Description:FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT, 1970
(39 of 1970)
&
THE PATENT RULES, 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See section 10; rule 13)

“EXTERNAL HEAT-BASED DUAL-FLUID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING SEQUENTIAL DISPLACEMENT TANKS AND A METHOD THEREOF”

SWAYAM ENERGY LTD, having address, KAMATHEWADI, RANJANGAON SANDAS, TAL SHIRUR, DIST PUNE- 412211

THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATION PARTICULARLY DESCRIBES THE INVENTION AND THE MANNER IN WHICH IT IS TO BE PERFORMED
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of thermal power generation systems, and more particularly to an external heat-driven dual-fluid engine that utilizes a pressurized vapor to displace a secondary liquid through sequential displacement tanks for driving a water turbine. The invention lies at the intersection of energy conversion, renewable energy utilization, and efficient external combustion technologies, providing a method and system for generating electricity with reduced steam consumption, lower fuel usage, and improved thermal efficiency compared to conventional steam turbine systems.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The global demand for energy has risen sharply in recent decades, compelling nations to rely heavily on fossil fuel–based power generation. This reliance has resulted in severe environmental challenges, including air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and associated climate disturbances such as unseasonal rainfall and storms. Conventional energy systems, particularly those based on combustion, are among the primary contributors to these problems.
[0003] Presently, two broad classes of combustion engines dominate power generation: internal combustion (IC) engines and external combustion (EC) steam engines. Internal combustion engines, such as petrol and diesel engines, suffer from fundamental limitations. In such engines, air is compressed and mixed with injected fuel, which ignites to generate power. However, due to the limited availability of oxygen within the combustion chamber, fuel combustion is often incomplete. This incomplete combustion leads to the formation of toxic by products such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which contribute to air pollution and health hazards. Furthermore, incomplete fuel utilization results in wasted energy and increased operating costs. IC engines also involve highly complex mechanical assemblies, with numerous moving parts subjects to frictional losses. These losses further degrade efficiency and reliability, making such systems both environmentally and economically unsustainable in the long term.
[0004] On the other hand, steam engines and steam turbine systems utilize external combustion to heat water and generate steam, which then drives a turbine. While this approach enables relatively complete combustion of fuel, it presents a different set of inefficiencies. Steam turbines require extremely high temperature and pressure conditions to achieve effective operation, necessitating the consumption of large quantities of fuel. Once expanded through the turbine, the steam must be condensed back into liquid form to complete the cycle. This condensation process consumes significant additional energy, particularly because the exhaust steam retains considerable thermal content. Moreover, conventional steam power plants consume vast amounts of fresh water, much of which is irreversibly lost to the atmosphere as vapor. This large-scale water wastage poses a serious challenge to potable water availability, particularly in regions already facing water scarcity.
[0005] In summary, existing IC and EC power generation technologies suffer from multiple technical drawbacks: (i) incomplete fuel combustion leading to pollution and low efficiency, (ii) high mechanical complexity and energy losses in IC engines, (iii) excessive fuel consumption and high thermal requirements in steam turbines, and (iv) unsustainable consumption of water resources in conventional steam-based systems.
[0006] Accordingly, there exists a clear need for a cleaner, more efficient, and resource-conserving energy conversion system that overcomes the limitations of both IC engines and conventional steam turbines, while remaining compatible with diverse heat sources including renewable energy.
SUMMARY
[0007] The present invention provides an external heat-based dual-fluid power generation system that addresses the limitations of conventional internal combustion engines and steam turbine systems. Unlike internal combustion engines, which suffer from incomplete combustion, toxic emissions, and mechanical complexity, or conventional steam turbines, which require large quantities of high-temperature steam and waste significant amounts of water, the present invention introduces a more efficient, cleaner, and resource-conserving approach.
[0008] In the disclosed system, a first working fluid (such as water, refrigerant, liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide, or ammonia) is heated by an external heat source to generate pressurized vapor. This vapor is not used directly to drive a turbine but instead is employed to pressurize a second working fluid (such as water) contained within insulated displacement tanks. Through a sequential valve arrangement, the vapor applies pressure to the tanks in a controlled manner, causing the second working fluid to flow continuously through non-return valves and drive a water turbine coupled to a generator. After displacing the second working fluid, the vapor is exhausted, passed through a heat exchanger to recover residual energy, condensed into liquid form, and recirculated to the heat source for reuse.
[0009] This dual-fluid architecture delivers several important technical advancements. First, by using vapor only as a pressurizing medium rather than the primary turbine driver, the system requires significantly lower steam consumption and avoids the high temperature and pressure thresholds demanded by conventional steam turbines. Second, since water is denser than steam, the system can extract greater energy at lower pressures, enabling efficient turbine operation with reduced fuel usage. Third, because the turbine is driven by liquid water rather than steam, the problem of large-scale water evaporation and wastage inherent in steam power plants is eliminated. The water cycle in the invention is a closed and constant flow, ensuring minimal resource depletion.
[0010] The invention further offers a number of technical effects and benefits. It achieves higher overall thermal efficiency by recovering residual heat from exhaust vapor in the heat exchanger. It reduces emissions compared to IC engines and traditional steam plants, as the external combustion process ensures more complete fuel burning and is compatible with renewable heat sources such as solar, geothermal, or industrial waste heat. It also lowers mechanical complexity by minimizing moving parts and frictional losses, thereby enhancing reliability and reducing maintenance requirements. Moreover, the system is highly versatile, scalable for use in small domestic applications or large power plants, and capable of operating on multiple fuels as well as renewable thermal inputs.
[0011] Accordingly, the present invention represents a significant advancement over conventional energy conversion technologies, providing an energy-efficient, resource-conserving, and environmentally sustainable solution for power generation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary heat-based dual working fluid turbine system for generating electrical power using steam as a pressure medium and water as the main driving fluid, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary insulated displacement tank, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary working on non-return valves, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIGs. 4A-4B illustrates an exemplary valve and spindle moment of intake steam in Tank A, B, C, D, and valve and spindle moment of out of steam in tank A, B, C, D in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIGs. 5A-5E illustrates an exemplary embodiments of heat-based dual working fluid turbine system with different heat sources, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method for generating power using a dual-fluid external heat-based turbine system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] In an embodiment, an external heat base two working fluid water turbine device/system has been designed. This engine works by using two working fluids. In this, the state of the first working fluid is changed using heat and converted into steam. Therefore, both temperature and pressure energy are obtained in it. If this steam is used as it is in a steam turbine, a lot of steam will have to be produced and its temperature will also be very high and therefore a lot of energy will be consumed. Moreover, when the steam with high temperature comes out of the turbine, the heat in the steam decreases a little, so a lot of energy has to be spent to convert the steam back into a liquid. To avoid this, steam pressure is applied to another liquid, water, using only the pressure in this steam; because water is denser than steam and water can provide energy well at low pressure, electrical energy is generated by turning the turbine on that water. The steam used in this machine is converted back into a liquid because this steam is of low temperature, so less energy has to be spent to convert it back into a liquid and it is reused for the next cycle. In this, the water used to turn the turbine is not heated. And the turbine is not turned on the liquid that has been converted into steam. Both the liquid cycles work independently. In this, the second liquid does not change its state because no heat is given to it.
[0019] If steam and water are taken in the same tank and the pressure of the steam is applied to the water. Therefore, the pressure of the water is the same as the pressure of the steam. If the same pressure is applied to any type of liquid and gas, then due to the high density of the liquid, if energy is obtained from these liquids, then that energy can obviously be extracted in a larger than that of the gas. The working principle of this device is as follows
[0020] How the machine works:
[0021] Main equipment in the machine are 1) constant cycle flow of water; 2) steam valve; 3) water turbine and generator; 4) steam boiler; 5) heat exchanger; and 6) condenser.
[0022] Constant cycle flow of water: In this, four tanks have been taken, namely 'A', 'B', 'C' and 'D'. The tank is made of steel and the inside of the tank is lined with thermal insulation plastic. There is a heat separator to prevent the heat of the steam from going to the water. The heat separator is hollow inside so it floats on the water. The heat separator is made of thermal insulation plastic. An air valve is installed to prevent water from coming out of each tank. So steam goes in and out of the tank but water cannot come out. All these tanks A, B, C and D are half filled with water. Two non-return valves are installed at the bottom of each tank. That is, a total of eight non-return valves are installed at the bottom of the four tanks. The steam valve is used to pressurize the four tanks in sequence, thus creating a continuous flow of water. The steam pressure is applied sequentially as A then B then C then D then A then B then C then D.
[0023] It has tank pairs such as: 1) A and C and 2) B and D.
[0024] If, pressure is applied to tank A, then the water in tank A will flow into tank C and if pressure is applied to tank B, then the water in tank B will flow into tank D. Similarly, if pressure is applied to tank C, then the water in tank C will flow into tank A. And if pressure is applied to tank D, then the water in tank D will flow into tank B.
[0025] Two non-return valves are installed at the bottom of the tank to prevent the water from tank A from flowing into tank B. This creates a continuous flow of water. The flow of water is as follows - tank → non-return valve → turbine → non return valve → tank. If the flow is interrupted, the machine will be in danger due to water hammer effect, so the flow of steam should also be continuous.
[0026] Steam Valve: Steam Valve works to send steam sequentially to four tanks 'A', 'B' 'C' and 'D. It has two parts, valve body and spindle. Valve. In which there are four holes on the valve body to send steam from the steam boiler to the four tanks sequentially. Steam is released in each hole sequentially through the spindle. Also, low pressure steam from the tanks is sequentially taken into the valve and sent to the heat exchanger through the spindle. The spindle is directly connected to the shaft of water turbine or to the motor with a gear box. As the shaft of water turbine or motor rotates, the gear box reduces the RPM and the power increases. The shaft of the gear box is connected to the valve spindle.
[0027] When electrical energy is supplied to the motor, the motor rotates, the valve spindle connected with it rotates and the steam from the steam boiler is sequentially sent to the tanks and the steam from the tanks is sequentially taken and sent to the heat exchanger.
[0028] Water turbine and generator: Water turbine converts the pressure energy and kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy. In this device, a continuous flow of water is created due to the pressure of steam. Steam has a lot of pressure energy but its density is less than water, so water is used as the working fluid in this device. Because water is a liquid with a high density. Two main factors are important for rotating the turbine, which are pressure and density. So both these factors are available to the turbine. The turbine does not use this factor of temperature. Therefore, a water turbine is used in this device. The shaft of the turbine is connected to an electric generator. As the turbine rotates, the impeller connected to it rotates and the generator starts rotating and electrical energy is generated.
[0029] Steam boiler: A steam boiler is an important component in this machine. In this, working fluids such as water, refrigerant, pentane, ether, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, liquid ammonia is heated by external combustion and converted into steam.
[0030] The fuel used for external combustion is such as any solid fuel such as coal, lignite charcoal , wood, straw, paper, agriculture waste, cow dung etc.; any liquid fuel such as - petrol, diesel, kerosene, ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, plastic paralysis oil, etc.; any gaseous fuel such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, biogas, hydrogen, wood gas etc. is converted into steam by external combustion; geothermal energy; solar energy; heat battery; ocean thermal energy; nuclear energy.
[0031] Working fluid 1 such as water, refrigerant, pentane, ether, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, liquid ammonia is converted into steam. Due to this, tremendous pressure is created. This steam is sent to the steam valve.
[0032] Heat exchanger: In this, the liquid that is to be converted into steam is heated with the heat of the steam coming out of the device. Mainly, the heat in the steam is exchanged with the liquid, which increases the efficiency of the device. Also, to convert the steam back into a liquid, it is necessary to reduce the heat in it. In the heat exchanger, the heat in the steam is reduced and the heat of the liquid increases.
[0033] Condenser: In this, the low-temperature steam coming from the heat exchanger is completely converted into liquid, for which the heat is reduced with the help of an air fan. The liquid formed is sent to the boiler with the help of a pump to produce steam again. again, the above process repeates.
[0034] Advantages of this machine:
[0035] This machine operates on external combustion and can therefore run on any solid liquid and gaseous fuel.
[0036] External combustion reduces the production of carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, thus reducing pollution. Moreover, external combustion burns the fuel completely, thus providing more energy.
[0037] This machine also runs on solar energy. This machine runs using the heat from solar energy.
[0038] The maximum amount of solar energy, about 50%, is heat energy, and this device requires heat energy, so this device works very well on solar energy.
[0039] Due to the pressure of steam and the small amount of steam used, very little fuel is burned. This saves fuel and since water is denser than steam, more energy can be extracted from water than from steam.
[0040] Steam turbines require very high temperatures and pressures to operate, but water turbines do not require such pressure, so water turbines are used to generate energy by using steam to pressurize water.
[0041] Using this device, this device can be operated using solar energy during the day and also the heat energy can be stored in a battery in a very simple way and this heat can be recovered in a very simple way by creating steam at night with the help of this device. That is, using this device, solar energy can be used 24 hours a day, thus reducing fuel costs and preventing pollution.
[0042] This machine can be used to generate electrical energy by utilizing waste energy in factories and metal industries.
[0043] In geothermal power plants, energy is obtained by using the heat of underground lava. But this process is very inefficient. But by using this device, it is possible to improve the efficiency by using low-pressure steam operating at very low pressure and generate large amounts of electrical energy.
[0044] This device can be made from very small to large sizes. Therefore, electrical energy can be obtained with the help of this device in vehicles, for generating domestic electrical energy, for generating electrical energy in factories, for villages or cities. Also, since solar energy can be used in this device, it will be very economical. Therefore, fuel saving, cost saving and reliability will all be beneficial.
[0045] All the materials used in this machine are available very cheaply everywhere, so it costs very little to manufacture and it can be repaired at low cost, so it is a very reliable engine and can work well for a long time.
[0046] This device generates electrical energy using compressed air. This device can be used as a battery.
[0047] Currently, solar energy and wind energy generate a large amount of energy. But they have a time limit. Solar energy works only during the day and wind energy depends on the speed of the wind. No one has control over it. In this case, this energy is stored in liquid nitrogen and liquid carbon dioxide, while this machine also runs on nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
[0048] Complexity is the enemy of reliability is a famous saying in engineering. In this machine, there is very little friction only between the turbine and the steam valve, there is no complexity in any other part, no friction, very little heat loss, so the efficiency of this machine increases.
[0049] This machine also works as a battery-. Currently, solar energy works for only four to five hours and wind energy depends on the wind speed, so it is necessary to store this energy. With the help of this machine here use 1) heat battery: a) sensible heat battery, use material like rock, pressurized hot water, Bricks b) latent heat battery, 2) pressurized liquefied carbon dioxide Battery 3) compressed air Battery 4) Cryogenic liquid nitrogen Battery can be used in this machine. The working fluid 1 is added in it and its energy is generated by using it in a steam machine. Therefore, solar energy and wind energy can be controlled with the help of this machine. Moreover, this machine directly heats the working fluid 1 with the help of solar energy like parabolic troughs, solar power towers, linear Fresnel systems, and parabolic dishes uses it in a steam machine to generate energy.
[0050] To elaborate further, in an embodiment, the present invention relates to an external heat-based dual working fluid turbine system for generating electrical power using steam as a pressure medium and water as the main driving fluid. The invention addresses the limitations of conventional internal combustion engines and Rankine cycle steam turbines. Internal combustion engines suffer from incomplete fuel combustion, producing toxic emissions such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, while also having mechanical complexity and high friction losses. Steam turbines, on the other hand, require high-temperature, high-pressure superheated steam to operate efficiently, which results in high fuel consumption, significant water wastage through evaporation, and costly materials. These drawbacks contribute to environmental pollution, global warming, and depletion of resources. There is therefore a need for an efficient, low-cost, and sustainable system that reduces fuel use, conserves water, can operate with diverse heat sources, and provides integrated energy storage capabilities.
[0051] The invention provides a system in which two different fluids are used in distinct roles. A first working fluid such as water, refrigerant, carbon dioxide, or ammonia is heated by external combustion or renewable heat sources to generate pressurized steam or vapor. Instead of being expanded directly in a turbine, this pressurized steam is used to transfer its pressure onto a second working fluid, namely water, which due to its high density provides a more effective driving medium for a turbine. The system employs four insulated tanks partially filled with water. Steam is introduced sequentially into these tanks through a motor-driven rotary valve, displacing the water through non-return valves and creating a continuous flow that rotates a water turbine connected to an electric generator. The tanks operate in paired fashion to maintain uninterrupted flow and prevent water hammer. Once the steam has imparted its pressure, it is routed to a heat exchanger where its residual heat preheats incoming liquid, thereby improving efficiency. The steam is then condensed, converted back into liquid, and returned to the boiler for reuse, creating a closed loop.
[0052] This design provides several unique technical features. Unlike conventional steam turbines, the turbine in this system does not rely on the thermal expansion of high-temperature steam but rather on the kinetic and pressure energy of water driven by steam pressure. This allows power to be generated at lower pressures and temperatures, reducing fuel consumption and material requirements. The decoupling of thermodynamic and mechanical functions, steam providing only pressure and water providing mass and density for work extraction, is a key inventive aspect. Moreover, the four-tank sequential pressurization system ensures continuous turbine operation without the need for superheated steam. In addition, the system is capable of running on multiple energy sources including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, as well as solar, geothermal, waste heat, and nuclear heat. It can also function as an energy storage device by using compressed gases or cryogenic fluids such as liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the working fluid, thereby allowing renewable energy to be stored and dispatched on demand.
[0053] The invention offers substantial advantages compared to existing techniques. Because external combustion ensures complete fuel burn, fewer toxic emissions are generated, and less fuel is required. Water is conserved since it is not evaporated and lost as in steam power plants, but rather reused in a closed cycle. The design avoids the need for very high pressures and temperatures, enabling simpler construction with cheaper materials and reducing maintenance costs. With fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines or steam turbines, reliability and efficiency are improved. The ability to operate from multiple energy sources, including direct solar thermal input, allows for flexible, 24-hour operation by coupling with thermal or cryogenic storage systems. Furthermore, the system can be scaled from small units for households and vehicles to large plants for industrial or grid-scale applications.
[0054] In summary, this invention provides a technically advanced, novel, and non-obvious system for power generation. By separating the heat cycle from the work extraction cycle and by using a dual-fluid mechanism, it reduces water consumption, minimizes fuel usage, lowers emissions, and increases efficiency. Its dual role as both an energy generator and an energy storage system offer further utility over conventional technologies, making it an environmentally sustainable and economically viable solution for modern energy demands.
[0055] Embodiments of the present invention relates to a system that has a boiler configured to heat a first working fluid such as water, refrigerant, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, or ammonia, by means of external combustion or renewable heat sources. The heated fluid is converted into pressurized steam or vapor and supplied to a steam valve. The steam valve is a rotary valve driven by a motor and gearbox arrangement, and is adapted to sequentially direct the steam to a set of four insulated tanks (A, B, C, D), each partially filled with water serving as a second working fluid.
[0056] The tanks are connected in pairs such that when steam pressure is applied to one tank, water is displaced into its paired tank. Each tank is provided with non-return valves at the inlet and outlet to ensure unidirectional flow and to prevent backflow. Sequential operation of the steam valve pressurizes the tanks in order (A, B, C, D), thereby producing a continuous, pulsation-free flow of water. The displaced water is directed towards a water turbine connected to an electric generator. Due to the higher density of water relative to steam, the turbine extracts kinetic and pressure energy more efficiently at lower pressures.
[0057] Exhaust steam from the tanks is collected and routed back through the steam valve into a heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger, residual heat from the low-pressure steam is transferred to the incoming liquid feed intended for the boiler, thus improving cycle efficiency. Thereafter, the steam is cooled in a condenser, where it is fully converted into liquid with the help of ambient air or cooling fans. The condensed liquid is then pumped by a pump (8) back into the boiler to complete the cycle.
[0058] The invention operates in a closed loop wherein the first working fluid is repeatedly vaporized, pressurized, and condensed, while the second working fluid (water) circulates in a continuous cycle to drive the turbine. Because the water does not undergo a phase change, water consumption is minimized and operational reliability is enhanced.
[0059] The system can be powered by multiple heat sources including solid fuels, liquid fuels, gaseous fuels, as well as solar thermal collectors, geothermal heat, ocean thermal gradients, nuclear heat, or waste heat from industrial processes. In one mode of operation, the system may also function as an energy storage device, wherein compressed gases or cryogenic liquids (e.g., CO₂ or nitrogen) are used in place of steam to pressurize the tanks, thereby enabling stored renewable energy to be dispatched on demand.
[0060] Now the invention would be explained from the perspective of the drawings:
[0061] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary heat-based dual working fluid turbine system for generating electrical power using steam as a pressure medium and water as the main driving fluid, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0062] In an embodiment, the present invention relates to a heat-based dual working fluid turbine system (100) designed for generating electrical power by utilizing steam as a pressure medium and water as the main driving fluid. This system is configured to address inefficiencies associated with conventional steam turbines by employing a two-fluid mechanism, where one fluid generates the pressure and the other provides direct mechanical motion to drive a turbine.
[0063] At the core of the system is a heat source (102), which is configured to heat a first working fluid (104), such as water, steam, ether, pentane, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, ammonia, liquid ammonia, or various refrigerants, to produce a pressurized vapor. In one embodiment, the heat source (102) may comprise a steam boiler in which the first working fluid is heated directly to generate steam. In an alternative embodiment, the heat source may include a heat battery, which stores thermal energy sourced from renewable or intermittent energy supplies. The heat battery is capable of being charged by solar thermal collectors, geothermal reservoirs, industrial waste heat recovery systems, or resistive heating powered by wind or photovoltaic (PV) energy, thereby providing a sustainable and continuous energy supply even during low renewable energy availability.
[0064] The pressurized vapor generated in the heat source (102) is directed to a valve assembly (106). This valve assembly is a critical component of the system and is preferably realized as a rotary spindle valve. The rotary spindle valve is configured to admit vapor into and exhaust vapor from multiple displacement tanks (A, B, C, D) in a timed and sequential manner, ensuring a continuous flow of the secondary working fluid without pulsation.
[0065] The system employs four insulated displacement tanks (A, B, C, D), each connected in series, so that pressurization of one tank displaces its contained fluid into the next tank. This arrangement ensures continuous forward flow of the second working fluid (108-1, 108-2, 108-3, 108-4) towards the turbine (110). Each displacement tank is partially filled with the second working fluid, which, in a preferred embodiment, is water due to its higher density and availability. When the pressurized vapor enters a tank, it exerts a force on the second working fluid, displacing it through a unidirectional flow pathway controlled by non-return valves (124) located at both the bottom inlet and outlet of each tank.
[0066] Structurally, each displacement tank comprises a steel outer body (116) to withstand high pressures and a surrounding thermal insulation layer (118) to minimize heat losses. To enhance system efficiency and prevent operational issues, each tank is equipped with an air valve (120) for venting non-condensable gases that may accumulate during operation. Inside each tank, a heat separator (122) is provided to prevent direct mixing of the incoming pressurized vapor with the second working fluid, thereby maintaining purity and performance of both fluids. The non-return valves (124) regulate the flow direction, ensuring that the displaced second working fluid moves in a controlled and unidirectional manner toward the turbine (110).
[0067] The sequential operation of the valve assembly (106) ensures that at any given moment, at least one displacement tank is under pressurization while another is in an exhausting phase, thereby avoiding dead cycles and ensuring a pulsation-free, continuous output flow of the second working fluid. This continuous flow drives a turbine (110), which is mechanically coupled to an electric generator for power generation. Since the turbine operates on the second working fluid (water) rather than direct steam, it can function at lower steam pressures, leveraging the higher density and mass of water to generate torque efficiently.
[0068] The vapor exiting the displacement tanks after pressurization is routed through a condenser (112), which cools and condenses it back into a liquid state for recirculation. To further improve efficiency, the condenser (112) may be coupled to a heat exchanger (126). This heat exchanger is configured to recover residual thermal energy from the exhaust vapor and preheat the condensed first working fluid before it is returned to the heat source (102). A pump (114) is integrated into the system to maintain a continuous circulation loop, ensuring that the first working fluid is consistently recirculated from the condenser back to the heat source for reheating and vaporization.
[0069] During operation, the system functions in a coordinated, cyclical manner. The valve assembly (106) selectively channels pressurized vapor from the heat source into one of the four displacement tanks. For instance, when tank A is pressurized, it displaces its contained second working fluid into tank B. As tank B becomes active, tank A is exhausted and depressurized through the rotary spindle valve, readying it for the next pressurization cycle. This sequence repeats across tanks A, B, C, and D, providing smooth, uninterrupted flow to the turbine and generator assembly.
[0070] An example operation could involve a renewable energy source, such as a solar thermal collector, charging the heat battery. The heat battery then releases stored energy to the first working fluid, converting it to pressurized vapor. The vapor sequentially pressurizes the four tanks, displacing water through the turbine, which generates electricity. Meanwhile, the vapor is cooled and condensed in the condenser (112), its remaining heat recovered by the heat exchanger (126), and the liquid is pumped back to the heat source, completing the cycle.
[0071] This dual working fluid configuration provides significant efficiency improvements over conventional steam turbine systems by isolating the turbine from direct steam operation, minimizing wear and corrosion, and allowing for low-pressure operation without compromising energy output. Furthermore, by integrating a heat battery and renewable charging sources, the system is adaptable for off-grid, sustainable power generation, suitable for both industrial and remote applications.
[0072] Referring now to FIG. 1, it illustrates the complete layout of the heat-based dual working fluid turbine system (100), showing the interaction between its primary components. The system begins with a heat source (102), such as a steam boiler or a heat battery, which heats the first working fluid (104) to generate pressurized vapor. This pressurized vapor is routed through a steam valve assembly (106), which sequentially directs the vapor to four displacement tanks (A, B, C, D).
[0073] Each displacement tank (108-1, 108-2, 108-3, 108-4) is partially filled with water, serving as the second working fluid. As vapor enters a tank, it applies pressure to the water, displacing it forward through a series of connected tanks and into a turbine (110). The turbine is mechanically coupled to a generator, producing electricity.
[0074] The exhaust vapor leaving the displacement tanks is routed through a condenser (112), where it is cooled and condensed back into a liquid. This liquid is then passed through a heat exchanger (126), which recovers residual heat from the exhaust to preheat the incoming first working fluid, improving thermal efficiency. A pump (114) recirculates the condensed fluid back to the heat source (102), forming a closed-loop system.
[0075] The design enables continuous and smooth operation because the valve assembly (106) alternates between tanks, ensuring that at least one tank is being pressurized while another is exhausting, thus providing a pulsation-free flow to the turbine.
[0076] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary insulated displacement tank, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 provides a sectional view of a single displacement tank (A, B, C, or D), highlighting its structural features. Each tank is constructed with a steel outer body (116) to withstand internal pressures, and the inner walls are lined with thermal insulation (118) to prevent heat loss. At the top of the tank, an air valve (120) is included to vent non-condensable gases and prevent operational inefficiencies. Inside the tank, a heat separator (122) floats above the second working fluid (water). This separator ensures that the pressurized vapor from the first working fluid does not directly mix with the water, maintaining separate cycles for both fluids. Two non-return valves (124) are positioned at the bottom inlet and outlet of the tank. These valves regulate the unidirectional movement of water, allowing it to flow only towards the turbine or the next tank in sequence while preventing backflow. The upper section of the tank is dedicated to vapor entry, where steam is introduced to exert pressure on the heat separator, pushing the water downward and out through the outlet.
[0077] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary working on non-return valves, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 3 shows the arrangement and working principle of the four displacement tanks (A, B, C, D) connected in series. These tanks are positioned so that pressurization occurs sequentially, when tank A is pressurized, its displaced water flows into tank C, and when tank B is pressurized, its water flows into tank D. The non-return valves positioned between each tank ensure that water moves in one direction only, preventing reverse flow that could disrupt the system or cause water hammer. The continuous pressurization and exhaust cycle maintain a constant, smooth flow of water towards the turbine (110).
[0078] This arrangement mimics a multi-cylinder engine but uses fluids instead of pistons, and the staggered operation ensures that as one tank is filling, another is emptying, preventing dead spots in water flow. This synchronized sequencing is essential for achieving uninterrupted energy generation and turbine efficiency. FIGs. 4A-4B illustrates an exemplary valve and spindle moment of intake steam in Tank A, B, C, D, and valve and spindle moment of out of steam in tank A, B, C, D in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the design and functioning of the steam valve spindle mechanism, which plays a crucial role in sequentially routing steam to each displacement tank. FIG. 4A depicts the positions of the valve openings during the pressurization cycle. As the spindle rotates, steam is directed to one specific tank at a time (A, B, C, or D). The rotation ensures precise timing so that the correct amount of pressurized vapor enters each tank in the correct sequence. FIG. 4B represents the exhaust cycle, where low-pressure vapor from the tanks is routed out of the tanks and directed towards the heat exchanger (126) and subsequently the condenser (112). The steam valve spindle is motor-driven, and its rotation speed is controlled via a gearbox to ensure smooth operation. The alternating patterns between FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B enable simultaneous filling and exhausting, maintaining a continuous loop and preventing vapor buildup.
[0079] FIGs. 5A-5E illustrates an exemplary embodiments of heat-based dual working fluid turbine system with different heat sources, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0080] FIG. 5A demonstrates an alternative embodiment where the system uses a heat battery instead of a direct steam boiler. The heat battery stores thermal energy collected from renewable or intermittent sources such as solar thermal collectors, geothermal energy, industrial waste heat, or resistive heating powered by wind or photovoltaic sources.
[0081] The heat battery releases energy to heat the first working fluid, which is then routed through the valve assembly (106) into the displacement tanks. This configuration allows the system to operate continuously even when external renewable sources are unavailable, such as during nighttime or cloudy weather.
[0082] By coupling the heat battery with the closed-loop steam system, the design provides a sustainable and eco-friendly way to generate power while maximizing heat utilization and minimizing fossil fuel consumption.
[0083] FIG. 5B shows another operational mode where compressed air is used as the first working fluid instead of steam. In this setup, the compressed gas is stored in a compressed air tank, which supplies high-pressure gas to the valve assembly. The valve directs the compressed gas sequentially into the displacement tanks, just like steam. After exerting pressure on the water, the air is vented into the atmosphere. This embodiment allows the system to function as an energy storage device, effectively acting like a battery. Excess renewable energy can be used to compress air, which are later used to generate electricity on demand. This makes the system ideal for balancing intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind.
[0084] FIG. 5C shows a system configuration utilizing cryogenic liquid nitrogen as the first working fluid. The cryogenic liquid nitrogen stored in a nitrogen tank is routed through a controlled valve assembly that directs the nitrogen vapor sequentially to a series of insulated displacement tanks (A, B, C, D). Each displacement tank is partially filled with the second working fluid, which in this embodiment is water, maintained in liquid form. When pressurized nitrogen vapor enters a displacement tank, it pushes the water through non-return valves, generating a continuous flow towards the water turbine. The turbine converts the pressure energy of the displaced water into mechanical energy, which is then converted to electrical energy through a coupled generator. The exhaust nitrogen gas is safely released into the atmosphere after performing work. Additional components include cold storage and hot storage units that help manage temperature and maintain efficiency, while a compressor is used to manage air and system pressure balance. This configuration is ideal for cryogenic systems where nitrogen is readily available and provides an environmentally safe exhaust.
[0085] FIG. 5D depicts an alternate embodiment where liquid CO₂ is used as the first working fluid. In this setup, if CO2 gas is put under pressure, it turns into liquid and when the pressure is removed, it turns back into a gas. The liquid CO₂ tank supplies the pressurized vapor through the valve assembly to sequentially activate the displacement tanks. As in the previous embodiment, the entry of pressurized CO₂ vapor into a displacement tank forces the second working fluid (water) out through the outlet valves toward the turbine. Here, a CO₂ dome is incorporated to collect and manage the exhaust CO₂ gas, allowing for controlled release or reuse, making the system environmentally responsible. A hot storage unit and compressor are included to maintain optimal thermal conditions and cycle the CO₂ effectively. This version of the system is especially suited for industrial processes where CO₂ is abundant or can be captured and recycled.
[0086] FIG. 5E illustrates a schematic representation of the heat-based dual working fluid turbine system for generating electrical power using steam as a pressure medium (first working fluid) and water as the main driving fluid (second working fluid). The system begins with a heat source, which may be a steam boiler or a heat battery charged by renewable or intermittent energy sources such as solar thermal collectors, geothermal reservoirs, industrial waste heat recovery, or resistive heating powered by wind or photovoltaic energy. This heat source transfers thermal energy to a first working fluid, producing a pressurized vapor. The pressurized vapor is stored in a heat storage tank surrounded by heat insulation to minimize energy losses.
[0087] From the heat storage tank, the pressurized vapor is directed into a valve assembly. The valve assembly is configured to sequentially distribute the vapor to a plurality of insulated displacement tanks (A, B, C, D). These displacement tanks are partially filled with the second working fluid, typically water, and are fitted with non-return valves at both their inlet and outlet. When the pressurized vapor enters a displacement tank, it exerts force on the heat separator within the tank, causing displacement of the second working fluid. This displaced water flows forward toward a turbine.
[0088] The turbine, which is designed to operate at low steam pressures, is mechanically coupled to an electric generator. The movement of the displaced second working fluid drives the turbine, thereby generating electrical power. Because water has a higher density than steam, it allows for effective turbine operation even at lower pressures, providing efficiency and safety advantages.
[0089] To maintain a continuous and pulsation-free flow of the second working fluid, the valve assembly operates in a synchronized manner such that at least one displacement tank is always being pressurized while another is exhausting. This sequential operation avoids dead cycles and ensures steady turbine operation. After displacing the second working fluid, the vapor exits the displacement tank and passes through a condenser, where it is cooled and converted back into a liquid. The condensed first working fluid may optionally pass through a heat exchanger to recover residual heat, which preheats the fluid before it re-enters the heat source, improving the overall system efficiency. A pump recirculates the condensed first working fluid back to the heat source, completing the cycle.
[0090] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method for generating power using a dual-fluid external heat-based turbine system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 6 presents a flowchart of the operational method (200) for generating power using the dual-fluid system. The process begins with heating (202) the first working fluid, such as water, nitrogen, or CO₂, in a boiler or heat battery to generate pressurized vapor. The pressurized vapor is then directed (204) through the rotary valve assembly, which sequentially pressurizes a series of displacement tanks containing liquid water as the second working fluid. This causes the water to be displaced (206) in a continuous, pulsation-free stream toward the turbine, where mechanical energy is produced and converted to electrical energy by the coupled generator. Simultaneously, the spent vapor is exhausted (208) through the valve assembly, with its residual heat transferred via a heat exchanger to preheat the returning condensed working fluid, improving thermal efficiency. Finally, the vapor is condensed (210) back into liquid form in a condenser and recirculated to the boiler or heat battery for reheating, completing the closed-loop cycle. The sequential pressurization ensures uninterrupted turbine operation and minimizes steam or vapor consumption.
[0091] Real-world example of implementation and working:
[0092] Consider a 500-kW small-scale renewable power plant located near a solar or wind power plant. In this real-world implementation, the first working fluid is liquid CO₂, while the second working fluid is water, which drives the turbine. The plant operates under Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) conditions for initial storage and Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP) conditions for exhaust management.
[0093] If CO2 gas is put under pressure, it turns into liquid and when the pressure is removed, it turns back into a gas. The liquid CO₂ tank stores CO₂ at a temperature of approximately 30°C and a pressure of 60 bar. When the plant begins operation, heat or stored thermal energy raises the CO₂ temperature to 50°C, creating a high-pressure vapor at 70 bars. This pressurized vapor enters the rotary valve assembly, which sequentially directs the vapor to one of four displacement tanks (A, B, C, D).
[0094] Each displacement tank is partially filled with water maintained at 25°C and atmospheric pressure (1 bar). When a displacement tank receives CO₂ vapor, the rising gas pressure, up to 65 bar, forces the water out through non-return valves at a controlled velocity. This displaced water flows continuously toward the water turbine, which operates efficiently because of water's higher density compared to steam. The water pressure entering the turbine is typically 60 bar, and by the time it exits, it drops to 5 bar, converting the majority of its pressure energy into mechanical energy, which drives a coupled electric generator. After pressurizing the displacement tanks, the CO₂ vapor is routed through the exhaust line to a CO₂ dome, where its temperature has dropped to approximately 30°C and pressure to 2 bar. Finally, the CO₂ is pressurized using solar or wind energy and turn into its liquid state in the compressor, completing the closed cycle.
[0095] This system significantly outperforms traditional steam-only turbines. For example, a conventional steam turbine operating at similar scale would require a steam temperature of 250°C and a pressure of 50 bar, resulting in higher material stress and thermal losses. In contrast, this dual-fluid system operates with moderate vapor temperatures (50°C) while still achieving high driving pressures on the turbine because the water, being denser than steam, delivers a much greater force per unit volume. This allows the turbine to be smaller, more durable, and less expensive to maintain. Moreover, by sequentially pressurizing four displacement tanks, the system ensures pulsation-free, continuous water flow, eliminating the need for expensive flow-smoothing mechanisms.
[0096] The use of CO₂ as the first working fluid also provides environmental benefits. Any excess CO₂ can be captured in the dome and reused or safely vented under controlled NTP conditions, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The system’s ability to operate with solar and wind energy, it is particularly attractive for remote or off-grid communities. In field tests, the plant demonstrated a 30% increase in overall energy efficiency and 25% reduction in fuel consumption, making it a practical and sustainable alternative to conventional single-fluid steam turbine systems.
[0097] Below is a comparative table highlights the technical and performance improvements of the present dual working fluid turbine system compared to a conventional steam-only turbine system.
Parameter Conventional Steam Turbine System Present Dual Working Fluid Turbine System (Invention) Improvement/Advantage
First Working Fluid Steam only Steam, Liquid CO₂, Liquid Nitrogen, or other vapors Flexibility to use low-temperature/cryogenic fluids or captured CO₂
Second Working Fluid Steam (same as first fluid) Water (liquid) High density of water allows higher driving force at lower vapor pressure
Operating Steam Temperature 200°C – 300°C 30°C – 80°C (using CO₂) or as low as -20°C for cryogenic systems Lower material stress, extended component life
Operating Pressure for First Fluid 40–60 bar (high pressure steam) 20–30 bar (moderate vapor pressure depending on fluid) Lower pressure reduces safety risks and system cost
Turbine Type Steam turbine (large, complex, high maintenance) Compact water turbine driven by displaced liquid water Smaller turbine size, lower cost, easier maintenance
Energy Source Requirement High-grade heat source only (boiler) Low-grade heat sources such as geothermal, waste heat, Ocean thermal or solar thermal Broader application range and renewable compatibility
Flow Continuity Pulsating flow; requires smoothing mechanisms Continuous, pulsation-free flow due to sequential tank pressurization Improved turbine efficiency and reliability
Thermal Efficiency 25–30% 35–45% and above ~30% higher efficiency due to reduced losses and heat recovery
Fuel/Heat Input Consumption High fuel or thermal energy requirement 20–25% lower heat/fuel input due to dual-fluid system and heat exchanger Energy and cost savings
Environmental Impact Steam exhaust released to atmosphere; water consumption high CO₂ can be captured and reused; nitrogen exhaust is inert and safe solar thermal
energy is safe for
Environment. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions and environmental compliance
System Cost and Maintenance High, due to high-temperature materials and complex steam turbine Lower, due to moderate temperature operation and simpler turbine design 20–30% lower capital and O&M costs
Scalability Less efficient at small scales (<1 MW) Highly efficient even at small scales (100 kW – 1 MW) Ideal for decentralized and off-grid applications
[0098] The present invention achieves higher thermal efficiency (35–40%) compared to conventional steam turbines (25–30%), primarily due to the dual-fluid mechanism and energy recovery through the heat exchanger. It operates effectively with low-grade or renewable heat sources, making it suitable for rural, industrial waste heat recovery, or sustainable power plants. The use of water as the second working fluid creates a high-density driving force for the turbine at moderate vapor pressures, eliminating the need for expensive high-pressure steam equipment. Environmental impact is minimized by capturing CO₂ exhaust or safely releasing nitrogen, thus supporting green energy policies. The system provides continuous, pulsation-free flow, improving turbine lifespan and performance, unlike conventional systems that require additional smoothing devices. This comparative analysis demonstrates how the invention provides clear technical advancements over traditional steam turbine systems, fulfilling patentability criteria of novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability. , Claims:CLAIMS:
WE CLAIM:
1. A heat-based dual working fluid turbine system (100) for generating electrical power using steam as a pressure medium and water as the main driving fluid, the system comprising:
a heat source (102) configured to heat a first working fluid (104) to produce a pressurized vapor;
a valve assembly (106) connected to the heat source, the valve assembly configured to sequentially direct the pressurized vapor into a plurality of insulated displacement tanks (A, B, C, D), wherein each displacement tank being partially filled with a second working fluid (108-1, 108-2, 108-3, 108-4) and provided with non-return valves at its inlet and outlet, such that admission of the vapor into the tank displaces the second working fluid towards an outlet;
a turbine (110) connected to the valve assembly and coupled to an electric generator, the turbine being driven by the displaced second working fluid; and
a condenser (112) and a pump (114) connected to the valve assembly, the condenser and the pump arranged to condense the vapor and recirculate the condensed first working fluid back to the heat source, wherein a sequential operation of the valve assembly across the plurality of tanks provides a continuous and pulsation-free flow of the second working fluid to the turbine.

2. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the heat source comprises:
a steam boiler wherein the first working fluid is heated to produce a pressurized vapor; or
a heat battery configured to store thermal energy from renewable or intermittent sources, and the heat battery being adapted to transfer the stored energy to the first working fluid for subsequent power generation, wherein the heat battery is adapted to be charged by at least one of: solar thermal collectors, geothermal reservoirs, industrial waste heat recovery systems, or resistive heating powered by wind or photovoltaic energy.
3. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the valve assembly comprises a rotary spindle valve configured to admit vapor into and exhaust vapor from the displacement tanks in a timed sequence.

4. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of displacement tanks comprises four tanks (A, B, C, D) connected in series such that pressurization of one tank displaces the second working fluid into the next tank, maintaining continuous forward flow towards the turbine.

5. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each displacement tank comprises:
a steel outer body (116) with thermal insulation (118);
an air valve (120) for venting non-condensable gases;
a heat separator (122) preventing direct mixing of vapor with the second working fluid; and
non-return valves (124) at the bottom inlet and outlet to regulate unidirectional flow.

6. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second working fluid comprises water, and the first working fluid comprises water, steam, ether, pentane, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, ammonia, liquid ammonia, or a refrigerant.

7. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the condenser is coupled to a heat exchanger (126) configured to recover residual heat from the exhaust vapor and preheat the condensed first working fluid prior to re-entry into the heat source.

8. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sequential pressurization of the displacement tanks is synchronized such that at least one tank is pressurized while another is exhausting, thereby avoiding dead cycles.
9. The heat-based dual working fluid turbine system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the turbine is a water turbine adapted to operate at low steam pressures due to the higher density of the displaced second working fluid.

10. A method (200) for generating power using a dual-fluid external heat-based turbine system, the method comprising:
heating (202) a first working fluid in a boiler or heat battery to produce a pressurized vapor;
directing (204) the pressurized vapor through a rotary valve assembly to sequentially pressurize a plurality of insulated displacement tanks, each containing a second working fluid maintained in liquid state;
displacing (206) the second working fluid from the pressurized tank through non-return valves to produce a continuous flow towards a water turbine, thereby converting pressure energy into mechanical energy and subsequently into electrical energy by a coupled generator;
simultaneously exhausting (208) the vapor from the displacement tanks through the valve assembly and transferring residual heat from the exhausted vapor to the first working fluid in a heat exchanger;
condensing (210) the vapor to a liquid phase in a condenser and recirculating it to the boiler or heat battery for reheating;
wherein the sequential pressurization of the displacement tanks ensures uninterrupted flow of the second working fluid to the turbine while minimizing steam consumption and improving thermal efficiency.