1. A torque control system (1000) for precise and efficient control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101), wherein the torque control system (1000) comprises: - an optical torque sensor (102) for real-time measurement of torque with high precision, wherein said optical torque sensor (102) utilizes nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) for torque sensing; - a direct torque control (DTC) module (103) configured to generate control signals for torque and flux control; - a space vector modulation (SVM) module (104) integrated with the direct torque control (DTC) module (103) to optimize voltage vector switching and minimize torque ripples; - a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) configured to process torque error and its rate of change for adaptive and accurate control; - a reference flux estimator (106) for real-time calculation of the reference flux required for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) control; - a predictor (107) for predictive control of motor parameters to enhance system stability and responsiveness; and - a voltage source inverter (VSI) (108) for supplying the controlled voltage to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) based on the signals generated by the space vector modulation (SVM) (104).

2. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical torque sensor (102) measures torque non-invasively and transmits the data to the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) for processing.

3. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) integrated in the optical torque sensor (102) provide high sensitivity and low noise for precise torque measurements.

4. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the DTC module (103) combined with the space vector modulation (SVM) (104) reduces torque and flux ripples, enhancing the dynamic performance of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101).

5. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) uses a rule-based inference system for adaptive adjustment of torque control parameters to handle non-linearities and variations in the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101)’s operating conditions.

6. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predictor (107) anticipates variations in load and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) conditions to adjust the control signals dynamically, improving system efficiency and response time.

7. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reference flux estimator (106) ensures optimal flux levels to maintain permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) efficiency and minimize losses during operation.

8. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the voltage source inverter (VSI) (108) is configured to operate at high switching frequencies for seamless and efficient power delivery to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101).

9. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the integration of nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) with the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) enhances the precision and reliability of torque control in dynamic environments. Dated this the 16th day of January 2025.

Description:FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is related to torque ripple minimization in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives. More particularly, the invention is related to a novel high-precision optical torque sensor integrated with a fuzzy-based Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Space Vector Modulation (SVM) strategy, utilizing Nanophotonic Cavity Opto-Mechanical Devices (NCOMD) to accurately measure torque in real-time, thereby reducing torque ripple, improving dynamic performance, and enhancing overall system efficiency in applications such as electric vehicles and industrial automation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are widely used in applications requiring high precision and efficiency, such as electric vehicles and industrial automation systems. However, one of the critical challenges in PMSM drives is the phenomenon of torque ripple, which leads to fluctuations in motor torque and results in unwanted vibrations, noise, and reduced overall system efficiency. These torque fluctuations are typically caused by factors such as magnetic saturation, air gap inconsistencies, and harmonics generated by inverter switching, all of which can degrade motor performance and increase maintenance requirements.
Traditional methods for controlling torque ripple in PMSM drives, such as Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Space Vector Modulation (SVM), have been widely adopted due to their fast dynamic response and effectiveness in regulating torque and flux. Despite their advantages, these techniques suffer from inherent drawbacks, such as torque and flux fluctuations caused by direct voltage vector selection in DTC, and the lack of real-time torque feedback in SVM. Both methods rely on approximate values and do not incorporate the real-time, precise torque measurements needed to minimize ripple effectively, especially during transient conditions or varying load scenarios.
Current torque sensing technologies, such as electromagnetic sensors, provide the necessary measurements for controlling PMSM drives. However, these sensors have limitations in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and response time. They also require physical contact with the motor components, leading to wear and tear, increased maintenance costs, and reduced long-term reliability. Furthermore, the static nature of traditional sensors limits their adaptability in real-time dynamic environments where torque fluctuations may be more pronounced.
To address these issues, there is a growing need for more advanced, high-precision torque sensing technologies that can provide real-time, accurate torque measurements without the drawbacks of traditional contact-based sensors. The integration of such sensors with adaptive control strategies, such as fuzzy-based DTC-SVM, could offer significant improvements in torque ripple minimization and system performance, making it an ideal solution for high-precision applications requiring smooth, efficient, and reliable motor operation.

OBJECT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The main object of the present invention is to provide a high-precision optical torque sensor integrated with fuzzy-based Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Space Vector Modulation (SVM) to effectively minimize torque ripple in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives, thereby improving motor efficiency and performance.
Another objective of the present invention is to develop a novel torque sensing technology based on Nanophotonic Cavity Opto-Mechanical Devices (NCOMD) that enables real-time, highly sensitive torque measurement with minimal response time, enhancing dynamic control of the motor.
Yet another objective of the present invention is to reduce wear and tear associated with traditional electromagnetic torque sensors by utilizing a contactless optical torque sensor, resulting in lower maintenance requirements and extended sensor life.
Still another objective of the present invention is to improve the efficiency of PMSM drives by integrating the optical torque sensor with an adaptive fuzzy logic controller, enabling precise torque error correction and dynamic adjustment of motor performance to minimize ripple.
Still another objective of the present invention is to enhance the overall system reliability and performance by utilizing real-time feedback for optimal torque and flux control, reducing torque fluctuations, and ensuring smoother motor operation in demanding applications such as electric vehicles and industrial automation.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide an efficient solution for torque ripple minimization that is particularly suitable for high-precision applications, offering better torque control, reduced vibration, and improved energy efficiency compared to conventional methods.
Still another objective of the present invention is to provide a scalable and adaptable solution that can be implemented in various PMSM-driven systems, from small-scale applications to large industrial setups, ensuring versatile and effective performance across different use cases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a system designed to minimize torque ripple in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives by integrating a high-precision optical torque sensor with a fuzzy-based Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Space Vector Modulation (SVM) strategy. The system utilizes Nanophotonic Cavity Opto-Mechanical Devices (NCOMD) for real-time, highly sensitive torque measurement, offering significant improvements in torque ripple reduction, dynamic performance, and system efficiency.

In the preferred embodiment, the system operates by employing the optical torque sensor to accurately detect torque changes and provide immediate feedback for the fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy logic controller processes the torque error and dynamically adjusts the motor’s stator position to minimize torque ripple, enhancing the motor’s overall performance. The DTC-SVM technique ensures efficient torque and flux control while reducing harmonic distortions and switching losses, making the system highly effective in high-performance applications such as electric vehicles and industrial automation.

The integration of a contactless optical torque sensor based on NCOMD technology allows for precise torque measurement without the wear and tear associated with traditional electromagnetic sensors. This results in reduced maintenance needs and improved long-term reliability of the system. The system’s ultra-fast response time and high sensitivity ensure that it can effectively manage torque fluctuations in real time, even under varying load conditions.

One of the key advantages of the invention is its ability to reduce torque ripple significantly, providing smoother motor operation, decreased vibration, and improved energy efficiency. The system’s adaptability and real-time feedback capabilities make it suitable for a wide range of applications, from electric vehicles to high-precision industrial automation systems, ensuring consistent and efficient motor performance.

Overall, the invention provides a novel solution for torque ripple minimization in PMSM drives, offering enhanced accuracy, efficiency, and reliability compared to traditional methods. Its contactless sensor technology and adaptive control system make it an ideal choice for precision-demanding applications, contributing to more efficient and sustainable motor-driven systems. installations.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
This invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, throughout which like reference letters / numerals indicate corresponding parts in the various figures. The embodiments herein and advantages thereof will be better understood from the following description when read with reference to the following drawings, wherein
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a high-precision optical torque sensor integrated with a fuzzy-based direct torque control (DTC) with space vector modulation (SVM) system.
FIG. 2 is a visualization of the stator flux, rotor flux, and stator current vectors in a phasor diagram on the d-q plane.
FIG. 3 presents a procedure of choosing vectors from three inputs in DTC.
FIG. 4 is a generation of reference vector Vref.
FIG. 5 presents a symmetrical three-phase pulse pattern creation utilizing SVM.
FIG. 6 presents membership functions for input variables (torque error and its change) and output variable of FLC.
FIG. 7 presents a flowchart of the torque measurement process using nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
Some embodiments of the present disclosure, illustrating all its features, will now be discussed in detail. It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Various modifications to the embodiment will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the present disclosure including the definitions listed here below are not intended to be limited to the embodiments illustrated but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain that the illustrated steps detailed in the figures and here below are set out to explain the exemplary embodiments shown, and it should be anticipated that ongoing technological development will change the manner in which particular functions are performed. These examples are presented herein for purposes of illustration, and not limitation. Further, the boundaries of the functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternative boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Alternatives (including equivalents, extensions, variations, deviations, etc., of those described herein) will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternatives fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments.

The present invention discloses a high-precision optical torque sensor (102) integrated with a fuzzy-based direct torque control (DTC) (103) with space vector modulation (SVM) (104) system, designed to enhance torque control accuracy and dynamic performance in electric permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101). This innovative system combines advanced optical torque sensing technology, fuzzy logic-based control strategies, and efficient space vector modulation techniques to deliver superior torque regulation and energy efficiency. The optical torque sensor (102) utilizes nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) for real-time torque measurement with exceptional precision, while the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) processes torque error (?????) and its rate of change (???*??) to optimize permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) response. By integrating these components, the torque control system (1000) achieves precise torque control, reduced torque ripples, and improved system reliability, making it highly suitable for applications in robotics, industrial automation, and advanced motor control systems.

The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and experimental results, which provide an exemplary embodiment of the invention without restricting its scope or application.

Referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a high-precision torque control system (1000) for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) electric drives. This high-precision torque control system (1000) incorporates an optical torque sensor (102) integrated with fuzzy-based direct torque control (DTC) (103) and space vector modulation (SVM) (104) to achieve high performance in torque and flux regulation.

In the illustrated embodiment, the system begins with the optical torque sensor (102), which is central to achieving precise real-time feedback. This said optical torque sensor (102) measures the actual torque generated by the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) with exceptional accuracy. The torque measurement is then compared to the reference torque (T*), generating a torque error signal (?T*). This torque error signal (?T*) is processed by the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) to dynamically adjust the control parameters.
The said fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) employs a set of predetermined fuzzy rules to compute corrective actions. By analyzing the torque error signal (?T*) and its rate of change, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) generates an adaptive correction signal that adjusts the stator position angle to reduce torque ripple. The adjusted stator position angle serves as an input to the reference flux estimator (106), which calculates the reference flux values necessary for the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101)'s operation.

The torque control system (1000) utilizes a predictor (107) module to compute critical motor parameters, including the flux linkage (?) and the stator position angle. These computations of flux linkage (?) and the stator position angle are vital for the accurate operation of the direct torque control (DTC) (103)-space vector modulation (SVM) (104) system.

The space vector modulation (SVM) (104) module is responsible for minimizing harmonic distortions and enhancing efficiency. The said space vector modulation (SVM) (104) processes the flux error and torque error outputs to determine the optimal switching sequence for the voltage source inverter (VSI) (108). The space vector modulation (SVM) (104) module ensures consistent switching frequency, effective DC bus usage, and reduced total harmonic distortion (THD).

The voltage source inverter (VSI) (108), driven by the space vector modulation (SVM) (104)-generated gating signals, regulates the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101)'s stator voltage to achieve smooth control of both torque and flux. The feedback loop ensures precise real-time adjustments, leveraging the high sensitivity of the optical torque sensor (102).

Overall, this advanced torque control system (1000) minimizes torque ripple, improves transient response, and enhances the overall performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) electric drives. The integration of the optical torque sensor (102) with fuzzy-based direct torque control (DTC) (103)-space vector modulation (SVM) (104) system provides superior adaptability and efficiency, making high-precision torque control system (1000) suitable for demanding applications such as electric vehicles and industrial automation systems.

Referring to FIG. 2, FIG. 2 illustrates a visualization of the stator flux, rotor flux, and stator current vectors in a phasor diagram (200) plotted on the d-q plane. This phasor diagram (200) provides a clear representation of the dynamic interaction between the rotor’s magnetic field and the stator’s magnetic field during permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) operation.

In this phasor diagram (200), the rotor flux (?r) remains stationary relative to the rotor, while the stator flux (?s) rotates as a result of the applied voltage. The angle ? represents the angular displacement between the rotor flux (?r) and stator flux (?s), which directly influences the torque generated in the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101).

The change in torque is represented by:
?Ts = 3/2 p/2 Lm/(Lr .Ls) |?r| | ?s + ? ?s| Sin ??

The stator current vector (Is) is also shown in the d-q plane, representing the current flowing through the stator windings. By controlling the relationship between stator flux (?s), rotor flux (?r), and stator current vector (Is), precise torque and flux control can be achieved. This phasor diagram (200) forms the foundation for implementing direct torque control (DTC) (103) and space vector modulation (SVM) (104) techniques in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) electric drives.

Referring to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 illustrates the procedure for selecting vectors based on three inputs in direct torque control (DTC) (103). The inputs include torque error (?T), flux error (??), and sector information derived from the reference flux estimator (106).

In the illustrated embodiment, the direct torque control (DTC) (103) strategy divides the d-q plane into six sectors, each with a 60-degree separation. When considering space vector modulation (SVM) (104), a sinusoidal voltage is seen as a rotating vector that maintains a steady amplitude and frequency. Space vector modulation (SVM) (104) uses the eight switching vectors (V0 to V7) to estimate the reference voltage Vref. These eight switching vectors (V0 to V7) is defined for each sector. The torque and flux comparator outputs are combined with sector information to select the optimal voltage vector that minimizes torque and flux error.

The selected voltage vector is used to control the stator flux and torque by appropriately switching the voltage source inverter (VSI) (108). This systematic selection process ensures fast dynamic response and efficient control of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101).

During Referring to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 depicts the generation of the reference vector (Vref) in space vector modulation (SVM) (104). The reference vector (Vref) represents the desired voltage in the stator and is used to synthesize sinusoidal voltage waveforms for efficient permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) operation.

In this embodiment, the reference vector (Vref) is calculated by combining two adjacent non-zero vectors and two zero vectors from the predefined switching vectors (V0 to V7). The plane is divided into six sectors, each spanning 60 degrees, and the reference vector (Vref) lies within one of these sectors.

The diagram demonstrates how the adjacent non-zero vectors and zero vectors are combined in a time-weighted manner to generate the required voltage. This process ensures that the synthesized voltage is smooth, reducing harmonic distortion and improving motor performance. operation.

After Referring to FIG. 5, FIG. 5 illustrates the creation of symmetrical three-phase pulse patterns using space vector modulation (SVM) (104). These symmetrical three-phase pulse patterns are essential for generating the desired output voltage and ensuring smooth permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) operation.

In this embodiment, the reference vector (Vref) is sampled at regular time intervals (Tz), and the switching times (T0, T1, T2) are calculated for each interval.
T0, T1, and T2 are calculated by:

The switching times are used to create symmetrical pulse patterns for the three phases (A, B, and C).

By consistently applying these symmetrical three-phase pulse patterns, the space vector modulation (SVM) (104) technique minimizes torque ripple, reduces harmonic distortion, and ensures efficient switching in the voltage source inverter (VSI) (108). This method is crucial for achieving high-performance motor control. (104).

Referring to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 illustrates the membership functions for the input variables (torque error (?Te) and its rate of change (?T*e)) and the output variable used in the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105). The ’min’ type Mamdani fuzzy logic is utilized for the implication method, and the centroid method is employed for defuzzification. These membership functions play a key role in the fuzzy-based direct torque control (DTC) (103) system.

In the illustrated embodiment, the torque error and its derivative are represented by seven linguistic descriptors: Negative Large (N.L), Negative Medium (N.M), Negative Small (N.S), Zero (Z), Positive Small (P.S), Positive Medium (P.M), and Positive Large (P.L). The output variable follows a similar classification.

The membership functions define the degree of truth for each linguistic descriptor based on the input values. By using these membership functions, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) processes the torque error and its rate of change to generate a control output that minimizes torque ripple and enhances permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) performance.

As shown in Table 1, the table illustrates the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) rule base for torque error (?????) and its rate of change (?T*e), which are critical parameters in the control process of high-precision torque systems. The FLC rule base ensures accurate decision-making by mapping the input variables torque error (?Te) and its rate of change (?T*e)to the output variable using predefined linguistic terms.

Each row in Table 1 corresponds to a specific linguistic value of torque error (?Te), such as Negative Large (N.L), Negative Medium (N.M), Negative Small (N.S), Zero Error (Z.E), Positive Small (P.S), Positive Medium (P.M), and Positive Large (P.L). Similarly, the columns represent the corresponding linguistic values of rate of change (?T*e). The intersection of a row and column defines the rule output, indicating the control action or torque adjustment required.

For example, when torque error (?Te) is Negative Large (N.L) and rate of change (?T*e) is Zero Error (Z.E), the rule base determines the output to be Negative Large (N.L), indicating a strong corrective action to decrease the error. Conversely, when torque error (?Te) is Positive Large (P.L) and rate of change (?T*e) is Positive Medium (P.M), the output is Positive Large (P.L), signaling a continuation of the corrective action in the positive direction.

The diagonal values in Table 2, such as Z.E at the center, represent balanced states where both torque error (?Te) and its rate of change (?T*e) indicate minimal error or steady-state conditions. These rules help maintain system stability and avoid unnecessary oscillations in control response.

Overall, Table 1 provides a comprehensive rule base for the FLC, ensuring efficient and precise torque control by integrating the dynamic interaction between torque error and its rate of change. This structured approach enhances the overall performance and reliability of the control system.
?T *
e

?Te

N.L
N.M
N.S
Z.E
P.S
P.M
P.L
N.L N.L N.L N.L N.L N.M N.S Z.E
N.M N.L N.L N.L N.M N.S Z.E P.S
N.S N.L N.L N.M N.S Z.E P.S P.M
Z.E N.L N.M N.S Z.E P.S P.M P.L
P.S N.M N.S Z.E P.S P.M P.L P.L
P.M N.S Z.E P.S P.M P.L P.L P.L
P.L Z.E P.S P.M P.L P.L P.L P.L

Referring to FIG. 7, FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart for the torque measurement process using nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701). This advanced nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) provides high precision and real-time monitoring capabilities.

In the illustrated embodiment, the process begins with Light Input, which enters the optical cavity. The interaction between the light and the mechanical resonator generates Radiation Pressure, causing mechanical displacement within the resonator. The limited space inside the optical cavity enhances the light’s strength, causing a phenomenon called radiation pressure, which is the force the light exerts on the mechanical resonator.

The Optical Cavity detects this displacement as a change in the optical resonance frequency. This frequency shift is processed by the frequency shift detector, and the corresponding torque is calculated based on the relationship between mechanical movement and torque. The radiation force is influenced by the brightness of the incoming light (Pin), the quality of the optical cavity (F), the velocity of light (c) and stiffness of resonator (k) causing movement x in the mechanical resonator following Hooke’s law.
X = Frad/K = (2Pin F)/(c k)

Here G represents the optomechanical coupling factor, indicating the intensity of the connection between the optical field and (??) change in the frequency of resonance.
The relationship between displacement x and angular displacement ? is given by x = R?, with R representing the radius of the rotating object. The provided torque t can be determined as:

Where J is the moment of inertia of the resonator.

TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENTS
The present invention offers several key technical advancements over conventional torque ripple minimization techniques and sensor systems used in PMSM drives:
The integration of a high-precision optical torque sensor utilizing Nanophotonic Cavity Opto-Mechanical Devices (NCOMD) enables real-time, ultra-sensitive torque measurement, significantly improving the accuracy of torque detection compared to traditional electromagnetic sensors, thus enhancing the effectiveness of torque ripple reduction.
The use of a fuzzy-based Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Space Vector Modulation (SVM) strategy allows for dynamic and adaptive control of torque and flux in the motor, optimizing motor performance and reducing torque ripple more effectively under varying operational conditions.
The optical torque sensor’s contactless nature reduces wear and tear, minimizing the need for frequent maintenance and enhancing system reliability and longevity compared to conventional contact-based sensors, which suffer from mechanical degradation over time.
By combining the real-time torque feedback from the optical sensor with fuzzy logic control, the system can make adaptive corrections to torque error and stator position, improving the motor’s dynamic response and overall efficiency, even in highly variable load conditions.
The system’s high sensitivity and rapid response time allow it to detect and correct minute torque fluctuations in real time, ensuring smoother motor operation with minimal vibration, which is particularly beneficial for high-performance applications such as electric vehicles and industrial automation.
The adoption of Space Vector Modulation (SVM) further enhances system efficiency by reducing harmonic distortions and switching losses, ensuring smooth operation with consistent voltage regulation, and optimizing the use of DC bus power.
The combination of NCOMD-based torque sensing and adaptive fuzzy DTC-SVM control offers a comprehensive solution that addresses multiple performance issues, including torque ripple, efficiency, system reliability, and maintenance, making it suitable for precision-demanding applications.
The system's versatility allows for easy integration into a wide range of PMSM-driven systems, from small electric vehicles to large industrial automation setups, ensuring broad applicability across various industries.

The foregoing disclosure has been described with reference to the accompanying embodiments which do not limit the scope and ambit of the disclosure. The description provided is purely by way of example and illustration.

The embodiments herein and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained with reference to the non-limiting embodiments in the following description. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments herein may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments herein. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the embodiments as described herein.

Any discussion of devices, articles or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form a part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the disclosure as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.

While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the components and component parts of the preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated that many embodiments can be made and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiments without departing from the principles of the disclosure. These and other changes in the preferred embodiment as well as other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the disclosure and not as a limitation.
, C , Claims:WE CLAIM:
1. A torque control system (1000) for precise and efficient control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101), wherein the torque control system (1000) comprises:
- an optical torque sensor (102) for real-time measurement of torque with high precision, wherein said optical torque sensor (102) utilizes nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) for torque sensing;
- a direct torque control (DTC) module (103) configured to generate control signals for torque and flux control;
- a space vector modulation (SVM) module (104) integrated with the direct torque control (DTC) module (103) to optimize voltage vector switching and minimize torque ripples;
- a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) configured to process torque error and its rate of change for adaptive and accurate control;
- a reference flux estimator (106) for real-time calculation of the reference flux required for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) control;
- a predictor (107) for predictive control of motor parameters to enhance system stability and responsiveness; and
- a voltage source inverter (VSI) (108) for supplying the controlled voltage to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) based on the signals generated by the space vector modulation (SVM) (104).
2. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical torque sensor (102) measures torque non-invasively and transmits the data to the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) for processing.

3. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) integrated in the optical torque sensor (102) provide high sensitivity and low noise for precise torque measurements.

4. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the DTC module (103) combined with the space vector modulation (SVM) (104) reduces torque and flux ripples, enhancing the dynamic performance of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101).

5. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) uses a rule-based inference system for adaptive adjustment of torque control parameters to handle non-linearities and variations in the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101)’s operating conditions.

6. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predictor (107) anticipates variations in load and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) conditions to adjust the control signals dynamically, improving system efficiency and response time.

7. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reference flux estimator (106) ensures optimal flux levels to maintain permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101) efficiency and minimize losses during operation.

8. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the voltage source inverter (VSI) (108) is configured to operate at high switching frequencies for seamless and efficient power delivery to the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) (101).

9. The torque control system (1000) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the integration of nanophotonic cavity optomechanical devices (NCOMD) (701) with the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) (105) enhances the precision and reliability of torque control in dynamic environments.
Dated this the 16th day of January 2025.