant” and “crop” have been used interchangeably throughout the present disclosure. Said term refers to all physical parts of a plant including foliage/leaves, seeds, seedlings, saplings, roots, tubers, stems, stalks, and fruits.
As used herein, the terms "insecticide" may be understood to include pesticides specifically used to destroy one or more species of insects and/or insect eggs and larvae.
The term “control” or “controlling” or “prevent” or “preventing” a insect pests refers to inhibiting or reducing the growth, reducing the ability of insect pests to grow or reproduce or proliferate or spread, including killing (e.g., causing the morbidity or mortality, or reduced fecundity) of insects and/or insect eggs and larvae.
As used herein, the terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", "including", or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. For example, a composition or a method that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, or method.
As used herein, the terms "consisting of' or "consisting essentially of' or "consisting substantially of' are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. In these embodiments, the combination or composition described includes or comprises or consists of or consists essentially of or consists substantially of the specific components recited therein, to the exclusion of other insecticides or adjuvants or excipients not specifically recited therein.
As used herein, the term "composition" or "formulation" or “combination” or “mixture” can be used interchangeably, unless stated otherwise, is meant to encompass, and are not limited to, compositions or formulations containing the combination of broflanilide, profenofos, and lambda cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
As used herein, the term “agriculturally acceptable excipients” or “excipients” or "additive(s)" or “agriculturally acceptable additives” or "auxiliaries" or "agriculturally acceptable carrier(s)" can be used interchangeably and refers to inert substances which are commonly used as diluent, to provide stability or to increase the activity profile of the composition or formulation with or without having agrochemical activity.
As used herein, the term "surfactant(s)" means a compound that, when dissolved in a liquid, reduces the surface tension of the liquid, which reduces the interfacial tension between two liquids, or which reduces surface tension between a liquid and a solid.
As used herein, the term "stabilizer(s)" refers to a substance capable of imparting resistance against physical or chemical deterioration or deformulation.
As used herein, the term "biocide(s)" refers to a substance used to protect against unwanted plants, animals, or microorganisms.
As used herein, the term "defoaming agent(s)" refers to a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in the industrial process liquids, semi-solids, or solids. The terms defoaming agent and anti-foaming agent can be used interchangeably.
As used herein, the term "thickener(s)" refers to a polymeric material, which at a low concentration increases the viscosity of an aqueous solution and helps to stabilize the composition.
The expression of various quantities in terms of “% w/w” or “%” means the percentage by weight, relative to the weight of the total solution or composition unless otherwise specified. Unless otherwise specified, % refers to % weight; and % weight refers to % of the weight of the respective component with respect to the total weight of the composition.
As used herein, the term “% disease control” refers to the % control and prevention of a disease in crops.
The term “synergism” or “synergistic” as used in this specification refers to the interaction between two or more active compounds or other factors to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. The present invention involves the mixture of three active ingredients which has increased efficacy when compared to individual use and admixture of those components.
As used herein, the term "effective amount" means the amount of the active substances in the compositions to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism. The effective amount can vary for the various compositions used in the present invention. An effective amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.
As used herein, the term “profenofos” encompasses profenofos or its agriculturally acceptable salt(s), derivative(s) or any other modified form of profenofos.
As used herein, the term “broflanilide” encompasses broflanilide or its agriculturally acceptable salt(s), derivative(s) or any other modified form of broflanilide.
As used herein, the term “lambda-cyhalothrin” encompasses lambda-cyhalothrin or its agriculturally acceptable salt(s), derivative(s) or any other modified form of lambda-cyhalothrin.
As used herein, the term “spinetoram” encompasses spinetoram or its agriculturally acceptable salt(s), derivative(s) or any other modified form of spinetoram.
Each of the aspects described above may have one or more embodiments.
Each of the embodiments described hereinafter may apply to one or all the aspects described hereinabove. These embodiments are intended to be read as being preferred features of one or all the aspects described hereinabove. Each of the embodiments described hereinafter applies to each of the aspects described hereinabove individually.
Conventional insecticides have typical spectrums and effects, which are limited to certain insects and their residual activities are sometimes poor and not satisfactorily maintained for prolonged period, and those satisfactory insecticidal effects cannot be practically achieved. Even though some insecticides may bear satisfactory insecticidal effects, they further require improvements in respect of environment and health safety and are also demanded to achieve a high insecticidal effect at a smaller dosage and lack resistance management.
In pursuit of the above, we found that this objective in part or totally can be achieved by the combination of active compounds defined at the outset. Moreover, it is observed that simultaneous application of active compounds jointly or separately or successive application of an active compound, one or more compounds enhanced insect control more than those of the individual active ingredients.
In an embodiment, the present disclosure providres a novel synergistic insecticidal combination comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos; and
at least one more insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a novel synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos;
at least one more insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition for controlling or preventing insects and insect eggs and larvae is in a solid dosage form or liquid dosage form.
The composition of the present invention can be developed in Capsule suspension (CS), Dispersible concentrate (DC), Powder for dry seed treatment (DS), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emulsion, water in oil (EO), Emulsion for seed treatment (ES), Emulsion, oil in water (EW), Flowable suspension/concentrate for seed treatment (FS), Granule/ soil applied (GR), Controlled (Slow or Fast) release granules (CR), Solution for seed treatment (LS), Micro-emulsion (ME), Oil dispersion (OD), Oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible suspension (OF), Oil miscible liquid (OL), Suspension concentrate (= flowable concentrate) (SC), Suspo-emulsion (SE), Water soluble granule (SG), Soluble concentrate (SL), Water soluble powder (SP), Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG), Wettable powder (WP), Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment (WS), A mixed formulation of CS and SC (ZC), A mixed formulation of CS and SE (ZE), A mixed formulation of CS and EW (ZW); preferably Oil Dispersion (OD), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG).
This insecticide combination with synergistic mode of actions can effectively control sucking, chewing, caterpillars, whiteflies, thrips, aphids, jassids, bollworms, and borer insects and check the resistance development in insects in several crops. This combination is also helpful in controlling insect vectors which transmits viral diseases in plants. This can be a unique insecticide combination than the existing ones.
In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal combination comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos; and
at least one more insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos;
at least one more insecticide selected from lambda cyhalothrin or spinetoram; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
According to the present embodiment, the suitable agriculturally acceptable excipient are selected from the group comprising emulsifier(s), carrier(s), surfactant(s), colorant(s), thickener(s)/binder(s), antifreeze agent(s), anti-foaming agent(s), antioxidant(s), solvent(s), preservative(s), glidant(s), anticaking agent(s), wetting agent(s), filler(s), pH regulating agent(s), buffering agent(s), formulation aid(s), dispersing agent(s), disintegrant(s), or combinations thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal combination comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos; and
lambda cyhalothrin.
In another preferred embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal combination comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos; and
spinetoram.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos;
lambda cyhalothrin; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos;
spinetoram; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
In a further embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
insecticidally effective amount of broflanilide in an amount ranging from about 0.01 % w/w to about 10 % w/w;
insecticidally effective amount of profenofos in an amount ranging from about 1 % w/w to about 45 % w/w;
insecticidally effective amount of lambda-cyhalothrin in an amount ranging from about 0.01 % w/w to about 10 % w/w; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient in an amount ranging from about 1 % w/w to about 99 % w/w.
In a further embodiment, the present disclosure provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
insecticidally effective amount of broflanilide in an amount ranging from about 0.01 % w/w to about 10 % w/w;
insecticidally effective amount of profenofos in an amount ranging from about 1 % w/w to about 45 % w/w;
insecticidally effective amount of spinetoram in an amount ranging from about 0.01 % w/w to about 10 % w/w; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient in an amount ranging from about 1 % w/w to about 99 % w/w.
The composition of the present invention further comprises agriculturally acceptable additive(s) are selected from the group comprising solid carrier(s), liquid carrier(s), gaseous carrier(s), binder(s), disintegrating agent(s), pH adjuster(s), thickener(s), preservative(s), anti-caking agent(s), anti-freezing agent(s), defoaming agent(s), extender(s), stabilizer(s) and/or coloring agent(s) or a combination thereof. The formulation may also contain if desired, one or more other customary for crop protection formulations.
The oil(s) which can be used in the formulation of the present invention is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to, Paraffinic hydrocarbons, petroleum oil or its derivatives, vegetable oil or its derivatives, seed oil or its derivatives, mineral oil or its derivatives, animal oil or its derivatives, plant oil or its derivatives, light paraffin oil or its derivatives, animal oil or derivatives, or a combination thereof. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to utilize other water immiscible solvents without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The mineral oil or petroleum oil can be selected from one or more oil of aliphatic or isoparaffinic series, mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons. Paraffinic oil can be selected from linear or branched C8 to C30 paraffins e.g. such as octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, their mixtures, or mixtures thereof with higher boiling homologs, such as hepta-, octa-, nonadecane, eicosane, heneicosane, docosane, tricosane, tetracosane, pentacosane, and the branched chain isomers thereof, unsubstituted or substitutedaromatic or cycloaliphatic C7 to C18 hydrocarbon compounds such as mono- or polyalkylsubstituted benzenes, or mono- or polyalkyl-substituted naphthalenes, or transesterification products thereof, liquid esters of C1 to C12 alcohols such as butanol, n-octanol, ioctanol, dodecanoi, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, cyclooctanol, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol with C2 to C12 carboxylic or polycarboxylic acids, such as caproic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, succinic acid and glutaric acid; or with aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, toluic acid, salicylic acid and phthalic acid, liquid amides of Cl to C5 amines, alkylamines or alkanolamines with C6 to Cl8 carboxylic acids, or derivatives thereof. Esters which can be used in the formulations of the invention are benzyl acetate, caproic acid ethyl ester, pelargonic acid ethyl ester, benzoic acid methyl or ethyl ester, salicylic acid methyl, propyl, or butyl ester, diesters of phthalic acid with saturated aliphatic or alicyclic C1 to C12 alcohols, such as phthalic acid dimethyl ester, dibutyl ester, diisooctyt ester, or liquid amides of C1-C3 amines, alkylamines or alkanolamines with C6 - C18 carboxylic acids or derivatives or mixtures thereof. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to utilize other mineral or pertroleum oils without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The vegetable oils can be one or more seed oil. The vegetable oils can also include one or more of soybean oil, methylated soybean oil, rape seed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, com oil, cotton seed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, kapok oil, papaya oil, camellia oil, rice bran oil, tung oil and the like; and esters of the above vegetable oils, or transesterification products thereof such as soybean oil methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, butyl esters or derivatives thereof. The animal oil can be one or more of whale oil, cod-liver oil, or mink oil. Preferably, the oil(s) present in an amount in the range from 1 to 80% w/w.
However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to utilize other vegetable or animal oils without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The solvent(s) as used in the formulation of the present invention is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, water and organic solvents such as saturated hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and cyclohexane, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, solvent C9 and xylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, chlorobutane, halogenated saturated hydrocarbons such as bromobutane, chloropentane, bromopentane, chlorohexane, bromohexane, chlorocyclohexane, bromocyclohexane, halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol alcohols such as butanol and tert-butyl alcohol, carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and methyl-te ethers suchal as tert-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, dioxane, etc., amines such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N,N'N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,Nexamples include amides such as dimethylacetamide, N,N-diethylacetamide, and N-methylmorpholine oxide, mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as solvents of the Solvesso series, e.g.Solvesso 100, Solvesso 150 or Solvesso 200 (ExxonMobil Chemicals), of the Solvarex/Solvaro series (TotalFinaElf) or of the Caromax series, e.g. Caromax 28 (Petrochem Carless). Further, include one or more of C2-C4-alkyl lactates, in particular from glycerin triacetate, ethyl lactate, n-propyl lactate and isopropyl lactate. In one embodiment solvent is selected from C6-C10-alkyl lactates, such as n-hexyl lactate, 1-ethylhexyl lactate, 1-methylhepytyl lactate, 1,3- dimethylhexyl lactate, 2-methylheptyl lactate, 2,4-dimethylhexyllactate, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl lactate, n-octyl lactate, 2-ethylhexyl lactate, n-nonyl lactate, 1-methyloctyl lactate, 2-methyloctyl lactate, 1- methylnonyl lactate, 2-propylheptyl lactate and n-decyl lactate, 2,2,4- trimethylpentyl lactate, butyl lactate, isopropyl myristate, hexylene glycol, dioxane, d-limonene, a C1-C14 saturated straight-chain alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, 2-butoxyethanol, 2- phenylethanol, diacetone alcohol, ?-butyrolactone, nitromethane, acetophenone, triacetin, pyridine, water, toluene, xylene, petroleum naphtha, crop oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetic anhydride, acetonitrile, acetophenone, amyl acetate, 2-butanone, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, alkyl acetates, diacetonalcohol, 1,2-dichloropropane, diethanolamine, pdiethylbenzene, abietate, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, diproxitol, alkyl pyrrolidinone, ethyl acetate, 2-ethyl hexanol, ethylene carbonate, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2-heptanone, alpha pinene, dlimonene, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, gammabutyrolactone, glycerol, glycerol diacetate, glycerol monoacetate, glycerol triacetate, hexadecane, hexylene glycol, isoamyl acetate, isobornyl acetate, isooctane, isophorone, isopropyl benzene, isopropyl myristate, lactic acid, laurylamine, mesityl oxide, methoxy-propanol, methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl laurate, methyl octanoate, methyl oleate, methylene chloride, m-xylene, n-hexane, n-octylamine, octadecanoic acid, octyl amine acetate, oleic acid, oleylamine, oxylene, phenol, polyethylene glycol (PEG400), propionic acid, propylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, p-xylene, toluene, triethyl phosphate, triethylene glycol, xylene sulfonic acid, paraffin, mineral oil, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and higher molecular weight alcohols such as amyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, hexanol, octanol, etc. ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine, Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidinone, blended ester solvents and the like. The green solvent may include any solvent which is naturally occurring and which has been found not harm the environment when used on an industrial scale. The green solvent may include water, glycerin triacetate, ethyl lactate or an alcohol based solvent (e.g., ethanol). Any of the above mentioned solvent can be used either alone or combination thereof.
The solvent C9 is aromatic hydrocarbon solvent which is comprised of a petroleum naphtha refinery stream, "solvent naphtha (petroleum), light aromatic", from which the other, more chemically pure members of this category are isolated. Preferably, the solvent present in an amount in the range from 1 to 80% w/w.
The surfactant(s)/emulsifiers as used in the formulations of the present invention is a nonionic or anionic surfactants or a combination of these surfactants. It is preferred to use one or more than one kind of surfactant. The surfactant(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, sugar esters such as sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate; C1-C30 alkylcarboxylate, C1-C20 hydroxyalkylcarboxylate, polymer containing carboxylate, arylcarboxylate, alkylx (e.g. aliphatic di- and tricarboxylates) having 2 to 32 carbon atoms, such as aconitic acid, adipic acid, aspartic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, oxoglutaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalate, sebacic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid; alkyl polyglucoside such as decyl glucoside; polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, or polyoxyethylene coconut fatty alcohol ether; polyoxyethylene alkynyl ether such as polyoxyethylene 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol ether; polyoxyethylene aryl ethers such as polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether or polyoxyethylene tristyrylphenyl ether; polyoxyethylene vegetable oil ethers such as polyoxyethylene castor oil or polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil; vegetable oil ethoxylate; natural or synthetic ethoxylated fatty alcohols, natural or synthetic, ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty alcohols, ethoxylated and propoxylated shortchain alcohols, C6-C20 linear and branched alcohol ethoxylates, C6-C20 alcohol propoxylates, C6-C20 ethoxylated alcohols, C6-C20 propoxylated alcohols; ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated castor oil, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, ethoxylated esterified sorbitols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated tristyrylphenols and ethoxylated fatty amines, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters such as polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polyoxyethylene distearate or polyoxyethylene resin acid ester; polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene (EO-PO) block copolymers such as Pluronic; polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene alkyl ether such as polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene lauryl ether; polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene aryl ether such as polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene styrylphenyl ether; a modified styrene acrylic polymer, polyoxyethylene alkyl amines such as polyoxyethylene stearyl amine; polyoxyethylene fatty acid amide such as lauric acid diethanolamid; fluorinated surfactant; alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate; sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, calcium alkylbenzene sulphonate; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates such as sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate; polyoxyethylene aryl ether sulfates such as sodium polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether sulfate or ammonium polyoxyethylene tristyrylphenyl ether sulfate; aryl sulfonate such as calcium benzene sulfonate calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate (MORWET D-425) or sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate; poly aryl phenyl ether sulphate ammonium salt; 'alpha'-olefin sulfonate; lauryl sulfosuccinate, laureth sulfosuccinate, laureth-5 sulfosuccinate, al ricinoleamide MEA sulfosuccinate, undecylenearnide MEA sulfosuccinate, diisobutyl sulfosuccinate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, dihexyl sulfosuccinate, dicyclohexyl sulfosuccinate, diisodecyl sulfosuccinate, diisotridecyl sulfosuccinate, di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate, di-2-methylamyl sulfosuccinate, dimethylamyl sulfosuccinate, dibutylhexyl sulfosuccinate, diisooctyl sulfosuccinate or their alkali metal salts, sodium lignosulfonate; polycarboxylic acid sodium salt; N-methyl fatty acid sarcosinate; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate; polyoxyethylene aryl ether phosphates such as polyoxyethylene phenyl ether phosphate; polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether phosphate; graft copolymers such as polymethyl methacrylate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer. These surfactants may be used alone or combination thereof.
The suitable stabilizing surfactants include anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers and polyelectrolytes. Further on, polysaccharide (e.g. starch, starch derivatives, cellulose derivatives, xanthan gum, and gelatin) may be used as stabilizing surfactants. Preferred stabilizing surfactants are nonionic surfactants (preferably alkoxylates, such as comb polymers) and/or block polymers, and EO-PO block copolymers. Mixtures of aforementioned stabilizing surfactants are also suitable. On the other hand, surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, dispersants, spreader, adjuvant for penetration enhancement, rain fastness, or soil leaching control etc. Preferably, the surfactant(s)/emulsifiers present in an amount in the range from 0.1 to 30% w/w.
The wetting agent is a substance that when added to a liquid increases the spreading or penetration power of the liquid by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface on which it is spreading.
The wetting agent(s) as used in the formulations of the present invention is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, one or more of dioctyl sulfosuccinate, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether, polyoxyalkylene alkyl phenyl ether sulfonates, non-ionic ethoxylated, ethoxylated polyarylphenol, dialkylsuccinate, sodium blend of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl diphenyl sulfonates, sodium isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, naphthalene alkyl aryl sulphonate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate, sodium lauryl sulfonate, phosphate ester, sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, polyarylphenyl ether phosphate, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, or combination thereof. Preferably, the wetting agent(s) are selected from EO-PO block copolymer, Atlox 4914, and Genapol PF 40. Preferably, the wetting agent(s) present in an amount in the range from 0.1 to 30% w/w.
The dispersing agent(s) as used in the formulation of the present invention is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, one or more polycarboxylates, alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, naphthalene sulphonate derivative, naphthalene sulfonate of formaldehyde condensate, phenol sulphonic acid condensates, ligno sulphonates, methyl oleyl taurates, silica poly ether copolymer and poly vinyl alcohols, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, atloxal Metasperse 550S, mixture of salt of naphthalene sulphonic acid and phenol sulphonic acid condensate, sulfonated aromatic polymer, sodium salt preferably sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, castor oil ethoxylate. Further, includes combination of low HLB and high HLB surfactants selected from ethylene oxide propylene oxide block polymers, poly alkaline glycol ether (Atlox 1400, Atlox 1500), calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (Rhodocal 60BER), tristyrylphenol ethoxylate (Sophrophor BSU), blends of linear calcium sulfonate and non-alkylphenol non-ionic surfactants (Toximul 3479F), butyl polyalkylene oxide block copolymer (Toximul 8320), acrylic copolymer, graft copolymer, lignin based sulfonate, amine salt of phosphate tristyryl phenol ethoxylated copolymer condensate of ethylene and propylene oxide (Atlox 4894), copolymer condensate of ethylene oxide with methyl methacrylate (Atlox 4913), polyalkylene oxide block copolymer (Atlox G-5000), polyalkylene oxide block copolymer (Atlox G5002L), alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, tristryrylphenol polyglycol ethers, phosphated or sulphated derivatives of these, nonionic random polymeric (Atlox 4914), calcium alkyl benzene sulphonate in 2-ethylhexanol (Calsogen 4814), n-C12 alkyl benzene sulfonate calcium salt, n-C12 alkyl benzene sulfonate calcium salt (Phenylsulfonat CAL) and calcium dodecyl benzene sulphonated (Rhodocal 60 BER), preferably poly alkaline glycol ethers. Preferably, the dispersing agent(s) present in an amount in the range from 0.1 to 30% w/w.

The stabilizer(s) as used in the formulation of the present invention is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, drying agent such as zeolite, quick lime or magnesium oxide; antioxidant agent such as phenol type, amine type, sulfur type or phosphorus type; or ultraviolet absorber such as salicylic acid type or a benzophenone type; or methylated soybean oil, epoxidized soybean oil; or peroxide compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides, alkyl nitrites such as ethyl nitrite and alkyl glyoxylates such as ethyl glyoxylate, zeolite, Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Tocopherols, antioxidants such as phenol compounds, phosphoric acid compounds and the like; ultraviolet absorbers such as benzophenone compounds or derivatives thereof. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to utilize other conventionally known stabilizers without departing from the scope of the present invention. These stabilizers may be used alone or in combination thereof.
As used herein, the term "thickener" or "rheology modifier" refers to a polymeric material, which at a low concentration increases the viscosity of an aqueous solution and helps to stabilize the composition.
The thickener(s) is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to, water-soluble polymer and inorganic fine powder, wherein water-soluble polymer such as xanthan gum, welan gum, guar gum, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxyvinyl polymer, acrylic polymer, starch derivative or polysaccharide; or an inorganic fine powder selected from high purity silica, bentonite, white carbon, Amorphous silicon dioxide. These thickeners may be used alone or in combination thereof. The thickener is present in an amount in the range from 0.01 to 3.0% w/w.
Anti-freezing agent used herein for present formulations include but not limited ethylene glycol, propane diols, glycerine or the urea, glycol (Monoethylene glycol, Diethylene glycol, Polypropylene glycol, Polyethylene glycol), glycerine, urea, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, sodium chloride.
Rheology modifiers as used herein includes but are not limited to organic derivative of a hectorite clay (like Benton 38, Benton 27, Benton 1000, Bentonite), xanthan gum, vegetable oil derivatives such as blend of vegetable oil base (SURFOM ESP 8105), guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, alginates, methyl cellulose, carboxyethyl sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, modified starches; other polysaccharides and modified polysaccharides, polyethylene alcohol, glycerol alkyl resins and cellulose derivatives, natural oils, mineral oils such as kyros oil and the fumed silicas such as Aerosil R974, Aerosil 200, Aerosil 972, Aerosil R816, Aerosil 300 etc.
As used herein, the term "defoaming agent" or "defoamer" or "anti-foaming agent" refers to an excipient that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in the liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulations.
The defoamer(s) is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to, silicone compounds such as dimethyl polysiloxane emulsion and organic fluorine compounds. These defoaming agents may be used alone or in combination thereof. Preferably, the synergistic insecticidal composition comprises dimethyl polysiloxane emulsion as defoamer. The defoamer is present in an amount in the range from 0.01 to 4.0% w/w.
As used herein, the term "biocide" refers to an agent that prevents spoilage from bacteria, yeasts and fungi.
Biocide is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to, 20% aqueous dipropylene glycol solution of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (Proxel GXL), formaldehyde, isothiazolinone or a combination thereof. The biocide is added to the composition of the present invention for its preservation against spoilage from bacteria, yeasts and fungi. The biocide is present in an amount in the range from 0.01 to 1.0% w/w.
The liquid carrier(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, water; alcohols such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, n-octanol, isopropanol ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, glycerin; polyol ethers such as ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone; ethers such as dipropyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as normal paraffin, isoparaffin, kerosene, mineral oil; aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, toluene, naphthene, solvent naphtha, solvent C9, solvent C10, solvent C12, solvesso 100, solvesso 150, solvesso 200; chlorinated aliphatic or aromatics hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene, chloroethylene, methylene chloride; esters such as ethyl acetate, diisopropyl phthalate, dimethyl adipate, methyl oleate, methyl tallowate; lactones such as gammabutyrolactone, gamma-valerolactone, epsilon-caprolactone; amides such as dimethylformamide, Nmethylpyrrolidone, N-octylpyrolidone, N,N-dimethyldecanamide; nitriles such as acetonitrile; organosulfur compound such as dimethyl sulfoxide; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, cotton seed oil. These liquid carriers may be used alone or in combination.
The gaseous carrier(s) is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, liquefied petroleum gas, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or dimethyl ether. These gaseous carriers may be used alone or in combination thereof.
The penetrant(s) as used in the formulations of the present invention is selected from the group comprising, but not limited to, one or more of alcohol, glycol, glycol ether, ester, amine, alkanolamine, amine oxide, quaternary ammonium compound, triglyceride, fatty acid ester, fatty acid ether, N-methyl pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, polyoxyethylenetrimethylolpropanemonooleate, polyoxyethylenetrimeth ylolpropanedioleate, polyoxyethylenetrimethylolpropanetrioleate, polyoxyethylenesorbitanmonooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexaoleate and methylated soybean oil. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible to utilize different penetrants without departing from the scope of the present invention.
In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling insect pests in crops by applying an effective amount of a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising broflanilide, profenofos, and at least one additional insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram, optionally along with agriculturally acceptable excipients.
The method comprises applying the composition to the locus of the pests, such as on the foliage, stems, or soil near the crop, or directly on the crop plant, in a manner that ensures adequate exposure of the insect pests to the active ingredients.
The composition may be applied through conventional agricultural spraying equipment, such as high-volume, low-volume, or ultra-low-volume sprayers, mist blowers, or knapsack sprayers. The formulation may be in the form of oil dispersion (OD), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), capsule suspension (CS), or other conventional forms suitable for field application.
The method is effective against a broad spectrum of insect pests including, but not limited to:
Sucking pests such as whiteflies, aphids, thrips, jassids;
Chewing pests such as leaf-feeding beetles;
Caterpillars such as Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera spp., and Plutella xylostella;
Borer pests such as fruit borers and stem borers in crops like cotton, brinjal, okra, red gram, black gram, chickpea, tomato, and rice.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition is applied at a field dose ranging from 100 g to 1000 g of total active ingredients per hectare, depending on the crop and severity of infestation. Field studies have shown that the composition provides both knockdown effect and residual protection, resulting in extended pest control duration and improved crop yield.
The synergistic interaction of the actives allows for reduced doses of each individual component, thereby lowering environmental impact and minimizing the risk of resistance development in target pest populations.
In another embodiment, the method comprises tank-mixing the three insecticidal actives or their formulated compositions and spraying the mixture within 1 hour of mixing. The use of adjuvants, surfactants, or spreaders may be employed to enhance leaf coverage and pest contact, where required.
The composition may also be used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program to improve overall insect control while minimizing chemical usage and delaying resistance development.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pesticidal kit comprising multiple containers, each containing one or more active insecticidal ingredients selected from broflanilide, profenofos, and lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
The kit may comprise:
a first container comprising an insecticidally effective amount of broflanilide or a formulation containing broflanilide;
a second container comprising an insecticidally effective amount of profenofos or a formulation containing profenofos; and
a third container comprising an insecticidally effective amount of at least one insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram or a formulation containing the same.
The formulations in the individual containers may independently be in the form of oil dispersion (OD), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), capsule suspension (CS), suspoemulsion (SE), or any other agriculturally acceptable dosage form. The containers may include detailed usage instructions regarding the ratio of mixing, volume per hectare, tank-mixing order, and compatibility information.
The insecticidal components in the kit are designed to be physically and chemically compatible and may be mixed together at the time of application, or just prior to application in a spray tank. The combination may be used for foliar spraying or any other agricultural application method commonly used by farmers.
The tank-mixed combination of the components results in a synergistic insecticidal effect, as evidenced by bioefficacy data and synergism evaluations such as Colby’s method. The mixture is suitable for controlling a broad spectrum of pests, including but not limited to sucking pests (aphids, whiteflies, thrips, jassids), chewing pests (caterpillars, beetles), and borers (fruit borers, stem borers) in crops like cotton, brinjal, okra, rice, tomato, red gram, black gram, and chickpea..
In one embodiment, the broflanilide is present in an amount of 0.01-10% w/w, profenofos in an amount of 1-45% w/w, and lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram in an amount of 0.01-10% w/w. Upon tank mixing, the combination exhibits enhanced insecticidal efficacy with reduced resistance potential due to its multi-site mode of action.
In a preferred embodiment, the kit is supplied with mixing and spraying instructions including:
recommended crop usage;
targeted pest species;
optimal dosage ratios for each active;
agitation or premix guidelines if applicable.
The kit form offers logistical and regulatory flexibility, allowing the components to be registered and stored independently but used in combination at the point of application. This modular approach improves shelf life, reduces incompatibility risks during transport, and offers tailored pest management options in various agroclimatic conditions.
While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the specific features of the preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that many additional features can be added and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiment without departing from the principles of the disclosure. These and other changes in the preferred embodiment of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the disclosure and not as a limitation.
EXAMPLES:
Formulation Example 1: Broflanilide + Profenofos + Lambda-cyhalothrin - Oil Dispersion (OD)
Component % w/w
Broflanilide (A.I) 1.75
Profenofos (A.I) 24.5
Lambda-cyhalothrin (A.I) 1.75
Calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate 2.5
Modified castor oil ethoxylate 3
Bentonite clay 0.2
Epoxidized soybean oil 3
Solvesso 150 10
Methylated Soyabeen oil q.s. to 100
Formulation Example 2: Broflanilide + Profenofos + Lambda-cyhalothrin - Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
Component % w/w
Broflanilide (A.I) 1.75
Profenofos (A.I) 24.5
Lambda-cyhalothrin (A.I) 1.75
Aromatic solvent (e.g., Solvesso 100 or xylene) 20
Emulsifier blend (non-ionic + anionic) 6
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 0.3
Blended ester solvent q.s. to 100

Formulation Example 3: Broflanilide + Profenofos + Spinetoram - Oil Dispersion (OD)
Component % w/w
Broflanilide (A.I) 1.75
Profenofos (A.I) 24.5
Spinetoram (A.I) 4
Calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate 2.5
Modified castor oil ethoxylate 3
Bentonite clay 0.2
Epoxidized soybean oil 3
Solvesso 150 10
Methylated Soyabeen oil q.s. to 100
Formulation Example 4: Broflanilide + Profenofos + Spinetoram - Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC)
Component % w/w
Broflanilide (A.I) 1.75
Profenofos (A.I) 24.5
Spinetoram (A.I) 4
Aromatic solvent (e.g., Solvesso 100 or xylene) 20
Emulsifier blend (non-ionic + anionic) 6
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 0.3
Blended ester solvent q.s. to 100
Example 5: Bio Efficacy Studies:
Methodology:
The different combinations of broflanilide have been evaluated against different major insect pests of different crops. The insecticidal combinations and the same two-way tank mix and solo molecules as individual were taken into note and the efficacy of all the molecules are evaluated and the synergistic effect of the combinations were drawn out using Colby ratio. The experiment and treatment details are mentioned in Table 2 along with the target pest against which the molecules were tested. The evaluated crops are first divided into plots for each treatment and replicated following Randomized Block Design. The spraying method followed was foliar application with the help of a knapsack sprayer and two sprays are done with an interval of 10 Days. The combinations are even tested against any signs of Phytotoxicity on the respective crops.
Table 1: General Information
Crops Brinjal; Maize & Chilli
Irrigated / Rainfed Irrigated
Design RBD
No. of treatments 14
No. of replications 3
Plot size 5 m x 5 m
No. of Sprays Two sprays
Spray interval 10 days
Water volume 500 l/ha
Equipment used Knapsack sprayer

Table 2. Treatment Details

T.No Treatment Combination Dose
(gm or ml/ha)

T1 Broflanilide 20% SC 125
T2 Profenofos 50% EC 1000
T3 Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300
T4 Spinetoram 11.7% SC 500
T5 Broflanilide 20% SC+Profenofos 50% EC 125+1000
T6 Broflanilide 20% SC+Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125+300
T7 Broflanilide 20%SC +Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125+500
T8 Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250
T9 Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250
T10 Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD 1250
T11 Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+ Spinetoram 4% EC 1250
T12 Untreated Check -
Method of Observations:
Pest observations: select 5 random plants in the plot and the pest population/pest damage symptoms are recorded and then the pest population or percentage damage will be calculated.
The observations were taken 1 day before spraying and at 5, 10 Days after spraying in case of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, 1dbs, 3, 7, 10 days after spray for both fall armyworm in maize and thrips in chilli crop respectively.
Take the observation on the crop safety of the insecticide i.e., Phytotoxicity / softener observation of insecticide after application at 5 and 10 Days after application.
The yield data from crops is taken plot wise and equated to t/ha.
Parameters of Observations:
The pest infestation in different crops is calculated as follows –
Shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis (Brinjal):
The shoot and fruit borer infestation is measured as percent shoot infestation or percent fruit infestation. The data is recorded from 5 random plants and the percent infestation (shoot or fruit) is calculated by following formula -
Percent Infestation (Shoot/Fruit) = (Number of infested shoots or fruits)/(Total number of shoots or fruits) x 100
Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Maize):
The fall armyworm infestation is measured as number of larvae per plant, the data is recorded from 5 random plants, and the average larvae/plant is calculated.
Thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis (Chilli):
The thrips infestation is measured as number of thrips per 3 leaves per plant, the data is recorded from 5 random plants, and the average thrips/plant is calculated.

Percent reduction over control:
In all the pest populations calculated, the percent reduction over control has been calculated to identify the potency of the pesticide above untreated control. The percent reduction is calculated by the following formula –
% Reduction (%ROC) = ( % control in untreated-% control in treatment )/(% control in untreated)× 100
Colby’s Method:
The combined effect of Pesticidal combinations is the sum of their individual effects. Colby’s method is an approach to evaluate the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects due to the interactions of two pesticides as a combination.
Colby’s method calculates expected response, and a ratio is calculated between expected response and observed response.
The formula for expected response is as follows-
two-way combination -
E = (A+B) - ((A*B)/100)
Three-way combination –
E = (A+B) - ((A*B) + (B*C) + (A*C)/100) + (A*B*C)/10000
A represents pesticide 1, B represents pesticide 2 and C represents pesticide 3
The observed response is the actual percent control achieved
Colby’s ratio = Observed response (O)/Expected response (E).
If the ratio is,
< 1 = Antagonistic effect
= Additive effect
> 1 = Synergistic effect
Results:
The different insecticide combinations of Broflanilide viz., Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD, Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC, Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% EC formulations applied at 1250 gm or ml/ha were effective in managing a wide range of insect pests, so the different pests and crops in the field experiments were enlisted below,
Brinjal - Shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)
Maize -Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
Chilli - Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)

Example - 5.1: Brinjal – Shoot and Fruit Borer
Table 3. Synergistic Effect of Broflanilide Combinations against Shoot and fruit Borer Infestation on Brinjal Crop
T.No Treatment Combination Dose
(gm or ml/ha) % Reduction in Infestation
Expected (E) Observed (O)
T1 Broflanilide 20% SC 125 58.90
T2 Profenofos 50% EC 1000 56.87
T3 Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300 57.57
T4 Spinetoram 11.7% SC 500 60.60
T5 Broflanilide 20% SC+Profenofos 50% EC 125+1000 82.27 58.95
(O/E) 0.72
T6 Broflanilide 20% SC+Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125+300 82.56 61.22
(O/E) 0.74
T7 Broflanilide 20%SC +Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125+500 83.80 58.29
(O/E) 0.70
T8 Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250 53.91 87.80
(O/E) 1.63
T9 Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250 53.91 90.24
(O/E) 1.67
T10 Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD 1250 52.42 89.78
(O/E) 1.71
T11 Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% EC 1250 52.42 91.01
(O/E) 1.74
The efficacy of Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations were evaluated against Leucinodes orbonalis (shoot and fruit borer) in brinjal crop through percent shoot or fruit infestation. The study was conducted in a randomized block design with net plot size of 5m x 5m. The crop was raised by following all the agronomic practices, two consecutive sprays were done with knapsack sprayer with 10 days spray interval (Table 3).
The percent shoot or fruit infestation was calculated at the end of each spray, the percent reduction in shoot or fruit infestation at the end of second spray has been presented in Table 3. The results indicate that the insecticidal combinations were highly effective against shoot and fruit borer management in brinjal when applied in three-way combination than when applied alone or as a two-way tank mix. The results revealed Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% combination achieved 87.80% and 90.24% reduction in infestation over control in OD and EC formulations. While Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% combination observed 89.78% and 91.01% reduction in infestation over control in OD and EC formulations respectively.
The percent reduction in infestation over control in two-way treatments (tank mix) displayed a reduction between 58.25% to 61.22% which was low whereas solo treatments did not record any satisfactory or considerable control. The present combination Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% in OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations were highly promising in managing shoot and fruit borer in brinjal by recording a synergistic effect with a colby ratio of >1.6 and >1.7 respectively.
Similarly, the efficacy trend of the combinations in managing shoot and fruit borer in brinjal over the span of two sprays was shown in the table below, where the combinations showed >55% reduction in infestation over control by the end of first spray which gradually increased to >85% reduction in infestation over control by the end of two sprays (Table 4).

Table 4. Efficacy of Broflanilide Combinations against Shoot and Fruit Borer Infestation on Brinjal Crop
Treatments Dose
(gm or ml/ha) First Spray
(% Shoot or Fruit Infestation) Second Spray
(% Shoot or Fruit Infestation)
pre 5 das 10 das Ave. % ROC 5 das 10 das Ave. % ROC
Broflanilide 20% SC 125 26.68 24.56 22.13 24.46 29.21 18.15 15.12 18.47 58.90
Profenofos 50% EC 1000 28.71 24.31 19.13 24.05 30.38 18 21 19.38 56.87
Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300 29.07 24.22 19.78 24.36 29.50 18.07 19.34 19.06 57.57
Spinetoram 11.7% SC 450 28.28 25.33 15.11 22.91 33.69 15 23 17.70 60.60
Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC 125 +1000 28.64 25.66 19.87 24.72 28.43 17.23 18.23 18.44 58.95
Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125 +300 27.43 26 15 22.81 33.97 14.13 23.14 17.42 61.22
Broflanilide 20% SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125 +450 27.4 25 16 22.80 34.00 15.09 25.13 18.74 58.29
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250 26 9.23 8 14.41 58.29 5.22 3.22 5.48 87.80
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250 27.55 8.11 5.12 13.59 60.65 4.69 3.34 4.38 90.24
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD 1250 28 9.23 5.14 14.12 59.12 4.76 3.88 4.59 89.78
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC 1250 27 9.04 5.54 13.86 59.88 3.69 2.89 4.04 91.01
Untreated check - 28.91 34.5 40.23 34.55 0.00 44.38 50.17 44.93 0.00
SeM± 3.17 1.81
CD 9.34 5.36

Table 5. Phytotoxicity of Broflanilide combinations and other insecticides on Brinjal
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein Leaf Tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Clearing
Broflanilide 20% SC @125ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos 50% EC @1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC @300ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 450ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC @ 125 +1000 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 125 +300 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC @ 125+450 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated check 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxic effect of the insecticidal combinations of Broflanilide viz., Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% in OD, EC, WDG formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC, WDG formulations, other two-way and solo formulations of the same showed no signs of phytotoxicity in the brinjal crop. Hence, the combinations are safe for the usage of Shoot and fruit borer management in Brinjal crop (Table 5).
Example - 5.2: Maize – Fall Armyworm
Table 6. Synergistic effect of Broflanilide combinations against Fall Armyworm infestation on Maize crop
T.No Treatment Combination Dose
(gm or ml/ha) % Reduction in Infestation
Expected (E) Observed (O)
T1 Broflanilide 20% SC 125 41.61
T2 Profenofos 50% EC 1000 39.75
T3 Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300 41.20
T4 Spinetoram 11.7% SC 500 59.21
T5 Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC 125+1000 64.82 60.25
(O/E) 0.93
T6 Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125+300 65.67 62.73
(O/E) 0.96
T7 Broflanilide 20%SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125+500 76.19 74.12
(O/E) 0.97
T8 Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250 65.69 85.71
(O/E) 1.30
T9 Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250 65.69 97.72
(O/E) 1.49
T10 Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD 1250 66.06 87.16
(O/E) 1.66
T11 Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC 1250 66.06 96.48
(O/E) 1.84
The efficacy of Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations were evaluated against Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) in maize crop through larval infestation. The study was conducted in a randomized block design with net plot size of 5m x 5m.
The larval population and percent reduction of larvae over control was calculated at the end of each spray, the percent reduction in larval population at the end of second spray has been presented in Table 5. The results indicate that the insecticidal combinations were highly effective against fall armyworm management in maize when applied in three-way combination than when applied alone or as a two-way tank mix. The results revealed Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% combination achieved 85.71% and 97.72% reduction in infestation over control in OD and EC formulations. While Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% combination observed 87.16% and 96.48% reduction in infestation over control in OD and EC formulations respectively.
The percent reduction in infestation over control in two-way treatments (tank mix) displayed a reduction between 60.25% to 74.12% which was moderate efficacy but not evident for control whereas solo treatments did not record any satisfactory or considerable control. The present combination Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% in OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations were highly promising in managing fall armyworm in maize by recording a synergistic effect with a colby ratio of >1.3 and >1.6 respectively.
Similarly, the efficacy trend of the combinations in managing fall armyworm in maize over the span of two sprays was shown in the table below, where the combinations showed >70% reduction in infestation over control by the end of first spray which gradually increased to >85% reduction in infestation over control by the end of two sprays (Table 7).

Table 7. Efficacy of Broflanilide Combinations against Fall Armyworm Infestation on Maize Crop
Treatments Dose
(gm or ml/ha) First Spray
(Larval Population) Second Spray
(Larval Population)
Pre 3 das 7 das 10 das Average % ROC 3 das 7 das 10 das Average % ROC
Broflanilide 20% SC 125 1 0.94 0.85 0.9 0.92 32.50 0.81 0.94 1.07 0.94 41.61
Profenofos 50% EC 1000 1.07 1 0.88 1 0.96 29.76 0.9 0.98 1.03 0.97 39.75
Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300 0.93 0.87 0.88 1.02 0.92 32.44 0.89 0.95 1 0.95 41.20
Spinetoram 11.7% SC 450 1.07 0.6 0.42 0.5 0.51 62.93 0.44 0.68 0.85 0.66 59.21
Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC 125 +1000 1 0.8 0.5 0.65 0.65 52.44 0.5 0.65 0.77 0.64 60.25
Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125 +300 1.03 0.7 0.5 0.68 0.63 54.15 0.51 0.61 0.68 0.60 62.73
Broflanilide 20% SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125 +450 1.05 0.5 0.4 0.48 0.46 66.34 0.28 0.45 0.52 0.42 74.12
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250 1 0.34 0.3 0.43 0.36 73.90 0.14 0.2 0.35 0.23 85.71
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250 0.98 0.22 0 0.17 0.13 90.49 0 0 0.11 0.04 97.72
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD 1250 1 0.45 0.3 0.38 0.38 72.44 0.16 0.21 0.25 0.21 87.16
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC 1250 1.01 0.23 0 0.15 0.13 90.73 0 0 0.17 0.06 96.48
Untreated check - 1.09 1.28 1.33 1.49 1.37 0.00 1.53 1.62 1.68 1.61 0.00
SeM± 0.093 0.029
CD 0.268 0.087

Table 8. Phytotoxicity of Broflanilide combinations and other insecticides on Maize
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf Tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Broflanilide 20% SC @125ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos 50% EC @1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC @300ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 450ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC @ 125 +1000 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 125 +300 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC @ 125+450 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated Check 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxic effect of the insecticidal combinations of Broflanilide viz., Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% in OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations, other two-way and solo formulations of the same showed no signs of phytotoxicity in the maize crop. Hence, the combinations are safe for the usage of Fall Armyworm management in Maize crop (Table 8).
Example – 5.3: Chilli – Thrips
Table 9. Synergistic effect of Broflanilide combinations on thrips infestation on chilli crop
T.No Treatment Combination Dose
(gm or ml/ha) % Reduction in Infestation
Expected (E) Observed (O)
T1 Broflanilide 20% SC 125 59.99
T2 Profenofos 50% EC 1000 53.79
T3 Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300 51.57
T4 Spinetoram 11.7% SC 500 73.30
T5 Broflanilide 20% SC+Profenofos 50% EC 125+1000 81.51 67.55
(O/E) 0.83
T6 Broflanilide 20% SC+Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125+300 80.62 75.70
(O/E) 0.94
T7 Broflanilide 20%SC +Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125+500 89.32 82.89
(O/E) 0.93
T8 Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250 57.76 86.22
(O/E) 1.49
T9 Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250 57.76 91.88
(O/E) 1.59
T11 Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD 1250 47.76 91.29
(O/E) 1.74
T12 Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% EC 1250 47.76 93.10
(O/E) 1.78
The efficacy of Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations were evaluated against Scirtothrips dorsalis (thrips) in chilli crop through thrips infestation. The study was conducted in a randomized block design with net plot size of 5m x 5m. The crop was raised by following all the agronomic practices, two consecutive sprays were done with knapsack sprayer with 10 days spray interval (Table 9).
The thrips population, the percent reduction in thrips over control was calculated at the end of each spray, the percent reduction in thrips infestation at the end of second spray has been presented in Table 8. The results indicate that the insecticidal combinations were highly effective against thrips management in chilli when applied in three-way combination than when applied alone or as a two-way tank mix. The results revealed Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% combination achieved 86.22% and 91.88% reduction in infestation over control in OD, EC formulations. While Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% combination observed 91.29% and 93.10% reduction in infestation over control in OD, EC formulations respectively.
The percent reduction in infestation over control in two-way treatments (tank mix) displayed a reduction between 67.55% to 82.89% which was moderate but not significant control whereas solo treatments did not record any satisfactory or considerable control. The present combination Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% in OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations were highly promising in managing thrips in chilli by recording a synergistic effect with a colby ratio of >1.4 and >1.7 respectively.
Similarly, the efficacy trend of the combinations in managing thrips in chilli over the span of two sprays was shown in the table below, where the combinations showed >65% reduction in infestation over control by the end of first spray which gradually increased to >85% reduction in infestation over control by the end of two sprays (Table 10).

Table 10. Efficacy of Broflanilide Combinations against Thrips Infestation on Chilli Crop
Treatments Dose
(gm or ml/ha) First Spray
(Thrips Population) Second Spray
(Thrips Population)
Pre 3 das 7 das 10 das Avg % ROC 3 das 7 das 10 das Avg % ROC
Broflanilide 20% SC 125 19.78 17.05 15.12 15.89 16.96 40.14 11.45 15 20 15.48 59.99
Profenofos 50% EC 1000 19 18.01 17.32 18.42 17.92 36.76 15.65 17 21 17.88 53.79
Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300 20.03 19.11 18.88 19.44 19.14 32.44 16.23 18 22 18.74 51.57
Spinetoram 11.7% SC 450 18.92 13.25 11.09 12.05 12.13 57.19 9 10 12 10.33 73.30
Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC 125 +1000 18.05 14 12.32 13.11 13.14 53.61 12.76 11.13 13.78 12.56 67.55
Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125 +300 18.23 12.56 9.58 10.21 10.78 61.94 9.76 9 9.45 9.40 75.70
Broflanilide 20% SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125 +450 19.06 10.13 8.24 10 9.46 66.62 6.54 6.32 7 6.62 82.89
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250 18.15 9 7.13 10 8.71 69.26 4 5 7 5.33 86.22
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250 18.23 6.77 5 9.56 7.11 74.91 3.44 3.01 2.98 3.14 91.88
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD 1250 18 7.34 5.43 10.23 7.67 72.94 5 2.13 2.98 3.37 91.29
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC 1250 18.05 4.23 4.17 10 6.13 78.35 3.21 2.09 2.71 2.67 93.10
Untreated check - 22 25 28 32 28.33 0.00 35 38.54 42.56 38.70 0.00
SeM± 1.482 1.028
CD 4.284 3.034

Table 11. Phytotoxicity of Broflanilide combinations and other insecticides on Chilli
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf Tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Broflanilide 20% SC @125ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos 50% EC @1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC @300ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 450ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC @ 125 +1000 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 125 +300 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 20% SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC @ 125+450 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC @ 1250 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated Check 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxic effect of the insecticidal combinations of Broflanilide viz., Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% in OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations, other two-way and solo formulations of the same showed no signs of phytotoxicity in the chilli crop. Hence, the combinations are safe for the usage of Thrips management in Chilli crop (Table 11).
Effect of Broflanilide Combinations on Crop Yield
The broflanilide combinations effect on crop yield indicated that, the combinations have displayed positive impact on the tested crops and the crops recorded highest yield in the treatments, combinations of Broflanilide viz., Broflanilide 1.75%+Profenofos 24.5%+Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% in OD, EC formulations and Broflanilide 1.5%+Profenofos 24.5%+Spinetoram 4% OD, EC formulations. This indicates the presence of Phyto tonic effects of the combination in Brinjal, Maize and Chilli crops.
Table 12. Effect of Broflanilide combinations on the crop yield
Treatments Dose
(gm or ml/ha) Yield (t/ha)
Brinjal Chilli Maize
Broflanilide 20% SC 125 27.99 29.02 9.53
Profenofos 50% EC 1000 26.99 28.02 9.77
Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 300 31.22 32.25 9.99
Spinetoram 11.7% SC 450 30.46 31.49 10.44
Broflanilide 20% SC + Profenofos 50% EC 125 +1000 33.44 34.47 11.11
Broflanilide 20% SC + Lamda cyhalothrin 5% EC 125 +300 32.54 33.57 8.10
Broflanilide 20% SC + Spinetoram 11.7%SC 125 +450 34.99 36.02 8.77
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% OD 1250 39.53 40.56 12.32
Broflanilide 1.75% + Profenofos 24.5% + Lambda cyhalothrin 1.75% EC 1250 40.08 41.11 14.77
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% OD 1250 41.22 42.25 13.13
Broflanilide 1.5% + Profenofos 24.5% + Spinetoram 4% EC 1250 38.86 39.89 15.77
Untreated Check - 25.77 26.80 5.88
SeM± 0.009 0.008 0.003
CD 0.027 0.024 0.008
These results suggest that, in addition to their strong insecticidal efficacy, the combinations may exert a positive phytotonic effect, contributing to overall plant health, vigor, and yield enhancement.
The observed increase in yield is likely attributed to the effective suppression of key pests, leading to reduced biotic stress, enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, and improved resource utilization by the crop.
This dual benefit—pest control and yield enhancement—makes these combinations highly promising for integrated crop management in brinjal, maize, and chilli. A detailed comparison of yield performance across treatments is provided in the accompanying yield analysis tables.
The above examples and results are intended to illustrate certain specific embodiments of the invention and should not be construed as limiting its broader applicability. It is understood that:
The invention is not limited to the precise compositions or constituent concentrations disclosed herein. Variations in formulation components and ratios may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the essence of the invention.
The terminology used throughout this specification is for descriptive purposes only and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Unless context dictates otherwise, singular terms include their plural equivalents, and vice versa.
All technical and scientific terms used herein carry their commonly accepted meanings as understood by practitioners skilled in the relevant field.
While specific materials, methods, and field conditions have been described, substitutes and equivalents that achieve substantially similar results are considered within the purview of this disclosure. Any modifications, adaptations, or substitutions of the formulations, test protocols, or crop sequences that are apparent to a person skilled in the art are considered to fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
All patents, published applications, and other references cited in this disclosure are incorporated herein by reference and are considered to indicate the level of ordinary skill in the art relevant to this invention. ,CLAIMS:CLAIMS
We Claim:
1. A synergistic insecticidal combination comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos; and
at least one insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram.
2. The combination as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third insecticide is lambda-cyhalothrin.
3. The combination as claimed in claim 1, wherein the third insecticide is spinetoram.
4. The combination as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio by weight of broflanilide to profenofos to lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram is in the range of 0.5-3 : 10-30 : 0.5-3.
5. A synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
broflanilide;
profenofos;
at least one insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
6. A synergistic insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 5, comprising:
broflanilide in an amount ranging from 0.01% w/w to 10% w/w;
profenofos in an amount ranging from 1% w/w to 45% w/w;
at least one insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram in an amount ranging from 0.01% w/w to 10% w/w; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient is in an amount of 1% w/w to 99% w/w.
7. The composition as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the agriculturally acceptable excipients are selected from the group comprising emulsifiers, carriers, surfactants, colorants, thickeners/binders, antifreeze agents, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, solvents, preservatives, glidants, anticaking agents, wetting agents, fillers, pH regulating agents, buffering agents, formulation aids, dispersing agents, disintegrants, or combinations thereof.
8. The composition as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the formulation is in the form of the formulation for the said composition is selected from Capsule suspension (CS), Dispersible concentrate (DC), Powder for dry seed treatment (DS), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emulsion, water in oil (EO), Emulsion for seed treatment (ES), Emulsion, oil in water (EW), Flowable suspension/concentrate for seed treatment (FS), Granule/ soil applied (GR), Controlled (Slow or Fast) release granules (CR), Solution for seed treatment (LS), Micro-emulsion (ME), Oil dispersion (OD), Oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible suspension (OF), Oil miscible liquid (OL), Suspension concentrate (= flowable concentrate) (SC), Suspo-emulsion (SE), Water soluble granule (SG), Soluble concentrate (SL), Water soluble powder (SP), Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG), Wettable powder (WP), Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment (WS), A mixed formulation of CS and SC (ZC), A mixed formulation of CS and SE (ZE), A mixed formulation of CS and EW (ZW).
9. The composition as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the preferred formulations include: Oil Dispersion (OD), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and Water dispersible granule (WG or WDG).
10. A method of controlling insect pests in crops comprising the step of applying an effective amount of the insecticidal composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 to the locus of the pest or the crop, wherein the insect pests are selected from whiteflies, thrips, aphids, jassids, bollworms, caterpillars, stem borers, or fruit borers.
11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the crop is selected from cotton, brinjal, okra, rice, tomato, red gram, black gram, or chickpea.
12. The method as claimed in any of claims 10 or 11, wherein the composition is applied by foliar spraying.
13. The method as claimed in any of claims 10 to 12, wherein the composition reduces the application frequency and delays resistance development in pest populations.
14. A pesticidal kit for controlling insect pests in crops, the kit comprising:
a first container comprising an insecticidally effective amount of broflanilide or a composition containing broflanilide;
a second container comprising an insecticidally effective amount of profenofos or a composition containing profenofos; and
a third container comprising an insecticidally effective amount of at least one insecticide selected from lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram, or a composition containing said insecticide;
wherein, the contents of said containers are formulated to be physically and chemically compatible for tank mixing and intended to be mixed together prior to or at the time of application for synergistic control of insect pests.
15. The kit as claimed in claim 14, wherein each of the broflanilide, profenofos, and lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram are provided in an oil dispersion (OD) or emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
16. The kit as claimed in claim 14, wherein the insecticidal compositions in the containers are to be mixed in a ratio ranging from 0.5-3 parts of broflanilide, 10-30 parts of profenofos, and 0.5-3 parts of lambda-cyhalothrin or spinetoram, by weight.
17. The kit as claimed in claim 14, further comprising instructions for mixing and applying the insecticidal components to a crop selected from cotton, brinjal, okra, rice, tomato, red gram, black gram, or chickpea.