DESC:FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention relates to a pesticidal composition for seed treatment comprising bioactive amounts of (A) Chitosan and its derivatives; (B) one or combination of two or more insecticide(s); and (C) one or combination of two or more fungicide(s). The present invention further relates to process of preparing the said composition for seed treatment comprising formulation excipients and formulations thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide that can be obtained from deacetylation of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that is naturally present in the fungal cell wall and in crustacean shells from which it can be easily extracted; it is biodegradable and non-toxic. Chitosan is a versatile polymer with many functional groups available for chemical modification, therefore it displays a lot of potential for commercial applications such as food, cosmetics, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental protection and wastewater management. Chitosan have potential in agriculture with regard to controlling plant diseases. These molecules were shown to display toxicity and inhibit fungal growth and development. They were reported to be active against viruses, bacteria and other pests. Effect of chitosan treatment on seed-borne infection of F. graminearum in two wheat cultivars has been assessed. It was reported that chitosan treatment of wheat seeds significantly improved seed germination by controlling seed-borne Fusarium graminearum infection. Chitosan also inhibited fungal transmission to the primary roots of germinating seedlings. Results indicated that chitosan controlled seed-borne F. graminearum infection and increased the resistance in seedlings by stimulating the accumulation of phenolics and lignin.
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of chitosan derivative, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC) on the phytopathogenic fungus F. eumartti, B. cinerea and P. infestans showed that NMPC had a fungicidal effect. NMPC inhibited F. eumartti mycelial growth and spore germination. NMPC also affected fungal membrane permeability, ROS production and cell death.
Chitosan treated Pepper (Capsicum annuum) seeds were tested for low temperature germination by imbibing pepper seeds in different concentrations of chitosan solutions. The authors reported improved seedling emergence under wet and cold conditions which was due to the induction of systemic acquired resistance in seeds by increasing chitinase and glucanase activities.
Now a days, seeds are very costly inputs in agriculture. Hybrid seeds are very expensive and should be protected from seed and soil borne fungal diseases, soil hibernating insect-pests, plant parasitic nematode and foliar feeding insects and mites from day one.
Combination of insecticides and fungicides are used to broaden the spectrum of control of insect-pest-mite-nematode and fungal diseases, reduce dosage, thereby reducing environmental impact, and decrease chances of development of resistance. The combination of insecticides and fungicides at times demonstrate an additive or synergistic effect that results in an improved control on the pests and overall crop health and plant stand in field condition.
Damage to seeds from insect and fungal pests is another major concern for agriculturalist. There are various diseases such as seedling blight etc. which reduce germination rates and cause considerable decrease in yield. Treating the seed with insecticidal and fungicidal combinations helps reduce damage from such soil pests and seed and soil borne fungal diseases. Another advantage of treating seeds or other plant propagation material is the improvement in germination rates, increased yield and improved plant health.
There are many combinations of insecticide and fungicide known in the prior art for the control of soil borne pests. For example, ES2719721T3 patent relates to composition comprising Chlorantraniliprole and Pyraclostrobin with different pesticidal compound for the effectively increasing crop yield of agricultural plants under pressure by effectively treating various pathogens.
CN102302037B patent relates to bactericide pesticide composition containing A) chitosan oligosaccharide and B) one or more active compounds selected from heterocyclic nitrogen-group fungicide, organic phosphorus type disinfectant, substituted benzene-group fungicides, organic sulphur series bactericidal agent, and other bactericidal agents. The composition has a synergistic effect, improves stress resistance and yield of crops, adjusts the metabolic balance in plants, improves the quality of agricultural products and enhances the application security of bactericides
US20140196169A1 patent relates to filed agronomy and further relates to modify in a targeted manner the genome of a plant in close proximity to an existing elite event using a double stranded DNA break inducing enzyme. This patent discloses the composition comprising Chlorantraniliprole and Pyraclostrobin along with several mixture of pesticide and plant nutrients.
Badawy M.E.I., El-Aswad A.F. (2012): Insecticidal activity of chitosans of different molecular weights and chitosan-metal complexes against cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and oleander aphid Aphis nerii. Plant Protect. Sci., 48: 131–141 relates to use of chitosan as biologically active compound against some economic pests. Chitosan at different molecular weights and chitosan complexes with metals of Ag(I), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Hg(II) showed good insecticidal activity against larvae of cotton leafworm S. littoralis and oleander aphid A. nerii. S. littoralis larvae fed chitosan Ni and chitosan-Hg complexes halted feeding after 3 days, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. These results suggested that some of these compounds have the potential of becoming alternatives for plant protection instead of some harmful pesticides. In addition, they may be introducing a novel mode of action on insects, so that development of resistance is not likely to happen.
Juan Wang, et. al, Evaluation of a Spinosad Controlled-Release Formulation Based on Chitosan Carrier: Insecticidal Activity against Plutella xylostella (L.) Larvae and Dissipation Behavior in Soil, ACS Omega 2021, 6, 30762-30768 relates to controlled-release pesticide formulations using natural polymers as carriers are highly desirable owing to their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and improved pesticide utilization. The study conducted in article further relates to the application potential of our previously prepared spinosad/chitosan controlled-release suspension (SCCS) was evaluated through both toxicity and dissipation tests. This work showed the positive effect of chitosan on spinosad in improving insecticidal activity and reducing environmental risks in soil, which provided useful information on the application potential of pesticide-carrier systems based on natural polymer materials in crop protection and food safety.
There is however a need for improvement of these combinations. Single active combinations used over a long period of time has resulted in resistance. With the onset of resistance to certain pests, there is a need in the art for a combination of actives that decreases chances of resistance and improves the spectrum of disease and pest control.
However still there is a need for a pesticidal composition for seed treatment comprising Chitosan and its derivatives; one or combination of two or more insecticide(s); one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) for seed treatment which overcomes some of the existing problems and can be prepared easily without much complex manufacturing process.
Therefore, one object of the present invention is to provide improved combinations of Chitosan and its derivatives; one or combination of two or more insecticide(s); one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) for the control of insect-pest-mite-nematode and fungal diseases.
Embodiment of the present invention can ameliorate one or more of the above mentioned problems.
Inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that the novel seed treatment composition containing Chitosan and its derivatives as described herein which can provide solution to the above mentioned problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore an aspect of the present invention provides a composition containing Chitosan for seed treatment comprising (A) Chitosan and its derivatives; (B) one or combination of two or more insecticide(s); (C) one or combination of two or more fungicide(s); and one or more inactive formulation excipients.
Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a seed treatment composition containing Chitosan and its derivatives to protect the seeds of crops/plants from insect-pest-mite-nematode and fungal diseases.
Accordingly, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of protecting a plant propagation material, a plant, parts of a plant and/or plant organs that grow at a later point in time against pathogenic damage or insect-pest damage by applying to the plant propagation material a composition defined in the first aspect
Accordingly, in a yet another aspect the composition containing chitosan for seed treatment wherein the formulations selected from Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment (WS), water dispersible granules (WDG/WG) solution for seed treatment (LS), emulsions for seed treatment (ES), Flowable suspension/ concentrate for seed treatment (FS), suspension concentrate (SC), aqueous capsule suspension (CS), powder for dry seed treatment (DS); and one or more inactive formulation excipients such as a) dispersant b) wetting agent c) anti-foaming agent d) biocides e) anti-freezing agent f) suspending agent g) thickener h) carrier, i) buffering agent, j) wall forming material, k)disintegrating agent and l) solvent.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:

“Seed treatment” refers to the application of fungicide, insecticide, multi-site fungicide or both or a combination of both, to seeds so as to disinfect them from seed-borne or soil-borne pathogenic organisms and storage insects. It also refers to the subjecting of seeds to solar energy exposure, immersion in conditioned water, etc.

The term "synergistic", as used herein, refers the combined action of two or more active
agents blended together and administered conjointly that is greater than the sum of their
individual effects.

"Bioactive amounts” as mentioned herein means that amount which, when applied treatment of crops, is sufficient to effect such treatment.

The term "plant propagation material" refers to the parts of the plant, such as seeds, which can be used for the propagation of the plant and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers (for example, potatoes). There may be mentioned, e.g., the seeds (in the strict sense), roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, parts of plants. Germinated plants or young plants, which may be transplanted after germination or after emergence from the soil. "Insecticidal" refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit, growth rate of insects. “Fungicidal” refers to the ability of a substance to decrease or inhibit growth of fungi. To “control” or “controlling” insects means to inhibit, through a toxic effect, the ability of insect pests to survive, grow, feed, and/or reproduce, or to limit insect-related damage or loss in crop plants or denotes control and prevention of a disease. Controlling effects include all deviation from natural development, for example: killing, retardation, decrease of the fugal disease or insect pest. To “control” insects may or may not mean killing the insects, although it preferably means killing the insects.

The present invention provides a novel seed treatment composition containing Chitosan comprising bioactive amounts of (A) Chitosan and its derivatives; (B) one or combination of two or more insecticide(s); (C) one or combination of two or more fungicide(s); and one or more inactive formulation excipients.

In an embodiment of the present invention, Chitosan derivatives may be selected from Poly-N-acetyl-D glucosamine, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC), N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, N-Dodecyl chitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan, N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide, Chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl chitosan, and Quaternary ammonium chitosan.

Chitosan
Chitosan is a linear cationic polymer obtained by the N-deacetylation of chitin. The substance is not soluble in water but becomes soluble in dilute acids when the degree of deacetylation is over 50%. When chitin reaches a nitrogen content of more than 7%, or when the degree of deacetylation exceeds 60% the term chitosan is favoured. Chitosan has great biological properties but due to its poor aqueous solubility, it is often depolymerized to form low molecular weight chitosans (LMWCs) and Chitooligosaccharides (COSs), both readily soluble in water due to their shorter chain lengths and free amino groups. By introducing small functional groups such as, alkyl or carboxymethyl groups, one can strongly increase chitosan solubility at neutral and alkaline pH without affecting its cationic character.

Chitosan derivatives:
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs)
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) are hydrolyzed products of chitosan produced using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations of both. Unlike Chitosan they are readily soluble in water due to their shorter chain lengths and free amino groups in D-glucosamine units. The low viscosity and greater solubility of COSs at neutral pH have attracted the interest of many researchers to utilize chitosan in its oligosaccharides form. As in the case of amino acids, which are building blocks of proteins, less than 100 units of glucosamine need to get connected to form COSs. Generally we talk about Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) when n (number of mer units) >20, COSs when 2 < n<10 and Monomers, when n=1.

Chitosan hydrochloride
Chitosan hydrochloride also known as Chitosan HCl enhances plant protection against pathogenic infections. Dependant on application, concentration, dosage and plant species it leads to early germination of seeds, boosts germination rate, stimulates and fastens the vegetative growth, lessens the water loss of plants, increases yields.

Carboxymethyl chitosan
Carboxymethyl chitosan is a water soluble derivative of chitosan. It is prepared by carboxymethylation process in which some of the single bond OH groups of chitosan are substituted by single bondCH2COOH groups.

Hydroxypropyl chitosan
Hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) is another important functional derivative of chitosan. Water-soluble hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) derivatives with different degrees of substitution (DS) and weight-average molecular weight (Mw) are synthesized from chitosan and propylene epoxide under basic conditions. Its antifungal effect have been reported against fungal plant pathogens.

Quaternary ammonium chitosan
The quaternary ammonium salts of chitosan are water soluble derivatives. It has been reported that the quaternary salts of alkyl chitosan derivatives also exhibit antifungal property against plant fungi Pythium debaryanum, B. cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum. Accordingly, in vitro results showed that the best antifungal quaternary salts were N-octyl-N,N-dimethylchitosan against B. cinerea (383?mg/L), F. oxysporum (812?mg/L), and P. debaryanum (440?mg/L), on the basis of the effective concentration that caused 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (EC50).

In an embodiment of the present invention, one or combination of two or more insecticide(s) may be selected from Clothianidin, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram, Flupyrimin, Triflumezopyrim, Sulfoxaflor, Flupyradifuron, Fipronil, Chlorpyrifos, Bifenthrin, Abamectin, Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Cyclaniliprole, Tetraniliprole, Tetrachlorantraniliprole, Tyclopyrazoflor, Cyhalodiamide, Flubendiamide and Broflanilide.

In an embodiment of the present invention, one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) may be selected from Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Carbendazim, Thiophanate methyl, Carboxin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Fluindapyr, Fluxapyroxad, Isopyrazam, Penflufen, Penthiopyrad, Sedaxane, Flubeneteram, Pyrapropoyne, Inpyrfluxam, Isoflucypram, Pydiflumetofen, Azoxystrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin, Fludioxonil, Imazalil, Prochloraz, Cyproconazole, Difenoconazole, Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole, Hexaconazole, Ipconazole, Mefentrifluconazole, Metconazole, Penconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tetraconazole, Thiabendazole, Triticonazole, Acebenzolar-s--methyl, Mancozeb, Maneb, Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Zineb, Ziram, Captan, Captafol, Folpet, Chlorothalonil, and Dithianon.

Active ingredients Sedaxane, fluxapyroxad, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, fluindapyr, isopyrazam, penflufen, penthiopyrad, flubeneteram, pyrapropoyne, inpyrfluxam, isoflucypram, pydiflumetofen- belongs to carboxamide group of fungicide and having same mode of action, i.e. SDHI (Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors). Their composition with chitosan+thiamethoxam and chitosan+fipronil may gave similar results as chitosan+thiamethoxam+sedaxane and chitosan+fipronil+sedaxane.

Further active ingredients Picoxystrobin, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin- belongs to strobilurin group of fungicide and having same mode of action, i.e. QoI (Quinone outside Inhibitors). Their composition with chitosan+thiamethoxam and chitosan+fipronil may gave similar results as chitosan+thiamethoxam+picoxystrobin and chitosan+fipronil+picoxystrobin.

Fluxapyroxad, sedaxane, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, fluindapyr, isopyrazam, penflufen, penthiopyrad, flubeneteram, pyrapropoyne, inpyrfluxam, isoflucypram, pydiflumetofen- belongs to carboxamide group of fungicide and having same mode of action, i.e. SDHI (Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors). Their composition with chitosan+clothianidin may gave similar results as chitosan+clothianidin+fluxapyroxad.

Pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin- belongs to strobilurin group of fungicide and having same mode of action, i.e. QoI (Quinone outside Inhibitors). Their composition with chitosan+clothianidin may gave similar results as chitosan+clothianidin+pyraclostrobin.

The present invention provides formulation for the aforesaid composition and method of preparation thereof.

The advantages of pesticidal composition for seed treatment are as follows:
(a) increases germination rates and seed vitality;
(b) improve sprouting;
(c) improve seedling vigour;
(d) stronger emergence;
(e) better stand quality;
(f) increases biomass-plant canopy and root canopy;
(g) seed protection against seed and soil born fungal pathogens, soil hibernating insects;
(h) seedling protection against early stage sap feeding insects, foliage feeding insects, protections from millipedes, snails and plant parasitic nematodes etc.;
(i) induced systemic resistance against pathogens and disease;
(j) increase tolerance against abiotic stress like moisture stress, temperature stress etc.;
(k) elevate innate immunity defense mechanisms in plants;
(l) boost overall plant health;
(m) amendment for better crop performance;
(n) overall increases in vegetative and reproductive plant parts; and
(o) increase in crop yield.

The said composition are used for treatment of seeds, vegetative propagating materials like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, suckers, stem cutting etc. The seeds of crops/plants may be conventional seeds, hybrids seeds, genetically modified seeds. The seeds of crops/plants include but are not limited to GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) and Non GMO varieties of Cotton (Gossypium spp.), Paddy (Oryza sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestavum), Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Oat (Avena sativa), Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), Soybean (Glycin max), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) , Mustard (Brassica juncea), Rape seed (Brassica napus), Linseed (Linum usitatissimum), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), Green gram (Vigna radiata), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Chickpea (Cicer aritinum), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Redgram (Cajanus cajan), Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Indian bean (Lablab purpureus), Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), Field pea (Pisum sativum), Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), Lentils (Lens culinaris), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) , Tomato (Solanum lycopersicun) , Chilly (Capsicum annum), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Muskmelons (Cucumis melo), Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Carrot (Dacus carota subsp. sativus), Turnip (Brassica rapa subsp rapa), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Stem cutting of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum), vine cutting of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cloves of garlic (Allium sativum), rhizome of banana (Musa spp.), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale).

Methods of seed treatment:
The treatment of seed and vegetative plant propagating materials can be done manually by farmers at the time of sowing or before the sowing or planting. It can be also done through machine.
Chemical treatments to improve germination and vigour potential include Soaking / treating the seeds with pesticides. Pesticidal seed treatment methods are:

1. Seed coating is a direct application of substance, botanical or synthetic to cover the outer surface seed provides a mechanism to protect against pathogen and pests.
2. Pelleting involves rolling of seeds with pesticides, nutrients, filler and binders with gradual addition of water followed by drying to the seeds until correct size or grade of pellet is obtained.
3. Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment in which seeds are soaked in an osmotic solution that allow them to imbibe water go through the first two stages of germination but does not permit radicle to protrude through seed coat.

Commercial seed-treating systems (seed treaters) are designed to apply accurately measured quantities of pesticides to a given weight of seed. Examples include seed treating drums, slurry treater, Mist-O-Matic treater, seed coating machine and pelleting equipment.

The inventive composition is employed to protect the seeds and plant propagating materials from seed and soil borne pathogens, invertebrate pests, gastropods and nematodes. The seed and soil borne pathogens includes fungi, bacteria and viruses. The invertebrate pests includes mainly arthropods which further includes insects, mites, centipedes, millipedes. The gastropods includes snails, slug and other stylommatophora. The nematode includes mainly plant parasitic nematodes causing economic damages.
The seed and soil borne fungi belong to Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Oomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes, Zygomycetes and the like.
Examples which may be mentioned, but not by limitation, are some pathogens of fungal diseases are Aspergillus spp. (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus), Penicillium spp. (Penicillium viridicatum), Fusarium spp. (Fusarium oxysporium, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliform), Claviceps spp. (Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps paspali), Ustilago spp. (Ustilago nuda, Ustilago hordi), Helminthosporium spp. (Helminthosporium satiium, Helminthosporium oryzae), Neovssia spp. (Neovssia indica), Rhizoctonia spp. (Rhizoctonia solani), Microdochium nivale, Phomopsis spp., Sclerotium spp. (Sclerotium rolfsii), Macrophomina spp. (Macrophomina phaseolina), Colletotrichum spp. (Colletotrichum capsici), Ascochyta spp. Botryodiplodia spp., Botrytis spp., Cercospora spp. Curvularia spp. Diplodia spp., Monilia spp., Phakospora spp., Nigrospora spp., Stemphylium spp., Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp., Peronospora spp., Peronosclerospora spp., The pathogen of fungal species causing the symptoms of seed rot, seed decay, seeding rot, seedling blight, root rot, collar rot, charcoal rot, leaf blight, leaf spot etc. in different crops.

The present invention will be used to control the following insects-pests.
The major insects pests are belongs to the order Hemiptera, for example, rice leafhopper/green leaf hopper (GLH) Nephotettix nigropictus, rice brown plant hopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugen, rice backed plant hopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera, Apple Mealy bug Phenococcus aceris, bean aphid Aphis fabae, black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii, citrus black scale Saissetia oleae, cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, Lipaphis erysimi, citrus red scale Aonidiella aurantii, yellow scale Aonidiella citrine, citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis, aphid Aphis gossypii, jassid Amrasca biguttula biguttla, mealy bug Planococcus spp. And Pseudococcus spp., cotton stainer Dysdercus suturellus, whitefly Bemisia tabaci, cowpea aphid Aphis crassivora, grain aphid Sitobion avenae, golden glow aphid Uroleucon spp., grape mealybug Pseudococcus maritimus, green peach aphid Myzus persicae, greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, papaya mealy bug Pracoccus marginatus, pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, sugarcane mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari, potato aphid Myzus persicae, potato leaf hopper Empoasca fabae, cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci, tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris, wooly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum, mango hopper Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus spp. ; order Lepidoptera, army worm Mythimna unipuncta, asiatic rice borer Chilo suppressalis, bean pod borer Maruca vitrata, beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon, bollworm Helicoverpa armigera , cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni, codling moth Cydia pomonella, croton caterpillar Achea janata, diamond backmoth Plutella xylostella, cabbage worm Pieris rapae, pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, sugarcane early shoot borer Chilo infuscatellus tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, tomato fruitworm Helicoverpa zea, velvet bean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis, yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas, spotted bollworm Earias vittella, rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, pink stem borer Sesamia spp., tobacco leafeating caterpillar Spodoptera litura; brinjal fruit and shoot borer Leucinodes orbonalis, bean pod borer Maruca vitrata, Maruca testulalis, armyworm Mythimna separata, cotton pinkbollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, cabbage butterfly Pieris bras-sicae, diamond backmoth Plutella xylostella, paddy stem borer Scirpophaga excerptallis, Scirpophaga incertulas, Scirpophaga innotata, wheat stem borer Sesamia inferens, Sitotroga cerealella, Spilosoma obliqua, fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Trichoplusia ni, Tryporyza nivella, Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta.
from the order Coleoptera, for example, apple twig borer Amphicerus spp., corn root worm Diabrotica virgifera, cucumber beetle diabrotica balteata, boll weevil Anthonomus grandis, grape flea beetle Altica chalybea, grape root worm Fidia viticola, grape trunk borer Clytoleptus albofasciatus, radish flea beetle Phyllotreta armoraciae, maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, northern corn rootworm Diabrotica barberi, rice water weevil Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Anthonomus grandis, Bruchus lentis, Diabrotica semipunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, Dicladispa armigera, Epila-chna varivestis, various species of white grubs are Holotrichia bicolor, Holotrichia consanguinea, Holotrichia serrata, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Phyllotreta chrysocephala, Popillia japonica etc; from the order Orthoptera, for example, Gryllotalpa spp., Locusta spp., and Schistocerca is spp.; from the order Thysanoptera, for example, Thrips- Frankliniella spp., Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci and Scirtothrips dorsalis; termites (Isoptera), e.g. Calotermes flavicollis, Coptotermes formosanus, Heterotermes aureus, Leucotermes flavipes, Microtermes obesi, Odontotermes obesus, Reticulitermes flavipes, Termes natalensis; from the order Heteroptera, for example, Dysdercus spp., Leptocorisa spp., from the order Hymenoptera, for example, Solenopsis spp. ; from the order Diptera, for example, Antherigona soccata, Dacus spp., Liriomyza spp., Melanagromyza spp., from the order Acarina (Mites), for example, Aceria mangiferae, Brevipalpus spp., Eriophyes spp., Oligonychus mangiferus, Oligonychus punicae, Panonychus citri, Panonychus ulmi, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Tarsonemus spp., Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
The plant parasitic nematodes such as root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and other Meloidogyne species; cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida, Globodera tabacum and other Globodera species, Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera trifolii, and other Heterodera species; seed gall nematodes, Anguina funesta, Anguina tritici and other Anguina species; stem and foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelen-choides fragariae, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and other Aphelenchoides species; sting nematodes, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and other Belonolaimus species; pine nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus species; ring ne-matodes, Criconema species, Criconemella species, Criconemoides species, and Me-socriconema species; stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and other Ditylenchus species; awl nematodes, Dolichodorus species; spiral nematodes, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and other Helicotylenchus species, Rotylenchus robustus and other Roty-lenchus species; sheath nematodes, Hemicycliophora species and Hemicriconemoides species; Hirshmanniella species; lance nematodes, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolai-mus galeatus and other Hoplolaimus species; false root-knot nematodes, Nacobbus aberrans and other Nacobbus species; needle nematodes, Longidorus elongates and other Longidorus species; pin nematodes, Paratylenchus species; lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus curvitatus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylencus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae and other Pratylenchus species; Radinaphelenchus cocophilus and other Radinaphelenchus species; burrowing nematodes, Radopholus similis and other Radopholus species; reniform nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis and other Rotylenchulus species; Scutellonema species; stubby root nematodes, Tri-chodorus primitivus and other Trichodorus species; Paratrichodorus minor and other Paratrichodorus species; stunt nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhyn-chus dubius and other Tylenchorhynchus species and Merlinius species; citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and other Tylenchulus species; dagger nematodes, Xi-phinema americanum, Xiphinema index, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and other Xi-phinema species; and other plant parasitic nematode species.

Formulation of the present invention can be in any of the formulations selected from Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment (WS), water dispersible granules (WDG/WG) solution for seed treatment, emulsions for seed treatment (ES), Flowable suspension/ concentrate for seed treatment (FS), suspension concentrate (SC), aqueous capsule suspension (CS), powder for dry seed treatment (DS).

Further composition comprising (A) Chitosan; (B) one or combination of two or more insecticide(s); and (C) one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) are present in the said composition in specific fixed ratio.

In further aspect the present invention relates to a seed treatment composition containing Chitosan comprising bioactive amounts of (A) is 0.01 to 10% w/w of the composition; (B) is 0.01 to 80% w/w of the composition; and (C) is 0.01 to 80% w/w of the composition.

Active Ingredients Compound A Compound
B Compound
C
Examples chitosan
or
its derivatives one or combination of two or more insecticide(s) one or combination of two or more fungicide(s)
% of Active Ingredient
0.01 to 10%
0.01 to 80% 0.01 to 80%

The term “seed treatment” comprises all suitable seed treatment techniques known in the art, such as, but not limited to, seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, seed film coating, seed multilayer coating, seed encrusting, seed dripping, and seed pelleting.

The composition of the present invention in addition to bioactive amounts of active ingredients further comprises inactive excipients including but not limited to dispersant, wetting agent, anti-foaming agent, anti-freezing agent, suspending agent, thickener, carrier, disintegrating agent and solvent.

Wetting agents are required to ensure the proper wetting of hydrophobic actives. They also ease the milling process by combining with newly generated surfaces and avoiding agglomeration.

Wetting agents used herein for FS (Flowable Suspension), Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation include, but are not limited to ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, polyarylphenyl ether phosphate, polyalkoxylated butyl ether, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl diphenyl sulfonates, sodium isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, organosilicons surfactants (as a wetting-spreading-penetrating agent) includes trisiloxane ethoxylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyoxyethylene methyl polysiloxane, polyoxyalkylene methyl polysiloxane, polyether polymethyl siloxane copolymer, heptamethyl trisiloxane, Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, may or may not be in modified form, may be liquid or powder form or mixture thereof etc.

Wetting agents for WS (Wettable Powder slurry)/WG (Wettable Granule)/WDG (Water Dispersible Granule) formulation can be selected from sodium N-methyl-N-oleoyl taurate, alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt, mixture of isomers of dibutyl naphthalene sulphonic acid sodium salt, sodium di-isopropyl naphthalene sulphonate, sodium Lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sulfate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, phosphate esters, sulphosuccinates and non-ionic such as tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate, alkyl or alkaryl sulfonates such as alkylbenzene sulfonates, alpha olefin sulfonate and alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, ethoxylated or non-ethoxylated alkyl or alkaryl carboxylates, alkyl or alkaryl phosphate esters, alkyl polysaccharide, di or mono alkyl sulfosuccinate derivatives, alpha olefin sulfonates, alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, dialkyl sulphosuccinates, butyl, dibutyl, isopropyl and di-isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate salts, C12 alkyl benzene sulfonate or C10-C16 alkyl benzene sulfonate, organosilicons surfactants includes trisiloxane ethoxylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyoxyethylene methyl polysiloxane, polyoxyalkylene methyl polysiloxane, polyether polymethyl siloxane copolymer, trisiloxane heptamethyl, Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, may or may not be in modified form, may be liquid or powder form or mixture thereof etc.

Dispersing agents as used herein for FS (Flowable Suspension) Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation formulation include, but are not limited to Naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt condensated with formaldehyde, alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, sodium ligno sulfonate, sodium polycarboxylate, EO/PO based copolymer, phenol sulfonate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, styrene acrylic acid copolymer, propylene oxide-ethylene oxide-copolymer, polyethylene glycol 2,4,6-tristyrylphenyl ether, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, tristyrylphenole with 16 moles EO, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, oleyl-polyglycol ether with ethylene oxide, tallow fatty amine polyethylene oxide, nonylphenol polyglycol ether with 9-10 moles ethylene oxide.

Dispersing agents as used herein for WS (Wettable Powder slurry ), WG (Wettable Granule)/WDG (Water Dispersible Granule) formulation can be selected from alkylnaphthalene sulfonate sodium salt, sodium polycarboxylate, naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt condensates with formaldehyde, polyalcoxylated alkylphenol, naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, methyl naphthalene-formaldehyde-condensate sodium salt, naphthalene condensates, lignosulfonates, polyacrylates and phosphate esters, calcium lignosulfonate, lignin sulfonate sodium salt.
Suspending agent as used herein FS (Flowable Suspension), Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation can be selected from aluminum magnesium silicate, bentonite clay, silica, and attapulgite clay.

Water-based formulations often cause foam during mixing operations in production. In order to reduce the tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are often added either during the production stage or before filling into bottles.

Antifoaming agent as used herein FS (Flowable Suspension), Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation can be selected from silicone oil, silicone compound, C10~C20 saturated fat acid compounds or C8~C10 aliphatic alcohols compound, silicone antifoam emulsion, dimethyl siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane, vegetable oil based antifoam, tallow based fatty acids, polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimethylsiloxane etc.

Antifoaming agent as used herein WS (Wettable Powder slurry), WG (Wettable Granule)/WDG (Water Dispersible Granule) formulation is polydimethylsiloxane.

Anti-freezing agent as used herein for FS (Flowable Suspension) formulation, Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation can be selected from ethylene glycol, propane diols, glycerin or the urea, glycol (monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), glycerin, urea, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, sodium chloride.

Examples of preservatives as used herein for FS (Flowable Suspension) formulation, Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation can be selected from1,2-benzisothiazolin-3(2H)-one, sodium salt, sodium benzoate, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, formaldehyde, sodium o-phenyl phenate, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one & 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.

Thickeners or gelling agents are used herein mainly to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed particles or droplets.

Examples of thickeners used herein for FS (Flowable Suspension) formulation, Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation can be selected from xanthan gum, PVK, carboxymethyl celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, modified starch, attapulgite clay and bentonite clay.

Carrier as used herein for WS (Wettable Powder slurry), WG (Wettable Granule)/WDG (Water Dispersible Granule) formulation is selected from china clay, silica, lactose anhydrous, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate anhydrous, corn starch, urea, EDTA, urea formaldehyde resin, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, bentonite, kieselguhr, fuller's earth, attapulgite clay, bole, loess, talc, chalk, dolomite, limestone, lime, calcium carbonate, powdered magnesia, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, gypsum, calcium sulphate, pyrophyllite, silicates and silica gels; fertilizers such as, for example, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate and urea; natural products of vegetable origin such as, for example, grain meals and flours, bark meals, wood meals, nutshell meals and cellulosic powders; and synthetic polymeric materials such as, for example, ground or powdered plastics and resins, bentonites, zeolites, titanium dioxide, iron oxides and hydroxides, aluminium oxides and hydroxides, or organic materials such as bagasse, charcoal, or synthetic organic polymers.

Disintegrating agent for WS (Wettable Powder slurry), WG (Wettable Granule)/WDG (Water Dispersible Granule) formulation is selected from citric acid, succinic acid or the sodium bicarbonate.

Dye stuff as used herein for FS (Flowable Suspension) formulation can be selected from Monoazo pigment, Irregalite 3 RS dye.

Diluent used herein for FS (Flowable Suspension), Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation is water.

The present composition containing Chitosan and its derivatives is applicable to Seed treatment: chitin and chitosan stimulates seed germination. Chitosan coating alters permeability of the seed plasma membrane, increasing not only the concentrations of sugars and proline, but also enzymes activities. Germination rates increases significantly and seedlings germinate quicker, better and vigorously.

The process for preparing the present seed treatment composition can be modified accordingly by any person skilled in the art based on the knowledge of the manufacturing the formulation. However all such variation and modification is still covered by the scope of present invention.

EXAMPLE 1:
Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+Pyraclostrobin 5% FS (Flowable Slurry for seed treatment)
Ingredients Percent (w/w)
Chitosan 2.00
Clothianidin 20.00
Pyraclostrobin 5.00
1,2-Propylene glycol 3.00
Trisiloxane ethoxylate 2.50
Acrylic graft copolymer 2.00
Polyarylphenyl ether sulphate-ammonium salt 4.50
Attapulgite clay 1.00
Polydimethyl siloxane 0.30
1,2- benzisothiazoline-3-one 0.15
Polyethylene glycol 400 6.00
Azo dye 3.00
Xanthan gum 0.15
Water 50.40
Total 100.00
Ingredients on the basis of 100% purity.
Storage stability-Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+ Pyraclostrobin 5% FS (Flowable Slurry for seed treatment)
Laboratory storage for 14 days
Parameters Specification (in house) Initial At 54±2 0C At 0±2 0C
Chitosan content percent by mass 1.90-2.20 2.15 2.10 2.15
Clothianidin content percent by mass 19.00-21.00 20.25 20.15 20.24
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass 4.75-5.50 5.20 5.16 5.19
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 80 97.50 96.50 97.30
Clothianidin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.50 98.30
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.70 98.40
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.50 5.70 5.60
Pourability 95% min. 98.00 97.10 97.20
Specific gravity 1.050-1.20 1.15 1.15 1.15
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 650 660 675
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 nil 3 nil
Room temperature storage
Parameters Specification (in house) 1 month 6 months 12 months
Chitosan content percent by mass 1.90-2.20 2.15 21.50 2.15
Clothianidin content percent by mass 19.00-21.00 20.25 20.25 20.24
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass 4.75-5.50 5.20 5.20 5.19
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 80 97.50 97.40 97.30
Clothianidin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 98.30 98.30
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.70 98.40
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.50 5.50 5.60
Pourability 95% min. 98.00 97.10 97.20
Specific gravity 1.050-1.20 1.15 1.15 1.15
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 650 660 665
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 nil 3 nil

Manufacturing process for preparing 100 litres of chitosan 2%+clothianidin 20% + pyraclostrobin 5% FS (Flowable Slurry for seed treatment) composition
Step 1-Gum Solution (2%): charge 2 kg xanthan gum and 0.15 kg 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one into 96 kg water and homogenize and should be made 12-18 hour prior to use.
Step 2-Charge 40.4 kg of DM water, 3 kg 1,2-propylene glycol and 6 kg polyethylene glycol into designated vessel and mix thoroughly.
Step 3-Add 1 kg of attapulgite clay, 2.5 kg trisiloxane ethoxylate, 2.0 kg acrylic graft copolymer, 4.5 kg polyarylphenyl ether sulphate-ammonium salt and 0.15 kg polydimethylsiloxane into the vessel having water and homogenise the contents for 45 – 60 minutes using high shear homogeniser.
Step 4-Then add 2.0 kg chitosan, 5 kg pyraclostrobin and 20 kg clothianidin and 3.0 kg azo dye to this premix slowly and homogenised to get uniform slurry ready for grinding.
Step 5-Before grinding half the quantity of antifoam was added and then material was subjected to grinding in dyno mill till desired particle size is achieved.
Step 6-Add remaining 0.15 kg polydimethyl siloxane antifoam was added after grinding process completes and before sampling for in process analysis.
Step 7-Finally add 10 kg gum solution (2%) to this formulation and send to QC for quality check.

EXAMPLE 2:
Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+Sedaxane 6% WS (Wettable Powder slurry for Seed treatment)
Ingredients Percent (w/w)
Chitosan 4.00
Thiamethoxam 40.00
Sedaxane 6.00
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate-sodium salt 7.00
Polyacrylate polymer sodium salt 3.00
Polyethylene glycol 8000 6.00
Sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate blend 3.50
Azo dye 3.50
Silicone antifoam 0.50
Calcium carbonate 15.00
China Clay 11.50
Total 100.00
Ingredients on the basis of 100% purity.
Storage stability of Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+ Sedaxane 6% WS (Wettable Powder slurry for Seed treatment)
Laboratory storage stability for 14 days
Parameters specification (in house) Initial At 54±2 0C At 0±2 0C
Chitosan content percent by mass 3.80-4.40 4.15 4.12 41.5
Thiamethoxam content percent by mass 38.0-42.0 40.25 40.16 40.25
Sedaxane content percent by mass 5.70-6.60 6.15 6.11 6.15
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 70 97.15 95.02 97.52
Thiamethoxam suspensibility percent min. 70 95.36 91.15 94.56
Sedaxane suspensibility percent min. 70 95.75 93.11 94.25
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.5 5.7 5.6
wettability sec. max. 60 8 9 9
wet sieve (45 micron) percent by mass min. 98.5 99.5 99.2 99.3
bulk density (g/ml) 0.45 to 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5
moisture content percent by mass max. max. 2% 1.1 0.8 1
Room temperature storage stability up to 12 months
Parameters Specification (in house) 1 month 6 months 12 months
Chitosan content percent by mass 3.80-4.40 4.15 4.15 41.5
Thiamethoxam content percent by mass 38.0-42.0 40.25 40.25 40.25
Sedaxane content percent by mass 5.70-6.60 6.15 6.15 6.15
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 70 97.15 96.8 97.52
Thiamethoxam suspensibility percent min. 70 95.36 91.15 94.56
Sedaxane suspensibility percent min. 70 95.75 93.11 94.25
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.5 5.7 5.6
wettability sec. max. 60 8 9 9
wet sieve (45 micron) percent by mass min. 98.5 99.5 99.2 99.3
bulk density (g/ml) 0.45 to 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5
moisture content percent by mass max. max. 2% 1.1 0.8 1

Manufacturing process for preparing 100 kg of Chitosan 4%+ Thiamethoxam 40% + Sedaxane 6% WS composition
Step 1-Charge the 11.5 kg china clay, 15 kg calcium carbonate, 0.5 kg silicone antifoam, 3.5 kg azo dye, 3.5 kg sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate blend, 3kg polyacrylate polymer sodium salt, 7 kg alkylated naphthalene sulfonate-sodium salt and 6.0 kg polyethylene glycol 8000 into a ribbon or premix blender and homogenization for 30 minutes.
Step 2-Then add 4 kg chitosan, 40 kg of thiamethoxam and 6 kg sedaxane technical to this premix slowly and again homogenize for 30 minutes and now this pre-blended material is then grinded through jet mill/ air classifier mills.
Step 3-Finely grinded material is blended in post blender till it becomes homogeneous. (for approx.1.5 hr)
Step 4-Final product is sent for QC approval.
Step 5-After approval material is packed in required pack sizes.

EXAMPLE 3:
Chitosan 1%+Fipronil 12.5% + Pyraclostrobin 2.5% + Thiophanate methyl 15% FS (Flowable Slurry for seed treatment)
Ingredients Percent (w/w)
Chitosan 1.00
Fipronil 12.50
Pyraclostrobin 2.50
Thiophanate methyl 15.00
1,2-Propylene glycol 3.00
Copolymer butanol EO/PO 2.00
Trisiloxane ethoxylate 1.50
Acrylic graft copolymer 2.00
Polyarylphenyl ether sulphate-ammonium salt 4.50
Attapulgite clay 1.00
Polydimethyl siloxane 0.30
1,2- benzisothiazoline-3-one 0.15
Polyethylene glycol 400 6.00
Azo dye 3.00
Xanthan gum 0.15
Water 45.40
Total 100.00
Ingredients on the basis of 100% purity.

Storage stability: Chitosan 1%+Fipronil 12.5% + Pyraclostrobin 2.5% +Thiophanate methyl 15% FS (Flowable Slurry for seed treatment)
Laboratory storage for 14 days
Parameters Specification (in house) Initial At 54±2 0C At 0±2 0C
Chitosan content percent by mass 0.95-1.10 1.15 1.10 1.15
Fipronil content percent by mass 11.875-13.125 12.70 12.65 12.70
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass 2.375-2.750 2.65 2.62 2.65
Thiophanate methyl content percent by mass 14.250-15.750 15.25 15.20 15.24
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 80 97.50 96.50 97.30
Fipronil suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.50 98.30
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.40 97.40 98.30
Thiophanate methyl suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.70 98.40
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.50 5.70 5.60
Pourability 95% min. 98.00 97.10 97.20
Specific gravity 1.050-1.20 1.15 1.15 1.15
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 650 660 675
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 nil 3 nil
Room temperature storage
Parameters Specification (in house) 1 month 6 months 12 months
Chitosan content percent by mass 0.95-1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15
Fipronil content percent by mass 11.875-13.125 12.70 12.70 12.69
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass 2.375-2.750 2.65 2.65 2.64
Thiophanate methyl content percent by mass 14.250-15.750 15.25 15.20 15.24
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 80 97.50 97.30 97.30
Fipronil suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.50 98.30
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.40 97.40 98.30
Thiophanate methyl suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.70 98.40
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.50 5.50 5.60
Pourability 95% min. 98.00 97.10 97.20
Specific gravity 1.050-1.20 1.15 1.15 1.15
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 650 660 665
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 Nil 3 nil

Manufacturing process for preparing 100 litres of Chitosan 1% + Fipronil 12.5% + Pyraclostrobin 2.5% + Thiophanate methyl 15% FS composition
Step 1-Gum Solution (2%): charge 2 kg xanthan gum and 1.5 kg 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one into 96 kg water and homogenize and should be made 12-18 hour prior to use.
Step 2-Charge 35.40 kg of DM water, 3 kg 1,2-propylene glycol and 6 kg polyethylene glycol into designated vessel and mix thoroughly.
Step 3-Add 1 kg of attapulgite clay, 2 kg copolymer butanol EO/PO, 1.5 kg trisiloxane ethoxylate, 2.0 kg acrylic graft copolymer, 4.5 kg polyarylphenyl ether sulphate-ammonium salt and 0.15 kg polydimethylsiloxane into the vessel having water and homogenise the contents for 45 – 60 minutes using high shear homogeniser.
Step 4-Then add 1.0 kg chitosan, 2.5 kg Pyraclostrobin, 15 kg thiophanate methyl and 12.5 kg fipronil and 3.0 kg azo dye to this premix slowly and homogenised to get uniform slurry ready for grinding.
Step 5-Before grinding half the quantity of antifoam was added and then material was subjected to grinding in dyno mill till desired particle size is achieved.
Step 6-Add remaining 0.15 kg polydimethyl siloxane antifoam was added after grinding process completes and before sampling for in process analysis.
Step 7-Finally add 10 kg gum solution (2%) to this formulation and send to QC for quality check.

EXAMPLE 4:
Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Cyantraniliprole 10%+Fluxapyroxad 5% SC (Suspension Concentrate)
Ingredients Percent (w/w)
Chitosan 1.00
Clothianidin 10.00
Cyantraniliprole 10.00
Fluxapyroxad 5.00
1,2-Propylene glycol 5.00
Copolymer butanol EO/PO 3.50
Acrylic graft copolymer 3.50
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate-sodium salt 1.50
Bentonite clay 1.00
Polydimethyl siloxane 0.30
1,2- benzisothiazoline-3-one 0.15
Xanthan gum 0.15
Water 58.90
Total 100.00
Ingredients on the basis of 100% purity.
Storage stability of Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Cyantraniliprole 10%+Fluxapyroxad 5% SC (Suspension Concentrate)
Laboratory storage for 14 days
Parameters Specification (in house) Initial At 54±2 0C At 0±2 0C
Chitosan content percent by mass 0.95-1.10 1.15 1.10 1.15
Clothianidin content percent by mass 9.50-10.50 10.50 10.35 10.50
Cyantraniliprole content percent by mass 9.50-10.50 10.45 10.30 10.44
Fluxapyroxad content percent by mass 4.75 -5.50 5.25 5.20 5.24
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 80 97.50 96.50 97.30
Clothianidin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.50 98.30
Cyantraniliprole suspensibility precent min. 80 98.40 98.10 98.30
Fluxapyroxad suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.90 98.40
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.50 5.70 5.60
Pourability 95% min. 98.00 97.10 97.20
Specific gravity 1.050-1.20 1.12 1.12 1.12
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 650 670 675
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 Nil 3 nil
Room temperature storage
Parameters Specification (in house) 1 month 6 months 12 months
Chitosan content percent by mass 0.95-1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15
Clothianidin content percent by mass 9.50-10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50
Cyantraniliprole content percent by mass 9.50-10.50 10.45 10.45 10.44
Fluxapyroxad content percent by mass 4.75 -5.50 5.25 5.25 5.24
Chitosan suspensibility percent min. 80 97.50 96.50 97.30
Clothianidin suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 98.40 98.30
Cyantraniliprole suspensibility precent min. 80 98.40 98.10 98.30
Fluxapyroxad suspensibility precent min. 80 98.50 97.90 98.40
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.50 5.70 5.80
Pourability 95% min. 98.00 97.10 97.35
Specific gravity 1.05-1.20 1.12 1.12 1.12
Viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm 350-800 cps 650 670 675
Particle size (micron) D50<3, D90<10 2.2,8.6 2.4,8.8 2.5,8.9
Persistent foam ml (after 1 minute) max. 60 Nil 3 nil

Manufacturing process for preparing 100 litres of Chitosan 1% + Clothianidin 10% + Cyantraniliprole 10% + Fluxapyroxad 5% SC composition
Step 1-Gum Solution (2%): Charge 2 kg xanthan gum and 1.5 kg 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one into 96 kg water and homogenize and should be made 12-18 hour prior to use.
Step 2-Charge 48.90 kg of DM water, 5 kg 1,2-propylene glycol into designated vessel and mix thoroughly.
Step 3-Add 1 kg bentonite clay, 3.5 kg copolymer butanol EO/PO, 3.5 kg acrylic graft copolymer,1.5 kg alkylated naphthalene sulfonate-sodium salt and 0.15 kg polydimethylsiloxane into the vessel having water and homogenise the contents for 45 – 60 minutes using high shear homogeniser.
Step 4-Then add 1 kg chitosan, 10 kg clothianidin, 10 kg cyantraniliprole and 5 kg of fluxapyroxad to this premix slowly and homogenised to get uniform slurry ready for grinding.
Step 5-Before grinding half the quantity of antifoam was added and then material was subjected to grinding in Dyno mill till desired particle size is achieved.
Step 6-Add remaining 0.15 kg of polydimethyl siloxane antifoam was added after grinding process completes and before sampling for in process analysis.
Step 7-Finally add 10 kg of gum solution (2%) to this formulation and send to QC for quality check.

Example 5:
Chitosan 4%+Fipronil 20%+Tetraniliprole 12%+Carboxin 10%+Metiram 25% WP
Ingredients Percent (w/w)
Chitosan 4.00
Fipronil 20.00
Tetraniliprole 12.00
Carboxin 10.00
Metiram 25.00
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate-sodium salt 5.00
Polyacrylate polymer sodium salt 2.00
Sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate blend 2.50
Silicone antifoam 0.50
Silica 5.00
China Clay 14.00
Total 100.00

Ingredients on the basis of 100% purity.
Storage stability of Chitosan 4% + Fipronil 20% + Tetraniliprole 12% + Carboxin 10% + Metiram 25% WP
Laboratory storage stability for 14 days
Parameters specification (in house) Initial At 54±2 0C At 0±2 0C
Chitosan (% w/w) 3.80 to 4.40 4.20 4.05 4.15
Fipronil (% w/w) 19.00 to 21.00 20.60 20.10 20.50
Tetraniliprole (% w/w) 11.40 to 12.60 12.40 12.10 12.30
Carboxin (% w/w) 9.50 to 10.50 10.40 10.15 10.30
Metiram (% w/w) 23.75 to 26.25 26.00 25.15 25.80
Chitosan suspensibility 80% minimum 92.50 89.80 91.80
Fipronil suspensibility 91.20 88.60 90.80
Tetraniliprole suspensibility 96.60 93.50 95.90
Carboxin suspensibility 94.50 92.60 94.10
Metiram suspensibility 90.60 89.50 90.20
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.6 5.8 4.7
Wettability 60 second maximum 10 13 11
wet sieve (45 micron) 98.5% w/w, minimum 99.5 99.2 99.3
bulk density 0.45 to 0.75 (g/ml) 0.5 0.5 0.5
moisture content maximum 2% w/w. 1 0.7 1
Room temperature storage stability up to 12 months
Parameters specification (in house) 1 month 6 months 12 months
Chitosan (% w/w) 3.80 to 4.40 4.20 4.18 4.12
Fipronil (% w/w) 19.00 to 21.00 20.60 20.60 20.40
Tetraniliprole (% w/w) 11.40 to 12.60 12.40 12.40 12.20
Carboxin (% w/w) 9.50 to 10.50 10.40 10.30 10.20
Metiram (% w/w) 23.75 to 26.25 26.00 25.90 25.80
Chitosan suspensibility 80% minimum 92.40 92.30 92.00
Fipronil suspensibility 91.10 91.00 90.80
Tetraniliprole suspensibility 96.50 96.30 96.20
Carboxin suspensibility 94.50 94.40 94.20
Metiram suspensibility 90.50 90.40 90.30
pH range (1% aq. Suspension) 5.0 to 7.0 5.6 5.8 5.8
Wettability 60 second maximum 10 10 12
wet sieve (45 micron) 98.5% w/w, minimum 99.5 99.1 98.9
bulk density 0.45 to 0.75 (g/ml) 0.5 0.5 0.5
moisture content maximum 2% w/w. 1 0.8 0.8

Manufacturing process for preparing 100 kg of Chitosan 4% + Fipronil 20% + Tetraniliprole 12%+ Carboxin 10%+ Metiram 25% WP composition
Step 1-Charge the 14 kg china clay, 5 kg silica, 0.5 kg silicone antifoam, 2.5 kg sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate blend, 2 kg polyacrylate polymer sodium salt, 5 kg alkylated naphthalene sulfonate-sodium salt into a ribbon or premix blender and homogenization for 30 minutes.
Step 2-Then add 4 kg chitosan, 20 kg fipronil, 12 kg tetraniliprole, 10 kg carboxin and 25 kg metiram to this premix slowly and again homogenize for 30 minutes and now this Pre-blended material is then grinded through Jet mill/ air classifier mills.
Step 3-Finely grinded material is blended in post blender till it becomes homogeneous. (for approx. 1.5 hr)
Step 4-Final product is sent for QC approval.
Step 5-After approval material is packed in required pack sizes.

Biological examples:
Seeds is an important input in profitable crop cultivation. The seed should be protected from insect-pests, diseases and abiotic stress. Therefore, treatment of seeds with chemical pesticides, biological pesticides/agents, micronutrients, bio stimulants, plant growth regulators or their combinations helps to protect the seeds. Seed treatment ensures the protection against seed and soil borne fungal and bacterial diseases, insect pests, nematodes in early crop growth stage and ensures sufficient plant stand in the field. The treatment of seeds also helps to prevents spread of plant diseases from one area to another.
The field experiments were carried out to study the effect of innovative compositions containing chitosan and insecticide(s) and fungicide(s) in soybean, groundnut, gram/chickpea, green gram.

EXAMPLE 6:
Seed treatments in soybean (Glycine max) crop
Crop: Soybean, Variety-JS 34
Spacing: 45 cm between row, 8 to 10 cm between plant to plant
Plot size: 5 m2
Number of treatments: 19
Time of application: at the time of sowing
Method of application method: The required quantity of seed taken in thick poly bag, then measured quantity of innovative composition (as per the dose per kg seed) also put over the seed and gently mixed with hand by wearing rubber gloves. Both the seed and innovative composition mixed well by shaking the plastic bag and water added as per the requirement. The treated seeds were allowed to dry for 1 hour before sowing.
Germination (%): The counted number of treated seed (100 seeds) were place in soil and covered with soil. The number of seeds germinated has been recorded on 7 days.
Plant stands at 30 DAS (days after sowing): Count the number of healthy plants from entire plot.
Girdle beetle incidence (%): Count the number of healthy and damaged/infested by girdle beetle plants from entire plot on 40 DAS.
Seedling blight incidence (%): Count the number of healthy and infected plants by seedling blight from entire plot on 40 DAS.
Plant growth rating: Plant growth rating given on the entire plot basis, in comparison with UTC (Untreated Plot). This visual observation base on plant height, foliage size, colour, overall plant biomass, root mass. 10- 100% increase in plant growth, 1-10% increase in plant growth.
Table 1: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Application Rate per 10 kg seed
Formulation gram active ingredients
T1 Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+Fluxapyroxad 3% FS 100 2+20+3
T2 Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+Pyraclostrobin 5% FS 100 2+20+5
T3 Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+Thiophanate methyl 20% FS 100 2+20+20
T4 Chitosan 4%+Clothianidin 40% FS 50 2+20
T5 Chitosan 8%+Fluxapyroxad 12% FS 25 2+3
T6 Chitosan 8%+Pyraclostrobin 20% WG 25 2+5
T7 Chitosan 4%+Thiophanate methyl 40% FS 50 2+20
T8 Clothianidin 20%+Fluxapyroxad 3% FS 100 20+3
T9 Clothianidin 20%+Pyraclostrobin 5% FS 100 20+5
T10 Clothianidin 20%+Thiophanate methyl 15% FS 100 20+20
T11 Chitosan 10% WP 20 2
T12 Clothianidin 50% WDG 40 20
T13 Fluxapyroxad 33.3% FS 9 3
T14 Pyraclostrobin 20% WG 25 5
T15 Thiophanate methyl 70% WP 28.57 20
T16 Clothianidin 22.5%+Pyraclostrobin 3.5%+Thiram 15% FS 100 22.5+3.5+15=41
T17 Thiamethoxam 25%+Azoxystrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 11.25% FS 100 25+2.5+11.25=38.75
T18 Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 22.5% FS 100 25+2.5+22.5=50
T19 UTC (Untreated) - -

T1 to T3-innovative compositions, T4 to T10-conventional treatments, T16 to T18-ready mix conventional treatments, FS suspension concentrates for seed treatment, WP wettable powder, WDG wettable granule.

Table 2: Germination and plant stand in soybean crop
Treatment Number Germination (%) Increase (%) in germination over T19 Plant stands at 30 DAS Girdle beetle Incidence(%) at 40 DAS Seedling blight incidence (%) at 40 DAS Plant growth Rating (on basis of T19)
T1 95.2 42.5 109.8 0.0 0.0 10.0
T2 94.8 41.9 108.8 0.0 0.0 10.0
T3 94.4 41.3 107.4 0.0 0.0 10.0
T4 81.2 21.6 98.0 1.6 4.9 8.0
T5 83.8 25.4 96.0 5.1 1.3 8.5
T6 83.2 24.6 95.2 4.9 1.5 8.5
T7 82.6 23.7 94.6 5.3 1.2 8.5
T8 87.6 31.1 98.2 0.8 1.8 9.0
T9 85.6 28.1 98.4 0.7 2.1 9.0
T10 84.2 26.0 97.4 1.0 1.9 9.0
T11 71.8 7.5 89.8 6.2 5.3 6.0
T12 73.4 9.9 91.2 2.2 6.3 6.5
T13 75.6 13.2 90.6 5.9 2.6 5.0
T14 74.6 11.7 89.4 6.3 2.4 6.0
T15 72.2 8.1 88.4 6.5 2.5 5.0
T16 92.2 38.0 101.6 1.2 1.6 9.5
T17 89.2 33.5 99.8 1.4 1.5 9.0
T18 86.8 29.9 97.8 1.6 1.7 9.0
T19 66.8 0.0 78.4 10.7 9.6 0.0

All the innovative composition (T1 to T3) provides excellent germination, plant stand in field and protection against girdle beetle and seedling blight diseases. Overall plant growth and vigour were excellent in innovative composition (T1 to T3) as compared to all conventional treatments (T4 to T18).

EXAMPLE 7:
Seed treatment in gram/chickpea
Crop: Chickpea, Variety-Dollar
Spacing: 30 cm between row, 8 to 10 cm between plant to plant
Plot size: 10 m2
Number of treatments: 27
Time of application: at the time of sowing
Method of application: as given in example 1
Table 3: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Application Rate per 10 kg seed
Formulation gram active ingredients
T1 Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+Picoxystrobin 10% WS 50 2+20+5
T2 Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+Sedaxane 6% WS 50 2+20+3
T3 Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+Metiram 30% WS 50 2+20+15
T4 Chitosan 4%+Fipronil 25%+Picoxystrobin 10% WS 50 2+12.5+5
T5 Chitosan 4%+Fipronil 25%+Sedaxane 6% WS 50 2+12.5+3
T6 Chitosan 4%+Fipronil 25%+Metiram 30% WS 50 2+12.5+15
T7 Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40% WS 50 2+20
T8 Chitosan 8%+Picoxystrobin 20% WS 25 2+5
T9 Chitosan 8%+Sedaxane 12% WS 25 2+3
T10 Chitosan 8%+Metiram 60% WS 25 2+15
T11 Thiamethoxam 40%+Picoxystrobin 10% WS 50 20+5
T12 Thiamethoxam 40%+Sedaxane 6% WS 50 20+3
T13 Thiamethoxam 40%+Metiram 30% WS 50 20+15
T14 Chitosan 8%+Fipronil 50% WS 25 2+12.5
T15 Fipronil 50%+Picoxystrobin 20% WS 25 12.5+5
T16 Fipronil 50%+Sedaxane 12% WS 25 12.5+3
T17 Fipronil 25%+Metiram 30% WS 50 12.5+15
T18 Chitosan 10% WP 20 2
T19 Thiamethoxam 70% WS 28.6 20
T20 Fipronil 70% WS 17.9 12.5
T21 Pyraclostrobin 20% SC 25.0 5
T22 Sedaxane 30% FS 10.0 3
T23 Metiram 70% WG 21.4 15
T24 Clothianidin 22.5%+Pyraclostrobin 3.5%+Thiram 15% FS 100 22.5+3.5+15=41
T25 Thiamethoxam 25%+Azoxystrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 11.25% FS 100 25+2.5+11.25=38.75
T26 Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 22.5% FS 100 25+2.5+22.5=50
T27 UTC (Untreated) - -

T1 to T6-innovative seed treatment composition, T7 to T26-conventional treatments, WS (water dispersible powders for slurry seed treatment)-a powder to be dispersed at high concentration in water before application as slurry to the seed.
Table 4: Incidence of root rot and termite in chickpea
Treatment Number Root rot incidence (%) Termite damage (%) Plant stands at 60 DAS Increase (%) in plant stand over T27 Average number of pods per plant Increase (%) in Pods over T27
T1 0 0 34.7 97.16 44.7 226.28
T2 0 0 34.1 93.75 43.9 220.44
T3 0.2 0 32.6 85.23 41.7 204.38
T4 0 0 34.3 94.89 44.1 221.90
T5 0 0 33.8 92.05 43.5 217.52
T6 0.4 0 32.0 81.82 40.6 196.35
T7 2.6 0.2 26.8 52.27 25.1 83.21
T8 0.6 0.9 28.6 62.50 33.3 143.07
T9 0.6 1.0 28.0 59.09 29.7 116.79
T10 0.9 1.0 27.6 56.82 26.8 95.62
T11 0.8 0.7 28.8 63.64 34.5 151.82
T12 0.9 0.6 28.4 61.36 31.7 131.39
T13 1.4 0.7 27.8 57.95 27.6 101.46
T14 2.7 0.1 26.2 48.86 24.5 78.83
T15 0.9 0.4 29.0 64.77 35.6 159.85
T16 1.0 0.6 28.8 63.64 34.8 154.01
T17 1.7 0.5 28.2 60.23 30.7 124.09
T18 4.2 1.3 23.6 34.09 18.5 35.04
T19 5.7 0.8 22.8 29.55 20.3 48.18
T20 6.1 0.7 22.0 25.00 19.8 44.53
T21 1.5 1.8 24.6 39.77 22.8 66.42
T22 1.6 1.7 24.2 37.50 21.8 59.12
T23 2.4 2.0 22.8 29.55 16.8 22.63
T24 0.8 0.1 30.2 71.59 39.8 190.51
T25 1.3 0.2 28.6 62.50 37.9 176.64
T26 1.8 0.2 28.5 61.93 35.6 159.85
T27 16.7 3.4 17.6 0.00 13.7 0.00

All the innovative composition (T1 to T6) provides excellent protection to chickpea seeds and seedlings against root rot and termite and also bears significantly higher number of pods per plant which directly contributes to the yield. Overall excellent plant growth and vigour were observed in innovative composition (T1 to T6) as compared to all conventional treatments (T7 to T26).

EXAMPLE 8:
Seed treatment in maize/corn
Crop: Maize, Variety-NK 7720
Spacing: 60 cm between row, 25 cm between plant to plant
Plot size: 30 m2
Number of treatments: 20
Time of application: at the time of sowing
Method of application: as given in example 1
Observations: Record germination (%), seedling rot (Aspergillus spp.) incidence (%), plant height (cm), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and stem borer (Chilo partellus) incidence.
Table 5: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Application Rate per 10 kg seed
Formulation gram active ingredients
T1 Chitosan 4%+Chlorantraniliprole 16%+Fluxapyroxad 6% FS 50 2+8+3
T2 Chitosan 4%+Chlorantraniliprole 16%+Pyraclostrobin 10% FS 50 2+8+5
T3 Chitosan 4%+Cyantraniliprole 20%+Fluxapyroxad 6% FS 50 2+10+3
T4 Chitosan 4%+Cyantraniliprole 20%+Pyraclostrobin 10% FS 50 2+10+5
T5 Chitosan 4%+Tetraniliprole 20%+Fluxapyroxad 6% FS 50 2+8+3
T6 Chitosan 4%+Tetraniliprole 16%+Pyraclostrobin 10% FS 50 2+8+5
T7 Chlorantraniliprole 16%+Fluxapyroxad 6% FS 50 8+3
T8 Chlorantraniliprole 16%+Pyraclostrobin 10% FS 50 8+5
T9 Cyantraniliprole 20%+Fluxapyroxad 6% FS 50 10+3
T10 Cyantraniliprole 20%+Pyraclostrobin 10% FS 50 10+5
T11 Tetraniliprole 20%+Fluxapyroxad 6% FS 50 8+3
T12 Tetraniliprole 16%+Pyraclostrobin 10% FS 50 8+5
T13 Chitosan 4% L 50 2
T14 Chlorantraniliprole (50% w/w) 62.5% FS 12.8 8
T15 Cyantraniliprole (48.8% w/w) 60% FS 16.7 10
T16 Tetraniliprole (40.34% w/w) 48% FS 16.7 8
T17 Fluxapyroxad 33.3% FS 15 5
T18 Thiophanate methyl 70% WP 28.6 20
T19 Cyantraniliprole 19.8%+Thiamethoxam 19.8% FS 50 9.9+9.9
T20 UTC (Untreated) - -
T1 to T6-innovative seed treatment compositions, T7 to T19-conventional treatments.

Table 6: Effect of seed treatment on germination and insects’ control in early crop growth stage in maize.
Treatment Number 10 DAS 20 DAS 30 DAS 30 DAS 50 DAS
Germination (%) Increase (%) over T20 Seedling rot (%) incidence Plant height (cm) Increase (%) over T20 Fall Armyworm incidence (%) Reduction (%) over T20 Stem borer incidence (%) Reduction (%) over T20
T1 97.0 13.45 0.0 72.2 27.3 0.0 100.00 0 100.00
T2 97.5 14.04 0.0 73.6 29.8 0.0 100.00 0 100.00
T3 96.0 12.28 0.0 72.0 27.0 0.0 100.00 0 100.00
T4 97.5 14.04 0.0 73.2 29.1 0.0 100.00 0 100.00
T5 97.0 13.45 0.0 71.8 26.6 0.0 100.00 0 100.00
T6 97.0 13.45 0.0 72.6 28.0 0.0 100.00 0 100.00
T7 94.0 9.94 1.6 69.7 22.9 0.8 93.16 3.2 84.62
T8 95.0 11.11 1.4 69.8 23.1 0.7 94.02 2.9 86.06
T9 94.0 9.94 1.5 68.6 21.0 1.3 88.89 3.7 82.21
T10 94.5 10.53 1.3 68.9 21.5 1.2 89.74 3.4 83.65
T11 93.5 9.36 1.6 68.7 21.2 1.3 88.89 3.7 82.21
T12 94.0 9.94 1.4 68.6 21.0 1.4 88.03 3.2 84.62
T13 89.0 4.09 1.7 68.2 20.3 2.3 80.34 14.5 30.29
T14 92.5 8.19 3.8 64.2 13.2 1.0 91.45 3.2 84.62
T15 93.0 8.77 4.1 63.8 12.5 1.4 88.03 3.8 81.73
T16 92.0 7.60 3.9 63.4 11.8 1.6 86.32 4.3 79.33
T17 91.5 7.02 1.2 68.8 21.3 8.6 26.50 18.8 9.62
T18 89.5 4.68 1.6 68.2 20.3 8.8 24.79 19.6 5.77
T19 93.0 8.77 5.4 64.2 13.2 0.0 100.00 4.6 77.88
T20 85.5 0.00 5.7 56.7 0.0 11.7 0.00 20.8 0.00

All the innovative compositions (T1 to T6) provide excellent seed germination and protection against seedling rot, fall armyworm and stem borers as compared to all conventional treatments (T7 to T19).

EXAMPLE 9:
Seed treatment in red gram
Crop: Red gram
Spacing: 120 cm between row, 30 cm between plant to plant
Plot size: 50 m2
Number of treatments: 20
Time of application: at the time of sowing
Method of application method: as seed dresser
Observations: Record germination (%) and termites (Odontotermes spp. And Microtermes spp.) incidence (%).
Table 7: Treatment details

Treatment number Treatment details Application Rate per 10 kg seed
Formulation gram active ingredients
T1 Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Chlorantraniliprole 10%+Fluxapyroxad 5% SC 100 ml 1+10+10+5
T2 Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Cyantraniliprole 10%+Fluxapyroxad 5% 100 ml 1+10+10+5
T3 Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Tetraniliprole 10%+Fluxapyroxad 5% SC 100 ml 1+10+10+5
T4 Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Broflanilide 4%+Fluxapyroxad 5% SC 100 ml 1+10+4+5
T5 Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Chlorantraniliprole 10%+Thiophanate methyl 20% SC 100 ml 1+12+10+20
T6 Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Cyantraniliprole 10%+Thiophanate methyl 20% SC 100 ml 1+12+10+20
T7 Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Tetraniliprole 10%+Thiophanate methyl 20% SC 100 ml 1+12+10+20
T8 Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Broflanilide 4%+Thiophanate methyl 20% SC 100 ml 1+12+4+20
T9 Chitosan 4% L 25 ml 1
T10 Clothianidin 20%+Chlorantraniliprole 20% SC 100 ml 10+10
T11 Clothianidin 20%+Cyantraniliprole 20% SC 100 ml 10+10
T12 Clothianidin 20%+Tetraniliprole 20% SC 100 ml 10+10
T13 Clothianidin 40%+Broflanilide 8% SC 50 ml 10+4
T14 Thiamethoxam 24%+Chlorantraniliprole 20% SC 100 ml 12+10
T15 Thiamethoxam 24%+Cyantraniliprole 20% SC 100 ml 12+10
T16 Thiamethoxam 24%+Tetraniliprole 20% SC 100 ml 12+10
T17 Thiamethoxam 48%+Broflanilide 8% SC 50 ml 12+4
T18 Fluxapyroxad 33.3% FS 15.02 ml 5
T19 Thiophanate methyl 70% WP 28.57 ml 20
T20 UTC (Untreated) - -
T1 to T8-innovative compositions, T9 to T19- conventional treatments

Table 8: Seed germination and termite incidence (%) in red gram.
Treatment Number 10 DAS 50 DAS
Germination (%) Increase (%) over T20 Termite incidence (%) Reduction (%) over T20
T1 96.3 23.15 0.0 100.00
T2 96.0 22.76 0.0 100.00
T3 96.6 23.53 0.0 100.00
T4 95.6 22.25 0.0 100.00
T5 95.6 22.25 0.0 100.00
T6 95.3 21.87 0.0 100.00
T7 94.7 21.10 0.0 100.00
T8 94.3 20.59 0.0 100.00
T9 87.3 11.64 2.6 65.33
T10 84.6 8.18 1.6 78.67
T11 84.3 7.80 1.3 82.67
T12 83.7 7.03 1.6 78.67
T13 83.3 6.52 1.3 82.67
T14 84.7 8.31 1.4 81.33
T15 84.0 7.42 1.5 80.00
T16 84.6 8.18 1.6 78.67
T17 84.3 7.80 1.6 78.67
T18 87.7 12.15 6.8 9.33
T19 86.7 10.87 7.2 4.00
T20 78.2 0.00 7.5 0.00
DAS-days after sowing.
All the innovative compositions (T1 to T8) provide excellent seed germination and protection against termite as compared to all conventional treatments (T9 to T19).

EXAMPLE 10:
Seed treatment in groundnut
Crop: Groundnut, kadiri
Spacing: 45 cm between row, 5 to 10 cm between plant to plant
Plot size: 40 m2
Number of treatments: 27
Time of application: at the time of sowing
Method of application: as seed dresser.
Observations: Record germination(%), Aspergillus seedling rot (Aspergillus niger) incidence (%), termite (Microtermes spp. And Odontotermes spp.) incidence (%), white rot disease (Sclerotium rolfsii) incidence (%), white grub (Holotrichia consanguinea) larval population in root zone are and number of pods per plant at the time of harvest.

Table 9: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Formulation (ml per 10 kg seed) Application Rate (gram active per 10 kg seed)
T1 Chitosan 4%+Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Fluxapyroxad 5% FS 50 2+15+2.5+2.5=22
T2 Chitosan 4%+Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Penflufen 5% FS 50 2+15+2.5+2.5=22
T3 Chitosan 4%+Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Bixafen 5% FS 50 2+15+2.5+2.5=22
T4 Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 15%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 15% FS 100 2+15+2.5+15=34.5
T5 Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Fluxapyroxad 2.5% FS 100 2+25+2.5+2.5=32
T6 Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Penflufen 2.5% FS 100 2+25+2.5+2.5=32
T7 Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Bixafen 2.5% FS 100 2+25+2.5+2.5=32
T8 Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 12.5% FS 100 2+25+2.5+12.5=42
T9 Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Fluxapyroxad 5% FS 50 15+2.5+2.5=20
T10 Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Penflufen 5% FS 50 15+2.5+2.5=20
T11 Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Bixafen 5% FS 50 15+2.5+2.5=20
T12 Clothianidin 15%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 15% FS 100 15+2.5+15=32.5
T13 Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Fluxapyroxad 5% FS 100 25+2.5+2.5=30
T14 Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Penflufen 5% FS 100 25+2.5+2.5=30
T15 Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Bixafen 5% FS 100 25+2.5+2.5=30
T16 Fipronil 25+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 12.5% FS 100 25+2.5+12.5=40
T17 Chitosan 50% WP 4 2
T18 Clothianidin 50% WDG 30 15
T19 Fipronil 18.87% (20% w/v) SC 125 25
T20 Pyraclostrobin 25%+Fluxapyroxad 25% SC 10 2.5+2.5=5
T21 Pyraclostrobin 25%+Penflufen 25% SC 10 2.5+2.5=5
T22 Pyraclostrobin 25%+Bixafen 25% SC 10 2.5+2.5=5
T23 Pyraclostrobin 5%+Thiophanate methyl 30% FS 50 2.5+15=17.5
T24 Clothianidin 22.5%+Pyraclostrobin 3.5%+Thiram 15% FS 50 22.5+3.5+15=41
T25 Thiamethoxam 25%+Azoxystrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 11.25% FS 100 25+2.5+11.25=38.75
T26 Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 22.5% FS 100 25+2.5+22.5=50
T27 UTC (Untreated) - 0
T1 to T8-innovative compositions for seed treatment, T9 to T26-conventional treatments

Table 10: Effect of seed treatment on germination, insect-pest and diseases incidence and pod yield in groundnut
Treatment Number 10 DAS 30 DAS 50 DAS 70 DAS 90 DAS At Harvest
Germination (%) Aspergillus rot incidence (%) Termite incidence (%) White rot incidence (%) White grub larvae in root zone area Number of filled Pods per plant Increase (%) over T27
T1 94.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.2 147.95
T2 93.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.8 152.05
T3 94.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.4 142.47
T4 93.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.8 131.51
T5 93.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.2 134.25
T6 91.6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.4 142.47
T7 93.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.6 123.29
T8 91.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.2 120.55
T9 92.4 0.63 0.67 0.63 0.67 28.8 97.26
T10 91.6 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.70 27.8 90.41
T11 92.2 0.67 0.67 0.67 1.00 28.6 95.89
T12 90.6 0.73 0.67 0.73 1.33 27.6 89.04
T13 90.4 0.80 0.73 0.80 2.33 27.8 90.41
T14 89.8 0.83 0.76 0.83 2.67 27.2 86.30
T15 90.4 0.86 0.73 0.86 2.00 26.8 83.56
T16 88.6 0.83 0.76 0.83 2.30 26.2 79.45
T17 82.8 0.93 1.12 1.13 1.67 21.8 49.32
T18 81.2 4.83 0.83 4.83 0.67 24.2 65.75
T19 80.6 5.10 0.90 5.10 1.30 23.6 61.64
T20 86.2 0.96 2.43 0.96 4.67 22.4 53.42
T21 86.6 0.93 2.50 0.93 4.33 21.8 49.32
T22 85.4 0.90 2.64 0.90 4.67 21.2 45.21
T23 82.6 1.16 2.85 1.16 5.00 20.4 39.73
T24 90.2 0.67 0.83 0.67 0.67 31.2 113.70
T25 88.4 0.70 0.92 0.70 1.33 30.6 109.59
T26 86.4 0.83 1.00 0.83 1.67 29.8 104.11
T27 76.4 6.23 2.96 6.23 5.30 14.6 0.00

All the innovative composition (T1 to T8) gives excellent germination, protections against diseases like aspergillus rot and white rot diseases; insects like, termite and white grub; and also bears higher number of filled pods per plant. Overall plant growth and vigour were excellent in innovative composition (T1 to T8) as compared to all conventional treatments (T9 to T26).
EXAMPLE 11:
Seed treatment in groundnut
Crop: Groundnut, kranti
Spacing: 45 cm between row, 5 to 10 cm between plant to plant
Plot size: 50 m2
Number of treatments: 15
Time of application: at the time of sowing
Method of application: as seed dresser.
Table 11: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Application Rate per 10 kg seed
Formulation gram active ingredients
T1 Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 20%+Chlorantraniliprole 15%)+(Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%) WP 40 1.6+8+6+2+2
T2 Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 20%+Cyantraniliprole 15%)+(Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%) WP 40 1.6+8+6+2+2
T3 Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 20%+Tetraniliprole 15%)+(Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%) WP 40 1.6+8+6+2+2
T4 Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 25%+Chlorantraniliprole 15%)+(Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%) WP 40 1.6+10+6+2+2
T5 Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 25%+Cyantraniliprole 15%)+(Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%) WP 40 1.6+10+6+2+2
T6 Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 25%+Tetraniliprole 15%)+(Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%) WP 40 1.6+10+6+2+2
T7 Chitosan 50% WP 3.2 1.6
T8 Clothianidin 20%+Chlorantraniliprole 15% WG 40 8+6
T9 Clothianidin 20%+Cyantraniliprole 15% WG 40 8+6
T10 Clothianidin 20%+Tetraniliprole 15% WG 40 8+6
T11 Fipronil 25%+Chlorantraniliprole 15% WG 40 10+6
T12 Fipronil 25%+Cyantraniliprole 15% WG 40 10+6
T13 Fipronil 25%+Tetraniliprole 15% WG 40 10+6
T14 Fluxapyroxad 20%+Pyraclostrobin 20% WG 10 2+2
T15 UTC (Untreated) - 0
T1 to T6-innovative seed treatment composition, T8 to T14-ready mix conventional treatments.
Table 12: Effect of seed treatment on pod yield in groundnut

Treatment Number 10 DAS 30 DAS 40 DAS 90 DAS At Harvest
Germination (%) Macrophomina root rot incidence (%) Number of aphid per plant Whitegrub lavae in root zone area Number of filled Pods per plant Increase (%) over T15
T1 97.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.6 107.53
T2 97.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.2 105.38
T3 97.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.3 105.91
T4 96.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.8 103.23
T5 96.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.9 103.76
T6 96.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.6 102.15
T7 84.8 1.1 12.6 1.3 28.6 53.76
T8 89.6 4.2 4.8 0.2 32.6 75.27
T9 89.2 4.0 5.1 0.3 32.2 73.12
T10 89.4 4.2 4.9 0.2 32.4 74.19
T11 88.4 4.9 6.8 0.3 31.2 67.74
T12 88.2 4.9 7.1 0.2 31.4 68.82
T13 87.6 4.8 7.2 0.4 31.0 66.67
T14 91.4 0.9 16.3 2.6 27.8 49.46
T15 76.4 5.7 20.8 2.9 18.6 0.00

All the innovative composition (T1 to T6) gives excellent germination, protections against diseases like root rot; insects like, aphid and white grub; and also bears higher number of filled pods per plant. Overall plant growth and vigour were excellent in innovative composition (T1 to T6) as compared to all conventional treatments (T7 to T14).

EXAMPLE 12:
Seed treatments in wheat crop
Crop: Wheat, HD 2967
Spacing: 20 cm between row
Plot size: 60 m2
Number of treatments: 16
Time of application: at the time of sowing
Method of application: as seed dresser.

Table 13: Treatment details
Treatment number Treatment details Application Rate per 10 kg seed
Formulation gram active ingredients
T1 Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 16%+ Chlorantraniliprole 12%)+(Tebuconazole 3%+Metiram 25%) WS 5 0.2+0.8+0.6+0.15+1.25
T2 Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 16%+Cyantraniliprole 12%)+(Tebuconazole 3%+Metiram 25%) WS 5 0.2+0.8+0.6+0.15+1.25
T3 Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 16%+Tetraniliprole 12%)+(Tebuconazole 3%+Metiram 25%) WS 5 0.2+0.8+0.6+0.15+1.25
T4 Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 20%+Chlorantraniliprole 12%)+(Carboxin 10%+Metiram 25%) WS 5 0.2+1+0.6+0.5+1.25
T5 Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 20%+Cyantraniliprole 12%)+(Carboxin 10%+Metiram 25%) WS 5 0.2+1+0.6+0.5+1.25
T6 Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 20%+Tetraniliprole 12%)+(Carboxin 10%+Metiram 25%) WS 5 0.2+1+0.6+0.5+1.25
T7 Chitosan 50% WP 0.4 0.2
T8 Clothianidin 16%+Chlorantraniliprole 12% SC 5 0.8+0.6
T9 Clothianidin 16%+Cyantraniliprole 12% SC 5 0.8+0.6
T10 Clothianidin 16%+Tetraniliprole 12% SC 5 0.8+0.6
T11 Fipronil 20%+Chlorantraniliprole 12% SC 5 1+0.6
T12 Fipronil 20%+Cyantraniliprole 12% SC 5 1+0.6
T13 Fipronil 20%+Tetraniliprole 12% SC 5 1+0.6
T14 Tebuconazole 6%+Metiram 50% WG 2.5 0.15+1.25
T15 Carboxin 20%+Metiram 50% WS 2.5 0.5+1.25
T16 UTC (Untreated) - 0
T1 to T6-innovative seed dresser compositions, T7 to T15- conventional treatments
Table 14: Effect of seed treatment in wheat crop
Treatment Number 15 DAS 50 DAS 90 DAS 100 DAS At Harvest
Germination (%) Stem borer incidence (%) Smut disease incidence (%) Termite incidence (%) Number of Productive tillers per 1 sq.m. Increase (%) over T16
T1 97.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 366.4 23.45
T2 98.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 363.2 22.37
T3 98.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 365.4 23.11
T4 96.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 358.6 20.82
T5 96.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 359.2 21.02
T6 96.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 356.6 20.15
T7 93.2 2.1 0.9 1.6 305.2 2.83
T8 94.6 0.8 1.2 0.4 312.6 5.32
T9 93.8 0.9 1.3 0.3 316.3 6.57
T10 94.2 0.7 1.2 0.3 315.2 6.20
T11 92.6 1.2 1.4 0.6 304.8 2.70
T12 92.2 1.1 1.6 0.6 303.6 2.29
T13 93.1 1.2 1.7 0.7 306.2 3.17
T14 94.4 3.8 0.2 2.4 307.2 3.50
T15 93.8 4.1 0.3 2.3 309.6 4.31
T16 88.9 5.3 1.9 2.9 296.8 0.00

All the innovative composition (T1 to T6) gives excellent germination, protections against pink stem borer, termite and smut disease and also produces higher number of effective tillers, which are directly contributing to the grain yield. Overall plant growth and vigour were excellent in innovative composition (T1 to T6) as compared to all conventional treatments (T7 to T15).
Overall summery of bioefficacy trials:
• Excellent seed germination
• Ensures good plant stands in the field
• Protection against soil hibernating insects like termite, whitegrub, wireworms etc., early growth stage sucking insects like aphid, jassid, thrips, seed and soil born diseases
• Excellent plant vigour in terms of above ground and below ground plant parts
,CLAIMS:CLAIMS
We claim;
[CLAIM 1]. A pesticidal composition for seed treatment comprising:
a. chitosan or its derivative present in an amount of 0.01% to 10% w/w;
b. one or combination of two or more insecticide(s) present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
c. one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w; and
d. one or more formulation excipients

[CLAIM 2]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein chitosan derivatives is selected from Poly-N-acetyl-D glucosamine, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC), N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, N-Dodecyl chitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan, N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide, Chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl chitosan, and Quaternary ammonium chitosan.

[CLAIM 3]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein an insecticide is selected from Clothianidin, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram, Flupyrimin, Triflumezopyrim, Sulfoxaflor, Flupyradifuron, Fipronil, Chlorpyrifos, Bifenthrin, Abamectin, Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Cyclaniliprole, Tetraniliprole, Tetrachlorantraniliprole, Tyclopyrazoflor, Cyhalodiamide, Flubendiamide and Broflanilide.

[CLAIM 4]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein fungicide is selected from Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Carbendazim, Thiophanate methyl, Carboxin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Fluindapyr, Fluxapyroxad, Isopyrazam, Penflufen, Penthiopyrad, Sedaxane, Flubeneteram, Pyrapropoyne, Inpyrfluxam, Isoflucypram, Pydiflumetofen, Azoxystrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin, Fludioxonil, Imazalil, Prochloraz, Cyproconazole, Difenoconazole, Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole, Hexaconazole, Ipconazole, Mefentrifluconazole, Metconazole, Penconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tetraconazole, Thiabendazole, Triticonazole, Acebenzolar-s--methyl, Mancozeb, Maneb, Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Zineb, Ziram, Captan, Captafol, Folpet, Chlorothalonil, and Dithianon.

[CLAIM 5]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein formulation for the said agrochemical composition is selected from Flowable Slurry (FS), Wettable Powder slurry (WS), Suspension Concentrate (SC), Wettable Powder (WP).

[CLAIM 6]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 and 5, wherein the preferred combinations of active ingredients in said composition for Flowable Slurry (FS) comprises:
a. Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+Fluxapyroxad 3%;
b. Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+Pyraclostrobin 5%;
c. Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 20%+Thiophanate methyl 20%;
d. Chitosan 4%+Chlorantraniliprole 16%+Fluxapyroxad 6%;
e. Chitosan 4%+Chlorantraniliprole 16%+Pyraclostrobin 10%;
f. Chitosan 4%+Cyantraniliprole 20%+Fluxapyroxad 6%;
g. Chitosan 4%+Cyantraniliprole 20%+Pyraclostrobin 10%;
h. Chitosan 4%+Tetraniliprole 20%+Fluxapyroxad 6%;
i. Chitosan 4%+Tetraniliprole 16%+Pyraclostrobin 10%;
j. Chitosan 4%+Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+
Fluxapyroxad 5%;
k. Chitosan 4%+Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Penflufen 5%;
l. Chitosan 4%+Clothianidin 30%+Pyraclostrobin 5%+Bixafen 5%;
m. Chitosan 2%+Clothianidin 15%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5% +Thiophanate methyl 15%;
n. Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Fluxapyroxad 2.5%;
o. Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Penflufen 2.5%;
p. Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Bixafen 2.5%;
q. Chitosan 2%+Fipronil 25%+Pyraclostrobin 2.5%+Thiophanate methyl 12.5%.

[CLAIM 7]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition for Flowable Slurry comprises:
a. Chitosan or its derivative present in an amount of 0.01% to 10% w/w;
b. one or combination of two or more insecticide(s) selected from
Poly-N-acetyl-D glucosamine, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC), N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, N-Dodecyl chitosan, N-(p-isopropyl benzyl)chitosan, N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide, Chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl chitosan, and Quaternary ammonium chitosan present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
c. one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) selected from
Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Carbendazim, Thiophanate methyl, Carboxin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Fluindapyr, Fluxapyroxad, Isopyrazam, Penflufen, Penthiopyrad, Sedaxane, Flubeneteram, Pyrapropoyne, Inpyrfluxam, Isoflucypram, Pydiflumetofen, Azoxystrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin, Fludioxonil, Imazalil, Prochloraz, Cyproconazole, Difenoconazole, Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole, Hexaconazole, Ipconazole, Mefentrifluconazole, Metconazole, Penconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tetraconazole, Thiabendazole, Triticonazole, Acebenzolar-s--methyl, Mancozeb, Maneb, Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Zineb, Ziram, Captan, Captafol, Folpet, Chlorothalonil, and Dithianon present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
d. wetting agent present in an amount of 1.0 % -6% w/w;
e. dispersing agent present in an amount of 0.5%-8% w/w;
f. suspending agent present in an amount of 0.5-2% w/w;
g. antifoaming agent present in an amount of 0.01-1% w/w;
h. anti-freezing agent present in an amount of 2-4% w/w;
i. preservatives present in an amount of 0.01-2% w/w;
j. thickeners present in an amount of 0.01-2% w/w;
k. dye stuff present in an amount of 2-4% w/w;
l. diluent present in an amount of 40-60% w/w.

[CLAIM 8]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 and 5, wherein the preferred combinations of active ingredients in said composition for Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation comprises:
a. Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Chlorantraniliprole 10%+ Fluxapyroxad 5%;
b. Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Cyantraniliprole 10%+ Fluxapyroxad 5%;
c. Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Tetraniliprole 10%+Fluxapyroxad 5%;
d. Chitosan 1%+Clothianidin 10%+Broflanilide 4%+Fluxapyroxad 5%;
e. Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Chlorantraniliprole 10%+Thiophanate methyl 20%;
f. Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Cyantraniliprole 10%+ Thiophanate methyl 20%;
g. Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Tetraniliprole 10%+ Thiophanate methyl 20%;
h. Chitosan 1%+Thiamethoxam 12%+Broflanilide 4%+Thiophanate methyl 20%.

[CLAIM 9]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition for Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation comprises:
a. Chitosan or its derivative present in an amount of 0.01% to 10% w/w;
b. one or combination of two or more insecticide(s) selected from Poly-N-acetyl-D glucosamine, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC), N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, N-Dodecyl chitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan, N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide, Chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl chitosan, and Quaternary ammonium chitosan present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
c. one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) selected from Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Carbendazim, Thiophanate methyl, Carboxin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Fluindapyr, Fluxapyroxad, Isopyrazam, Penflufen, Penthiopyrad, Sedaxane, Flubeneteram, Pyrapropoyne, Inpyrfluxam, Isoflucypram, Pydiflumetofen, Azoxystrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin, Fludioxonil, Imazalil, Prochloraz, Cyproconazole, Difenoconazole, Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole, Hexaconazole, Ipconazole, Mefentrifluconazole, Metconazole, Penconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tetraconazole, Thiabendazole, Triticonazole, Acebenzolar-s--methyl, Mancozeb, Maneb, Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Zineb, Ziram, Captan, Captafol, Folpet, Chlorothalonil, and Dithianon present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w
d. wetting agent present in an amount of 1.0 % -6% w/w;
e. dispersing agent present in an amount of 0.5%-8% w/w;
f. suspending agent present in an amount of 0.5-2% w/w;
g. antifoaming agent present in an amount of 0.01-1% w/w;
h. anti-freezing agent present in an amount of 2-4% w/w;
i. preservatives present in an amount of 0.01-2% w/w;
j. thickeners present in an amount of 0.01-2% w/w;
k. dye stuff present in an amount of 2-4% w/w;
l. diluent present in an amount of 40-60% w/w.

[CLAIM 10]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein wetting agent is selected from ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer, polyarylphenyl ether phosphate, polyalkoxylated butyl ether, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, alkyl diphenyl sulfonates, sodium isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, organosilicons surfactants (as a wetting-spreading-penetrating agent) includes trisiloxane ethoxylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyoxyethylene methyl polysiloxane, polyoxyalkylene methyl polysiloxane, polyether polymethyl siloxane copolymer, heptamethyl trisiloxane, Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, may or may not be in modified form, may be liquid or powder form or mixture thereof.

[CLAIM 11]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein dispersing agent is selected from naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt condensated with formaldehyde, alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, sodium ligno sulfonate, sodium polycarboxylate, EO/PO based copolymer, phenol sulfonate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, styrene acrylic acid copolymer, propylene oxide-ethylene oxide-copolymer, polyethylene glycol 2,4,6-tristyrylphenyl ether, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, tristyrylphenole with 16 moles EO, tristyrylphenol-polyglycol ether-phosphate, oleyl-polyglycol ether with ethylene oxide, tallow fatty amine polyethylene oxide, nonylphenol polyglycol ether with 9-10 moles ethylene oxide.

[CLAIM 12]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein suspending agent is selected from aluminum magnesium silicate, bentonite clay, silica, and attapulgite clay.

[CLAIM 13]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein antifoaming agent is selected from silicone oil, silicone compound, C10~C20 saturated fat acid compounds or C8~C10 aliphatic alcohols compound, silicone antifoam emulsion, dimethyl siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane, vegetable oil based antifoam, tallow based fatty acids, polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimethylsiloxane.

[CLAIM 14]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein anti-freezing agent is selected from ethylene glycol, propane diols, glycerin or the urea, glycol (monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), glycerin, urea, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, sodium chloride.

[CLAIM 15]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein preservative is selected from 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3(2H)-one, sodium salt, sodium benzoate, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, formaldehyde, sodium o-phenyl phenate, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one & 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.

[CLAIM 16]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein thickener is selected from xanthan gum, PVK, carboxymethyl celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, gelatin, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, modified starch, attapulgite clay and bentonite clay.

[CLAIM 17]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein dye stuff is selected from Monoazo pigment, Irregalite 3 RS dye.

[CLAIM 18]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 7 and 9, wherein diluent is water.

[CLAIM 19]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 and 5, wherein the preferred combinations of active ingredients in said composition for Wettable Powder slurry (WS) formulation comprises:
a. Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+Picoxystrobin 10%;
b. Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+Sedaxane 6% ;
c. Chitosan 4%+Thiamethoxam 40%+Metiram 30%;
d. Chitosan 4%+Fipronil 25%+Picoxystrobin 10%;
e. Chitosan 4%+Fipronil 25%+Sedaxane 6%;
f. Chitosan 4%+Fipronil 25%+Metiram 30%;
g. Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 16%+Chlorantraniliprole 12%)+ (Tebuconazole 3%+Metiram 25%);
h. Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 16%+Cyantraniliprole 12%)+ (Tebuconazole 3%+Metiram 25%);
i. Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 16%+Tetraniliprole 12%)+ (Tebuconazole 3%+Metiram 25%);
j. Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 20%+Chlorantraniliprole 12%)+(Carboxin 10% +Metiram 25%);
k. Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 20%+Cyantraniliprole 12%)+(Carboxin 10% +Metiram 25%);
l. Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 20%+Tetraniliprole 12%)+(Carboxin 10% +Metiram 25%).

[CLAIM 20]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition for Wettable Powder slurry (WS) formulation comprises:
a. Chitosan or its derivative present in an amount of 0.01% to 10% w/w;
b. one or combination of two or more insecticide(s) selected from Poly-N-acetyl-D glucosamine, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC), N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, N-Dodecyl chitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan, N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide, Chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl chitosan, and Quaternary ammonium chitosan present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
c. one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) selected from Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Carbendazim, Thiophanate methyl, Carboxin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Fluindapyr, Fluxapyroxad, Isopyrazam, Penflufen, Penthiopyrad, Sedaxane, Flubeneteram, Pyrapropoyne, Inpyrfluxam, Isoflucypram, Pydiflumetofen, Azoxystrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin, Fludioxonil, Imazalil, Prochloraz, Cyproconazole, Difenoconazole, Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole, Hexaconazole, Ipconazole, Mefentrifluconazole, Metconazole, Penconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tetraconazole, Thiabendazole, Triticonazole, Acebenzolar-s--methyl, Mancozeb, Maneb, Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Zineb, Ziram, Captan, Captafol, Folpet, Chlorothalonil, and Dithianon present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w
d. dispersing agent present in an amount of 1-6 % w/w;
e. wetting agents present in an amount of 2-8% w/w;
f. antifoaming agent present in an amount of 0.01-2% w/w;
g. carrier present in an amount of 10-20% w/w.

[CLAIM 21]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 and 5, wherein the preferred combinations of active ingredients in said composition for Wettable Powder (WP) formulation comprises:
a. Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 20%+Chlorantraniliprole 15%)+ (Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%);
b. Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 20%+Cyantraniliprole 15%)+ (Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%);
c. Chitosan 4%+(Clothianidin 20%+Tetraniliprole 15%)+ (Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%);
d. Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 25%+Chlorantraniliprole 15%)+ (Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%);
e. Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 25%+Cyantraniliprole 15%)+ (Fluxapyroxad 5%+Pyraclostrobin 5%);
f. Chitosan 4%+(Fipronil 25%+Tetraniliprole 15%)+(Fluxapyroxad 5%+ Pyraclostrobin 5%);

[CLAIM 22]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition for Wettable Powder (WP) formulation comprises:
a. Chitosan or its derivative present in an amount of 0.01% to 10% w/w;
b. one or combination of two or more insecticide(s) selected from Poly-N-acetyl-D glucosamine, N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC), N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, N-Dodecyl chitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan, N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide, Chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl chitosan, and Quaternary ammonium chitosan present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
c. one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) selected from Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Carbendazim, Thiophanate methyl, Carboxin, Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen, Fluindapyr, Fluxapyroxad, Isopyrazam, Penflufen, Penthiopyrad, Sedaxane, Flubeneteram, Pyrapropoyne, Inpyrfluxam, Isoflucypram, Pydiflumetofen, Azoxystrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin, Fludioxonil, Imazalil, Prochloraz, Cyproconazole, Difenoconazole, Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole, Hexaconazole, Ipconazole, Mefentrifluconazole, Metconazole, Penconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tetraconazole, Thiabendazole, Triticonazole, Acebenzolar-s--methyl, Mancozeb, Maneb, Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Zineb, Ziram, Captan, Captafol, Folpet, Chlorothalonil, and Dithianon present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
d. one or combination of two or more fungicide(s) present in an amount of 0.01 to 80% w/w;
e. dispersing agent present in an amount of 1-6 % w/w;
f. wetting agents present in an amount of 2-8% w/w;
g. antifoaming agent present in an amount of 0.01-2% w/w;
h. carrier present in an amount of 10-20% w/w.

[CLAIM 23]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 20 and 22, wherein dispersing agent is selected from alkylnaphthalene sulfonate sodium salt, sodium polycarboxylate, naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt condensates with formaldehyde, polyalcoxylated alkylphenol, naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensate, methyl naphthalene-formaldehyde-condensate sodium salt, naphthalene condensates, lignosulfonates, polyacrylates and phosphate esters, calcium lignosulfonate, lignin sulfonate sodium salt.

[CLAIM 24]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 20 and 22, wherein wetting agent is selected from sodium N-methyl-N-oleoyl taurate, alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt, mixture of isomers of dibutyl naphthalene sulphonic acid sodium salt, sodium di-isopropyl naphthalene sulphonate, sodium Lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sulfate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, phosphate esters, sulphosuccinates and non-ionic such as tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate, alkyl or alkaryl sulfonates such as alkylbenzene sulfonates, alpha olefin sulfonate and alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, ethoxylated or non-ethoxylated alkyl or alkaryl carboxylates, alkyl or alkaryl phosphate esters, alkyl polysaccharide, di or mono alkyl sulfosuccinate derivatives, alpha olefin sulfonates, alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, dialkyl sulphosuccinates, butyl, dibutyl, isopropyl and di-isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate salts, C12 alkyl benzene sulfonate or C10-C16 alkyl benzene sulfonate, organosilicons surfactants includes trisiloxane ethoxylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyoxyethylene methyl polysiloxane, polyoxyalkylene methyl polysiloxane, polyether polymethyl siloxane copolymer, trisiloxane heptamethyl, Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, may or may not be in modified form, may be liquid or powder form or mixture thereof

[CLAIM 25]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 20 and 22, wherein antifoaming agent is polydimethylsiloxane.

[CLAIM 26]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 20 and 22, wherein carrier is selected from china clay, silica, lactose anhydrous, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate anhydrous, corn starch, urea, EDTA, urea formaldehyde resin, diatomaceous earth, kaolin, bentonite, kieselguhr, fuller's earth, attapulgite clay, bole, loess, talc, chalk, dolomite, limestone, lime, calcium carbonate, powdered magnesia, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, gypsum, calcium sulphate, pyrophyllite, silicates and silica gels; fertilizers such as, for example, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate and urea; natural products of vegetable origin such as, for example, grain meals and flours, bark meals, wood meals, nutshell meals and cellulosic powders; and synthetic polymeric materials such as, for example, ground or powdered plastics and resins, bentonites, zeolites, titanium dioxide, iron oxides and hydroxides, aluminium oxides and hydroxides, or organic materials such as bagasse, charcoal, or synthetic organic polymers.

[CLAIM 27]. The pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 20 and 26, wherein composition optionally comprises disintegrating agent selected from citric acid, succinic acid or the sodium bicarbonate.

Dated this 09th day of July 2022