1. A composition (100) of a high temperature superconductor, the composition (100) comprising: a first layer (102) providing mechanical support to the superconducting film, wherein the first layer (102) further comprises: a substrate (104) comprising a surface upon which a superconducting layer is formed; a second layer (108) disposed on the first layer (102), as the core active layer responsible for superconductivity, wherein the second layer (108) further comprises: rare-earth dopant elements (110) embedded in the second layer (108) to, optimize electronic properties and increase the critical temperature (Tc) of the superconducting material; magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles (112) embedded in the second layer (108) to, enhance current-carrying capacity under magnetic field; a non- cryogenic refrigerant (114) present to, maintain thermal stability; and a third layer (116) disposed on the second layer (108) to provide structural reinforcement and flexibility wherein the third layer (108) further comprises: a ceramic-polymer composite material (118) that act as a protective layer, enhance mechanical strength, crack resistance, and thermal durability.

2. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the substrate (102) comprises at least one material selected from sapphire (Al₂O₃), magnesium oxide (MgO), and strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) based on lattice matching and thermal stability.

3. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rare earth dopant elements (110) comprise at least one of lanthanum (La) and praseodymium (Pr) incorporated into the superconducting lattice to modify charge carrier concentration, enhance critical temperature (Tc), stabilize crystal structure at elevated temperatures

4. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles (112) comprises at least one of barium zirconate (BaZrO₃) and iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃). dispersed within the superconducting layer to form flux-pinning centers for trapping magnetic vortices and enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields.

5. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non- cryogenic refrigerant (114) comprises carbon dioxide (CO₂) for regulating operational temperature of the superconducting composition.

6. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, the high temperature superconductor composition exhibit superconducting properties above critical temperature (Tc) exceeding 150 K while remaining electrically resistant at zero resistance, the elevated critical temperature achieved through lattice parameter modulation induced by rare-earth dopant elements (110), incorporating magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles (112), controlled stoichiometric oxygen regulation, and enhanced intergranular.

7. A method (200) for preparing a high temperature superconductor material (100), the method (200) comprising: selecting the substrate (102) based on lattice matching and thermal stability and preparing surface for thin-film deposition and proper adhesion; preparing a metal-organic (precursor) compounds (106), vaporized and fed into the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber; irradiating the substrate (102) with a laser energy source to initiate decomposition of the precursor compounds(106) for depositing a superconducting film on the substrate (102); introducing the dopant elements (110) while controlling oxygen partial pressure during deposition to optimize electronic properties and to ensure the right oxygen stoichiometry in the crystal lattice; incorporating flux pinning nanoparticles (112) simultaneously to trap magnetic vortices for enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields; cooling and annealing the deposited film using non- cryogenic refrigerants (114) to improve crystal connectivity and superconducting properties by removing defects; and forming a third layer (116) coupled to the superconducting film to provide mechanical flexibility.

8. The method (200) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the metal-organic precursor compounds (106) comprise yttrium (Y), barium (Ba), and copper (Cu)-containing organometallic compounds introduced into the deposition chamber.

9. The method (200) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the superconducting composition is fabricated as a film having a predetermined thickness using a laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA- CVD) technique configured to control stoichiometric composition, crystal orientation, and grain dimensions.

10. The method (200) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the flux pinning nanoparticles (112) are incorporated in-situ during the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) process, such that the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed within the superconducting matrix and form engineered pinning centres to immobilize magnetic flux vortices under applied magnetic fields, thereby increasing critical current density (Jc), enhancing high-field magnetic stability, and reducing flux creep and associated energy dissipation.

Description:FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to the field of superconducting materials, more specifically, relates to a composition for high-temperature superconductor and a fabrication method thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Superconductors are special materials that can conduct electricity without any electrical resistance when cooled below a certain temperature known as the critical temperature (Tc). Remarkable progress in superconductivity has been driven by the discovery and advancement of high-temperature superconductors (HTS). These materials have become the foundation for numerous cutting-edge technologies, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic levitation (maglev) transport, and next-generation power transmission systems characterized by minimal energy loss.
[0003] Current high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials demonstrate superconductivity at comparatively higher temperatures than conventional superconductors. However, such materials generally exhibit limitations including relatively low critical temperatures (Tc), complex and costly fabrication processes, reliance on elaborate cooling mechanisms, and limited mechanical robustness under practical operating conditions. As a result, their large-scale implementation in efficient power transmission and other industrial applications remains technically challenging and economically constrained.
[0004] Furthermore, several existing materials continue to exhibit inherent structural and operational drawbacks. Many superconductors demonstrate pronounced brittleness, making them susceptible to cracking and reduced mechanical reliability during handling and deployment. Grain boundary resistance further limits effective current transport across crystalline interfaces, thereby diminishing overall performance. Additionally, Certain high-Tc compositions incorporate chemically toxic elements and require complex, tightly controlled synthesis conditions to achieve phase stability, which complicates large-scale production. Existing technologies typically add pinning centers post-synthesis, which is less effective and more costly. Moreover, numerous superconducting materials operate at temperatures at or below approximately 60 K and demand continuous cooling using cryogenic media, while maintaining single-phase purity remains technically challenging during fabrication and long-term use.
[0005] The present invention offers a range of significant advantages that overcome the limitations of traditional high temperature superconductors by developing a composition for high-temperature superconductor and method of fabrication thereof. The present high-temperature superconducting material provides improved thermal performance and structural reliability compared to conventional superconducting materials. Further, the present high-temperature superconducting material is capable of operating at elevated critical temperatures (Tc) with reduced dependence on complex cryogenic cooling systems. The fabrication process enables controlled material formation and improved structural uniformity, thereby enhancing electrical stability and mechanical integrity. Additionally, the high-temperature superconducting material is designed to support scalable manufacturing and broader practical applicability across diverse superconducting applications.
[0006] Thus, in light of the above-stated discussion, there exists a need for a composition for high-temperature superconductor and a fabrication method thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0007] The following is a summary description of illustrative embodiments of the invention. It is provided as a preface to assist those skilled in the art to more rapidly assimilate the detailed design discussion which ensues and is not intended in any way to limit the scope of the claims which are appended hereto in order to particularly point out the invention.
[0008] According to illustrative embodiments, the present disclosure focuses on a composition for high-temperature superconductor and a fabrication method thereof which overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages or provides the users with a useful or commercial choice.
[0009] An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a high-temperature superconducting composition capable of exhibiting superconductivity at elevated critical temperatures.
[0010] Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide composition for high-temperature superconductor incorporating rare-earth dopant elements and magnetic flux pinning nanoparticles in situ to improve charge carrier regulation and current-carrying performance under magnetic fields.
[0011] Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a method for fabricating the superconducting composition using a laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique enabling controlled stoichiometry, grain alignment, and crystal orientation.
[0012] Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a mechanically reinforced superconducting layer exhibiting improved structural integrity, mechanical strength and flexibility.
[0013] Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a superconducting composition for operation with non-cryogenic and environmentally compatible cooling agents, thereby reducing dependence on conventional cryogenic infrastructure.
[0014] Yet another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a cost-effective scalable fabrication technique suitable for uniform large-area deposition with reproducible material characteristics, thereby supporting scalable and industrial manufacturing.
[0015] In light of the above, in one aspect of the present disclosure, a composition for high-temperature superconductor is disclosed herein. The composition comprising a first layer providing mechanical support to the superconducting film, wherein the first layer further comprises a substrate having a surface upon which a superconducting layer is formed the composition also include a second layer disposed on the first layer as the core active layer responsible for superconductivity, wherein the second layer further comprises rare-earth dopant elements embedded in the second layer to optimize electronic properties and increase the critical temperature (Tc) of the superconducting material, magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles embedded in the second layer to, enhance current-carrying capacity under magnetic field the composition also includes a non- cryogenic refrigerant present to maintain thermal stability the composition also includes a third layer disposed on the second layer to provide structural reinforcement and flexibility wherein the third layer further comprises a ceramic-polymer composite material that act as a protective layer, enhance mechanical strength, crack resistance, and thermal durability.
[0016] In one embodiment, the substrate comprises at least one material selected from sapphire (Al₂O₃), magnesium oxide (MgO), and strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) based on lattice matching and thermal stability.
[0017] In one embodiment, the rare earth dopant elements comprise at least one of lanthanum (La) and praseodymium (Pr) incorporated into the superconducting lattice to modify charge carrier concentration, enhance critical temperature (Tc), stabilize crystal structure at elevated temperatures
[0018] In one embodiment, the magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles comprises at least one of barium zirconate (BaZrO₃) and iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃). dispersed within the superconducting layer to form flux-pinning centers for trapping magnetic vortices and enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields.
[0019] In one embodiment, the non- cryogenic refrigerant comprises carbon dioxide (CO₂) for regulating operational temperature of the superconducting composition.
[0020] In one embodiment, the high temperature superconductor composition exhibit superconducting properties above critical temperature (Tc) exceeding 150 K while remaining electrically resistant at zero resistance, the elevated critical temperature achieved through lattice parameter modulation induced by rare-earth dopants, incorporating flux pinning nanoparticles, controlled stoichiometric oxygen regulation, and enhanced intergranular.
[0021] In light of the above, in another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for fabrication of a high-temperature superconductor composition is disclosed herein. The method comprises selecting the substrate based on lattice matching and thermal stability and preparing surface for thin-film deposition and proper adhesion. The method also includes preparing a metal-organic (precursor) compounds, vaporized and fed into the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber. The method also includes irradiating the substrate with a laser energy source to initiate decomposition of the precursor compounds for depositing a superconducting film on the substrate. The method also includes introducing the dopant elements while controlling oxygen partial pressure during deposition to optimize electronic properties and to ensure the right oxygen stoichiometry in the crystal lattice. The method also includes incorporating flux pinning nanoparticles simultaneously to trap magnetic vortices for enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields. The method also includes cooling and annealing the deposited film using non- cryogenic refrigerants to improve crystal connectivity and superconducting properties by removing defects. The method also includes forming a third layer coupled to the superconducting film to provide mechanical flexibility.
[0022] In one embodiment, the metal-organic precursor compounds comprise yttrium (Y), barium (Ba), and copper (Cu)-containing organometallic compounds introduced into the deposition chamber.
[0023] In one embodiment, the superconducting composition is fabricated as a film having a predetermined thickness using a laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique configured to control stoichiometric composition, crystal orientation, and grain dimensions.
[0024] In one embodiment, the flux pinning nanoparticles are incorporated in-situ during the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) process, such that the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed within the superconducting matrix and form engineered pinning centres to immobilize magnetic flux vortices under applied magnetic fields, thereby increasing critical current density (Jc), enhancing high-field magnetic stability, and reducing flux creep and associated energy dissipation.
[0025] These and other advantages will be apparent from the present application of the embodiments described herein.
[0026] The preceding is a simplified summary to provide an understanding of some embodiments of the present invention. This summary is neither an extensive nor exhaustive overview of the present invention and its various embodiments. The summary presents selected concepts of the embodiments of the present invention in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detailed description presented below. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the present invention are possible utilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below.
[0027] These elements, together with the other aspects of the present disclosure and various features are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and form a part of the present disclosure. For a better understanding of the present disclosure, its operating advantages, and the specified object attained by its uses, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there are illustrated exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] To describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present disclosure or in the prior art more clearly, the following briefly describes the accompanying drawings required for describing the embodiments or the prior art. Apparently, the accompanying drawings in the following description merely show some embodiments of the present disclosure, and a person of ordinary skill in the art can derive other implementations from these accompanying drawings without creative efforts. All of the embodiments or the implementations shall fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure.
[0029] The advantages and features of the present disclosure will become better understood with reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a composition for high-temperature superconductor, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of a method, outlining the sequential steps for fabricating a high temperature superconductor composition, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0032] Like reference, numerals refer to like parts throughout the description of several views of the drawing.
[0033] The composition for high-temperature superconductor and a fabrication method thereof is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, which like reference letters indicate corresponding parts in the various figures. It should be noted that the accompanying figure is intended to present illustrations of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. This figure is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. It should also be noted that the accompanying figure is not necessarily drawn to scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0034] The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure depicted in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments are in such detail as to communicate the disclosure. However, the amount of detail offered is not intended to limit the anticipated variations of embodiments; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0035] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure. It may be apparent to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without some of these specific details.
[0036] Various terms as used herein are shown below. To the extent a term is used, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications and issued patents at the time of filing.
[0037] The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items.
[0038] The terms “having”, “comprising”, “including”, and variations thereof signify the presence of a component.
[0039] Referring now to FIG. 1 to FIG. 2 to describe various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a composition 100 for high-temperature superconductor and a fabrication method thereof, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0040] The composition 100 may include a first layer 102, a second layer 108, a non- cryogenic refrigerant 114 and a third layer 116.
[0041] The first layer 102 provides structural and mechanical support to the superconducting layer deposited thereon. The first layer 102 comprises a substrate 104 having a mechanically stable and thermally resistant surface suitable for thin-film deposition. The substrate 104 is selected to withstand elevated processing temperatures associated with laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition while maintaining dimensional stability and surface integrity. In addition to providing a physical base for film growth, the substrate 104 facilitates controlled crystalline alignment through lattice compatibility with the superconducting layer.
[0042] The substrate 104 comprising a surface upon which a superconducting layer is formed. The suitable substrate 104 is chosen based on lattice matching and thermal stability.
[0043] In one embodiment of the present invention the substrate 104 comprises at least one material selected from sapphire (Al₂O₃), magnesium oxide (MgO), and strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) based on lattice matching and thermal stability.
[0044] The second layer 108 disposed on the first layer 102, as the core active layer responsible for superconductivity. The second layer 108 is deposited to ensure uniform current distribution and optimal superconducting performance of the superconducting material.
[0045] The second layer 108 has specialized materials including rare-earth dopant elements 110 and magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles 112.
[0046] The rare-earth dopant elements 110 embedded in the second layer 108 to optimize electronic properties and increase the critical temperature (Tc) of the superconducting material.
[0047] In one embodiment of the present invention, the rare earth dopant elements 110 comprise at least one of lanthanum (La) and praseodymium (Pr) incorporated into the superconducting lattice to modify charge carrier concentration, enhance critical temperature (Tc), stabilize crystal structure at elevated temperatures. The rare earth dopant elements 110 modifies charge carrier concentration through partial ionic substitution within the superconducting lattice, thereby altering local valence balance and regulating hole or electron density in conductive planes. The rare earth dopant elements 110 further influence oxygen stoichiometry and defect concentration, resulting in optimized carrier mobility and improved superconducting transition temperature (Tc). Additionally, the rare-earth dopant elements 110 contribute to lattice stabilization by reducing structural strain, improving interatomic bonding strength, and suppressing formation of secondary phases under elevated temperature conditions, thereby enhancing thermal stability and long-term superconducting performance.
[0048] The magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles 112 embedded in the second layer 108 to, enhance current-carrying capacity under magnetic field.
[0049] In one embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles 112 comprises at least one of barium zirconate (BaZrO₃) and iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃). Dispersed within the second layer 108 to form flux-pinning centers for trapping magnetic vortices and enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields.
[0050] In preferred embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles 112 embedded architecture enhances the critical current density (Jc) and magnetic field stability by introducing engineered pinning centers that immobilize magnetic flux vortices formed under an applied magnetic field. In the absence of effective pinning, vortex motion results in energy dissipation and reduction of superconducting performance. The magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles 112 embedded architecture spatially confines vortices at nanoparticle or defect sites, thereby suppressing flux creep and preventing resistive losses.
[0051] The non- cryogenic refrigerant 114 is present to maintain thermal stability. The non-cryogenic refrigerant 114 regulate and dissipate heat generated due to environmental thermal fluctuations, residual resistive losses, magnetic flux movement, or external operational loading.
[0052] In one embodiment of the present invention, the non- cryogenic refrigerant 114 comprises carbon dioxide (CO₂) for regulating operational temperature of the superconducting composition.
[0053] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the superconductor operates efficiently with non-cryogenic, environmentally friendly cooling agents like CO₂, avoiding the dependence on liquid nitrogen or helium, which are costly and logistically complex. This enhances the energy efficiency and field deployability of the superconducting composition. The compatibility with non-cryogenic cooling agents like CO₂ significantly reduces the environmental footprint associated with traditional cryogenic systems. This aspect lowers both the operational costs and energy consumption.
[0054] The third layer 116 disposed on the second layer 108 to provide structural reinforcement and flexibility. The third layer 116 also enhance durability, prevent cracking, and maintain structural integrity during handling, thermal cycling, and operational loading. The third layer 116 may further act as a thermal buffering interface configured to reduce abrupt temperature gradients between the layers and external surroundings, thereby enhancing long-term operational stability.
[0055] The third layer 116 has specialized material including a ceramic-polymer composite material 118.
[0056] In one embodiment of the present invention, the ceramic-polymer composite material 118 that act as a protective layer, enhance mechanical strength, crack resistance, and thermal durability.
[0057] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the third layer 116 further imparts mechanical flexibility to the superconductor layers, enabling the superconducting system to conform to curved or non-planar configurations without inducing structural damage to the underlying superconducting layers.
[0058] In one embodiment of the present invention, the high temperature superconductor composition exhibits superconducting properties above critical temperature (Tc) exceeding 150 K while remaining electrically resistant at zero resistance, the elevated critical temperature achieved through lattice parameter modulation induced by rare-earth dopant elements 110, incorporating magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles 112, controlled stoichiometric oxygen regulation, and enhanced intergranular.
[0059] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the superconducting composition exhibits a critical transition temperature (Tc) exceeding approximately 150 K under moderate or near-ambient pressure conditions. The superconducting transition is experimentally verified using a four-probe resistivity measurement technique, wherein electrical resistance is measured as a function of temperature.
[0060] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of a method 200, outlining the sequential steps for fabricating a high temperature superconductor composition, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0061] At step 202, selecting the substrate 102 based on lattice matching and thermal stability and preparing surface for thin-film deposition and proper adhesion. The substrate material is chosen to minimize lattice mismatch.
[0062] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the substrate 102 surface is cleaned and pre-treated to ensure uniform deposition and proper adhesion of the superconductor layer. The cleaning process may include ultrasonic treatment, solvent washing, deionized water rinsing, and controlled drying to remove organic contaminants, particulate matter, and surface residues.
[0063] At step 204, preparing a metal-organic (precursor) compounds 106, vaporized and fed into the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber.
[0064] In one embodiment of the present invention, the metal-organic precursor compounds 106 comprise yttrium (Y), barium (Ba), and copper (Cu)-containing organometallic compounds introduced into the deposition chamber.
[0065] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the metal-organic precursor compounds 106 are introduced into chemical vapour deposition chamber (CVD). The resulting vapor-phase species serve as the atomic source materials for formation of the superconducting layer. Upon reaching the heated substrate surface, the decomposed metal species react with oxygen in the chamber environment to form the desired oxide phase, thereby constructing the superconducting lattice in a controlled, layer-by-layer manner.
[0066] At step 206, irradiating the substrate 102 with a laser energy source to initiate decomposition of the precursor compounds 106 for depositing a superconducting film on the substrate 102.
[0067] In one embodiment of the present invention, the superconducting composition is fabricated as a film having a predetermined thickness using a laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) technique configured to control stoichiometric composition, crystal orientation, and grain dimensions.
[0068] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the superconducting layer is fabricated using a laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) technique. In this method, vaporized metal-organic precursor compounds are introduced into a deposition chamber and directed toward a substrate maintained under controlled temperature and pressure conditions. A laser source is employed to locally activate, decompose, and enhance reaction kinetics of the precursor species in the vicinity of the substrate surface.
[0069] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) technique allows precise control over layer thickness, grain orientation, stoichiometry, and deposition rates, resulting in superior film uniformity and repeatability. It also supports scalable, industrial-level synthesis of thin films and bulk components.
[0070] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA- CVD) technique demonstrates scalability from laboratory-scale fabrication to industrial-level production through controlled adjustment of laser operating parameters. The laser power density, pulse frequency, beam scanning velocity, spot size, and irradiation pattern are selectively tuned.
[0071] At step 208, introducing the dopant elements 110 while controlling oxygen partial pressure during deposition to optimize electronic properties and to ensure the right oxygen stoichiometry in the crystal lattice.
[0072] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the incorporation of rare-earth dopant elements 110 in combination with controlled oxygen vacancy engineering within the superconducting lattice. The rare-earth dopant elements 110 are introduced in predetermined concentrations to regulate charge carrier density and modify lattice parameters, while oxygen partial pressure is precisely controlled during deposition and post-deposition processing to achieve optimized oxygen stoichiometry. The engineered oxygen vacancy concentration functions to tune carrier mobility and electronic band structure, thereby stabilizing the desired superconducting phase. The combined effect of rare-earth substitution and vacancy control enhances Cooper pair formation by promoting favourable electronic interactions.
[0073] At step 210, incorporating flux pinning nanoparticles 112 simultaneously to trap magnetic vortices for enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields.
[0074] In one embodiment of the present invention, the flux pinning nanoparticles 112 are incorporated in-situ during the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) process, such that the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed within the superconducting matrix and form engineered pinning centers to immobilize magnetic flux vortices under applied magnetic fields, thereby increasing critical current density (Jc), enhancing high-field magnetic stability, and reducing flux creep and associated energy dissipation.
[0075] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, controlled precursor flow in combination with adjustable laser pulse sequencing enables uniform dispersion of the flux pinning nanoparticles 112 across the deposition region, thereby ensuring consistent pinning density and enhanced critical current performance throughout the superconducting layer.
[0076] At step 212, cooling and annealing the deposited film using non- cryogenic refrigerants 114 to improve crystal connectivity and superconducting properties by removing defects. The non- cryogenic refrigerants 114 gradually reduce the temperature below the critical temperature. The cooling rate is regulated to minimize thermal stress and prevent microcrack formation within the multiple layers. During annealing, oxygen stoichiometry is stabilized and lattice defects are reduced, thereby improving grain connectivity and phase uniformity.
[0077] At step 214, forming a third layer 116 coupled to the superconducting film to provide mechanical flexibility. A polymer-ceramic hybrid or metallic mesh is added to the second layer 108.
[0078] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the compliant properties of the third layer 116 distribute mechanical stress and absorb external shock, thereby increasing resistance to impact, vibration, and handling stresses during transportation, installation, or operational use.
[0079] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the superconducting composition has application in power transmission networks, medical imaging and diagnostic equipment, magnetically levitated transportation systems, quantum computing devices, advanced electronic systems, aerospace platforms, and defense technologies. The high-temperature superconducting composition enables reduced energy losses, enhanced magnetic field performance, improved system efficiency, and compact structural integration across these application domains.
[0080] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) technique is configured for industrial scalability and high-throughput manufacturing while maintaining film quality and structural uniformity. Adjustable deposition parameters, including laser energy input and precursor flow rate, enable controlled growth suitable for large-area production without compromising stoichiometry or microstructural integrity. The synthesis method is adaptable to multiple form factors, including thin films, flexible tapes, and bulk ceramic components, thereby accommodating diverse application requirements. Precise process control ensures reproducible superconducting performance, uniform critical temperature characteristics, and consistent critical current density, supporting reliable commercial deployment in performance-sensitive industries.
[0081] In the best mode of operation of the present invention, the superconducting composition 100 having multiple layers exhibits a synergistic enhancement arising from the interaction of its structural components. The substrate 102 promotes uniform crystalline growth of the second layer 108, while the rare-earth dopants 110 optimize charge carrier density and elevate the critical temperature (Tc). Simultaneously, the in-situ incorporated magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles 112 suppress vortex motion, thereby improving critical current density under applied magnetic fields. The reinforcement layer 116 comprising ceramic polymer composite material 118 enhances structural integrity, crack resistance, and thermal durability. Collectively, these interacting elements produce a mechanically robust, high-current-capacity superconducting composition works with non-cryogenic refrigerants.
[0082] While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and various embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the appended claims.
[0083] A person of ordinary skill in the art may be aware that, in combination with the examples described in the embodiments disclosed in this specification, units and algorithm steps may be implemented by electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination thereof.
[0084] The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present disclosure to the precise forms disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described to best explain the principles of the present disclosure and its practical application, and to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the present disclosure and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is understood that various omissions and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient, but such omissions and substitutions are intended to cover the application or implementation without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0085] Disjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either X, Y, or Z, or any combination thereof (e.g., X, Y, and/or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language is not generally intended to, and should not, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z to each be present.
[0086] In a case that no conflict occurs, the embodiments in the present disclosure and the features in the embodiments may be mutually combined. The foregoing descriptions are merely specific implementations of the present disclosure, but are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present disclosure. Any variation or replacement readily figured out by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present disclosure shall fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present disclosure shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
, Claims:I/We Claim:
1. A composition (100) of a high temperature superconductor, the composition (100) comprising:
a first layer (102) providing mechanical support to the superconducting film, wherein the first layer (102) further comprises:
a substrate (104) comprising a surface upon which a superconducting layer is formed;
a second layer (108) disposed on the first layer (102), as the core active layer responsible for superconductivity, wherein the second layer (108) further comprises:
rare-earth dopant elements (110) embedded in the second layer (108) to, optimize electronic properties and increase the critical temperature (Tc) of the superconducting material;
magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles (112) embedded in the second layer (108) to, enhance current-carrying capacity under magnetic field;
a non- cryogenic refrigerant (114) present to, maintain thermal stability; and
a third layer (116) disposed on the second layer (108) to provide structural reinforcement and flexibility wherein the third layer (108) further comprises:
a ceramic-polymer composite material (118) that act as a protective layer, enhance mechanical strength, crack resistance, and thermal durability.

2. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the substrate (102) comprises at least one material selected from sapphire (Al₂O₃), magnesium oxide (MgO), and strontium titanate (SrTiO₃) based on lattice matching and thermal stability.
3. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the rare earth dopant elements (110) comprise at least one of lanthanum (La) and praseodymium (Pr) incorporated into the superconducting lattice to modify charge carrier concentration, enhance critical temperature (Tc), stabilize crystal structure at elevated temperatures
4. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles (112) comprises at least one of barium zirconate (BaZrO₃) and iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃). dispersed within the superconducting layer to form flux-pinning centers for trapping magnetic vortices and enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields.
5. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non- cryogenic refrigerant (114) comprises carbon dioxide (CO₂) for regulating operational temperature of the superconducting composition.
6. The composition (100) as claimed in claim 1, the high temperature superconductor composition exhibit superconducting properties above critical temperature (Tc) exceeding 150 K while remaining electrically resistant at zero resistance, the elevated critical temperature achieved through lattice parameter modulation induced by rare-earth dopant elements (110), incorporating magnetic flux-pinning nanoparticles (112), controlled stoichiometric oxygen regulation, and enhanced intergranular.
7. A method (200) for preparing a high temperature superconductor material (100), the method (200) comprising:
selecting the substrate (102) based on lattice matching and thermal stability and preparing surface for thin-film deposition and proper adhesion;
preparing a metal-organic (precursor) compounds (106), vaporized and fed into the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber;
irradiating the substrate (102) with a laser energy source to initiate decomposition of the precursor compounds(106) for depositing a superconducting film on the substrate (102);
introducing the dopant elements (110) while controlling oxygen partial pressure during deposition to optimize electronic properties and to ensure the right oxygen stoichiometry in the crystal lattice;
incorporating flux pinning nanoparticles (112) simultaneously to trap magnetic vortices for enhancing the material’s current-carrying capacity under magnetic fields;
cooling and annealing the deposited film using non- cryogenic refrigerants (114) to improve crystal connectivity and superconducting properties by removing defects; and
forming a third layer (116) coupled to the superconducting film to provide mechanical flexibility.
8. The method (200) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the metal-organic precursor compounds (106) comprise yttrium (Y), barium (Ba), and copper (Cu)-containing organometallic compounds introduced into the deposition chamber.
9. The method (200) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the superconducting composition is fabricated as a film having a predetermined thickness using a laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA- CVD) technique configured to control stoichiometric composition, crystal orientation, and grain dimensions.
10. The method (200) as claimed in claim 7, wherein the flux pinning nanoparticles (112) are incorporated in-situ during the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LA-CVD) process, such that the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed within the superconducting matrix and form engineered pinning centres to immobilize magnetic flux vortices under applied magnetic fields, thereby increasing critical current density (Jc), enhancing high-field magnetic stability, and reducing flux creep and associated energy dissipation.