The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a gastro-
retentive oral drug delivery system comprising a highly porous matrix comprising at least one drug substance, sugar(s), gas generating components and optionally, pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary components. The pharmaceutical composition, either in the form of pellets (multiparticulate or single unit dosage form), beads, granules or capsules, is retained in the stomach while selectively delivering the drug(s) at gastric levels and upper parts of the small intestine over an extended period of time.
An orally administered drug delivery system is exposed to a wide range of highly variable conditions, such as pH, agitation intensity, gastric emptying times and composition of the gastrointestinal fluids during its transit through the digestive tract. In addition, presence of food in the tract may affect the dosage form performance. Therefore, to design an optimum oral controlled release system it is necessary to take into account the physico-chemical and physiological environment of the gastrointestinal tract. The conventional approaches to controlled release formulation known in the art are not applicable to a variety of drugs having an "absorption window" in the stomach or upper parts of small intestine. Furthermore, it is advantageous to retain the dosage form in the stomach thereby increasing the contact time for local activity and to achieve better therapeutic efficacy for the diseases which are confined to the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as peptic and duodenal ulcers.
It is readily apparent that a sustained release formulation which slowly releases medicament over an extended period and is retained in the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract for a prolonged period would be desirable for such diseases.
The prior art discloses various approaches for therapeutic dosage forms which are designed to be retained in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract and possess sustained release characteristics.
U.S. Patent No. 5,780,057 discloses a pharmaceutical tablet having a multilayer structure wherein at least one layer swells in the presence of biological aqueous fluids resulting in an increase by at least 50% of the total volume of the tablet and thereby allegedly exhibiting a high residence time in the stomach and/or in the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The swellable layer, being a granular mixture of biocompatible hydrophilic polymers and highly swellable (super disintegrating) polymers, allegedly acts as a barrier and allegedly modulates the slow release of the active ingredient from the pharmaceutical form. It is believed that the expanded dosage
forms COUld block the pyloric sphincter or could cause unfavorable conditions following multiple dosing resulting from retention of swollen dosage units in the stomach.
U.S. Patent No. 5,651,985 discloses a composition comprising 30-90%, by weight of the composition, a homogenous mixture of polymers containing lactam groups and polymers containing carboxyl groups as gel forming agents, which swells to form a gel of allegedly high mechanical and dimensional stability in the aqueous environment of the stomach. It is believed that as the concentration of the polymers is very high, the dosage forms containing a high dose medicament would be large and inconvenient for oral administration.
U.S. Patent No. 5,007,790 discloses a sustained-release oral drug dosage form comprising a plurality of solid particles of a solid - state drug dispersed within a hydrophilic, water swellable polymer that swells on imbibition of gastric fluid to increase the particle size to a level that promotes retention in the stomach over said time period, permitting dissolution of the dispersed drug and release of the resulting solution through a leaching action. The swellable polymer also allegedly maintains its physical integrity for at least a substantial portion of the time period during which the drug is released into the stomach and thereafter, rapidly dissolves. It is well recognized by those skilled in the art that it may be difficult to obtain the desired rate of release for a drug that has a high water solubility from such multiparticulate systems as described in this patent, in which the drug first undergoes dissolution followed by release of the resulting solution by leaching action.
U.S. Patent No. 5,169,638 discloses a buoyancy controlled release powder formulation for releasing a pharmaceutical of a basic character regardless of the pH of the environment and which formulation includes upto about 45% by weight of a pH dependent polymer which is a water soluble salt of a polyuronic acid and upto about 35% by weight of a pH independent hydrocolloid gelling agent having a viscosity from about 50 to about 100,000 centipoises in a 2% solution at 20°C. The said formulation allegedly floats in the gastric fluid and release the drug at a controlled rate irrespective of the pH of the environment. However, the invention is particularly adapted for release of medicaments of only basic nature. Acidic drugs are not amenable for this system.
U.S. Patent No. 4,814,179 discloses a floating, sustained release therapeutic composition in form of a non-compressed tablet having a network of multitudinous air holes and passages therein and a density of less than one comprising a matrix
containing 0.5 - 4% gelling agent, 10-20% oil, 50-75% therapeutic agent and water. As
exemplified therein, the preparation of non-compressed tablet requires unconventional processing techniques and uses molds with cylindrical holes for the same. This involves manufacturing difficulties and are cost enhancing too.
U.S. Patent No. 4,702,918 discloses a floating, sustained release formulation
formed by heating a mixture of a gelling agent (cellulose or starch derivative) and a
fat/oil which is solid at room temperature. A sustained - release capsule dosage form
as disclosed therein contains a mixture of (a) from about 10 to about 90% by weight of
a cellulose derivative or a starch derivative which forms a gel in water and (b) from
about 90 to 10% by weight of a higher fatty acid glyceride or higher alcohol or a mixture
thereof which is solid at room temperature and (c) from 0.01 to about 85% by weight of
a pharmaceutical. The capsules are prepared by filling with the said mixture of (a), (b)
and (c), heating to a temperature above the melting point of fatty acid glyceride or
higher alcohol and cooling and solidifying the said mixture. More than mere mixing is
required to impart buoyancy to the formulation, i.e., melting followed by cooling are
additional unit operations. The specific gravity of digestive fluids especially that of
gastric juices is between 1.004 to 1.101. It is well known to those skilled in the art that
it may be difficult to maintain the low specific gravity for the sustained release
composition as described in this patent, for a prolonged period. Further, as also
exemplified therein, the concentration of gelling agents and fat/oil required is high and
hence the system is suited for low dose drugs, while dosage form containing high dose
medicaments would be large and difficult for oral administration.
U.S. Patent No.4,126,672 discloses formulations comprising one or more medicaments in combination with a hydrocolloid or mixtures of hydrocolloids so as to have a bulk density less than one and be hydrodynamically balanced when in contact with gastric fluid. A sustained release capsule dosage form as described therein comprises finely particulate, homogenous mixture of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, about 5% to 60% by weight of therapeutically inert, pharmaceutically acceptable adjunct materials, about 0% to 60% by weight of a fatty material having a specific gravity of less than one and about 20% to 75% by weight of one or a mixture of hydrocolloids selected from the group consisting of methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Upon contact with gastric fluid, the hydrophilic colloid hydrates and this hydrated layer allegedly thereafter slowly dissolves to release the
medicament. The release of medicament is also said to take place by leaching action
at or near the surface. The hydrated colloid allegedly forms an outside barrier which retains the shape of the capsule and therefore acts to prevent the mass from disintegrating. However, it is well recognized that the application of such a system to obtain the desired rate of release of the drug wherein it is regulated by the erosion of the polymer, is difficult to maintain.
For the above stated reasons and because the prior art discloses either complicated devices and systems which are difficult to manufacture on the industrial scale or the components used therein are not so user friendly, none of the oral controlled drug delivery systems heretofore described is completely satisfactory.
Our co-pending U.S. patent application No. 09/152,932 describes a pharmaceutical composition in the form of tablets or capsules which provides a combination of spatial and temporal control of drug delivery when ingested by a patient. The pharmaceutical composition constitutes an oral controlled drug delivery system, comprising a drug, a gas generating component, a swelling agent, a viscolyzing agent and optionally a gel forming polymer. The viscolyzing agent and the gel forming poiymer form a hydrated gel matrix which entraps the gas, causing the tablet or capsule to retain in the stomach or upper part of the small intestine (spatial control) and also creates a tortuous diffusion path for the drug, resulting in sustained release of the drug (temporal control).
Unless otherwise specified in this specification the term gastro retentive oral dosage form and composition define the same oral dosage form. The term drug, active ingredient and medicament are used interchangeably.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of a composition in the form of pellets, beads, granules or capsules which constitutes an oral gastro-retentive drug delivery system that:
(a) generates a gas to form a porous matrix with floating characteristics and also
evolves gas upon contact with gastric fluid which helps in retaining the buoyancy
of the dosage form in the stomach,
(b) provides increased gastric residence and thereby extends residency of the drug
delivery system in the gastrointestinal tract,
(c) delivers the drug at a controlled rate and exhibits reproducibility of release rate
into aqueous media while floating in the stomach and
(d) provides, as compared to other oral controlled drug delivery systems, increased absorption of a drug that is absorbed largely from the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition constituting an oral gastro-retentive drug delivery system for the controlled release of drug that maintains its physical integrity and dimensional stability when in contact with gastric fluids. The system remains floating in-vitro in the simulated gastric fluid till substantially all the drug is released.
The present invention describes a process for the preparation of a gastro-retentive drug delivery system either in the form of beads, pellets, or granules filled in a capsule (multiparticulate system) or single unit pellets and matrix capsules (monolithic system) which constitutes an orally administered buoyant delivery system capable of extended retention in gastric fluids. The gastro-retentive drug delivery system is structurally composed of a porous matrix with entrapped air, which makes it light and imparts floatation characteristics.
The gastro-retentive drug delivery system comprises porous matrix made up of drug, sugar, gas generating components, release retarding agents and optionally, pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary components.
The gas generating components used herein are a combination of atleast one thermostable and atleast one thermolabile agent. During the preparation of formulation composition on exposure to high temperature, the thermolabile agent generates gas and aids in attaining the porous matrix , while the thermostable agent reacts with acidic gastric contents of the stomach to evolve gas which helps in maintaining buoyancy of the dosage form. Thus, the combination of gas generating components comprising combination of thermostable and thermolabile component and optionally combination of thermostable component and edible organic acids or salts permits gastro-retentive drug delivery system to extend the retention of the dosage form in the stomach and also prolong its release in the stomach and upper parts of the small intestine. That is, the system is not transported past the "absorption window" prior to releasing all or substantially all of the drug and maximum bioavailability is attained.
Preferably, the present invention describes a process for the preparation of an
oral gastro-retentive drug delivery system which is in the form of multiparticulate or a monolithic system, comprising up to 35% of drug, about 5% to about 90% by weight of a sugar, about 1% to about 30% by weight of the gas generating components, 0.2 to 50% release retarding agents and, pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary components.
According to the present invention, the oral pharmaceutical composition includes at least one drug substance, sugar(s), a combination of gas generating agents comprising combination of thermostable and thermolabile component and optionally combination of thermostable component and edible organic acids or salts, release retarding agents and optionally other pharmaceutical auxiliary components which may be used by one skilled in the art to formulate the therapeutic system. The choice of auxiliary components and the amounts to be used are considered to be within the purview of one skilled in the art.
The composition of the present invention may be used in the form of pellets; beads or granules filled within a capsule or a sachet (a multiparticulate drug delivery system) or matrix capsules and single unit pellets (monolithic system). The art of producing spherical pellets by extrusion and spheronisation techniques or spheronisa-tion using techniques based on high shear granulation or fluidized bed techniques is well known and may be used for the preparation of pellets, beads or granules in the subject invention. Single unit pellets can be produced on industrial scale using lozenge and troches cutting machines.
Drugs which are thermostable may be added into the matrix while thermolabile drugs can be loaded onto the carrier spheres (drug free pellets) using techniques of drug loading based on fluidized bed principle (equipments like Glatt) which are well known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be in the form of a multiparticulate drug delivery system (up to 4mm in size pellets, granules or beads) or a single unit form as matrix capsule or large size pellets (more than 5mm *n size). The matrix capsule of the present invention may be produced by filling the powder according to the invention in a capsule made up of either gelatin, starch or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose followed with heat treatment.
Additional polymers recognized in the art of pharmaceutical compounding for their release retarding properties may also be incorporated into the gastro-retentive drug delivery system of the present invention. These release retarding polymers may
be hydrophiiic or hydrophobia in nature or may be pH dependent or independent
polymers. Examples of the polymers suitable for this invention include hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polymers based on methacrylic acid and acrylic acid (Commercially available under the trade name of Eudragit), ethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, and the like.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be coated with a film forming polymer to control the release of the drug or to impart better/improved floating characteristics (which is a result of better entrapment of the gas) or to improve its organoleptic properties. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition may also contain bioadhesive polymers incorporated within the coating or present as a film coat on the pellets, granules, beads or capsules in order to improve its gastro-retentive properties. In another application, some highly swelling polymers may also be added to increase the size of the dosage form so as to improve its gastric retention.
The gastro-retentive drug delivery system of the subject invention, when added to simulated gastric fluids, floats on the fluid till substantially all the drug is released. The thermostable gas generating agent included therein reacts with the acid present in the media and generates gas which become entrapped within the matrix thereby enhancing the buoyancy of the formulation.
The various components of the present invention are described in more details below.
According to the present invention, the drug may be pharmacologically active itself or may be converted into the active form by biotransformation in the body. The drug can be any drug for which therapy would be improved as a result of controlled drug delivery and increased gastric retention. The medicament or combination of medicaments which are amenable to controlled release therapy utilising the novel gastro-retentive drug delivery system of the present invention include any of those suitable for oral administration. The present invention is not to be construed as being limited to any particular medicament or class of medicaments.
The gastro-retentive drug delivery system of the subject invention are particularly amenable to the administration of medicaments which are predominantly absorbed through the upper portion of the gastro intestinal tract, drugs having pH dependent solubility, i.e., more soluble in the gastric pH as compared to the intestinal
Dh, drugs having Stomach as a Site Of action which includes H-2 receptor antagonists, antacids, antimuscarinic agents, proton pump inhibitors, drugs active against H. pylori, cytoprotective agents, and the like.
Illustrative examples of drugs that are absorbed predominantly from the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract include ciprofloxacin, cyclosporin, furosemide, metoprolol, oxprenolol, baclofen, allopurinol, sumatriptan, benazepril, enalapril, quinapril, moexipril, indolapril, olindapril, retinapril, spirapril, clilazeprilat, lisinopril, imidapril, benazeprilat, cilazapril, captopril, delapril, tosinopril, libenzapril, pentopril, perindopril, altiopril, qumaprilat, ramipril, spiraprilat, zofenopril, and the like; all of which are suitable for use in the present invention.
Drugs having the stomach as site of action include H-2 receptor antagonists such as ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, bifentidine, erbrotidine, nifentidine, roxatidine and cimetidine, and the like; proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole, lansoprazole, pentoprazole, and the like; antacids like magnesium carbonate, aluminium hydoxide, magnesium oxide and simethicone, and the like; cytoprotectives such as sucralphate, carbenoxolone sodium and misoprostol, and the like; antimuscarinic agents like pirenzepine, telenzepine and propanthelene bromide, and the like; drugs active against H Pylori like bismuth salts such as bismuth subsalicylate, tripotassium dicitratobismuthate, ranitidine bismuth citrate, and the like; antibiotics for example clarithromycin, amoxycillin, and the like; all of which are suitable for use in the present invention.
Other medicaments that are suitable for this invention are drugs having solubility in acidic pH or ones having specific absorption sites in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract and those that are subjected to gastro-intestinal first pass metabolism (as in some reports stomach absorption is known to bypass gastrointestinal first pass metabolism) include antihypertensive agents like verapamil, nifedipine, propranolol, nimodipine, nicardipine, amlodipine, prazosin, ketanserin, guanabenz acetate, hydralazide, carvedilol, methyldopa, levodopa, carbidopa; antivirals like acyclovir, ;nosine, pranobex, zidovudine (AZT), tribavirin, vidarabine; lipid lowering agents like sirnvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin and lovastatin; antipsychotic agents like selegiline; sedatives like midazolam; all of which are suitable for use in the present invention.
The drug itself or its pharmacologically active salt or ester can be used in the present invention. Moreover, combination of drugs that are typically administered
together may be included as the drug. The amount of drug is that which is typically
administered for a given period of time. Accordingly, the drug may be present in amount ranging from a pharmaceutically acceptable amount up to 35% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
According to the present invention the comprises sugars which forms porous matrix with airy structure. Sugars preferably comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable saccharide, including a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polyhydric alcohol, and/or mixtures of any of the foregoing. Examples of sugars preferred for the present invention include sucrose, glucose syrup, corn syrup, crystalline fructose, fructose, lactose, dextrose, galactose, maltodextrin, maltose, and the like, sugar alcohols like sorbitol, mannitol, maltol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol. In more preferred embodiments of the subject invention the sugar is glucose syrup either in the dried form or as a liquid. Sugars may be used alone or in combination with other similar sugars to achieve suitable matrix properties. In one preferred embodiment, sugar which is available under the brand name Glucidex (Roquette, UK) may be used.
The sugar may be present in an amount from about 5% to about 90% preferably from about 10% to about 85% and more preferably from about 15% to about 85% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
According to the present invention, gastro-retentive drug delivery system contains a combination of thermolabile and thermostable gas generating agents which aid in the formation of porous matrix, and enhances the buoyancy of the formulation. As the name suggests, the thermolabile gas generating agent produces gas upon exposure to high temperature (of about 200°C) during heating operation while the thermostable agent does not dissociate upon exposure to temperatures stated above and produce gas upon contact with gastric fluid. Examples of thermolabile gas generating agents that may be used in the present invention include sodium bicarbonate, sodium glycine carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and the like. The thermostable gas generating agent interacts with an acid source triggered by contact with water or simply with gastric acid to generate carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide that gets entrapped within the porous, matrix and improves its floating characteristics. An example of a thermostable gas generating agent is calcium carbonate and sulfites such as sodium sulfite.
In those embodiments Of the present invention, where the gastro-retentive drug delivery system is in the form of a capsule, thermostable gas generating agents may be used alone or in combination of edible organic acids or salts. The acid source may be one or more of edible organic acids, a salt of an edible organic acid, or mixtures thereof. Examples of organic acids that may be used as the acid source in the present invention include citric acid or its salts such as sodium citrate or calcium citrate; maleic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid or their salts, and the like. The organic acid salts which may be used as the acid source in the present invention include, for example, a mono-alkali salt of an organic acid having more than one carboxylic acid functional group, a bialkali metal salt of an organic acid having more than two carboxylic acid functional groups, and the like.
The gas generating components may be present in amounts from about 1% to about 40 % preferably from about 1 % to about 35 % and more preferably from about 1 % to about 30% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also contain release retarding agents selected from the group consisting of polymers, oils, and gums. These polymers may be present within the matrix structure of the pellets or capsules or may be coated onto the composition or may be added in capsule in the powder form. The polymers obtained as aqueous dispersions may replace water as granulating agent in the pellet preparations. Solid polymers may be added directly into the powder blend.
The polymers used may be of the hydrophilic or the hydrophobic type or pH dependent or pH independent in nature. Examples of the polymers suitable for this invention include the polymers well known in the pharmaceutical art for their release retarding properties, for example, cellulose ethers as hydroxypropyl celluloses of different grades, hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl ethylcellulose carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose; acrylic polymers which are obtained as aqueous dispersions like Eudragit NE30D, Eudragit RS30D, Eudragit RL30D, Eudragit L30D or available as powders such as Eudragit RSPO, Eudragit RLPO, Eudragit L10055 (all supplied by Rohm Pharma, Germany), ethyl cellulose as aqueous dispersion or in powder form. Examples of highly swellable polymers that may be used in the present invention include
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose of different grades, xanthan gums, sodium alginate, and
the like.
The gums are selected from the group consisting of karaya gum, locust bean gum, guar gum, gellan gum, and the like.
The one or more release retarding agents from the same or two different classes may be present from about 0.3% to about 25%, preferably from about 1.0% to about 20% or more preferably from about 1.5% to about 15% by weight of the total weight of gastroretentive dosage form.
The oils used in present invention is a therapeutically inert oil which is solid at room temperature but softens at higher temperatures, that is, around 50-80°C. The oil is preferably, a fully hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable fat or oil. Examples of oils that may be used in the present invention include partially or fully hydrogenated cottonseed oil, coconut oil, soyabean oil, palm oil, kernel oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, and the like. The oils preferred for the present invention are mentioned in the United States Pharmacopoeia as type 1 hydrogenated vegetable oils. These oils may be used alone or in combination with other oils having the same characteristics.
The oil may be present in an amount from about 0.2% to about 50% preferably about 0.2% to about 45% and more preferably about 0.4% to about 35% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
Optionally, other auxiliary components known in the art of formulation development such as diluents, release retarding agents, inert oils, binding agents and spheronising agents may also be incorporated into the gastro-retentive drug delivery system of the present invention.
According to the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise a diluent which is stable to heating operation and form a part of the porous, matrix. The diluent that may be used in the present invention, belongs to the class of excipients recognised in the art of pharmaceutical compounding. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, diluent is starch. Examples of starches that may oe used in the present invention include maize starch, rice starch, potato starch or wheat starch. Examples of other diluents include dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium sultate, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and the like.
The diluent may be present in an amount from about 3% to about 50% by weight
of the total weight of the composition, preferably from about 5% to about 40% and more preferably from about 7% to about 35% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
The pharmaceutical composition in the form of beads may also include a binder to provide cohesiveness to the powder mass. The binders commonly known to the pharmaceutical art may be used in the present invention. Examples of the binders are pregelatinised starch, polyvinylpyrollidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, starch paste, gelatin, xanthan gum, acacia, guar gum, and the like.
The binder may be present in amounts from about 0.1% to about 15%, preferably about 0.2% to about 12% and more preferably about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the final weight of the composition.
According to the present invention, gastro-retentive drug delivery system is prepared either in the form of pellets, granules, beads or as matrix capsules. The pellet/beads can be prepared using the commonly known techniques for extrusion and spheronisation and also other granulation techniques. Spheronising agents are added to the composition to get uniform spherical granules or pellets. Commonly used spheronisation aids are microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 101 of FMC Corpn. and Emcocel 50M or Emcocel 90M of Mendell), mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Avicel RC 591 of FMC Corpn.)
The spheronising agent may be present in amounts from about 1% to about 30% preferably from about 2% to about 20% and more preferably from about 4% to about 15% by weight of the final weight of the composition.
In addition to the above ingredients, pharmaceutical grade magnesium stearate or stearic acid, and the like as a glidant, talc, and the like as an anti-adherent and silicon dioxide or hydrogenated vegetable oil or sodium stearyl fumarate, and the like as a lubricant may be incorporated in the pharmaceutical composition according to this invention.
The gastro-retentive drug delivery system in accordance to the present invention may be optionally coated with a rapidly dissolving water-soluble film coat. Examples of water-soluble polymers include hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,
and the like. The pharmaceutical composition may be coated to a weight build up of
about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight, preferably from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
According to the present invention the capsule shell may be of a hard gelatin or a soft gelatin type. Furthermore, the capsules made of starch or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose may also be used.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of an oral gastro-retentive drug delivery system comprising mixing;
a) 1 to 35% w/w of a drug substance,
b) 5 to 90% w/w of a sugar selected from the group consisting of a saccharide
and a polyhydric alcohol,
c) 1 to 40% w/w of a gas generating component comprising combination of a
thermostable and a thermolabile component and optionally combination of a
thermostable component and an edible organic acid or salt thereof, and,
d) a release retarding agent selected from the group consisting of 0.3 to 25% w/w
of a polymer as herein described, 0.3 to 25% w/w of a gum, and 0.2 to 50%
w/w of an oil, to obtain a blend;
e) optionally mixing a pharmaceutically accepted auxiliary component selected
from the group consisting of 0.1 to 15% w/w of a binder, 3 to 50% w/w of a
diluent, 1 to 30% w/w of a spheronizing agent and a lubricant, with said blend,
to obtain a final blend;
f) filling said blend, said final blend or mixtures thereof into a capsule followed by
heating the capsule at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 120°C for 5 to 15
minutes and cooling to room temperature; to obtain said oral gastro-retentive
drug delivery system;
91
f) granulating said blend, said final blend or mixtures thereof with water or
aqueous dispersion or solution of an acrylic acid or a methacrylic acid polymer,
to obtain a wet mass,
g) processing said wet mass as herein described, to obtain said oral gastro-
retentive drug delivery system; such that the % w/w is based on the total weight
of said gastro- retentive drug delivery system.
The present invention is illustrated by, but is by no means limited to, the
following examples.
EXAMPLE 1
This example illustrates the present invention in the form of pellets in which Eudragit NE 30 D has been used as a release retarding polymer in conjunction with hydrogenated vegetable oil within the matrix. The active ingredient is Diltiazem Hydrochloride. The pharmaceutical composition is given in Table 1.
TABLE 1

(Table Removed)
*Dextrose equivalent - 40%
Diltiazem Hydrochloride, Hydrogenated cottonseed oil, Starch, Glucose syrup, Pregelatinised starch, Microcrystalline cellulose, Ammonium bicarbonate and Calcium carbonate were sieved through a sieve (British Standard Sieve (BSS) 44; 355 |nm) and mixed. The blend was granulated with Eudragit NE 30 D dispersion and extruded through an extruder (GA 65, Alexenderwerk) fitted with 3.5 mm roller. The extrudates were spheronised in a spheronizer (Caleva 120mm) for 20 minutes. The pellets thus obtained were dried in an oven maintained at 120°C for 25 minutes. The pellets were allowed to cool down to room temperature.
The pellets were tested for their floating properties and drug release in 900ml of 0 1N HCI using USP Apparatus 2 ( paddle type) at 50 rpm. The pellets equivalent to 30 mg of Diltiazem Hydrochloride were added to the dissolution vessel.
At periodic time intervals the visual observations were made to check buoyancy
of the pellets, if any. It was noted that all the pellets remained floating until 21 hours. The samples of the dissolution media were periodically withdrawn and analysed for Diltiazem content spectrophotometrically. The results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 2
This example illustrates the present invention in the form of matrix capsules using Propranolol Hydrochloride as an active agent. The pharmaceutical composition is illustrated in Table 3.
TABLE 3

(Table Removed)
* Dextrose equivalent - 40%
Propranolol hydrochloride, Starch, Hydrogenated vegetable oil, Glucose syrup, Ammonium bicarbonate and Calcium carbonate were together sieved through a sieve (British Standard Sieve (BSS) 44, 355jam) and mixed. The blend was manually filled in size-2 gelatin capsules. The average capsule fill weight of the composition was 320 mg The filled capsules were kept in an oven maintained at 110°C for 2.5 minutes, following which they were cooled to room temperature.
The capsules were tested for their buoyancy and drug release in a 900ml of 0.1 N
HCI using USP Apparatus 2 (paddle) at 50 rpm. At periodic time intervals the visual observations were carried out to see the buoyancy of the capsules. It was noted that the capsules remained buoyant till 20 hours. The samples of the media were periodically withdrawn and tested for propranolol content spectrophotometrically. The dissolution results are recorded in Table 4.
TABLE 4

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 3
This example illustrates single unit pellets (6 to 8 mm in diameter) which may be used as single unit dosage forms, containing Diltiazem Hydrochloride as an active ingredient. The pharmaceutical composition is illustrated in Table 5.
TABLE 5

(Table Removed)
"Dextrose equivalent -40%
Diltiazem Hydrochloride, Hydrogenated cottonseed oil, Starch, Glucose syrup,
Pregelatinised starch, Microcrystalline cellulose, Ammonium bicarbonate and Calcium carbonate were sieved through 355 urn mesh (British Standard Sieve (BSS) 44) and mixed. The blend was granulated with water to get a dough like consistency. The dough was rolled into cylindrical shape and small pieces weighing for 30 mg of Diltiazem Hydrochloride were cut out and manually rolled into spherical shape.
The pellets were dried in an oven maintained at 120°C for 10 minutes following which they were allowed to cool down to room temperature. The pellets were characterised for floating and drug release as described in Example 1. The pellets were found to float on the media for 20 hours. The dissolution results are recorded in Table 6.
TABLE 6

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 4
This example illustrates the capsule type of dosage form in which an organic acid is used in combination with the gas generating agents as a couple. The pharmaceutical composition is given in Table 7.
TABLE 7

(Table Removed)
* Dextrose equivalent - 40%
All the ingredients were sieved through 355 µm mesh (British Standard Sieve (BSS), 44) and mixed. The blend was filled manually in size-2 gelatin capsules. The average fill weight was 320 mg. The capsules were given heat treatment at 110°C for 2 5 minutes, following which they were cooled to room temperature.
The capsules were tested for in-vitro dissolution and floating characteristics as described in Example 2. The capsules remained floating on the dissolution media throughout the dissolution test of 24 hours. Dissolution results are recorded in Table 8.
TABLE 8

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 5
The present example illustrates the capsule type of dosage form made according to the present invention containing a polymer within the matrix (xanthan gum) together with the gas generating couple consisting of an organic acid and the gas generating agents. The blend was filled in size-2 gelatin and size-0 HPMC capsules. Table 9 illustrates the pharmaceutical composition.
TABLE 9

(Table Removed)
*Dextrose equivalent - 40%
All the ingredients were weighed and passed through 355 urn mesh (British Standard Sieve (BSS), 44) and mixed. The blend was filled manually in size-2 gelatin capsules (average fill weight 325 mg) and size-0 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose capsules (average fill weight 520 mg). The capsules were kept in an oven maintained at 110° C for 2.5 minutes, following which they were cooled to room temperature.
The capsules were tested for floating characteristics and dissolution profile as described in Example 2. The capsules remained floating on the top of the media for 24 hours. Dissolution results are recorded in Table 10.
TABLE 10

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 6
This example illustrates the present invention in the form of capsule formulation using carvedilol as an active agent. The pharmaceutical composition is illustrated in Table
TABLE 11

(Table Removed)
All the ingredients were sieved through 180 n mesh (British Standard Sieve (BSS), 85) and were blended in a mixer (Turbula mixer) for 30 minutes. The blend was filled manually in size-0 gelatin capsules. The average fill weight was 500 mg. The capsules were given heat treatment at 100°C for 9.0 minutes, following which they were cooled to room temperature.
The capsules were tested for in-vitro drug release in 1000 ml dissolution media of 0 1N HCI containing 1% sodium lauryl sulphate. The USP apparatus 2 with paddle speed at 50 rpm was used for the study. Paddles were fixed at 4.5 cm away from the base of the vessel and baskets, capped at the open end, were used as sinkers. The samples of the media were withdrawn at prescheduled timings and assayed for carvedilol content spectrophotometrically. The dissolution results are recorded in Table
TABLE 12

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 7
This example illustrates the present invention in the form of capsule dosage form. The active ingredient is carvedilol. The pharmaceutical composition is given in Table 13.
TABLE 13

(Table Removed)
The capsule dosage form was prepared as described in Example 6. The capsules were given heat treatment at 100°C for 13 minutes, following which they were cooled to room temperature.
The capsules were evaluated for dissolution profile as described in Example 6. The dissolution results are tabulated in Table 14.
TABLE 14

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 8
This example illustrates the present invention in the capsule dosage form using pravastatin sodium as the active ingredient. The pharmaceutical composition is given in Table 15.
TABLE 15

(Table Removed)
The pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described in Example 6. The average fill weight of capsules was 525 mg. The capsules were given heat treatment at 100°C for 7.5 minutes, following which they were allowed to cool to room temperature.
The dosage form was characterised for drug release in 1000 ml water using USP apparatus 2 (paddle type) at 50 rpm. The samples of the media were withdrawn at regular time intervals and analysed for pravastatin content spectrophotometrically. The results are shown in Table 16.
TABLE 16

(Table Removed)
EXAMPLE 9
This example illustrates the present invention in the form of matrix capsules using pravastatin sodium as an active ingredient. The pharmaceutical composition is illustrated in Table 17.
TABLE 17

(Table Removed)
The pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described in Example 6. The average fill weight of capsules was 550 mg. The capsules were given heat treatment at 100°C for 7.0 minutes, following which they were allowed to cool to room temperature. The dosage form was evaluated for dissolution profile as described in Example 8. The dissolution results are recorded in Table 18.
TABLE 18

(Table Removed)
While the invention has been described by reference to specific examples, this was for the purpose of illustration only. Numerous alternative embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are considered to be within the scope of this invention.

WE CLAIM:
1. A process for the preparation of an oral gastro-retentive drug delivery system comprising mixing;
a) 1 to 35% w/w of a drug substance,
b) 5 to 90% w/w of a sugar selected from the group consisting of a saccharide and a
polyhydric alcohol, '
c) 1 to 40% w/w of a gas generating component comprising cpmbiriation of a

thermostable and a thermolabile component"as hereir description
and optionally combination of a
"thermostable component and an edible organic acid or salt thereof, and,
'
el) a release retarding agent selected from the group consisting of 0.3 to 25% w/w of a
polymer as herein described, 0.3 to 25% w/w of a gum, and 0.2 to 50% w/w of an
oil, to obtain a blend;
e) optionally mixing a pharmaceutically accepted auxiliary component selected from
the group consisting of 0.1 to 15% w/w of a binder, 3 to 50% w/w of a diluent, 1 to
30% w/w of a spheronizing agent and a lubricant, with said blend, to obtain a final
blend;
/
f) filling said blend, said final blend or mixtures thereof into a capsule followed by heating the capsule at a temperature ranging from 90°C to 120°C for 5 to 15 minutes and cooling to room temperature; to obtain said oral gastro-retentive drug delivery system;
such that the % w/w is based on the total weight of said gastro- retentive drug delivery system.

2. The processan claimed in clairn 1 wherein the drug is selected from the group
consisting of antiulcer, analgesic, antihypertensive, antibiotic, antipsychotic,
anticancer, antimuscarinic, diuretic, antimigraine, antiviral, anti-inflammatory,
sedatives, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antihistaminic, antiparasitic, antiepileptic
and lipid lowering agent.

3. The process an claimed in claim 2 wherein the antihypertensive agent is selected
from the group consisting of enalapril, captopril, benazepril, lisinopril, verapamil,
nifedipine, propanolol, amlodipine, carvedilol; the antihistaminic agent is selected
from the group consisting of ranitidine, famotidine and cimetidine; the antiviral agent
is selected from the group consisting of acyclovir, ionsine, pranobex, zodovudine
and vidarabine; the lipid lowering agent is selected from the group consisting of
simvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin and lovastatin; the antacid agent is selected
from the group consisting of magnesium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide,
magnesium oxide and simethicone; the proton pump inhibitor agent is selected
from the group consisting of omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole; the
cytoprotective agent is selected from the group consisting of sucralphate,
carbenoxolone sodium and misoprostol; the antibiotic agent is selected from the
group consisting of clarithromycin, amoxycillin, ciprofloxacin and the antipsychotic
agent is selegiline.

4. The process an claimed in claim 1 comprising 15 to 85% w/w of the sugar.
5. The process an claimed in any of claims 1 or,4 wherein the sugar is selected form the group consisting of the saccharide and the polyhydric ajcohol.
6. The process an claimed in claim 5 wherein the saccharide is selected from the group
consisting of sucrose, glucose syrup, corn syrup, fructose, lactose, dextrose, galactose, maltose and maltodextrin.

7. The process an claimed in claim 5 wherein the polyhydric alcohol is selected from
the group consisting of sorbitol, mannitol, maltol, maltitol, xylitol and lactitol.

8. The process an claimed in claim 1 comprising 1 to 30% w/w of the gas generating
component.

9. The process an claimed in any of claims 1 or 8 wherein said thermostable
component is selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfate and sodium sulfite.
10.The process according to any of claims 1 or 8 wherein said thermolabile component is selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, sodium glycine carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite,
11.The process according to any one of claims 1 or 8 wherein said edible organic acid or salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid and glutamic acid.
12. The process according to claim 1 comprising 1.5 to 15% w/w of the polymer of step
(d).

13.The process an claimed in claim 12 wherein the polymer is selected from the group
consisting of hydrbxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl
cellulose, hydroxypropyl ethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxy-methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, methacrylate and polyacrylate copolymer.

14. The process an claimed in claim 1 wherein said gum is selected from the group
's '
consisting of xanthan gum, karaya gum. locust bean gum, sodium alginate, guar gum and gellan gum.

15.The process an claimed in claim 1 comprising 0.4 to 35% w/w the oil.
16.The process an claimed in any of claims 1 or 15 wherein the oil is selected from the
group consisting of partially or fully hydrogenated cottonseed oil, coconut oil, soyabean oil, palm oil, kernel oil, peanut oil and sunflower oil.

17. The process an claimed in claim 1 comprising 0.5 to 15% w/w of the binder.

18. The process an claimed in any one of claims 1 or 17 wherein the binder is
selected from the group consisting of pregelatinized starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and natural gum.

19. The process an claimed in claim 1 comprising 7 to 35% w/w of the diluent.

20. The process an claimed in any of claims 1 or 19 wherein the diluent is selected from
the group consisting of starch, cellulose derivatives, dibasic calcium phosphate,
calcium sulfate, powdered cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose.

21.The process an claimed in claim 1 comprising 4 to 15% w/w of the spheronizing agent.

22.The process an claimed in any of claims 1 or 21 wherein the spheronizing agent is selected from the group consisting of microcrystalline cellulose and a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

23.The process an claimed in claim 1 wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, sodium stearyl fumarate and hydrogenated vegetable oil.
24.A process for the preparation of an oral gastro-retentive drug delivery system as substantially hereinabove described and exemplified.