FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT 1970,
(39 OF 1970)
&
THE PATENT RULES 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See Section 10 and Rule 13)
A MOSQUITO COIL FORMULATION AND A PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME
Applicant: Dr. GURAV SHAILENDRA
An Indian National,
of 'SADGURU NIWAS', A/P- KHARSUNDI, TAL- ATPADI, DIST- SANGLI- 415308, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
Inventors: 1. Dr. Gurav Shailendra Shivaji
2. Mrs. Gurav Nilambari Shailendra
3. Mr. Shendye Ninad Vijaykant
4. Dr. Sakharwade Satish Nilkanthrao
5. Dr. Tilloo Shrikant Keshaorao
6. Dr. Burade Kishorkumar Balkrishna
THE FOLLOWING SPECIFICATION PARTICULARLY DESCRIBES THE INVENTION AND THE MANNER IN WHICH IT IS TO BE PERFORMED.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a mosquito coil/stick formulation and a process for preparing the same.
BACKGROUND
Mosquito coil is mosquito-repelling incense. It is usually shaped into a spiral and typically made from a dried paste of pyrethrum powder. Mosquito coils comprise a material which burns emitting smoke combined with an insecticide. Mosquito coils are often used to knock down or repel flying insects. The coil is usually held at the center of the spiral, suspending it in the air, or wedged by two pieces of fireproof nettings to allow continuous smoldering. Burning usually begins at the outer end of the spiral and progresses slowly toward the centre of the spiral, producing a mosquito-repellent smoke. A typical mosquito coil can measure around 15 cm in diameter and lasts up to 8 hours. Mosquito coils are widely used in Asia, Africa, and South America.
Traditional mosquito coil compositions include approximately 25% or more of a residue from preparing pyrethrum known as pyrethrum marc, as it is thought this material is a necessary ingredient to produce an acceptable mosquito coil. In addition to the pyrethrum marc, the prime burning agent or fuel used for mosquito coils is coconut shell flour, tabu powder, sawdust, ground leaves, ground bark, starch, etc.
The widespread use of mosquito repellents and insecticides in public health programme has caused severe environmental pollution and potential health hazards. Introduction of new more toxic and rapidly disseminating mosquito repellents/pesticides into environment has necessitated accurate identification of their potential hazards to human health. Many of them are extremely toxic to mammals/and or other non-target organisms. The extent of hazard depends on the amount of residue and its toxicity. Mosquitoes are known to transmit many diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. Approximately 40 million people in India suffer from mosquito born diseases annually.
The active ingredients found in the known mosquito coils include Pyrethrum, Pyrethrins, Allethrin, Esbiothrin, Dibutyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT), Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and N-(2-ethylhexyl)-bicyclo-(2,2,l)hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboximide (MGK 264).
Some of the reprehensive patent documents disclosing mosquito coil are described herein below.

US patent No. 3248287 discloses a mosquito coil composition having insecticidal as well as repellent properties. The coil disclosed in US patent No. 3248287 is made up of pyrethrum marc fortified with dimethyl dichloro vinyl phosphate.
US patent No. 4144318 discloses a mosquito coil composition prepared by utilizing 16- 25% of potato starch as the binder along with a carrier selected from sawdust, coconut shell flour, pyrethrum marc and 0.5-3% of an insecticide selected from pyrethrum. resmethrin. bioallethrin and allethrin.
The known mosquito coils contains harmful synthetic ingredients such as pyrethroids which produces harmful effects on human being as well as environment.
Further, many mosquito coils and sticks are marketed for the control of mosquitoes, inferring or even claiming killing, in general consumers perceive that they only repel mosquitoes. The present inventors have verified this in numerous experimental trials wherein it has been found that although mosquitoes may be knocked down as well as repelled, these mosquitoes generally recover if removed from the smoke.
There clearly exists a need for a natural based combustible coil or stick containing an active ingredient that is capable of effectively controlling and in particular killing mosquitoes.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an eco- friendly mosquito coil/stick formulation.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a mosquito coil/stick formulation having improved burning properties.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a mosquito coil/stick formulation having improved structural integrity.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a mosquito coil/stick formulation having controllable and even-burning properties.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a mosquito coil/stick formulation which can effectively repel and kill mosquitoes.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a mosquito coil/stick formulation which has fewer side effects to human and the environment.

It is still further object of the present invention to provide a simple and economic process for quickly and easily producing high quality mosquito coils,
Other objects and advantages of the mosquito coil formulation and process for preparing the same will become more apparent from the following, more detailed description thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a combustible coil or stick formulation for controlling/repelling/killing mosquitoes; said formulation comprising:
- Neem {Azadirachta indica), in an amount of about 2 to 15% of the mass of the formulation;
- Vekhand (Acoruscalamus), in an amount of about 1 to 8 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Tulsi {Ocimum sanctum), in an amount of about J to 8 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Ajowan {Trachyspermumammi), in an amount of about 1 to 8 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Coconut shell powder (Cocosnucifera), in an amount of about 2 to 30 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Saw dust, in an amount of about 2 to 10 %ofthe mass of the formulation;
- Cow ghee, in an amount of about 2 to 14 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Peppermint oil {Menthapiperita), in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Lemon grass oil {Cymbopogoncitratus), in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Cow dung, in an amount of about 15 to 60% of the mass of the formulation;
- Starch paste in an amount of about 5 to 25% of the mass of the formulation; and

- Maida (Wheat flour), in an amount of about 4 to 15 % of the' mass of the
formulation,
wherein the said formulation is characterized by a burning time of at least 5 hours, preferably, between 6 to 12 hours.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention the coil formulation further comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of marigold (Tagetesminuta), nagarmotha (Cyperusrotundus),citronella oil. eucalyptus oil, cinnamon oil, castor oil, rosemary oil, lemongrass oil and cedar oil.
Typically, the proportion of Neem: Cow Dung is 1:5 to 1:10 and the proportion of Neem:Vekhand is 2:1 to 4:1. Typically, the proportion of Neem: Tulsi is 1:1 to 4:1. Typically, the proportion of Tulsi: Ajowan is 1:1 to 3:1 and the proportion of Tulsi: Cow Dung is 1:8 to 1:14. Typically, the proportion of Vekhand: Cow Dung is 1:8 to 1:20.
In accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention the coil formulation further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of emulsifying agents, accelerants or oxygen suppliers for the fuel; retardants; preservatives; colouring agents; and perfumes.
Typically, the accelerants or oxygen supplier is selected from the group consisting of potassium nitrate and kerosene, in an amount of 0-1% w/w.
Typically, the retardant is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, boric acid and talc, in an amount of 0-5% w/w.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of producing a combustible coil or stick; said method comprising the following steps:
- uniformly mixing the accurately weighed powdered material of neem, vekhand, tulsi and ajowan to obtain a first mixture;
- adding a powdered blend of accurately weighed saw dust and coconut shell powder to said first mixture followed by proper mixing to obtain a second mixture;
- weighing the pre-determined quantity of cow dung;

- incorporating accurately weighed amount of cow ghee to said cow dung to obtain a third mixture;
- adding said second mixture to said third mixture followed by incorporating predetermined quantities of lemongrass oil and peppermint oil and mixing;
- admixing accurately weighed maida and starch paste at a particular temperature to obtain a dump mass; and
- filling said mass in a mould followed by heating for a period of about 1 hour at 40 to 80°C in an oven to obtain a coil or stick.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for controlling/repelling/killing mosquitoes; said method comprising burning a coil or stick of the present invention so as to allow the insecticide to release from the coil or stick into the atmosphere to control mosquitoes.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
At present a number of mosquito repellents mainly in the form of mats, coils and liquid sprays are available in the market, however, they are associated with some drawbacks such as: i) they contain synthetic compounds eg. allethrin which causes health hazards, ii) they are not eco-friendly; iii) they are less potent, iv) their effective period is less: and v) they are costly as they are non- herbal based. The inventors of the present invention, after several experiments and trials, developed a combustible coil or stick formulation which obviates the drawbacks associated with known mosquito repellents. The inventors of the present invention developed a safe and biodegradable coil or stick formulation which has very low mammalian toxicity and which is capable of burning for a longer period and thereby having increased efficiency in controlling mosquitoes.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a combustible coil or stick formulation for controlling/repelling/killing mosquitoes. The coil or stick formulation of the present invention essentially contains Neem {Azadirachtaindica) in an amount of about 2 to 15% of the mass of the formulation; Vekhand (Acoruscalamus) in an amount of about 1 to 8 % of the mass of the formulation; Tulsi {Ocimum sanctum) in an amount of about 1 to S % of the mass of the formulation; Ajowan {Trachyspermumammi) in an amount of about 1 to 8 % of the mass of the formulation; Coconut shell powder {Cocosnucifera) in an amount of about 2 to 30 % of the mass of the formulation; Saw dust, in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation; Cow ghee, in an amount of about 2 to 14 % of the mass of the formulation; Peppermint oil

{Menthapiperita) in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation; Lemon grass oil {Cymbopogoncitratus) in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation; Cow dung, in an amount of about 15 to 60% of the mass of the formulation; Starch paste in an amount of about 5 to 25% of the mass of the formulation; and Maida (Wheat flour) in an amount of about 4 to 15 % of the mass of the formulation. Formulation (coil or stick) of the present invention is characterized by a burning time of at least 5 hours, preferably, between 6 to 12 hours.
The inventors of the present invention found that the following proportions of the ingredients are required to be maintained in order to achieve the desired efficacy of coil/stick.
- Neem : Cow Dung:- 1:5 to 1:10
- Neem : Vekhand:-2:1 to 4:1
- Neem:Tulsi:- 1:1 to 4:1
- Tulsi: Ajowan :- 1:1 to 3:1.
- Tulsi: Cow Dung:- 1:8 to 1:14.
- Vekhand: Cow Dung: - 1:8 to 1:20.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention said formulation further comprises at least one ingredient which includes but is not limited to at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of marigold (Tagetesminuta), nagarmotha (Cyperusrotundus),citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, cinnamon oil, castor oil, rosemary oil, lemongrass oil, cedar oil and the like.
The formulation may comprises other additives which include but are not limited to emulsifying agents, accelerants or oxygen suppliers for the fuel; retardants; preservatives; colouring agents; and perfumes.
The oxygen supplier or accelerant acts by increasing the rate at which the substrate combusts and thereby is able to control the rate at which the insecticide is released from the coil or stick. In addition, the accelerant acts to prevent premature extinguishment prior to the terminal end of the coil. Preferably, the oxygen supplier or accelerant is present in the coil or stick in an amount of 0-1% w/w. Suitable accelerants or oxygen suppliers for the fuel include but are not limited to potassium nitrate and kerosene.
The function of the retardant is to decrease the rate at which the substrate combusts and thereby is able to control the rate at which the insecticide is released from the coil or stick. Preferably, the

retardant is present in the coil or stick in an amount of 0-5% w/vv. Suitable retardants include but are not limited to potassium carbonate, boric acid and talc.
The function of the preservative is to prevent the growth of mould and micro-organisms that may otherwise affect the performance or appearance of the coil or stick. Preferably, the preservative is present in the coil or stick in an amount of 0-1% w/w. Suitable preservatives include but are not limited to sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate.
The colouring agent enables the coil or stick to be coloured for aesthetic reasons. Preferably, the colouring agent is present in the coil or stick in an amount of 0-5% w/w. Suitable colouring agents include but are not limited to malachite green, carmoisine red and rhodamine B.
The presence of a perfume in the coil or stick provides a consumer friendly scent when the coil is burned. Preferably, the perfume is present in the coil or stick in an amount of 0-1% w/w. Suitable perfumes include but are not limited to Peppermint oil, Lemongrass oil.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of producing a combustible coil or stick.
In accordance with one exemplary embodiment the method of producing a combustible coil or stick involves the following steps:
In the first step, accurately weighed powdered material of neem, vekhand, tulsi and ajowan are uniformly mixed together to obtain a first mixture. In this first mixture, a powdered blend of accurately weighed saw dust and coconut shell powder is added followed by proper mixing to obtain a second mixture.
In the second step, a pre-determined quantity of cow dung is weighed to which accurately weighed amount of cow ghee is incorporated to obtain a third mixture.
In the next step, the second mixture is added to the third mixture followed by incorporating predetermined quantities of lemongrass oil and peppermint oil and mixing. To this, accurately weighed maida and starch paste are admixed at a particular temperature to obtain a dump mass. Finally, the obtained mass is filled a mould followed by heating for a period of about I hour at 40 to 80 °C in an oven to obtain desired coil or stick.
The combustible coils or sticks of the present invention are in the form of traditional mosquito coils or incense sticks such as planar circular, hexagonal or other shaped helices and the like.

Typically, the process involves rolling or pressing a sheet of coiled dough to a uniform thickness, followed by cutting of coils and baking to remove moisture. Alternatively, moulding or other shaping processes (e.g. vacuum forming from paper pulp) could be used to give a similar final product.
At the terminal end of each coil, approximately in the centre, is a small aperture which is used to locate the mosquito coil on an upstanding pin, which forms part of a stand for the coil. This stand may also form part of a dish or tray which is used to collect the ashes of the combusted coil. Once located on the stand, the coil forms a continuous spiral with the beginning of the coil, which is where combustion commences, at a point exterior to the terminal end, which sits on the locating pin. In this way the continuous spiral forms a track which combusts from the outer beginning end to the mounted terminal end.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for controlling/repelling/killing mosquitoes; said method comprising burning a coil or stick prepared in accordance with the present invention so as to allow the insecticide to release from the coil or stick into the atmosphere to control mosquitoes.
The inventors of the present invention prepared various preliminary coil formulations so as to check and optimize the burning time of the coil. The inventors after conducting several trials found that the following proportions are required to be maintained in order to achieve the desired burning time (at least 5 hours).

Coconut shell powder: saw dust 1.25:1 to 6:1
Coconut shell powder: cow ghee 1.5:1 to 8:1
Saw dust: cow ghee 0.5:1 to 4:1
Below and above these ranges, it was found that the coil does not provide the required burning time and hence the mosquito repellent /killing activity is not long lasting. This is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
Example A:
Coil was prepared using the following composition wherein the proportion of Coconut shell powder
and saw dust was kept as 1:1.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 5

Tulsi 5
Ajowan 4
Coconut shell powder 5
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 6
Peppermint oil 4
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 43
Maida 5
Starch Paste 5
The total burning time was found to be 221 minutes.
Example B:
Coil was prepared using the following composition wherein the proportion of Coconut shell powder and saw dust was kept as 7:1.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 5
Tulsi 5
Ajowan 2
Coconut shell powder 14
Saw dust 2
Cow ghee 6
Peppermint oil 2
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 36
Maida 5
Starch Paste 5
The total burning time was found to be 242minutes.
Example C:
Coil was prepared using the following composition wherein the proportion of Coconut shell powder and cow ghee was kept as 1:1.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4

Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 6
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 6
Peppermint oil 4
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 46
Maida 5
Starch Paste 5
The total burning time was found to be 251 minutes.
Example D:
Coil was prepared using the following composition wherein the proportion of Coconut shell powder and cow ghee was kept as 12:1.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 24
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 2
Peppermint oil 8
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 30
Maida 3
Starch Paste 5
The total burning time was found to be 263 minutes.
Example E:
Coil was prepared using the following composition wherein the proportion of saw dust and cow ghee was kept as 0.4:1.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 12
Saw dust 1.2
Cow ghee 3
Peppermint oil 6
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 40
Maida 5
Starch Paste 5

The total burning time was found to be 247 minutes.
Example F:
Coil was prepared using the following composition wherein the proportion of saw dust and cow ghee was kept as 6:1.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 12
Saw dust 18
Cow ghee 3
Peppermint oil 7
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 30
Maida 3
Starch Paste 5
The total burning time was found to be 261 minutes.
The inventors further tried different proportions of active ingredients so as to optimize the efficacy of the coil/stick. The inventors found that when the proportion of Neem to Cow dung is kept below 1:5 the efficacy of the coil gets reduced. Therefore, in order to achieve the higher efficacy of the coil, it necessary to maintain the proportion of Neem to Cow dung from 1:5 to 1:10. This is illustrated and supported by the following results.
Testing of coil when the proportion of Neem:Cow Dung was kept 1:2

No. of Landings Percentage
landing Inhibition(A) No.
of
Bites Percentage
Bite Inhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage efficiency
(A+B)/2
Control 88±6 - 54±5 - - -
Present formulation 46±3 47.72 25±2 53.70 223 50.71
Testing of coil when the proportion of Neem:Cow Dung was kept 1:3
No. of Landings Percentage
landing
Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite
Inhibition(
B) Total Burning
Time(Min) Percentage
efficiency (A+B)/2
Control 88±6 - 54±5 - - -
Present Formulation 38±2 56.81 22±2 59.25 240 58.03
Testing of coil when the proportion of Neem:Cow Dung was kept 1:4
No. of Landings Percentage landing No. of Bites Percentage Bite Total Burning Percentage
efficiency

Inhibition(A) Inhibition( B) Time(Min) (A+B)/2
Control 88±6 - 54±5 - - -
Present Formulation 33±2 62.50 17±2 68.51 251 65.50
The evaluation procedure is described herein below in the specification.
Following examples illustrate the optimized formulations of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1: Formulation 1:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 12
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 6
Peppermint oil 4
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 40
Maida 5
Starch Paste 5
Example 2: Formulation 2:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram


Neem 5
Vekhand 2.5
Tulsi 5
Ajowan 4
Coconut shell powder 10
Saw dust 8
Cow ghee 4
Peppermint oil 3.5
Lemon grass oil 3
Cow dung 43
Maida 5
Starch Paste 7
Example 3 : Formulation 3;
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 10
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 10
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 2
Peppermint oil 2
Lemon grass oil 2

Starch Paste 4
Cow dung 50
Maida 4
Example 4: Formulation 4:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 12
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 6
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 40
Maida 6
Starch Paste 8
Example 5: Formulation 5:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4

Ajowan 4
Coconut shell powder 15
Saw dust 4
Cow ghee 6
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 40
Maida 4
Starch Paste 7
Example 6: Formulation 6:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan -> j
Coconut shell powder 12
Saw dust 4
Cow ghee 5
Lemon grass oil 4
Peppermint oil 3
Cow dung 40
Maida 3
Starch Paste 10
Example 7: Formulation 7:

A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 4
Starch Paste 11
Coconut shell powder 11
Saw dust 4
Cow ghee 6
Peppermint oil 4
Cow dung 40
Maida 4
Example 8: Formulation 8:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Meem 8
Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 12
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 6
Peppermint oil 4

Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 40
Maida 4
Starch Paste 6
Example 9:Formulation 9:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8
Vekhand 3
Starch Paste 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 10
Saw dust 5
Cow ghee 6
Peppermint oil 4
Lemon grass oil 3
Cow dung 40
Maida 10
Example 10:Formulation 10:
A mosquito coil was prepared using the following ingredients.

Ingredients Wt in gram
Neem 8

Vekhand 4
Tulsi 4
Ajowan 3
Coconut shell powder 16
Saw dust 3
Cow ghee 4
Peppermint oil 4
Lemon grass oil 4
Cow dung 40
Maida 5
Starch Paste 5
EVALUATION:
The trials were conducted in two rooms in the same house equipped with windows of same dimensions. Trials were conducted for 10 successive days in the month of September-October from 4:30 pm to 11:30 pm. Windows of these rooms were closed all the time except during the trials. Entry of any foreign substance other than mosquitoes was prohibited in the trial area and fans in the trial rooms were switched off during the whole trial period. For testing of each formulation, human volunteers were divided into three groups comprising five volunteers in each group. Human bare leg catch technique was utilized to evaluate the mosquito repellent action. In order to evaluate the present herbal preparation and the marketed preparation, the ignited formulation was kept at the center of the trial room and distance between the each volunteer and formulation was kept nearly same. The number of landings and number of bites of mosquitoes on the above specified area of bare legs of each volunteer were counted and compared with that of control group and marketed preparation group. Percentage landing Inhibition was calculated by dividing the difference between No. of mosquito landed in absence of mosquito repellent and No. of mosquito landed in presence of mosquito repellent by No. of mosquito landed in absence of mosquito repellent and multiplying the answer by 100. Percentage bite Inhibition was calculated by dividing the difference between No. of mosquito bites in absence of mosquito repellent and No. of mosquito bites in presence of mosquito repellent by No. of mosquito bites in absence of mosquito repellent and multiplying the answer by

100. Percentage efficiency was then calculated as the average of above two values. The results for each formulation are shown in the following tables. Number of landings and Number of bites are represented as Mean ± SEM.
Study I:
The comparative efficacy of each of the following coil formulation prepared in accordance with the
present invention was tested.
i. Formulation containing Cow Dung as an active ingredient
ii. Formulation containing Neem Leaf Powder as an active ingredient
iii. Formulation containing a combination of Cow Dung + Neem Leaf Powder

No. of Percentage No. of Percentage Percentage
Landings landing Bites Bite efficiency
Inhibition(A) Inhibition(B) (A+B)/2
Control 88 - 54 - -
Cow Dung 30±2 65.90 16±5 70.37 68.14
Only
Neem Leaf 36+3 59.09 12+2 77.77 68.43
Powder
Only
Cow 18±2 79.54 8+2 85.18 82.36
Dung+Neem
Leaf
Powder
ii) Percentage Bite Inhibition(B):

Calculation of i) Percentage landing Inhibition(A):

From the results as shown in the above table, it is clear that the coil formulation containing a combination of Cow Dung+Neem Leaf Powder exhibits enhanced efficacy.
Study II:

The comparative efficacy of each of the following coil formulation prepared in accordance with the present invention was tested and compared with the marketed formulation.
Formulation 1:
No. of Landings Percentage
landing
Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite Inhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage
efficiency
(A+B)/2
Control 88±6 - 54±5 - - -
Marketed Formulation 14±3 84.04 6±2 89.63 421 86.83
Present
Herbal
Formulation 13±3 85.18 5±2 91.73 359 88.45
Formulation 2:
No. of Landings Percentage
landing Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite
Tnhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage
efficiency
(A+B)/2
Control 86±6 - 42±3 - - -
Marketed Formulation 13±3 84.95 5±3 86.54 417 85.69
Present
Herbal
Formulation 13±4 85.00 4±2 90.72 356 87.86
Formulation 3:
No. of Landings Percentage
landing
Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite
Inhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage
efficiency (A+B)/2
Control 78±5 - 55±5 - - -
Marketed Formulation 16±2 80.72 7±3 88.11 416 84.41
Present
Herbal
Formulation 15±3 81.56 7±2 87.50 352 86.03
Formulation 4:
No. of Landings Percentage
landing
Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite Inhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage
efficiency
(A+B)/2
Control 82±5 - 47±3 - - -
Marketed Formulation 16±3 81.76 7±3 87.71 419 84.73
Present
Herbal
Formulation 14±3 83.76 4±3 86.67 355 85.21
Formulation 5:

No. of Landings | Percentage landing No. of Bites Percentage Bite Total Burning Percentage
efficiency

Inhibition(A) Inhibition(B) Time(Min) (A+B)/2
Control 77±3 - 43±3 - - -
Marketed Formulation 21±1 74.43 8±1 83.44 413 78.93
Present
Herbal
Formulation 18±1 77.86 5±1 88.39 331 83.12
Formulation 6:
No. of Landings Percentage
landing
Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite Inhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage
efficiency (A+B)/2
Control 82±6 - 51±5 - - -
Marketed Formulation 16±3 80.36 7±2 86.78 418 83.57
Present
Herbal
Formulation 15±3 83.55 5±2 89.34 339 86.45
Formulation 7:

No. of Percentage No. of Percentage Total Percentage
Landings landing Bites Bite Burning efficiency
Inhibition(A) Inhibition(B) Time(Min) (A+B)/2
Control 67±5 - 44±5 - - -
Marketed 21±2 68.05 9±3 80.61 414 74.33
Formulation
Present Herbal 23±2 66.12 10±3 78.05 341 72.08
Formulation
Formulation 8:

No. of Landings Percentage
landing Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite Inhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage
efficiency
(A+B)/2
Control 78±6 - 51±3 - - -
Marketed Formulation 27±2 65.37 I6±2 68.71 419 67.04
Present
Herbal
Formulation 28±2 63.92 17±3 68.80 353 66.36
Formulation 9:
No. of Landings Percentage landing
Inhibition(A) No. of Bites Percentage
Bite Inhibition(B) Total
Burning
Time(Min) Percentage efficiency
(A+B)/2
Control 64±5 - 39±5 - - -
Marketed Formulation 23±2 67.59 6±3 85.48 423 76.54
Present
Herbal
Formulation 27±2 68.87 7±3 83.39 342 76.13

Formulation 10:
No. of Percentage No. of Percentage Total Percentage
Landings landing Bites Bite Burning efficiency
Inhibition(A) Inhibition(B) Time(Min) (A+B)/2
Control 81 ±5 - 57±5 - - -
Marketed 22±3 73.87 8±3 89.83 422 81.85
Formulation
Present 17±3 79.63 3±2 96.07 333 87.85
Herbal
Formulation
From the results as shown in the above table, it is clear that the coil formulation of the present invention exhibits enhanced efficacy compared to the marketed preparation.
ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT MOSQUITO COIL:
1. It is devoid of harmful synthetic ingredients like pyrethroids which cause hyper excitation of nervous system and which is not good for asthmatic patients.
2. It is eco-friendly as it is not only manufactured by using ingredients from natural source only but also the products formed after its ignition cause no harm to the nature and are nontoxic . Thus, this product is hygienic and safe.
3. The combination of neem leaves and cow dung produces antiviral effect; hence this product may act not only against bacteria but also against viruses,
4. Vekhand and ajowan used in this formulation impart tranquilizing and antiseptic action, thus this product is not only aesthetic but also of medicinal importance.
5. This product does not produce foul odour (as that of products containing synthetic mosquito repellent chemicals) due to the use of lemon grass oil and peppermint oil which impart good smell along with disinfectant activity.
6. This product consists of cow dung which is readily available and its testing for radio protective activity has given promising results. Thus the product utilizes such an ingredient which is the excretion product of the cow, thereby facilitating the recycle process in the nature.

7. It has lesser cost than synthetic mosquito repellents.
8. The manufacturing process causes no harm to the environment and does not lead to generation of harmful waste chemicals during the manufacturing process as that of synthetic one.
Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
The use of the expression "at least" or "at least one" suggests the use of one or more elements or ingredients or quantities, as the use may be in the embodiment of the disclosure to achieve one or more of the desired objects or results.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the disclosure as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.
The numerical values mentioned for the various physical parameters, dimensions or quantities are only approximations and it is envisaged that the values higher/lower than the numerical values assigned to the parameters, dimensions or quantities fall within the scope of the invention, unless there is a statement in the specification specific to the contrary. Wherever a range of values is specified, a value up to 10% below and above the lowest and highest numerical value respectively, of the specified range, is included in the scope of the invention.
In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles of the present invention can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are exemplary only.
While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the particular features of this invention, it will be appreciated that various modifications can be made, and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiments without departing from the principle of the invention. These and other modifications in the nature of the invention or the preferred embodiments will be apparent to those

skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the invention and not as a limitation.

I claim:
1. A combustible coil or stick formulation for controlling/repelling/killing mosquitoes: said
formulation comprising:
- Neem (Azadirachta indicd), in an amount of about 2 to 15% of the mass of the formulation;
- Vekhand (Acoruscalamus), in an amount of about 1 to 8 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), in an amount of about 1 to 8 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Ajowan (Trachyspermumammi), in an amount of about 1 to 8 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Coconut shell powder (Cocosmtcifera), in an amount of about 2 to 30 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Sawdust, in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Cow ghee, in an amount of about 2 to 14 % ofthe mass of the formulation;
- Peppermint oil (Menthapiperita), in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Lemon grass oil {Cymbopogoncitratus), in an amount of about 2 to 10 % of the mass of the formulation;
- Cow dung, in an amount of about 15 to 60% of the mass of the formulation;
- Starch paste in an amount of about 5 to 25% of the mass of the formulation; and
- Maida (Wheat flour), in an amount of about 4 to 15 % of the mass of the formulation,
wherein the said formulation is characterized by a burning time of at least 5 hours, preferably, between 6 to 12 hours.
2. The formulation as claimed in claim 1 further comprises at least one ingredient selected
from the group consisting of marigold (Tagetesminuta), nagarmotha
(Cyperusrotundus),citronella oil eucalyptus oil, cinnamon oil, castor oil, rosemary oil,
lemongrass oil and cedar oil.

3. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of Neem: Cow Dung is 1:5 to 1:10 and the proportion of Neem:Vekhand is 2:1 to 4:1.
4. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of Neem: Tulsi is 1:1 to 4:1.
5. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of Tulsi: Ajowan is 1:1 to 3:1 and the proportion of Tulsi: Cow Dung is 1:8 to 1:14.
6. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, the proportion of Vekhand: Cow Dung is 1:8 to 1:20.
7. The formulation as claimed in claim 1 further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of emulsifying agents, accelerants or oxygen suppliers for the fuel; retardants; preservatives; colouring agents; and perfumes.
8. The formulation as claimed in claim 7, wherein the accelerants or oxygen supplier is selected from the group consisting of potassium nitrate and kerosene, in an amount of 0-1% w/w and the retardant is selected from the group consisting of potassium carbonate, boric acid and talc, in an amount of 0-5% w/w.
9. A method of producing a combustible coil or stick comprising the following steps:

- uniformly mixing the powdered material of neem (2-15% w/w), vekhand (1-8% w/w), tulsi (1-8% w/w) and ajowan (1-8% w/w to obtain a first mixture;
- adding a powdered blend of saw dust (2-10% w/w) and coconut shell powder (2-30% w/w) to said first mixture followed by proper mixing to obtain a second mixture;
- incorporating cow ghee (2-14% w/w) to cow dung (15-60% w/w) to obtain a third mixture;
- adding said second mixture to said third mixture followed by incorporating lemongrass oil (2-10% w/w) and peppermint oil (2-10% w/w) and mixing to obtain a fourth mixture;
- admixing maida (4-15% w/w) and starch paste (5-25% w/w) with the fourth mixture at a particular temperature to obtain a dump mass; and

- filling said mass in a mould followed by heating for a period of about 1 hour at 40 to 80 C in an oven to obtain a combustible coil or stick.
10. A method for controlling/repelling/killing mosquitoes; said method comprising burning a
coil or stick as claimed in claim I so as to allow the insecticide to release from the coil or
stick into the atmosphere to control mosquitoes.