FORM - 2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
(39 of 1970)
&
The Patents Rules, 2006
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
(See Section 10 and Rule 13)
A COMPOSITION AND PROCESS TO PURIFY WATER
HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED, a company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 and having its registered office at Hindustan Lever House, 165/166, Backbay Reclamation, Mumbai -400 020, Maharashtra, India
The following specification describes the invention

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a composition and a process for purification of contaminated water. The invention is especially useful for removal of harmful contaminants like Arsenic in addition to removal of other harmful microbial contaminants and suspended particulate impurities to make the water suitable for human consumption.
BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
Water is one of the most important commodities for survival of the human species. Purified water for potable purposes is becoming more scarce especially in developing and under-developed countries. In such countries, especially in the rural areas, municipal drinking water treatment plants which pipe water to the households are rare, if any. People collect water directly from ground and/or underground water sources like wells, tube-wells, ponds and rivers. Often these water sources are contaminated by sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes.
The various types of water purification systems available are those that utilize UV radiation, halogenated resins, reverse osmosis etc are not very convenient to use in these rural areas since they either require running water and / or electricity or are too expensive for the consumers. Hence many people in the rural areas resort to boiling of water to kill the pathogenic microorganisms in their drinking water. Boiling of water does not remove harmful contaminants from water like arsenic and heavy metals. Boiling is also expensive and require large amount of fuel which is increasingly becoming scarce. Ground and underground water in many areas in the world are naturally contaminated with high amounts of inorganic impurities like Arsenic. Arsenic is an extremely harmful contaminant. People continue to ingest water with these high levels of microorganisms and impurties like Arsenic which are responsible for the high mortality and morbidity in these areas.
Arsenic is one of the most toxic contaminants found in the environment. Arsenic is found in soils, rocks, natural waters and organisms. Arsenic is the twentieth most abundant element in earth's crust. The most common oxidation states of
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arsenic are +3 and +5. Among all the arsenic compounds present in the environment, of particular interest is arsenite (which is Arsenic in the As (III) form, which is 25-50 times more toxic than arsenate (which is Arsenic in As (V) form) and 70 times more toxic than the methylated species, dimethylarsinate (DMA) and monomethylarsonate(MMA). These facts indicate why it is of priority interest to develop technologies for the removal of As (III), from drinking water.
Inorganic arsenic is identified as a group-l carcinogen for humans. More than 100 million people are affected worldwide due to arsenic contaminated drinking water. Drinking water in many of these areas has arsenic content as high as 300 parts per billion (ppb). The WHO and USEPA recommended MCL (maximum contaminant level) of arsenic in drinking water is 10 ppb. Available arsenic removal technologies are membrane separation, ion exchange and adsorption. These technologies either require expensive equipments which are not affordable in many parts of the world or are not successful in removing Arsenic, especially in the As (III) to the WHO recommended specification. Further, boiling of water, which many people resort to for purification of water, does not remove Arsenic. Thus, one of the major challenges in this field is poor removal of arsenic (III). Additionally, while arsenic in the purified water has to meet these stringent requirements, the technology should also ensure removal of harmful micro organisms like cysts, bacteria and virus to a level which is safe for people to consume. According to EPA, water from any unknown origin can be rendered microbiologically safe to drink if removal of log 6 of bacteria, log 4 of virus and log 3 of cysts is attained. Thus a generally accepted removal criteria for bacteria, virus and cysts are log 6, log 4 and log 3 respectively.
One of the commonly used methods for removal of arsenic from water is by treating it with an iron compound. JP2002079015A claims a filter for arsenic removal that is composed of fired diatomaceous earth and 5-30% by weight of ferric ion bonded to the fired diatomaceous earth. The method of preparation of this material comprises steps of impregnating diatomaceous earth with ferric chloride, adding sodium hydroxide to the resulting mixture to a pH of at least 9.0, and then gradually and completely oxidizing the ferric chloride to ferric hydroxide.
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US20030089665A1 by Engelhard Corp. claims an arsenic removal media comprising a mixture of: (a) activated bauxite; (b) aluminum trihydrate; and (c) a ferric compound selected from the group consisting of ferric hydroxide, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric hydroxyoxide and mixtures thereof. Using this composition about 90% arsenic removal is demonstrated.
US20030132155A1 claims a method for removing arsenic from an aqueous medium comprising contacting the aqueous medium with an amount of chemically treated zeolite preferably ferric-loaded zeolite for a period of time sufficient to remove arsenic in the aqueous medium. Using this method a maximum of 95% arsenic removal is demonstrated.
US20050250644 A1 (Univ. California) claims a method for treating bottom ash for arsenic removal in water, comprising: a) providing a quantity of bottom ash; and b) means for forming a coated Fe(OH)3 bottom ash in suspension from the quantity of bottom ash. Using this method a maximum of 98% arsenic removal is demonstrated.
A paper published in Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, vol 44, 6804-6815 by Li Yang et al., titled Removal of trace levels of arsenic and selenium from aqueous solutions by calcined and uncalcined layered double hydroxides (abbreviated as LDH) discusses removal of Arsenic using Magnesium-Aluminium LDH which is commonly known as hydrotalcite.
Certain other compositions like those described in WO02/00557 (Proctor and Gamble) also claim arsenic removal. The present inventors have found that in the above cited prior art, either the methods taught do not meet the stringent WHO standards for safe drinking water in terms of Arsenic content, or are not liked by the consumer due to poor aesthetics or have some difficulty or other in scaling up the technology to a commercial scale. It is desirable to provide for a composition and a method that provides enhanced arsenic removal compared to those taught in the prior art or ameliorate at least one of the disadvantages therein.
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The present inventors have worked assiduously on solving this problem. They have found that a flocculation/ disinfection composition which comprises certain double layered hydroxides which contain at least one divalent cation selected from a particular group and at least one trivalent cation selected from a particular group provides for enhanced arsenic removal.
It is thus one object of the invention to provide for a method to purify water contaminated with Arsenic more efficiently than reported in the aforementioned prior art.
It is another object of the present invention to provide for a water purification composition that enables enhanced arsenic removal compared to compositions in the aforementioned prior art or solves at least one of the problems present therein.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide for a water purification composition for removal of arsenic that meets the WHO standards of less than 10 ppb arsenic in the purified water..
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a
composition for purification of contaminated water comprising
(i) a first component which is a layered double hydroxide compound of the
formula
(M1+2.M22+)x(M3+3.lvl43+)y(OH)2X+2y(A-z)n/z. nH2O or calcined forms thereof
Where, M/2 and M2+2 are divalent cations selected from magnesium, zinc or copper and M33+ and M43+ are trivalent cations selected from aluminium or iron, A is an anion selected from OH", C032", CI", N03", S04", P043", Fe(CN)64" and x has a value from 0.1 to 10.0, y has a value from 0.1 to 5.0, n has a value between 0 to 10.0, z has a value from 1.0 to 4.0 and, the mole ratio of M/2: M2+2 is any value from 0 to 1 and the mole ratio of M3+3:M4+3 is any value from 0 to 1; and
(ii) a second component which is selected from a biocide, a flocculating agent or a coagulating agent.
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According to a preferred aspect of the present invention the composition comprises a biocide. The most suitable biocide is a halogen compound.
According to another preferred aspect of the present invention the composition comprises a coagulating agent which is a water soluble inorganic metal safe having trivalent cation and a flocculating agent which is a high molecular weight water soluble polymer or mixtures thereof.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for purifying contaminated water comprising the steps of contacting contaminated water with the composition as per the first aspect of the invention and separating the insoluble matter from the water.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
All parts herein are by weight unless otherwise specified. The invention provides for a composition comprising a layered double hydroxide (LDH) compound having certain specific combination of cations and anions for purification of contaminated water. The composition is especially useful for removal of harmful contaminants e.g. arsenic, selenium which are usually present as anions in compounds. The layered double hydroxide has the general formula:
(Mi+2.M22+)x(M3+3.M43+)y(OH)2X+2y(A"z)n/z- nH2O or calcined forms thereof
Where, M/2 and M2+2 are divalent cations selected from magnesium, zinc or copper and M33+ and M43+ are trivalent cations selected from aluminium or iron, A is an anion selected from OH", C032", CI", N03", S04", P043", Fe(CN)64" and
x has a value from 0.1 to 10.0, y has a value from 0.1 to 5.0, n has a value between 0 to 10.0, z has a value from 1.0 to 4.0 and, the mole ratio of M/2: M2+2 is any value from 0 to 1 and the mole ratio of M3+3:M4+3 is any value from 0 to 1.
The divalent cations in the LDH compounds are selected from magnesium, zinc or copper and the trivalent cations are selected from aluminium or iron. The LDH compounds have at least one divalent cation and at least one trivalent cation.
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The other preferred combinations include one or two divalent cations and one or two trivalent cations. The preferred LDH compounds have the following combination of cations:
Cu-AI, Zn-AI, Zn-Fe, Cu-Fe, Mg-Fe, Mg-AI-Fe, Zn-AI-Fe, Cu-AI-Fe, Cu-Mg-Fe, Zn-Mg-Fe, Zn-Cu-Fe, Zn-Cu-AI, Zn-Mg-AI, Cu-Mg-AI, Zn-Cu-AI-Fe, Mg-Cu-AI-Fe, or Mg-Zn-AI-Fe.
The more preferred anion A in the LDH of the invention are CI"' NO3" or CO32-The more preferred divalent cations are Zn and Cu and the more preferred trivalent cation is iron.
The preferred range of x in the LDH of the invention is from 1 to 9 with the most preferred value being 6. The preferred range of y in the LDH of the invention is from 0.5 to 4 with the most preferred value being 2. The preferred range of n in the LDH of the invention is from 2 to 10 with the most preferred value being 4.
Thus, the most preferred LDH as per the invention have the formula
Zn6Fe2(OH)2x+2y(CO3)n/2. nH2O,
Cu6Fe2(OH)2x+2y(CO3)n/2. nH2O,
Zn6 AI2Fe2(OH)2x+2y(CO3)n/2. nH2O, or
Cu6AI2Fe2(OH)2x+2y(CO3)n/2. nH2O.
Where x, y and n have the preferred values hereinabove mentioned.
The LDHs can also be in their calcined forms. The layered double hydroxide compound is preferably present in an amount in the range of 1 to 80%, more preferably in the range of 2 to 60% by weight of the composition.
The LDH of the invention are preferably prepared using the following method:
Salts of the bivalent and trivalent metal ions in desired molar ratio are dissolved in water. Thus, if the value of x of 6 and a value of y of 2 is desired, the mole ratio of the bivalent to the trivalent metal salt is taken as 3:1. Suitable salts include the
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nitrates, sulphates, chlorides or acetates. The salt solution is heated to a temperature in the range of 85 to 105 °C, preferably from 90 to 95 °C. In a separate vessel, an alkali solution is prepared. Suitable alkalis include alkali metal carbonate, bicarbonate or hydroxide or compounds like ammonia or urea. The alkali solution is also heated to a high temperature, preferably in the range of 80 to 105°C, more preferably in the range of 90 to 95 °C. At this high temperature, the salt solution and the alkali solution are added to a third vessel simultaneously with vigorous stirring. During the addition the temperature of the solution is maintained at a high temperature preferably in the range of 90 to 95°C. The LDH compound are formed during this reaction and precipitate out from the solution. After the precipitation is complete, the temperature of the solution is usually maintained at this temperature for some time preferably at least 15 minutes, more preferably at least one hour. The precipitate is then washed to be substantially free of dissolved salts, filtered preferably under vacuum, and dried. The calcined forms of the LDH compounds to be included in the composition of the invention are preferably prepared by heating the LDH compounds to a temperature higher then 400 °C, more preferably in the range of 400 to 700 °C.
The invention provides for a composition comprising the LDH compounds described above. The composition of the invention provides for enhanced removal of impurities e.g arsenic compounds from contaminated water. According to a preferred aspect of the present invention any biocide may be used. Preferred biocide is a halogen containing compound. More preferred halogen compounds are those of chlorine or iodine, more preferably those of chlorine. Suitable chlorine compounds are inorganic compounds like sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorites, chlorine dioxide, or chloramines, or organic chlorine compounds like sodium dichloro-isocyanurates, or trichloroisocyanuric acid. The biocide is preferably present in an amount in the range of from 1 to 30%, more preferably from about 2 to 25%, further more preferably 3 to 15% by weight of the composition. Most preferred biocide is calcium hypochlorite.
The second component of the composition of the invention may comprise a coagulating agent which is a water soluble inorganic metal salt having trivalent
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cation or a flocculating agent which is a high molecular weight water soluble polymer or a mixture thereof.
The coagulating agent is a compound which is a water-soluble inorganic metal salt having trivalent cation. Suitable trivalent cations are Al3+ and Fe3+. The coagulant is generally free from carbon atoms. Examples of coagulating agents are ferric sulfate, aluminium sulfate and polyaluminium chloride. The coagulating agent is preferably present in an amount in the range of from 5 to 60%, more preferably from 15 to 50% by weight of the composition.
The flocculating agent is a compound which is a high molecular weight water soluble polymer. Examples of suitable flocculating agents are polysaccharides (dextane celluloses), proteins, modified celluloses (hydroxyethyl/hydroxypropyl or carboxymethyl), and polyacrylamides preferably high molecular weight polyacrylamide. It is especially preferred that the polyacrylamide is either anionic or non-ionically modified, more preferably anionically modified. Suitable molecular weights of these polyacrylamides are in the range of 105 to 107. A preferred amount of the flocculating agent is from 0.5 to 15%, more preferably from 1 to 10% and most preferably from 2 to 8% by weight of the composition.
The purification action of the composition of the invention can be attained at the pH of the raw water available. As a preferred aspect, the pH of the composition may be adjusted to the desired range of 6 to 8 by including a buffering agent in the composition. Suitable buffering agents are calcium oxide, sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. The buffering agent when present is included in an amount in the range of 0.5 to 10% by weight of the composition.
The water purification composition may optionally comprise an additional adsorbent. The additional adsorbent is preferably a material which is capable of adsorbing high levels of organic or inorganic compounds. Suitable adsorbent is clay. Examples of clay include Montmorillonite clay (dioctheydral smectite clay), Laponite, Hectorite, Nontronite, Saponite, Volkonsite, Sauconite, Beidellite,
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Allevarlite, lllite, Halloysite, Attapulgite, Mordenite, Kaolines, and Bentonite. A highly preferred clay as per this invention is Bentonite clay. When included, adsorbents are present in an amount in the range of 5 to 75%, more preferably from about 10 to 60% by weight of the composition.
The water purification composition preferably has a moisture content of not more than 5%, more preferably not more than 3%, and most preferably not more than 2% by weight of the composition.
According to a preferred aspect of the invention the composition comprises two portions which are spatially separated wherein the first portion comprises the biocide and the second portion comprises the flocculating/coagulating agent. The LDH compound in this aspect of the invention may be present in either portion. In this aspect of the invention, it is preferred that the first portion comprises less than 5 % moisture, more preferably less than 3% moisture, most preferably less than 2% moisture by weight of the first portion. When an additional adsorbent is present, it may be included in both the first portion and the second portion or may be present in any one of the portions.
A further preferred aspect of the invention provides for the second portion to comprise a biocide quencher which is capable of reacting with the biocide to render it safe and aesthetically acceptable for human consumption. Suitable quenchers are sodium thiosulphate and ascorbic acid. The quencher is preferably present in an amount in the range of 1 to 20% by weight of the second portion, more preferably from about 2 to 12% by weight of the second portion.
The solid form is the most suitable form of the composition of the invention. Suitable solid forms include the powder, granule and tablet forms, most preferred form being the powder form. When delivered as two portions, the most preferred form is the powder form in both the first portion and the second portion.
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The composition of the invention is preferably delivered in amounts in the range of 0.5 to 10 grams more preferably in the range of 1 to 5 grams. These are usually added to 5 to 20 litres of water. When delivered in two portions, suitable weight of the first portion is 0.01 to 5 grams, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5 gram and suitable weights of the second portion is 0.5 to 10 grams.
The water purification composition of the invention may be delivered to the consumer in any known suitable packaging form. When formed as tablets, the packaging may be metallised laminate or blister packing. When formed as powders, suitable packaging is metallised laminate. However the metallised laminate packaging has to be such that the halogen compounds that usually react with metals are kept separated from the metal part of the laminate by use of suitable polymeric layers on the metal layer.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a process for purifying water comprising the steps of (i) mixing the composition of the invention with the water to be purified and (ii) separating the insoluble matter from the mixture.
When the composition of the invention comprises a biocide and a flocculating/coagulating agent, the process comprises the steps of (i) contacting the contaminated water with a biocide followed by; (ii) contacting the contaminated water with the coagulating /flocculating agent to form floes; and (iii) separating the floes from the water. The LDH compound may be added during either or both steps.
When the product is configured in two portions, a suitable process comprises the sequential steps of mixing the composition of the first portion with the water to be purified; followed by the step of mixing the composition of the second portion and then separating the insoluble matter from the mixture. The first portion is usually mixed for a period of time from 0.5 to 5 minutes and the water is then allowed to stand for a time period of 2 to 10 minutes, after which the second portion is
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added. The mixture is then mixed for a period of time from 0.5 to 5 minutes and again allowed to stand for 2 to 10 minutess so that insoluble matter settle down. The insoluble matter is then separated from the mixture usually by filtration or decantation! A simple cloth may be used for filtration.
The process of the invention is especially suited for purifying water which contains arsenic. In contaminated areas, average arsenic concentration in raw water is around 300 ppb by weight, and may be much higher in highly contaminated areas. By using the process of the invention, it is possible to get purified water having an arsenic content as low as less than 10 ppb in the purified water.
Yet another aspect of the invention provides for the use of the composition of the present invention for purifying contaminated water.
The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Preparation of arsenic stock solution: R. O water (reverse osmosis purified water) was taken and arsenic compound i.e sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4.7H2O) was added to the test water.
Determination of arsenic content
Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (Varian-Vista-PRO) was used to measure total arsenic concentration (>50 ppb) in the solution. The total arsenic concentrations lower than 50 ppb were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Eldrin 9000). In both the analytical methods the samples were injected in the machines without any pre-concentration or pre-dilution and the total arsenic concentrations were measured.
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Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples A to D
LDH compounds of Examples 1-8 were prepared as follows:
Nitrate salts of the bivalent and nitrate salts of the trivalent metal ions in molar ratio as shown in Table -1 were mixed and dissolved in water and the solution heated to a temperature of 90 to 95 °C. In a separate vessel, a sodium carbonate solution was prepared and heated to a temperature in the range of 90 to 95 °C. The salt solution and the carbonate solution were added to a third vessel simultaneously with vigorous stirring. During the addition the temperature of the solution is maintained at a temperature in the range of 90 to 95°C. The LDH compound was formed during this reaction and precipitated out from the solution. After the precipitation was complete, the slurry was kept stirred at the same temperature for about one hour. The precipitate is then washed to be substantially free of dissolved salts, filtered under vacuum, and dried to a moisture content of less than 10%.
The process of purification was as follows:
Purification process: 100 ml of arsenic spiked water containing 1000 ppb of arsenic was taken in a beaker and the LDH compound as shown in Table-1, at 0.1 gram was added to the test water and stirred for two hours. The resulting mixture was then filtered under vacuum through a 0.2 micron filter paper. The arsenic content of the filtered water was measured and the result is summarized in Table - 1. The process was carried out using known adsorbents for arsenic (Comparative Examples A to D) including AD33 (Comparative Example A) which is one of the best known commercially available arsenic adsorbent.
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Table -1

Examples Compound used Final arsenic concentration (ppb) Removal (%)
Ex-1 Cu6Al2 LDH <10 >99
Ex-2 Mg6Fe2 LDH 50 95
Ex-3 Zn6Alz LDH <10 >99
Ex-4 Zn6Fe2 LDH <10 >99
Ex-5 Cu6Fe2 LDH <10 >99
Ex-6 Mg6Al Fe LDH 60 94
Ex-7 Zn6AIFe LDH <10 >99
Ex-8 CU6AIFe LDH <10 >99
Comp Ex-A Iron Oxo-hydroxide (AD33) 120 88
Comp Ex - B Titanium dioxide, Rutile 720 28
Comp Ex - C Activated Carbon 800 20
Comp Ex - D Bentonite Clay 900 10
In the above and all experiments in this specification:
AD33 was procured from Adege Technologies Inc, 3560 Financial Centre way, Suite - 5, Buford, GA - 30519, USA
Bentonite clay was procured from Neelkanth Minechem, India and had an average particle size of about 125 microns.
Titanium dioxide was procured from Maruti Chemicals, Bangalore, India.
The data in Table - 1 indicates that it is possible to get enhanced removal of arsenic from contaminated water using a method which includes the step of treating the contaminated water with the LDH compounds of the invention. The removal efficiency is far superior to that obtained used conventional materials.
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Examples 9 to 12 and Comparative Examples E to I
Experiments were carried out with more preferred LDH compounds of the invention with a more highly contaminated water i.e water with 10,000 ppb of arsenic. The procedure used was similar to that for Examples 1 to 8. The data is summarized in Table - 2:
Table-2

Examples Compound used Final arsenic concentration (ppb) Removal (%)
Ex-9 Zn6Fe2 LDH 120 98.8
Ex-10 Cu6Fe2 LDH 80 99.2
Ex-11 Zn6AIFe LDH 150 98.5
Ex-12 Cu6AIFe LDH 60 99.4
Comp Ex - E Iron Oxo-hydroxide (AD33) 4000 60
Comp Ex - F Titanium dioxide, Rutile 6000 40
Comp Ex - G Activated Carbon 8000 20
Comp Ex - H Bentonite Clay 9000 10
Comp Ex -1 Mg6Al2 LDH 3370 66.3
The data in Table-2 indicates that it is possible to purify water highly contaminated with Arsenic using a method which uses the preferred LDH compounds of the invention. The adsorption capacity is significantly superior to the materials used in the prior art.
Example 13 and Comparative Examples J to L: Performance of LDH compounds in combination with a flocculation composition (Example 13) and compositions outside the invention (Comparative Examples J to L)
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Process of purification was as follows:
10 Litres of test water having 300 ppb of arsenic was taken in a bucket. The As(lll) compound used was NaAsO2 and the As(V) compound used was Na2HAsO4.H2O Compositions as shown in Table-3 was added and stirred for one minute. The mixture was allowed to stand for five minutes. The water was then filtered through a cloth. The arsenic content of the filtered water was measured and the result is summarized in Table - 3.
Table-3

Examples Comparative Example -J Comparative Example - K Comparative Example - L Example -13
Polyaluminium Chloride, g 0.6 - 0.6 0.6
Polyacrylamide,g 0.08 - 0.08 0.08
Adsorbent Fe203 Zn6Fe2 LDH - Zn6Fe2 LDH
Adsorbent, g 0.5 0.5 - 0.5
Form of As in test water As(V) As(V) As(V) As(V)
Arsenic in purified water, ppb 120 50 150 8
The data in Table-3 indicates that it is possible to purify arsenic contaminated water using a composition containing LDH compound of the invention in combination with a flocculating system. This combination provides synergistic benefits as compared to the individual components alone. Further, the purification efficiency of the composition of the invention is superior to similar compositions of the prior art.
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Examples 14 and Comparative Examples M to 0: Performance of LDH compound in combination with a biocide (Examples 14) as compared to compositions outside the invention (Comparative Examples M to O)
Experiments were carried out with the compositions given in Table -4 and these were used to purify 10 litres of water containing 300 ppb of arsenic (in As(lll) form). The procedure used was similar to that for Example 13. The data is summarized in Table - 4:
Table- 4

Examples Comparative Example -M Comparative Example - N Comparative Example - O Example- 14
Ca Hypo, g 0.15 - 0.15 0.15
Adsorbent Fe2O3 Cu6AIFe LDH - Cu6AIFe LDH
Adsorbent, g 0.5 0.5 - 0.5
Arsenic in purified water, ppb 100 100 300 50
The data in Table - 4 indicates that preferred compositions of the invention provide for superior Arsenic removal as compared to similar prior art compositions. Further data in Table-4 indicates that it is possible to get synergistic benefits in arsenic removal when using a composition containing an LDH compound in combination with a biocide.
Examples 15 to 17 and Comparative Examples L to N and P to T:
Performance of LDH compounds in combination with a flocculation-disinfection composition (Examples 15 to 17) as compared to performance of similar prior art compositions (Comparative Examples L to N and P to T)
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Experiments were carried out with the compositions given in Table -5 and these were used to purify water containing 300 ppb of arsenic. The procedure used was as following:
The biocide was added to the water and stirred for one minute. The mixture was then allowed to stand for five minutes. Then a mixture of the adsorbent, flocculant and coagulant was added to the water and stirred for one minute. The flocculated mass was then allowed to stand for 5 minutes. The floes were then separated by filtration through a cloth.
The data of the arsenic content in the purified water is summarized in Table - 5:
Table -5

Example Biocide, grams PAC, grams PAM, grams Adsorbent Adsorbent, grams Arsenic Form Arsenic content, ppb
L - 0.60 0.08 - - As(lll) 150
M 0.15 - - - - As(lll) 300
N - - - Cu6AIFe 0.5 As(lll) 100
P 0.15 0.60 0.08 - - As(lll) 50
Q 0.15 0.60 0.08 Bentonite Clay 0.5 As(lll) 50
R 0.15 0.60 0.08 Activated Carbon 0.5 As(lll) 50
S 0.15 0.60 0.08 Talc 0.5 As(lll) 50
T 0.15 0.60 0.08 Zeolite 0.5 As(lll) 50
15 0.15 0.60 0.08 CueAIFe LDH 0.5 As(lll) 5
16 0.15 0.60 0.08 Cu6AIFe LDH 0.5 As(lll) + As(V) 1:1 wt ratio 5
17 0.15 0.60 0.08 Calcined Mg6Fe2 LDH 0.5 As(lll) 5
Biocide used was Calcium hypochlorite PAC is Poly aluminium chloride PAM is Poly acrylamide
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The data in Table - 5 indicates that preferred compositions of the invention provide for vastly superior Arsenic removal as compared to similar prior art compositions.
Dated this 16th day of July 2007.
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