Specification
Field of the invention:
The present invention relates to a process for preparing 10, 11-methanobenzosuberane derivatives.
Background of the Invention:
Among the problems faced in certain types of drug therapy, including cancer chemotherpy and malaria drug therapy, is the phenomena of resistance to treatment regimens. The resistance means, for example, that: cancerous tumors that responded well initially to a particular drug, or drugs, later develop a tolerance to the drug(s) . Drug resistance is the name given to the circumstance wh en a disease does not respond to a treatment drug or drugs. Drug resistance can be either intrinaic which means the oxsease has never been responsive to the drog(s), or it can be acquired, which
that the disease had previously been responsive to. Multidrug resistance is a specific type of drug resistance that is characterized by cross-resistance of a disease to more than one functionally and/or structurally unrelated drugs. Multidrug resistance in the field of cancer, is discussed in greater detail in Kuzmich and Tew, "Detoxification Mechanisms and Tumor Cell Resistance to Anticancer Drugs," particularly section VII "The Multidrug-Resistant Phenotype (MDR)," Medical Research Reviews, Vol. 11, Ho. 2, 185-217, particularly 208-213 (1991); and in Georges, Sharon and Ling, "Multidrug Resistance and Chemosensitaxation: Therapeutic Implications for Cancer Chemotherapy, " Advances in Pharmacology, Vol. 21. 185-220 (1990).
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Treatment of drug and multidrug resistance typically involves the coadministration of a drug suitable for treatment of the disease and a compound which acts through various mechanisms to cause the drug suitable for treatment of a disease to begin and/or continue to function as a therapeutic agent.
U.S. patent 5,654,304 (304), incorporated by-reference herein, discloses a series of 10,11-(optionally substituted) methanodibenzosuberane derivatives useful in enhancing the efficacy of existing cancer cheznotherapeutics and for treating multidrug resistance. (2R) -anti-5-{3- [4- (10,11-Difluoromethanodibenzosuber-5-yl) piperazin-1-yl ] -2 -hydroxypropoxy } quinoline trihydrochloride is disclosed in 304 and is currently under development as a pharmaceutical agent.
A crystalline form of this compound, which can be conveniently formulated for administration to patients, is highly desirable. Thus, there is a need to prepare (2R)-anti-5-{3-[4-(10,11-
difluoromethanodibenzosuber-5-yl) piperazin-1-yl] -2-hydroxypropoxy}quinoline trihydrochloride as a pure, highly crystalline solid in order to fulfill exacting pharmaceutical requirements and specifications.
Preferably, such a crystalline compound will be readily formed and have favorable bulk or pharmaceutical characteristics. Examples of favorable bulk characteristic are drying times, filterability, solubility, intrinsic dissolution, thermal stability, and hygroscopicity. Examples of favorable pharmaceutical characteristics are purity and potency. Decreased organic solvents in the crystalline structure is favorable, due in part to potential solvent toxicity to the recipient as a function of the solvent. Furthermore,
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the process for preparing crystalline compounds also needs to be conveniently carried out on commercial scale.
Although the 10,11-methanedibenzosuberanes prepared by the procedures taught in 304 could be used as a pharmaceutical, "one cannot predict which compounds will be polymorphic (Florence and Attwood, Physicochendcal Principles of Pharmacy, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall, New York, N.Y., 1988, pages 23-24), it would be highly desired and advantageous to find a more crystalline form of (2R)-anti-5-{3-[4-(10,11-difluoromethanodibenzosuber-5-yl)piperazin-l-yl]-2-hydroxypropoxy}quinoline trihydrochloride having the advantageous properties described above. The preparation of the new crystalline form of the present invention fulfills these desirable features.
Additionally, there is need for an improved process for the preparation 10,11-(optionally substituted) methanodibenzosuberane derivatives which is more efficient and adaptable to large scale processing than those previously employed, for example in 304. Advantages of an improved process may include, for example, improved stereoselectivity, purity, and yield.
The present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (1)
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wherein A is -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CHRa-CH2-, -CH2-CHRa-CH2-CH2-,
and Ra is OH; R1 is H. F, Cl, or Br; R2 is H, F, Cl, or Br; and R3 is heteroaryl or phenyl, each optionally substituted
with F, Cl, Br, CF3, CN, N02, or 0CHF2; or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting a compound of formula (4)
with a nucleophile source to form a compound of formula (5)
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wherein X is a leaving group;
(b) reacting a compound of formula (5) with pyrazine to provide a compound of formula (6)
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(c) reducing the compound of formula (6) to provide a compound of formula (8) :
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(d) reacting a compound of formula (8) with,
either:
(i) an epoxy compound of formula (9)
i>—(CH2)a-O-R3 (9)
wherein R3 is as defined above, and n is an integer 1 or 2; or (ii) a halo compound of formula (10)
X1-(CH2)m-O-R3 (10)
wherein R3 is as defined above, X1 is halo, and m is 2, 3 or 4; and
(e) optionally forming a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt from the compound produced in step (d).
The present invention also provides an improved process for preparing a compound of formula {4}:
comprising reacting dibenzosuberenone with an alkali trihaloacetate to produce an intermediate 10,11-{optionally substituted)methanodibenzosuberone and reducing said intermediate, wherein both reactions are performed in one operational step.
The ability to perform both reactions in one operational step is an advantage over the prior art. U.S. patent 5,654,304 teaches a step-wise preparation of the 10,11-(optionally substituted)methanodibenzosuberol, beginning with preparation and isolation of 10,11-
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(optionally substituted) methanodibenzosuberone from dibenzosuberenone (2) in diglyme and sodium trihaloacetate (e.g., sodium chlorodifluoroacetate) in diglyme at a temperature of 160°C to 165°C followed by reduction of the intermediate 10,11-(optionally substituted)methanodibenzosuberone (3) to afford the corresponding 10,11-(optionally substituted)methano dibenzosuberol.
Additionally, the present invention contemplates a compound of formula (6)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H, F, Cl or Br and X is leaving group selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, OKs, and OTs.
Moreover, the present invention provides a novel hydrate crystal form of (2R)-anti-5-{3-[4- (10,11-dif luoromethanodibenzosuber-5-yl) piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxypropoxy}quinoline trihydrochloride ("Hydrate I"), having an X-ray diffraction pattern which comprises the following peaks corresponding to d spacings: 7.95 +/-0.04 A when obtained at 22 ±2°C and 31 ±10% relative humidity from a copper radiation source.
The present invention also provides the novel hydrate a characterized above, having an X-ray diffraction pattern further comprising the following
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peaks: 9.93, 4.45, and 3.36 +/- 0.04 A when obtained at 22 ±2°C and 31 ±10% relative humidity from a copper radiation source.
The present invention further provides a method of treatment for a drug resistant disease comprising coadministering to a mammal in need thereof a resistance modulating amount of Hydrate I and an effective amount of a treatment drug for said drug resistant disease.
The present invention further provides a method of treatment for a multidrug resistant disease comprising coadministering to a mammal in need thereof a multidrug resistance modulating amount of Hydrate I and an effective amount of a treatment drug for said multidrug resistant disease.
The present invention further provides a method for enhancing bioavailability of a drug to the brain, comprising coadministering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of said drag and Hydrate I sufficient enough to allow said drug to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
The present invention further provides a method for enhancing oral bioavailability of a drug comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of said drug and Hydrate I sufficient enough to allow said drug to be transported across the gastrointestinal tract and enter the bloodstream.
The present invention further provides a solvate of (2R)-anti-5-{3-[4-(10,11-dif -luoroxnethanodibenzosuber-5-yl) piperazin-1-yl] -2-hydroxypropoxy} quinoline trihydrochloride.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 is a representative solid state NMR spectrum of Hydrate I.
Figure 2 depicts a representative XRD pattern of Hydrate I.
Figure 3 depicts the XRD pattern, showing systematic shifts in peak positions as a function of the variable water content in the lattice of Hydrate I.
Figures 4 representative solid state NMR spectra for representative solvates.
Figure 5 is depicts representative XRD patterns for representative solvates.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions and General Parameters
The following definitions are set forth to illustrate and define the meaning and scope of the various terms used to describe the invention herein.
In general, the term "pharmaceutical" when used as an adjective means substantially non-toxic to living organisms. For example, the term "pharmaceutical salt" as used herein, refers to salts of the compounds of formula I which are substantially non-toxic to living organisms. See, e.g., Berge, S.M, Bighley, L.D., and Monxhouse, D.C., "Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sci., 66:1, 1977. Typical pharmaceutical salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds of formula I with an inorganic or organic acid or base. Such salts are known as acid addition or base addition salts respectively. These pharmaceutical salts frequently have enhanced solubility characteristics compared to the
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compound from which they are derived, and thus are often more amenable to formulation as liquids or emulsions.
The term "cancer therapeutic agent" refers to compounds, which have an anticancer therapeutic effect . Such compounds are non-antimetabolites such as anthracycline group antibiotics, e.g. adriamycin, daunomycin, doxorubicin, or acrasinomycin A; actinomycdn group antibiotics, e.g. actimomycin C or D; chromomycin group antibiotics, e.g. mithramycin or toyomycin; vincoalkaloids, e.g. vincristine, or vinblastine; meitansins; podophyllotoxin derivatives, e.g. VP16-213; homoharintonin; angwindin; bruceantin; neocarcinostatin; anthromycin; mitomycin C; and cisplatin. Additional cancer therapeutic agents may be found in the medical literature, for example, Section XIII, "Chemotherapy off Neoplastic Diseases" in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Seventh Edition, pages 1240-1306 (1985).
The term "bioavailability" refers to the degree and rate at which a drug, or other substance, becomes available to a target tissue within a mammal.
The term "coadministering" means a disease treatment drug and Hydrate I are given to a mammal. The drug and Hydrate I are given to a mammal simultaneously or at different times.
The term "drug resistance" refers to the circumstance when a disease does not respond to a treatment drug or drugs. Drug resistance can be either intrinsic, which means the disease has never been responsive to the drug or drugs, or it can be acquired which means the disease ceases responding to a drug or drugs that the disease had previously responded to.
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Multidrug resistance" means a specific type of drug resistance characterized by cross-resistance of a disease to more than one functionally and/or structurally unrelated drugs. Multidrug resistance can be either intrinsic or acquired.
The term "acid addition salt" refers to a salt of a compound of formula I prepared by reaction of a compound of formula I with a mineral or organic acid. For exemplification of pharmaceutical acid addition salts see, e.g., Berge, S.M. Bighley, L.D., and Monkhouse, D.C., J. Pharm. Sci., 66:1, 1977. Since compounds of this invention can be basic in nature, they accordingly react with any of a number of inorganic and organic acids to form pharmaceutical acid addition salts.
Acids commonly employed to form acid addition salts are inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid., citric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid, raono- di- and tricarboxylic acids and the like. Examples of such pharmaceutically acceptable salts are the sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caproate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1,4-dioate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate,
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phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, b-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, mandelate and the like.
In the general formulae of the present document, the general chemical terms have their usual meanings. For example, the term "halo" refers to halogen, for example, fluoro, bromo, chloro and iodo.
The term "alkyl" refers to a fully saturated monovalent radical containing only carbon and hydrogen, and which may be a cyclic, branched or straight chain radical. This term is further exemplified by radicals such as methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, pentyl, pivalyl, heptyl and adamantyl.
The term "lower alkyl" refers to branched or straight chain monovalent alkyl radical of one to six carbon atoms, and optionally to a cyclic monovalent alkyl radical of three to six carbon atoms. This term is further exemplified by such radicals as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl (or 2-methylpropyl), cyclopropyl-methyl, i-amyl, n-amyl, and hexyl.
The term "alkylene" refers to a fully saturated divalent radical containing only carbon and hydrogen, and which may be a branched or straight chain radical. This term is further exemplified by radicals such as methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, t-butylene, i-pentylene, and n-heptylene.
The term "lower alkylene" refers to a divalent alkyl radical of one to six carbon atoms. This term is further exemplified by such radicals as methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, i-propylene, n-butylene,
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t-butylene, i-butylene (or 2-methylpropylene), isoamylene, pentylene, and n-hexylene.
The term "aryl" refers to a phenyl or naphthyl group which may be optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluororaethyl, cyano, nitro and difluoromethoxy.
The term "heteroaryl" refers to a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic radical having at least one hetero atom, such as N, 0, or S, within the ring, such as quinolinyl, benzofuranyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, carbazolyl, norharmanyl, harmanyl, indazolyl, 5-nitroindazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, anthranilyl, lutidinyl, collidinyl, acridinyl and isoquinolinyl. The heteroaryl group may optionally be substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro and di fluoromethoxy.
"Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.
The term "leaving group" as used herein refers to a group cleavable from the substrate molecule during a reaction step and comprises a halo group, sulfonates (e.g., mesylate (OMs) or tosylate (OTs)) and the like known in the art as leaving groups.
The term "nucleophile source" as used herein describes a group capable of effecting a nucleophilic substitution on an alcohol. Such groups include halogenic acids such as HCl, HBr or HI and sulfonic
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acids, sulfonic anhydrides or sulfonic acid halides e.g ., methanesulfonic acid chloride.
The term "hydrate" as used herein describes the crystalline lattice which can contain variable amounts of water depending upon the relative humidity in the storage conditions. Preferably, Hydrate I contains from about 9% to about 13% water and less than about 1% organic solvents.
As used herein the terms "5H-
dibenzb[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one, and "dibenzosuberenone" are synonymous.
The terms and abbreviations used herein have their normal meanings unless otherwise designated, for example, "°C" refers to degrees Celsius; "N" refers to normal or normality; "mmol" refers to millimole or millimoles; "g" refers to gram or grams; "d" refers to density, "min." refers to minutes, "mL" means milliliteir or milliliters; "M" refers to molar or molarity; "HPLC" refers to high performance liquid chromatography; "mm" refers to millimeters; "cm" refers to centimeters; "nm* refers to nanometers; and "tr" refers to retention time.
The present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (1)
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PCT/US00/09826
wherein A is -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CHRa-CH2-, -CH2-CHRa-CH2-CH2- ,
and R" is OH; R1 is H, F, Cl, or Br; R2 is H, F, Cl, or Br; and R3 is heteroaryl or phenyl. each optionally substituted
with F, d. Br, CF3, CN, N02. or OC3IF2; or the pharxnaceutically acceptable salts thereof, conprising the steps of:
(a) reacting a compound of formula (4)
with a nucleophile source to form a compound of formula (5)
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wherein X is a leaving group;
(b) reacting a compound of formula (5) with pyrazine to provide a compound of formula (6)
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(c) reducing the compound of formula (6) to provide a compound of formula (8) :
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(d) reacting a compound of formula (8) with
either:
(i) an epoxy compound of formula (9)
wherein R3 is as defined above, and n is an integer 1 or 2; or (ii) a halo compound of formula (10)
wherein R3 is as defined above, X1 is halo, and m is 2, 3 or 4; and
(e) optionally forming a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt from the compound produced in step (d) .
In a preferred aspect the present invention ±s a procedure as shown in scheme 1, to afford 10,11-{optionally substituted) methanodibenzosuberol in a single operational step from dibenzosuberenone.
This embodiment of the present invention provides the advantage of efficiency, ease of processing, reduced cost of manufacture and a more environment-friendly process over the teaching of U.S. patent 5,654,304. These advantages are made possible by the use
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of, and increased solubility of lithium trihaloacetate salt. The higher reaction concentration incident to increased solubility of the lithium salt and reduction in solvent volumes compared to prior art provide increased throughput and reaction rate. These advantages are also made possible by the higher reaction temperature made possible by the use of triglyme, which also enhances the rate of reaction. For specific reaction conditions see steps (a) and (b) of scheme 4.
Preferably 1-(aryloxy or heteroaryloxy)-2,3-epoxypropane, 1-(aryloxy or heteroaryloxy) -3,4-epoxybutane, or aryloxy- or heteroaryloxyalkyl halide, and a 1-[10,11-(optionally substituted)methano-dibenzosuber-5-yl] piperazine are combined to give the corresponding 10,11-methanodibenzosurberane derivative of Formula (1).
A further embodiment of this invention provides a process for preparing the anti isomer of the novel 10,11- (optionally substituted) methanodibenzosuberyl pyrazinium salt compound of formula (6). This embodiment of the invention is illustrated in scheme 2 below:
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In this embodiment the 10,11-(optionally
substituted)methanodibenzosuberol compound of formula (4 ) is reacted with a nucleophile source such as a strong acid, for example hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride or methanesulfonic acid. The incipient hydronium ion is displaced in-situ with the nucleophilic conjugate base of the acid such as the bromide ion or chloride ion or methanesulfonate ion to form the compound of formula (5) where X is bromide, chloride, or methanesulfonate. The sulfonate ester analogs of (5) may be preferably accessed by the use of the corresponding sulfonic acid anhydride or sulfonic acid halide. The compound of formula (5) is reacted with pyrazine to form the compound of formula (6) . The compound of formula (6) is novel and is a further embodiment of this invention.
Dibenzo[5.1.0]bicyclooctadiene derivatives, as well as derivatives of related ring systems have been found to form stable carbocations. It. has been reported that treatment of 2,3,5,6-dibenzo-4-
hydroxy[5.1.0]bicycloocta-2,5-diene with fluorosulfuric acid at -78 °C or sulfuric acid at room temperature provided solutions of the corresponding
dibenzohomotropylium ion, which was characterized by NMR (see Childs, R.F.; Brown, M.A.; Anet, F.A.L.; Winstein, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 2175. See also: Berti, G. J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 230. Looker, J.J. J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 1304.) Typically, nucleophilic reactions at the benzylic position in these systems will proceed primarily by a Swl-type mechanism, giving rise to mixtures of syn and anti products via a carbocation intermediate. The present invention, however, provides the anti bromide analog of (5) which is obtained as the exclusive product
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in good yield from syn alcohol precursor (4) . The corresponding anti alcohol also gave rise to the anti bromide analog of (5) exclusively under the same bromination conditions. General teachings on halogenation or sulfonation of alcohols are given in reference texts such as March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry/ 3rd edition, 1985, John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, and Larock R. C, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 1989 VCH Publishers, New York, New York.
The 10,11-(optionally substituted) dibenzosuberylhalide or sulfonate (5) obtained as described above is then reacted with pyrazine in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane, to form the pyrazinium salt compound of formula (6). Nucleophilic reactions of nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycles , particularly pyrazine, with bromide analog of (5), result in exclusive formation of anti quaternary salts, for example the pyrazinium salt compound of formula (6).
A further embodiment of this invention is represented by scheme 3 below;
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This embodiment of the invention, utilizes the 10,11-(optionally substituted)methanodibenzosuberyl pyraziniuzn salt compound of formula (6) obtained from the processes of the invention as described above. In this embodiment the 10,11-(optionally
substituted)methanodibenzosuberyl pyrazinium salt compound of formula (6), is reduced using conditions capable of reducing the pyrazine ring to afford the piperazine compound of formula (8) . Reduction of the pyrazinium salt compound of formula (6) can be
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accomplished by hydrogenation or metal hydride reductions, for example lithium tetrahydroaluminum hydrides, sodium borohydride and other similar reducing agents known to one skilled in the art. Preferred reducing agents for the purpose of this invention include lithium borohydride and sodium borohydride. The reduction using lithium or sodium borohydride is typically aided by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. The reduction product is typically isolated as the acid salt by treatment of the product solution with concentrated aqueous or anhydrous acid, for example concentrated hydrochloric acid. Reductions of pyrazinium salts and pyridinium salts have been reported in the literature. See for example, Dykstra, S.J.; Minielli, J.L.; Lawson, J.E. J. Med. Chem. 1973, 16, 1015. Bugle, R.C.; Osteryoung, R.A. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 1719. Ashcroft, W.R.; Joule, J.A. Heterocycles 1981, 16, 1883.
The 10,11-(optionally substituted)methano dibenzosuberylpiperazine acid salt (7) is neutralized to afford the free base compound of formula (8) employing an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and the like. Most preferred is the use of powdered potassium carbonate in protic solvents such as ethanol. One skilled in the art is aware that aqueous inorganic bases may also be employed. Furthermore, one skilled in the art can appreciate that mild organic bases, such as triethylamine, may also be employed to effect this neutralization.
The compound of formula (8) is reacted with either the compound of formula (9) or the compound of formula (10) to afford the compound of formula (1).
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Preparation of compounds of formula (8) and (9) are described in U.S. patents Nos. 5,643,909 and 5,654,304, incorporated herein by reference. The use of the compounds of formula (8) wherein R3 is the quinolinyl group is preferred. Most preferred is the use of compounds of formula (8) wherein the group R3 is the quinolin-5-yl group. Improved procedures for preparing the preferred embodiment of compound (8) wherein R3 is the quinolin-5-yl group are disclosed infra in this application. The compound of formula (1) may be optionally reacted with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid to form the acid salt. Preferred acids include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, sulfuric acid, camphorsulphonic acid and the like.
A general preparative route to the compounds of formula {1), according to the present invention, is given in Scheme 4 below:
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Various embodiments of this invention are incorporated in Scheme 4. For example, in scheme 4, steps (a) and (b) encompass one embodiment, steps (a)
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through (d) encompass a further embodiment and steps (a) through (g) encompass a further embodiment of this invention wherein all embodiments have been described supra. The starting material for the purpose of this invention is 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one (dibenzosuberenone), which is commercially available, e.g., from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Other reactants are likewise commercially available or may be readily prepared by one of skill in the art.
Step (a): A solution of an alkali
trihaloacetate is added over a period of about 4 to about 8 hours, preferably about 6 hours, to a solution of dibenzosuberenone with stirring and under nitrogen while maintaining the reaction temperature preferable from about 160 to about 165 °C. The reaction mixture is brought to room temperature, then poured into water and extracted, preferably with ether. The desired 10,11-
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