Description:Field ofInvention

This invention focuses on enhancing the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize energy collection, even when environmental conditions fluctuate. Specifically, it focuses on enhancing the performance of MPPT through the integration of a buck-boost DC-DC converter. This system is engineered to dynamically adjust the operating point of the PV array to ensure maximum energy extraction regardless of changes in solar irradiance or temperature. The buck-boost converter facilitates efficient voltage regulation across a wide range of input conditions, allowing for stable operation in diverse scenarios. The invention further incorporates a control algorithm, implemented via a microcontroller, to govern the MPPT process and switching operations with high precision. This innovation provides a reliable, cost-effective, and energy-efficient solution suitable for grid-connected and standalone PV systems in residential, agricultural, and remote area applications.
Objectives of the invention
The primary goal of this invention is to improve the efficiency and reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems under diverse environmental fluctuations using a buck-boost converter for efficient energy harvesting. It aims to extract maximum power from the PV array under varying sunlight and temperature conditions. The system enables both voltage step-up and step-down, ensuring stable output across a wide input range. A microcontroller-based control algorithm is used to perform real-time MPPT with high accuracy. The invention improves energy conversion efficiency and system reliability. It is designed to be compact, cost-effective, and easy to integrate into existing solar setups. The solution supports both standalone and grid-connected applications. It is particularly suited for remote, rural, and off-grid areas requiring consistent solar power output.
Background of the invention
This invention focuses on the field of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems and, more specifically, to improving the performance and efficiency of solar energy conversion through the integration of intelligent MPPT and a buck-boost power converter architecture.As the global demand for clean and renewable energy continues to rise, photovoltaic systems have gained prominence due to their environmental benefits and potential for energy independence. However, conventional PV systems suffer from several limitations that hinder their efficiency and scalability one of the major challenges is that the output power of a photovoltaic (PV) system is naturally influenced by variations in solar irradiance and ambient temperature. In traditional systems, energy extraction is based on a single power path, where the power output is directly limited by the capacity of the solar panels. Enhancing system capacity typically involves the physical addition of more panels, resulting in higher installation costs, increased spatial requirements, and greater system complexity.To address these challenges, the role of power electronics—particularly DC-DC converters—has become increasingly critical. These converters are responsible for regulating voltage levels and ensuring that the system operates near its (Pmax) point. MPPT techniques are used to dynamically track the optimal operating point of the PV array to extract the maximum available power at any given time. Conventional converter topologies such as buck or boost converters, while widely used, are limited in their ability to handle the wide variations in input voltage that occur in real-world solar applications.Buck-boost converters offer a significant advantage in this context, as they can both step up and step down voltage levels, enabling stable operation over a broader range of conditions. When combined with intelligent MPPT algorithms—such (P&O), Incremental Conductance, these converters can significantly enhance the energy harvesting capability of PV systems.Furthermore, interleaved converter topologies have been identified as a means to further improve performance. By using multiple converter phases that operate out of phase with each other, interleaved designs reduce input and output current ripple, lower electromagnetic interference (EMI), distribute thermal loads more evenly, and improve overall efficiency and reliability.US9985439B2 describes a photovoltaic system employing a fuzzy logic-based MPPT controller. This system integrates adaptive MPPT algorithms with a DC-DC converter for efficient solar power extraction. It ensures dynamic performance under varying irradiance and temperature conditions.TW1635697B presents a high-efficiency DC-DC converter that uses coupled inductors and zero-voltage switching (ZVS). The design achieves high voltage gain with minimal switching losses. This approach is especially beneficial for boosting low PV voltages efficiently.CN107112931B introduces adaptive control for brushless DC motors using zero-crossing detection. While motor-focused, the real-time control strategy is relevant to PV systems needing responsive MPPT behavior. It demonstrates effective tracking under fluctuating input conditions.US8264114B2 discloses an interleaved DC-DC converter topology that provides balanced current sharing across phases. The result is reduced ripple, improved efficiency, and enhanced thermal performance. This configuration supports stable, high-power PV applications.US8188591B2 outlines a buck-boost converter optimized for transition-mode efficiency over a wide voltage range. This makes it suitable for PV systems with variable solar input. The topology ensures reliable and efficient energy conversion under all conditions.Despite various advancements in converter designs and MPPT algorithms, existing solutions continue to face trade-offs among efficiency, complexity, and cost, often lacking the dynamic adaptability and control precision required for real-time energy optimization under variable environmental conditions. The present invention addresses these limitations by introducing a novel buck-boost converter topology integrated with an intelligent MPPT control mechanism. Designed to enhance energy extraction performance while maintaining simplicity and scalability, the proposed architecture combines the voltage flexibility of buck-boost conversion, the ripple-reduction benefits of interleaving, and the adaptive precision of intelligent MPPT algorithms to deliver a robust, efficient, and cost-effective solution for high-performance solar energy systems.US7859175B2 outlines a control approach is proposed for managing a buck-boost converter operating under discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to enhance efficiency across a wide range of load and input conditions. This method is highly suitable for PV systems where solar irradiance frequently fluctuates, requiring a flexible and energy-efficient power conversion mechanism. By operating in DCM, the system achieves lower switching losses and faster dynamic response, supporting stable MPPT performance.US7498763B2 introduces a buck-boost converter design with adaptive on-time control to sustain high efficiency over a wide spectrum of input and output voltage levels. This topology continuously adjusts switching behavior based on real-time operational parameters, ensuring optimal energy transfer even under variable solar input. The design effectively addresses key challenges in PV applications, enhancing system reliability and maximizing energy harvest under diverse environmental conditions.
Although prior research has introduced advanced MPPT techniques and converter topologies, many existing solutions still encounter challenges such as system complexity, limited efficiency under dynamic conditions, and higher implementation costs. Additionally, maintaining consistent performance across wide input fluctuations remains a concern. In this project, a new buck-boost converter paired with an intelligent MPPT strategy is proposed. This design focuses on improving energy harvesting efficiency, reducing current ripple, and simplifying the overall system. The goal is to deliver a more robust, adaptive, and cost-efficient PV solution.
Summary of the invention
This invention introduces an improved method for enhancing the efficiency and functionality of (PV)-based systems, particularly in solar-powered applications. As the demand for clean and renewable energy continues to rise due to the depletion of fossil fuels, solar energy stands out as a widely available and sustainable alternative. Despite its advantages, the fluctuating nature of solar irradiance can significantly affect system efficiency and reliability, especially in applications such as water pumping in off-grid or rural areas.
To address this issue, the invention integrates a buck-boost converter with an intelligent MPPT-algorithm to ensure maximized power retrieval from the PV array under varying sunlight conditions. The buck-boost topology is capable of both stepping up and stepping down the voltage, allowing the system to maintain stable output even when solar input fluctuates. This enhances the energy conversion process and improves the consistency of power delivery.A microcontroller-based control system is incorporated to execute real-time MPPT and regulate the converter through PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) techniques. This allows precise control of the energy flow and minimizes power losses during conversion. The system’s adaptability and smart control ensure improved efficiency, extended component life, and reduced operational costs.By reducing the dependency on multiple solar panels and optimizing energy usage, this design significantly lowers installation and maintenance costs. The invention offers a practical, scalable, and eco-friendly solution suitable for a wide range of solar energy applications, including remote water pumping and standalone energy systems. Its innovative combination of hardware and control strategies positions it as a robust alternative to conventional PV systems.

Detailed description of the invention
This invention offers a new strategy for optimizing the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems by integrating an intelligent MPPT-algorithm with a buck-boost DC-DC converter. The primary objective of this system is to optimize energy harvesting and system efficiency, particularly in conditions where solar energy availability fluctuates due to environmental factors such as cloud cover, time of day, or seasonal changes. The buck-boost converter plays a critical role in ensuring that the output voltage from the PV array is dynamically adjusted to match the maximum power point, maintaining optimal energy conversion at all times.
The use of a buck-boost converter is particularly advantageous in solar energy systems, as it enables both voltage step-up and step-down functionalities. This flexibility ensures that the system can operate efficiently under varying levels of solar irradiance. The system is capable of maintaining stable power output, regardless of the voltage level of the PV array, by either boosting the voltage when necessary or stepping it down to match the load's requirements. This results in more efficient energy delivery, especially in situations where the solar panel’s output is either too high or too low to meet the load demands.
To ensure real-time adaptation to changes in environmental conditions, the system employs a microcontroller-based MPPT algorithm. This algorithm constantly monitors key parameters such as PV voltage, current, and power output, adjusting the duty cycle of the buck-boost converter in response to these changes. Using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), the algorithm adjusts the converter's switching frequency to continuously track the maximum power point, reducing energy loss and improving the overall efficiency of the system. This dynamic adjustment ensures that the system is always operating at peak efficiency, maximizing energy extraction from the PV array while minimizing energy waste.
The integration of safety and protection features further enhances the reliability of the system. These include overvoltage, overcurrent, and temperature sensing mechanisms that protect the components from damage, ensuring the long-term stability of the system. By incorporating such protective features, the system can automatically adjust or shut down when unsafe conditions are detected, safeguarding both the equipment and the energy supply.

This invention is designed to work effectively in both standalone and grid-tied applications, offering versatility in deployment. In off-grid applications such as rural electrification, agricultural irrigation, or remote water pumping, the system ensures a stable and reliable energy supply, even in areas with limited or no access to the electrical grid. In grid-connected systems, the buck-boost converter ensures that the energy harvested from the PV array is efficiently fed into the grid, helping to stabilize grid voltage and reduce reliance on conventional power sources. The ability to scale the system according to the energy needs of different locations or load requirements making it ideal for various solar energy applications.The modular and compact design of the system further facilitates easy installation and maintenance. The system can be expanded or modified to meet the specific energy demands of various applications, making it ideal for use in both compact residential setups and extensive commercial or industrial solar energy projects. The reduced need for additional panels, thanks to the efficient energy conversion and MPPT optimization, also lowers the upfront cost of installation, making it a cost-effective solution for users.
In conclusion, this invention presents a robust, efficient, and adaptable solution for enhancing the performance of photovoltaic systems. By integrating a buck-boost converter with a real-time MPPT algorithm, it maximizes energy efficiency, reduces energy waste, and ensures stable power delivery under varying environmental conditions. This innovative system is designed to support sustainable energy practices, improve energy access in off-grid areas, and contribute to the overall efficiency of solar power systems in a variety of applications.
Brief description of Drawing
Figure1 General Configuration of a PV System with MPPT Implementation Using Buck-Boost Converter Figure 2 Block Diagram of a PV System with MPPT and Buck-Boost Converter
Figure 3 Hardware Implementation of the PV System with MPPT and Buck-Boost Converter
Detailed description of the drawing
The present invention is an advanced photovoltaic (PV) system designed to enhance the performance and efficiency of solar power harvesting through the implementation of MPPT using a buck-boost converter. This system is particularly tailored for applications in energy-critical environments, such as off-grid rural electrification, where reliable and optimized solar energy utilization is essential.
Figure 1 the setup integrates two power sources: a 230V AC grid supply (1a) and an 18V solar panel (1b). The solar panel acts as the primary power input, capturing renewable solar energy, while the AC supply serves as a secondary input or backup to ensure continuous operation during low irradiance conditions or at night.At the core of the system is an Arduino microcontroller (1c), which functions as the control unit for monitoring voltages, controlling outputs, and implementing the MPPT algorithm. This intelligent controller continuously tracks the optimal operating point of the PV panel and dynamically adjusts the duty cycle of the converter to harvest the highest achievable power.The power extracted from the solar panel is routed through a buck-boost converter (1d). This converter plays a pivotal role in the system by adjusting the output voltage either above or below the input voltage level based on real-time requirements. This capability ensures that the system maintains optimal voltage levels across varying solar intensities, thereby maximizing energy harvesting efficiency.Energy storage is facilitated via a battery unit (1e), charged through the regulated output of the buck-boost converter. The battery not only provides power continuity during non-sunny hours but also acts as a buffer to stabilize voltage fluctuations and supply the load during transient conditions.The regulated power is then supplied to a step-up transformer (1f), which boosts the voltage to a suitable level (e.g., 230V AC) for standard utility or device applications. To convert the DC power to usable AC, the system employs a CD4047-based inverter circuit (1g). This integrated circuit operates in astable mode to generate the square wave signal required to drive the inverter stage.To display critical system parameters and provide user feedback, a 16x2 LCD display (1h) is interfaced with the Arduino. This display shows real-time data such as solar voltage, battery level, and output voltage. Additionally, voltage sensors (1i) are integrated to monitor both input and output voltages, allowing the controller to make informed decisions and trigger protection mechanisms when necessary.
Figure 2 illustrates the block diagram of an MPPT-assisted solar PV system using a buck-boost converter, designed to enhance power extraction and reliability. The system receives input from both a solar panel and transformer (2a), which captures sunlight and provides auxiliary AC power for charging, and a charging circuit (2b), which manages power from both the solar panel and transformer to charge the battery while protecting it. The energy is stored in a rechargeable battery (2c), which supplies power to the system. A DC-DC buck-boost converter and Arduino UNO (2d), controlled by PWM signals from the Arduino, adjusts the battery voltage while monitoring inputs and controlling the PWM for MPPT. The regulated DC power is then converted to AC by an inverter and step-up transformer (2e), which steps up the voltage to supply the load. Voltage sensors and LCD driver/display (2g) monitor the voltage at different points and display real-time data, while the power supply (2h) ensures the Arduino operates with a stable 5V.
Figure 3 represents the hardware implementation of the proposed system. It includes physical components such as the step-down transformer, bridge rectifier, buck-boost converter module, Arduino control board, voltage sensors, LCD display, and inverter-driven step-up transformer. These components are assembled in a compact, robust manner to ensure efficient system performance and easy deployment in the field. , Claims:Claims:
1. The present invention performance enhancement of pv system for mppt implementation using buck boost converter comprises:
a. A buck-boost converter (1d), which is connected at the output of the solar panel (1b), dynamically adjusts (steps up or steps down) the voltage level to ensure maximum power extraction according to the MPPT algorithm.
b. A Arduino microcontroller (1c), which continuously monitors the solar panel output, controls the buck-boost converter via PWM signals, and implements the MPPT strategy to optimize the energy harvesting process. The voltage regulated by the buck-boost converter is stored in a rechargeable battery unit (1e), which provides energy backup during periods of low solar irradiance and is protected by a control mechanism managed by the Arduino.
c. A step-up transformer (1f) and a CD4047-based inverter circuit (1g) are used to convert the regulated DC voltage from the battery into 230V AC for standard load applications. A 16x2 LCD display (1h) and voltage sensors (1i) are integrated to monitor critical system parameters in real time, providing user feedback and enabling the microcontroller to trigger necessary protection actions.
2. As per claim 1, the Arduino microcontroller (1c) controls and regulates the buck-boost converter (1d) through PWM signals to track and maintain operation at the Maximum Power Point of the solar panel (1b).
3. According to claim 1, the voltage sensors (1i) and LCD driver/display (1h) act as a monitoring and feedback circuit, ensuring that the system operates within safe limits and that real-time information is available to users. The voltage regulated by the buck-boost converter (1d) is stored in a rechargeable battery unit (1e), ensuring that energy is available for later use and stabilizing the power supply to the inverter stage.