THE PATENTS ACT, 1970 (39 of 1970) & THE PATENTS RULES, 2006 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION (See Section 10; rule 13)
"A method of making eco-friendly and biodegradable edible utensils and the edible utensils including cutleries thereof
Bakeys Foods Private Limited of the address: Plot No. 95/1, Phase -2, IDA, Cherlapally, Hyderabad-500051, A.P., India
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed:

Field of the invention
The invention relates to a novel method of making eco-friendly and biodegradable edible utensils. More particularly, the invention relates to novel method of making eco-friendly and biodegradable cutleries. The invention also relates to eco-friendly and biodegradable edible utensils including but not limited to eco-friendly and biodegradable edible cutleries. The eco-friendly and biodegradable edible utensils of the invention are prepared from healthy and hygienic edible materials and can be consumed by the user after their use as utensils, or if thrown away, they biodegrade naturally within less than two days.
Background of the invention
Now-a-days certain things have become part of our daily routine life which play very important role in our busy schedules from morning till night. With increased use of various carcinogenic, toxic and harmful chemicals present in everything which we eat, drink or use and with increased cases of cancer, dermatological, cardiovascular and other diseases, it is very important to keep ourselves fit and avoid the use or contact of such harmfrul contaminants in what we eat, drink or use.
Worldwide focus has shifted towards coming closer to the nature and various natural practices like yoga and meditation are being adopted to keep oneself fit. In addition to that, use of various organic food materials which claim to be produced using natural fertilizers and herbal pesticides without any harmful chemicals and synthetic materials, is also growing very rapidly. However, in-spite of taking precautionary measures discussed above, it has not been possible for everyone and more precisely for anyone, to safeguard himself from use or contact of these harmful chemicals. However, one should keep trying to minimize the use of such contaminants in his routine life to the possible extent.
Further, use of various non-biodegradable materials, more particularly, plastic materials, has generated a new worldwide challenge to handle and dispose such

plastic materials which are polluting the world environment and affecting the balance of eco-system. These plastic materials, being non-biodegradable, remain in the environment unaffected and in-turn pollute the environment.
Conventionally, in developing or under-developed countries, waste materials are disposed by burning or burying them under ground. These plastic materials when disposed by burning, become even more dangerous and lethal due to various toxic and carcinogenic particles and free radicals reaching into air and environment.
Typically, among other things which we come across in our routine life, utensils are of great importance. Various utensils which we generally use in our routine life can be named as cups, bowls, plates, cutleries, bottles etc. Generally, utensils and cutleries are made of silver, steel, aluminum, brass, copper or any other alloy, wood or plastics. Utensils made of metals, alloys and woods are generally re-used after washing and cleaning whereas, plastics utensils may be re-used or thrown away. Re-use of these utensils comes with the advantage of multiple times use of the utensil but it also has certain limitations like cost of the utensils, their safe storage, proper hygienic cleaning of the utensil before and after use. An improperly cleaned utensil can carry various harmful pathogens, dust particles and chemicals used in the cleaning. The proper cleaning can be altered due to various reasons including poor handling by the person responsible, poor quality of cleansing material used, contamination in the water used for washing and cleaning or even deficiency of clean and hygienic water. Carrying these utensils, more particularly, cutleries in travels and journeys is generally not very user friendly due to scarcity of clean and hygienic water for cleaning and their safe storage. Use of wooden cutlery cannot be encouraged as increased demand of wooden cutleries would lead to more trees being cut down, which has its own adverse effect on the environment like global warming, shift in season patterns, change in rainfall pattern and magnitude etc.
Initially, with advancement in the polymer chemistry and invention of plastics, these appeared to be a good alternative to metals and wood and therefore, use of

plastics in manufacture of various utensils, articles, apparatuses, carry bags etc was in high demand. But, after the outcome of serious environmental problems associated with the use of plastics, use of plastic articles is discouraged worldwide, further, plastic cutleries are also associated with the problem of consumption of
dangerous and carcinogenic chemicals when cutlery is used without proper washing after coming out of the factory, as stringent food safety measures are rarely followed by the manufacturers. Plastic cutleries manufactured out of petroleum by-products are often produced in unhygienic manner and packed and sold in the market and generally used by the consumers without taking necessary precautions of washing and cleaning the same. Typically, plastic cutleries are meant for disposed after single use but these thrown-away cutleries are collected and re-used by beggars and poor or re-sold in the market without even proper washing and cleaning.
Thus, the use of metal, alloy, wood and plastic utensils and cutleries has several disadvantages like cost, safety, less user friendly, health hazards and adverse effects on human, animal and the environment.
Therefore, there is always a need for an alternative to these metal, alloys, wooden or plastic utensils and cutleries which could overcome various problems associated with these utensils and cutleries as discussed in above paragraphs. An eco-friendly, biodegradable, edible utensil and cutlery made from safe, hygienic and healthy edible materials which can be consumed after the use or if thrown away would biodegrade within two days, should be the best solution to the above problems.
Conventionally, commercial production of edible utensils and cutleries has been largely restricted to making plates or bowls. However, while eating plates that are generally placed on table or held in hand, there is a general revulsion to eat what has fallen on the unclean table surface or eat what is held in hand for long because of dirt and sweat in hands. Therefore, although these plates are edible, rarely they are consumed after use. Due to these hygienic limitations, these plates are more preferably used and sold as pet food, rather than for human beings. Conventional

edible utensils also often consist of plasticizers, rendering them to be non-palatable for human beings.
In the prior art, various other efforts have also been made, one of them being edible straws with and without added flavors introduced inside them. However, insignificant market presence of these products in the market doubts commercial success of such edible straws.
US Patent 3493382 discloses a method of producing molded edible products consisting of a liquid mixture comprising glycerin and/or propylene glycol, carrageen and tapioca starch, heating the mixture till it solidifies in the mould of desired shape. Evidently, commercial application of such product may not have been found feasible, since products made of such materials are not seen in the market. Further, ingestion of glycerin and propylene glycol and the health implications from the same leaves enough doubts on edibility of these products.
US Patent 5378418 discloses a method of making articles of edible or easily biodegradable material without using either a plasticizer or a lubricant and instead comprising mixing animal connective tissue protein with starch and extruding the mixture and molding by injection molding to form the article.
However, addition of animal tissues in the article disclosed in the patent restricts its use on mass level and can be worrisome from a disease standpoint. Due to religious restrictions on eating any non-vegetarian food products or food products which carry traces of any animal part or component, articles made by the method disclosed in this US patent cannot be used by the followers of those religions.
WO 96/020604 discloses a method for preparing an edible eating or drinking utensil comprising: producing an edible mixture; forming an edible utensil from said edible mixture; and heating said edible utensil to cure it and thereby to provide it with a structure which is substantially resistant to at least one of deformation and

disintegration due to contact with at least one of a drinkable liquid and an edible food for an acceptable time period.
This prior art appears to be relevant to the present invention disclosed herein after in given paragraphs under respective heads, but the differences lie in the combination of the edible mix, the bio-chemical description of the edible mix, and the process of molding the product into desired shapes.
Further, process disclosed in both the above-specified prior art documents involve extrusion methods. The extrusion process has various limitations as this process is energy intensive and unless the output product is linear in shape, extrusion generally results in concentric ring-like formations thus diminishing the strength of the product. Furthermore, extrusion makes the material itself smear against the walls into which it is extruded and thus reduces the possibility of a smooth surfaced product being made.
Some other less relevant prior art documents include US Patent 5447584, which discloses a method for constructing art and crafts using water soluble compositions of low density comprising starch, polyalkylene glycol, binding agents and water. The method of preparing the crafts and toys employs extrusion method.
WO/2005/021633 relates to a composition for use in making a starch-based food or beverage container, the formulation allows the container to be water resistant for certain amount of time without the need of any water resistant coating.
Further, WO/2008/090195 discloses biodegradable compositions consisting of starch, plasticizing agent, protein, cross-linking enzyme and water. The biodegradable articles, which can be prepared with the composition, may be trays, bowls, plates, cutlery, cups or bottles.
The present invention is also an improvement over Indian Patent Application No. 284/KOL/2006, filed by one of the inventors of this invention, which comprises a

process of making edible cutlery comprising preparing a dough of rice and wheat flour in a boiling water at temperature between 90 to 110^ C, rolling thick slices of 1.5 to 2.25 mm size, molding desired shape and baking at 175 to 190 C. This invention has certain limitations like it is limited to edible cutleries made from only rice and wheat flour in the ratio of 0.8 to 1.2:0.8 to 1.2. The dough is made only with the boiling water whereas, in absence of any lubricating or softening agent, cutleries may develop cracks on baking and are too hard to be eaten. In absence of any flavor and taste enhancers and sweetening agents, it is not palatable and not preferred for eating. Further, in absence of any defined kneading process, gelatinization of the starch is not done properly.
The present invention overcomes various disadvantages of the available prior arts discussed herein above paragraphs.
Objects of the invention
The primary object of the invention is to provide a novel method of making eco-friendly, biodegradable, edible utensils and cutleries.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method of making eco-friendly, biodegradable, edible utensils and cutleries from safe, hygienic and healthy food materials.
Another object of the invention is to provide eco-friendly and biodegradable utensils and cutleries, which can be consumed after their use or otherwise, if thrown away, would biodegrade naturally within two days.
Another object of the invention is to provide edible utensils and cutleries, which are safe, healthy, have low fat and are devoid of any harmful chemicals and contaminants.

A further object of the invention is to provide eco-friendly, biodegradable, edible utensils and cutleries which are user friendly and do not require pre-washing and cleaning.
Summary of the invention
The invention relates to a method of making eco-friendly, biodegradable, edible utensils produced from safe, hygienic and healthy food materials which also can be consumed by the user after their use as utensils.
Flours of suitable food materials, rich in starch content are selected from cereals, grains, millets, lentils, and/or dehydrated/wet mashed fruits and vegetables rich in starch content. The dough is obtained by kneading the flour. Flour or the mashed fruits/vegetables of one single food material or a combination of two or more can be kneaded to obtain the dough. Total starch content of the dough obtained by kneading of the flour should be 65% w/w or above, of the total dough volume.
The kneading of the flour can be done with water, milk, oil or any other material in cold, hot or boiling or steam form at a temperature suitable for kneading. The said liquid used for kneading the flour may be plain i.e. only with natural taste of the liquid without any added flavor or it may be sweetened/ flavored/ and / or salted as per the requirement.
In one embodiment, when utensils are made for diabetic patients or patients with high blood pressure, sweetening agents and salts are not used.
Kneading can be done v^th any of the liquid or a combmation of two or more liquids with 55% to 75% w/w of the total flour weight. Complete or partial gelatinization of the starch is done in the process of kneading. Kneading is done with a liquid at temperature between 65^ C to 90*^ C or boiling water or steam.

Stirring time in kneading is adjusted as per the temperature of the liquid. The gelatinized starch acts as binding force that holds all the particles in the flour or flour mix together to form tight yet pliable dough.
The dough should be tight for it to be converted into the desired shapes; therefore, once the process of gelatinization is complete, dry flour can be added to get the required consistency of the dough.
A small quantity of a lubricating agent like vegetable fat, vegetable oils, butter, clarified butter, lard etc can be added in the dough in between 2 to 10% w/w of the total weight of the dry flours.
Kneaded dough is put into a mold of predetermined shape and size and cured either through direct heating of the molds or through baking with or without steam at temperature in between 150o C to 400*^0 over a period of 3 to 15 minutes, to obtain utensils of desired shape and size.
Detailed description of the invention
Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein below. However, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which can be embodied in various forms. The scope of the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments and terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting but rather to provide an understandable description of the invention. The invention is defined by claims appended hereto.
According to the present invention, eco-friendly, biodegradable, edible utensils are produced from safe, hygienic and healthy food materials. The invention discloses a method of making eco-friendly and biodegradable edible utensils, which can be consumed by the user after their use as utensils, or if thrown away, they biodegrade naturally within less than two days.

The utensils produced by the method include plates, trays, cups, bowls and cutleries of desired shape and sizes, hi one embodiment of the invention, the utensils prepared by the method of present invention are cutleries of different design, shape and sizes.
According to the invention, suitable food materials, rich in starch content are selected. Such starch rich materials are, but not limited to, cereals, millets, lentils, fruits and vegetables rich in starch content. Selected starch rich materials are properly cleaned and washed to remove any impurities, foreign bodies and chemicals used on them as pesticides or preservatives. The starch rich material is then ground / mashed into tine particles to prepare the flour.
The flour of the food material obtained above is used as basic material for making the edible utensils of the invention. Already ground / mashed and ready-to-use flour of selected starch rich food material commercially available in the market can also be used as basic material to perform the method of the invention and to make the edible utensils of the invention.
The said flour is used for preparation of dough. The dough is obtained by kneading the flour of starch rich food material described as above. The dough can be kneaded with flour of one single raw food material or a combination of two or more.
In preferred embodiment of the invention, total starch content of the dough obtained by kneading of the flour should be 65% w/w or above, of the total dough volume. Such starch rich dough may be prepared with the flour of single food material or a combination of two or more. The kneading of the flour is done with a suitable liquid comprising, but not limited to, water, milk, oil or any other material in cold, hot or boiling or steam form at a temperature suitable for kneading. The said liquid used for kneading the flour may be plain i.e. only with natural taste of the liquid without any added flavor or it may be sweetened and / or salted as per

the requirement. Sugar is preferably used as sweetening agent and edible salt is used for salty taste.
In one embodiment, when utensils are made for diabetic patients or patients with high blood pressure, sweetening agents and salts are not used.
Kneading can be done with any of the liquid, or a combination of two or more liquids selected from the above can be used. The liquid medium to be applied for making the dough should be 55% to 75% w/w of the total flour weight.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, complete or partial gelatinization of the starch is done in the process of kneading. Although, any standard method known in the art, can be used for starch gelatinization. However, in preferred embodiment of the invention, the gelatinization of starch comprises stirring the flour or flour mix at ambient temperatures in a liquid, wherein, liquid is any liquid or a combination of two or more, selected from the list described in above paragraphs. Kneading is done with a liquid at temperature between 65°C to QO^'C.
In one embodiment of the invention, kneading is done with hot water at temperature between 65°C to 90°C. In another embodiment of the invention, kneading is done with boiling water. In another embodiment of the invention, kneading is done with water steam.
In all the embodiments described above, stirring time in kneading is adjusted as per the temperature of the liquid. The gelatinized starch acts as binding force that holds all the particles in the flour or flour mix together to form tight yet pliable dough.
The kneading process should be long enough to achieve a fair degree of homogenization in the dough more particularly, when flour being used is a mix of two or more different flours. For this purpose any standard procedure can be adopted such as kneading by hand or through spiral kneaders or bread dough kneaders, etc.

The dough should be tight for it to be converted into the desired shapes. Therefore, the application of the liquid medium should be just enough. Since the liquid required for gelatinization or even partial gelatinization process is more than the liquid required to make a tight dough of the flours therefore, once the process of gelatinization is complete, dry flour can be added later, to get the required consistency of the dough.
To prevent the starch material to stick to the surfaces of I the shaping molds, a small quantity of a lubricating agent can be added in the dough. The lubricating agent can be selected from fat such as vegetable oils, butter, clarified butter, animal fat, etc. The lubricating agent is added in between 2 to l0% w/w of the total weight of the dry flours. It is also desirable to apply the fat treated with anti oxidants. Such treated fat can also be applied on the surface of the shaping molds to prevent the dough from sticking to the surface.
Utensils and cutleries of different desired designs, shapes and sizes can be formed from the dough obtained above. For this purpose, the kneaded dough is put into a mold of predetermined shape and size and cured either through direct heating of the molds or through baking with or without steam at temperature in between 150*^0 to 400°C over a period of 3 to 15 minutes. The temperature requirements and the duration of curing depend on the thickness of: mold in which it is being cured, the thickness of the material which is being cured and the type of curing equipment like, type of oven being used.
The process of putting the kneaded dough into the molds can be through passing it through a series of rollers and converting it into a sheet. For this purpose, the dough is gradually reduced in thickness. The reduction in thickness is done preferably in three to four stages until the desired gauge of the sheet is achieved. The sheet is then made to pass through cutters that cut the sheet into the desired shapes, which are then manually or automatically placed inside the molds and cured till it hardens into the product of desired shape. All cutlery items that have a

relatively flat structure - spoons, forks, knives, ice cream sticks, fruit forks, etc., can be made through this process.
Cutlery items that do not have flat shape but are round or cuboid like chopsticks, drinking straws, etc are injected into a mold.
Typically, the plunger in an injection molding equipment moves m linear direction. Whereas, it is observed that such linear movement of the plunger in the injection molding equipment causes generation of excessive heat due to friction.
Therefore, in one preferred embodiment of the invention, the dough is injected through circular motion of the plunger guided by a threading inside the barrel and on the outside of the plunger. The threading can be coated with silicon or Teflon to reduce the wear and tear due to constant motion upward and downward. Motion through-the threading also prevents the material from flowing out through the gap between the barrel and the plunger
The moulds thus filled with the material to be cured can be made to pass through the curing region in the form of a train or allowed to pile in regular stacks of alternatively facing layers and then shifted to the curing region. This helps in reducing the human element in the production process and thus reduces the cost of production.
The material inside the molds gets released as a fully formed piece of cutlery which can be manually or automatically passed into a packaging system, from where it gets packed for further transportation to the market.
Molds and die of desired shapes and sizes may be used to make the utensils of desired shapes and sizes.
Following examples have been given only for better understanding of the invention and is not limiting to the spirit and scope of the claims.

EXAMPLE 1:
1 Kg of commercially available wheat flour was mixed with 500 ml of cold water and kneaded to form a tight dough. 20 - 50ml of vegetable oil was added to this to prevent it from sticking to surfaces while shaping it into desired forms. This dough was made to pass through a series of rollers by which process the dough came out in the form of a sheet. This sheet was placed on the moulds either automatically or manually in the pre-designed moulds for shaping into the desired shapes. The moulds were cleaned (which ever needed) of any peripheral flashes that were sticking to the moulds. These were then baked at temperatures between 150°C to 400''C for a period between 3 to 15 minutes. The baked shape was then removed from the moulds and packed for further disposal.
EXAMPLE 2:
In another example, commercially available wheat and rice flours were used. 1/2 Kg of wheat flour was mixed with V^ Kg of rice flour and kneaded with 300 ml of cold water and 300 ml of hot milk to form tight dough. 30 ml of animal fat, pre-treated with anti-oxidant, was added to this to prevent it from sticking to surfaces while shaping it into desired forms. This dough was made to pass through a series of rollers by which process the dough came out in the form of a sheet. This sheet was placed on the moulds either automatically or manually in the pre-designed moulds for shaping into the desired shapes. The moulds were cleaned of peripheral flashes that were sticking to the moulds. These were then baked at temperatures between ISO'^C to 400°C for a period between 3 to 15 minutes. The baked shape was then removed from the moulds and packed for further disposal.
In the examples 1 and 2 above, the whole grain wheat flour and machine polished refined rice flour were used. However, refined wheat flour and hand pounded rice flour or any other commercially available forms of rice can also be used for the purposes.

EXAMPLES:
1 Kg of sorghum whole grain was cleaned for separation of any foreign bodies, washed and dried in air at room temperature. The obtained sorghum whole grain was boiled in alkaline calcium hydroxide solution (CaOH solution) for about 15 minutes and allowed a seeping time of 15 hours. After that grains were dried and grounded. The flour was then mixed with 700 ml of hot water with a temperature around 60C and kneaded into tight dough. 50 ml of butter was added to this to prevent it from sticking to surfaces while shaping it into desired forms. This dough was made to pass through a series of rollers by which process the dough came out in the form of a sheet. This sheet was placed on the moulds either automatically or manually in the pre-designed moulds for shaping into the desired shapes. The moulds were cleaned of peripheral flashes that were sticking to the moulds. These were then baked at temperatures between 150°C to 400°C for a period between 3 to 15 minutes. The baked shape was then removed from the moulds and packed for further disposal.
As the present invention may be embodied in several forms, without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof, it should also be understood that the above described embodiments are not limited by any of the details of the foregoing description, unless otherwise specified.

We claim:
1. A method of making eco-friendly, biodegradable edible utensils comprising:
a), selecting starch rich edible flours;
b). kneading the flours with a liquid for gelatinization of the starch;
c). adding dry flour to obtain tight dough;
d). adding lubricating agent in the dough;
e). transferring the dough in to molds;
d). making utensils of desired shape and size with molds;
f). curing the molds;
g). releasing the fully formed utensil from molds;
h). passing the obtained utensils into a packaging system.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said starch rich edible flours are obtained from hygienic and healthy food materials selected from the group consisting of starch rich cereals, millets, lentils, fruits and vegetables.
3. A method as claimed in claims 1 or 2, wherein said flour is selected from single food material or a combination of two or more.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said kneading is done with cold, hot, steam or boiling liquid selected from water, milk and oil.
5. A method as claimed in claims 1 or 4, wherein said kneading is done with the liquid at temperature between 65°C to 90°C.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said kneading is done with boiling water.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said kneading is done with water steam.

8. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said kneading comprises stirring of flavor-liquid mix for sufficient time to obtain a fair degree of homogenization in the dough,
9. A method as claimed in claims 1 or 4, wherein said liquid has natural taste and flavors.
10. A method as claimed in claims 1 or 4, wherein said liquid has added flavors, salt and sweetening agents,
11 .A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said kneading is done with any of the liquid or a combination of two or more liquids selected from water, milk and oil.
12.A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein weight of said liquid used for kneading is 55% to 75% of total flour weight.
13. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gelatinization is partial or
complete gelatinization of the starch.
14. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein total starch content of the said dough obtained by kneading of said flours is 65% w/w or above.
15. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lubricating agent is selected from fat such as vegetable oils, butter, clarified butter and anti-oxidant treated animal fat.
16. A method as claimed in claims 1 or 15, wherein said lubricating agent is added in between 2 to 10% w/w of the total weight of flours.
17. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said curing comprises direct heating of the kneaded dough put into a mold of predetermined shape and size at temperature in between 150° C to 400° C.

18.A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said curing comprises baking of the molded dough with or without steam at temperature in between 150** C to 400° C.
19. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said curing is done for 3 to 15
minutes.
20. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said utensils are plates, cups, bowls, trays and cutleries.
21. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 20, wherein said utensil is cutlery of desired shape and size.
22. An eco-friendly, biodegradable and edible utensil including cutleries comprising safe, hygienic and healthy, starch rich flours, liquids, lubricating agents, added flavors and taste enhancers, obtained from the method as claimed in claim 1.
Dated this 13th may of January 2011.

AFZAL HASAN Of Tempus Law Associates Agent for the Applicant