This invention relates to Post harvest processing of rice straw waste for production of value-added products with zero residue generation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Agricultural wastes include the residues from growing and processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products, and crops. They are the non-product outputs of production and processing of agricultural products. They may contain material that can be beneficial for humans with economic values less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing. Their composition will depend on the types of agricultural activities and they can be in the form of liquids, slurries, or solids. If agriculture wastes are not properly handled, they can pollute surface and groundwater & finally contribute to the water and air pollution. The burning of crop residues emits greenhouse gases that contributes to the global warming, increases the quantity of air pollutants such as CO2, CO, NH3, NOX, SOX, Non-methane hydrocarbon, volatile organic compounds, semi volatile organic compounds and particulate matter. The proper management of waste from agricultural operations can contribute in a significant way to produce value added products. Waste management helps to maintain a healthy environment for farm animals and can reduce the need for commercial fertilizers while providing other nutrients needed for crop production. The waste which is reduce can be usable for different purpose.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Huge volume of agricultural waste is generated annually worldwide. Management and disposal of agricultural waste has been recognized as a challenge as well as a concern considering the negative impact of inappropriate release of the agrowaste into the ecosystem. Burning of such waste is among the most commonly practiced approach to get rid of the waste resulting in substantial contribution to air pollution. Rice is among a major food crop cultivated in India and across the globe and consequently post-harvest of the crop large volume of waste is accumulated dominated by rice straw. In the present scenario where emphasis is on for looking alternate source of renewable energy agriculture waste is among the promising feedstock to be processes in several favourable ways. In the present work rice straw waste was collected and subjected to post harvest processing for silica extraction and oil production, extracted silica can be further utilized for waste water treatment and oil can be utilized as lubricant. The protocol followed resulted in zero residue production with no secondary waste in any form disposed into the environment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1: Summary of methodology followed for rice straw waste treatment and production of value added products
Fig. 2: Gas chromatogram of Oil -1
Fig. 3: Gas chromatogram of Oil -2
Fig. 4: FTIR Analysis of oil-1
Fig. 5: FTIR Analysis of oil-2
Fig. 6: FTIR Analysis of silica
Fig. 7: XRD Analysis of silica
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Huge amount (731 million tons (MT)) of rice straw is produced globally in which India contributed around 126.6 MT, and 60% of them are burnt on the field.
METHODOLOGY

Outcome / application
As evident huge volumes of agriculture waste is produced maximum proportion of which is dumped into ecosystem (soil and water) unprocessed. Beside serving as a crude organic supplement to soil a large portion of agriculture waste contributes to environmental pollution. Post-harvest processing of agriculture waste can be designed in eco-friendly manner. Present work was conducted to develop a process for sustainable utilization and management of value-added products (silica and bio-oil) through post-harvest processing. The process depicts utilization of rice straw waste with no residue generated hance no secondary waste, effluent is released into the environment as by product of the process followed. The present process differs from reported methods of processing of agricultural waste that in previous works conducted some or the other (primary/secondary) effluent, residual waste is released into the environment but present work is a zero-residue process.
Utilization / application of products:
The products of the process silica can be further utilized for purposes such as treatment of waste water and can also act as biocatalyst. Bio-oil 1 and 2 can be utilized as lubricants and for other oiling purposes. Also GC-MS analysis of OIL-1 and OIL-2 depict presence of several phytocompounds which have been reported to possess several biological activities which emphasize the medicinal potential of the oil as well.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PRODUCTS
1. GC-MS analysis of oil- 1
Table 1: Phytocompounds identified to be present in oil-1
Peak# R. Time Area Area% Name
1 6.397 878867 0.46 Ethenone, 1-(2-furanyl)-
2 6.617 432298 0.23 Butyrolactone
3 6.869 1080279 0.57 2,5-Hexanedione
4 7.279 5435570 2.86 4-OXO-5-METHOXY-2-PENTEN-5-OLIDE
5 7.604 1808542 0.95 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl-
6 8.492 1868483 0.98 Phenol
7 8.833 643300 0.34 3,6-HEPTANEDIONE
8 9.054 20316056 10.69 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-
9 9.399 339956 0.18 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-, (.+/-.)-
10 9.501 1288821 0.68 3,5-DIMETHYL CYCLOPENTENOLONE
11 9.850 357596 0.19 3,4-DIMETHYL CYCLOPENTENOLONE
12 10.030 2985804 1.57 PHENOL, 2-METHOXY-
13 10.388 3059434 1.61 PENTANOIC ACID, 4-OXO-
14 10.490 821389 0.43 3-Methyl-2,4,10-trioxatricyclo[3.3.1.1alanan3,7alanan]dec
15 10.619 3712243 1.95 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3-ethyl-2-hydroxy-
16 11.062 3284558 1.73 Cyclohexanone, 4-acetyl-
17 11.731 6296152 3.31 1-Cycloheptenecarboxamide, N-phenyl-
18 12.592 5958493 3.13 Catechol
19 12.794 35708372 18.78 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
20 13.058 779221 0.41 CYCLOPENTANE, 2-ETHYLIDENE-1,1-DIMETHYL-
21 13.164 2576525 1.36 ETHANONE, 1-(2,5-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)-
22 13.423 549667 0.29 Thiazolidine-2,4-dione, 5-dimethylaminomethylene-
23 13.512 1705182 0.90 9 DECENOIC ACID
24 13.673 4463137 2.35 2-Methyl-3-(methylthio) furan
25 14.037 1650562 0.87 1-OCTEN-3-OL
26 14.128 4899221 2.58 Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-
27 14.951 10530394 5.54 Vanillin
28 15.157 1103688 0.58 BENZALDEHYDE, 4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXY-
29 15.373 1040288 0.55 Spiro [4.5] decane-1,6-dione
30 16.066 4503457 2.37 ETHANONE, 1-(4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYPHENYL)-
31 16.550 5253979 2.76 1H-Indene-1,5(6H)-dione, 2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-7a-methyl-
32 17.176 1554078 0.82 4-AMINO-BENZOIC ACID (2,5-DIMETHOXY-BENZYL
33 18.204 4542546 2.39 P-MENTH-8(10)-ENE-2,9-DIOL
34 18.888 5063335 2.66 ETHANONE, 1-(4-HYDROXY-3,5-DIMETHOXYPHEN
35 19.571 6498498 3.42 4H-1-BENZOPYRAN-4-ONE, 3,8-DIHYDROXY-2-MET
36 20.159 1310912 0.69 Piperazine-3,5-dione, 1-tetradecanoyl-
37 21.077 405337 0.21 2,5-Piperazinedione, 3,6-bis(2-methylpropyl)-
38 21.190 5053260 2.66 n-Hexadecanoic acid
39 22.890 24422188 12.85 cis-Vaccenic acid
40 23.075 2430142 1.28 Octadecanoic acid
41 23.283 515274 0.27 1H-Benzocyclohepten-7-ol, 2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,1,
42 23.640 469121 0.25 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-
43 23.749 202936 0.11 2,5-FURANDIONE, 3-(DODECENYL)DIHYDRO-
44 23.964 231853 0.12 3-BENZYL-6-ISOPROPYL-2,5-PIPERAZINEDIONE #
45 24.592 111311 0.06 CYCLOHEXANE, DECYL-
46 24.774 227681 0.12 2,5-PIPERAZINEDIONE, 3-(2-METHYLPROPYL)-6-(PH
47 25.789 156716 0.08 Palmitoyl chloride
48 26.099 105168 0.06 1,2-BENZENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID, DINONYL ESTE
49 27.183 1043500 0.55 Oleoyl chloride
50 29.362 152219 0.08 Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3. beta.,22E)-
51 29.640 280406 0.15 Neoergosterol, acetate
190108015 100.00

2. GC-MS analysis of oil- 2
Table 2: Phytocompounds identified to be present in oil-2
Peak# R.Time Area Area% Name
1 6.340 863008 1.56 2-Pentanone, 4-methoxy-4-methyl-
2 6.907 360500 0.65 2(3H)-FURANONE, DIHYDRO-
3 7.630 4487149 8.13 2-HYDROXYPROPANOIC ACID
4 8.069 413534 0.75 1-PENTANOL, 2, 3-DIMETHYL-, (3S)-(-)-
5 8.266 188132 0.34 1-PENTANOL, 2,2-DIMETHYL-
6 8.805 2074119 3.76 2-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate
7 8.919 3014526 5.46 1-PENTANOL, 2,2-DIMETHYL-
8 9.201 1298200 2.35 ALKANOLAMINE
9 9.551 748390 1.36 Cyclopentanol, 3-methyl-
10 9.896 793960 1.44 HEXANETHIOIC ACID, S-METHYL ESTER
11 10.104 507616 0.92 PHENOL, 2-METHOXY-
12 10.451 1502851 2.72 2-Furanol, tetrahydro-2,3-dimethyl-, trans-
13 10.980 4890973 8.86 Furan, tetrahydro-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-
14 11.860 1881336 3.41 2-PENTANOL, 2,3-DIMETHYL-
15 12.200 620224 1.12 2-FURANMETHANOL, TETRAHYDRO-
16 13.093 899366 1.63 Acetaldehyde, (3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-, (Z)-
17 13.253 676979 1.23 1,3,3,5,5-Pentamethylcyclohexanol
18 13.749 1048511 1.90 3-Heptene, 4-methoxy-
19 14.560 5888152 10.66 BUTANE, 1-(1-METHYLETHOXY)-
20 14.844 556647 1.01 2-Hexanol, 3,4-dimethyl-
21 16.099 1785346 3.23 Apocynin
22 17.631 219880 0.40 2-Pentanone, 4-methyl-1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-methyl[2,3'-
23 18.511 495420 0.90 Z-5-Methyl-6-heneicosen-11-one
24 18.904 309269 0.56 ETHANONE, 1-(4-HYDROXY-3,5-DIMETHOXYPHENY
25 19.682 1370931 2.48 4H-1-BENZOPYRAN-4-ONE, 3,8-DIHYDROXY-2-MET
26 21.177 4839636 8.77 n-Hexadecanoic acid
27 22.832 2248266 4.07 9,12-OCTADECADIENOIC ACID (Z,Z)-
28 22.883 3896287 7.06 Oleic Acid
29 23.067 2242024 4.06 Octadecanoic acid
30 23.636 384631 0.70 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-
31 23.746 203342 0.37 (Z,Z)-3,9-CIS-6,7-EPOXY-NONADECADIENE
32 25.784 251886 0.46 Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl este
33 27.190 1876030 3.40 Oleoyl chloride
34 29.358 178134 0.32 Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3.beta.,22E)-
35 29.640 235201 0.43 Neoergosterol, acetate
36 30.362 200384 0.36 STIGMAST-5-EN-3-OL, (3.BETA.,24S)-
37 33.146 631072 1.14 Hexadecanoic acid, 1,3-propanediyl ester
38 35.279 1133225 2.05 Ergostane-3,5,6,12,25-pentol, 25-acetate, (3.beta.,5.alpha.,6
55215137 100.00

3. FTIR Analysis of oil-1
The functional groups of different phytocompound were identified according to the peak value of infra-red spectra. The analysis of oil-1, oil-2 and silica revealed to possess organic compounds belonging to different classes including hydroxyl compound 3550-3450 cm-1, isothiocyanate 2140-1990 cm-1, alkene 1670-1600 cm-1,
4. FTIR Analysis of oil-2
5. FTIR Analysis of silica
6. XRD Analysis of silica

We Claims:

1. A process of post-harvest of rice straw waste for production of value-added products comprising the steps of:
Using rice straw waste for extraction of bio-oil through HTL process; wherein 3 gm of rice straw powder is mixed in 30ml of H2O; and the slurries from fills in reactor and put the reactor inside the muffle furnace in 2500C for 2 hours;
Cooling down the reactor to the room temperature after reaction;
Separating the solid and liquid products pH 1-2 by filtration at 1ml Conc. HCL;
Extracting the liquid portion with equal quantity of diethyl ether (12ml); so as to obtained ethereal solution in a rotary evaporator at room temperature.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein upon removal of diethyl ether, the fraction is weighed 0.5ml oil(0.523gm).
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein solid products are extracted with acetone (250 ml) in a soxhlet extraction apparatus until the solvent in the thimble became colour less about 4 hrs.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein after removal of acetone under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator, said fraction is weighed 0.6ml (3.14gm).
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein after extraction of both oils dry remain solid residue at room temperature for overnight (2.86gm); then fill in crucible with lid and calcinated at 7000C for 6 hours with a constant heating rate 100 C/minute (.521gm).
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the obtained rice husk ash is dissolved in 100 ml NaOH solution (2M) followed by refluxing for 3 hour to attain complete precipitation, then concentrated HCL is added to dissolved rice husk ash until pH 7.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said solution is filtered and the precipitate washed with distilled water till free of chloride ions and finally dried in an oven at 1100 for 4 hours; and Silica is extracted in crystal and powder form.