This invention relates to a process of manufacturing the paper / board from elephant dung.
BACKGROUND
The basic ingredient for the manufacture of paper and board is fresh wood, wood chips from saw mills, recovered paper and sometimes even from textile agricultural by-products or industrial crops. Accordingly, the manufacture of paper from the above ingredients is costly.
The object of this invention is to manufacture paper or board by using elephant dung mixed with waste paper, which will be cheaper.
To achieve the said objective this invention provides a process of manufacturing paper / board comprising:
identifying and collecting elephant dung consisting of kethul, coconut and jack waste material,
sorting the material in elephant dung according to the texture, colour and smoothness,
disintegrating the sorted material into pieces and drying till the material gets brittle and the fibers can further be broken to smaller fragments,
mixing said fragmented material with NaOH or caustic soda and water and boiling till the bacteria and germs from the fragmented material are destroyed,

making pulp of said boiled material with Hollander beater and washed to remove the caustic soda or NaOH,
mixing said pulp with waster paper in the ratio 75% to 25% and beating said mixture in Hollander beater to form pure pulp,
calendering said pure pulp to form sheets and drying. The disintegrated sorted material is sun dried for 3 to 4 days. The boiling process is carried out 2 to 3 days and washed two to three times.
Rosin gum, alum, china clay, kaolin, sodium silicate and other known dyes and pigment materials are added to obtain desired paper
Sheets are made to size as desired. Detailed Description:
The identification and collection of elephant dung which constitutes Kithul, Coconut and Jack waste raw material has to be carefully collected either from the elephant infested area of the jungles or from the elephant rearing orphanages. After the collection of the above, the sorting out process is carried out usually. Finally, it is categorized according to texture, colour and smoothness.
The Elephant dung after sorting out is disintegrated into small pieces by hand after which it is sun dried for a varying period of 3 to 4 days. After it is sun

dried for a period as specified above, this material gets brittle and the fibre can be removed or de-fragmented.
Finally, it is further broken down into smaller fragments by hand and the dung is prepared according to this method to .form loosened fibre, which is ready for the pulping process.
The dried dung, which is disintegrated, is now mixed with Sodium Hydroxide or caustic soda and then boiled in large containers or boilers until all the bacteria or germs are destroyed.
Usually 10 Kilograms of Dung by dry weight is selected and boiled along with 50 to 60 liters of water to which 1 Kilogram of Sodium Hydroxide or Caustic soda is added. The boiling process is carried out for 2 to 3 days after which this product is subsequently washed 2 or 3 times.
After the boiling and chemical treatment process the boiled dung is finally turned into pulp with the help of a Beating machine called the Hollander Beater. From the Hollander Beater the pulp is removed and then again washed two or three times in order to eliminate the Caustic Soda from the pulp.
The washed and purified elephant dung pulp after the beating process is carried out is then mixed along with the required percentage of recycled waste paper i.e. 75% of dung with 25% of waste paper. This mixture of dung and pulp is again introduced into the Hollander Beater and beaten for approximately 1 hour, until it is converted into a pure pulp. A typical batch (or load) consisting of 10 kilograms of which, 7.5 Kilograms would be of Dung while 2.5 Kilograms would be recycled waster paper, (i.e. in the ratio of 3:1). During the above
process - Rosin Gum, Allum, China-clay, Kaolin, Sodium Silicate and various types of dyes and pigments can be added to obtain the required type of paper.
The required pulp is taken and each sheet is made by use of manual labour. This pulp is placed into a vat of water, called a Lifting Vat, which contains a mould. The pulp settles down on the mould and is lifted out of the water to produce sheet of wet pulp. This sheet which is on the mould is pressed on to a platform table, commonly called a Couching Table, which leaves the sheet behind on a sheet of Cotton cloth.
A fresh cotton cloth is spread out on to the wet sheet of pulp. Another sheet of wet pulp is lifted by the mould from the Vat and pressed on to the fresh cotton sheet, thus making a pile of wet pulp sheets. When the desired batch of pulp sheets are made, it is then taken to a screen press and pressed to drain the water for approximately 15 minutes.
Subsequently the sheet of paper in the wet pulp form is removed from the cotton rag and hung up in the shade for drying. After 4 hours of drying in the shade, a completely clean dry sheet of paper is obtained.
Finally, the finished dry sheet of paper is subjected to external sizing, which subsequently is pressed or callandered to a desired finish.

We claim:
1. A process of manufacturing paper / board comprising:
identifying and collecting elephant dung consisting of kethul, coconut and jack waste material,
sorting the material in elephant dung according to the texture, colour and smoothness,
disintegrating the sorted material into pieces and drying till the material gets brittle and the fibers can further be broken to smaller fragments,
mixing said fragmented material with NaOH or caustic soda and water and boiling till the bacteria and germs from the fragmented material are destroyed,
making pulp of said boiled material with Hollander beater and washed to remove the caustic soda or NaOH,
mixing said pulp with waster paper in the ratio 75% to 25% and beating said mixture in Hollander beater to form pure pulp,
calendering said pure pulp to form sheets and drying.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the disintegrated sorted material
is sun dried for 3 to 4 days.

3. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the boiling process is carried out
2 to 3 days and washed two to three times.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein rosin gum, alum, china clay,
kaolin, sodium silicate and other known dyes and pigment materials are
added to obtain desired paper
5. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein sheets are made to size as
desired.
6. A process of manufacturing paper / board substantially as herein described.