Claims:1. A synergistic composition for an insecticide comprising:
a predetermined amount of Fipronil; and
a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron, Pyriproxifen, and Propargite.
2. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron is in the ratio of 1: 3-6.
3. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen is in the ratio of 1: 1-3.
4. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite is in the ratio of 1: 5-16.
5. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Fipronil is most effective against lepidopteran insects such as Heliothis species, Spodoptera species, and Thrips.
6. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Diafenthiuron and the Pyriproxifen are most effective against sucking pests such as Aphid, Jassid, Whitefly, and Thrips.
7. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite in the ratio of 1: 5-16 is synergistically effective against lepidopteran insects, thrips, and mites.
8. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the synergistic composition can control lepidopteran insects, sucking pests, and mites in a single spray.
9. A synergistic composition for an insecticide comprising:
a predetermined amount of Fipronil;
a predetermined amount of Diafenthiuron; and
a predetermined amount of Propargite
10. The synergistic composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein the predetermined amount of the Fipronil, the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron, and the predetermined amount of the Propargite is in the ratio of 1-6%: 6-24%: 24-65%.

Dated this 13th day of January 2022

Signature

Jinsu Abraham
Patent Agent (IN/PA-3267)
Agent for the Applicant
, Description:FIELD OF INVENTION
Embodiments of a present disclosure relate to insecticide compositions, and more particularly to a synergistic composition for an insecticide.
BACKGROUND
Insecticide refers to a substance used to kill insects. Basically, a specific insecticide works on a specific group of insects or pests. As a result, many pesticides are available to combat various insects and pests. Farmers are frequently plagued by Lepidopteran and sucking pest infestations in their crops.
Butterflies and moths are members of the Lepidoptera order of insects. Lepidopterans are the name for both of them. It's one of the world's most well-known insect orders. Only beetles outnumber Lepidoptera as the most varied group of nuisance insects. At least one lepidopteran pest attacks nearly every cultivated plant.
Adult moths and butterflies serve as pollinators of numerous plants by sucking nectar with their siphoning proboscis. Caterpillars, on the other hand, almost always have chewing mouthparts, allowing them to devour various parts of a plant, causing major harm to crop fields and plants, as well as financial losses to farmers. Defoliators and miners of succulent plant tissues are the most common caterpillars.
Similarly, sucking pests like aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, whitefly, beetles, mites, and others have evolved mouths for piercing and sucking their target plants. In addition to transferring disease organisms, several of these pests inject poisonous compounds into the crop while feeding, causing the crops or plants to deteriorate and resulting in significant losses for farmers.
Also, there are multiple types of insecticides available that may be sprayed on crops or plants to protect them against insects and pests. However, there are various types of insecticides for Lepidopterans and other types of insecticides for sucking pests, which means that farmers will have to purchase one type of insecticide for Lepidopterans and another type of insecticide for sucking pests, which will increase their costs.
Hence, there is a need for an improved synergistic composition for an insecticide which addresses the aforementioned issues.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure, a synergistic composition for an insecticide is provided. The synergistic composition includes a predetermined amount of Fipronil. The synergistic composition also includes a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron, Pyriproxifen, and Propargite.
In accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure, a synergistic composition for an insecticide is provided. The synergistic composition includes a predetermined amount of Fipronil. The synergistic composition also includes a predetermined amount of Diafenthiuron. Further, the synergistic composition also includes a predetermined amount of Propargite.
To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more particular description of the disclosure will follow by reference to specific embodiments thereof. It is to be appreciated that these embodiments of the disclosure are not to be considered limiting in scope. The disclosure will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiment and specific language will be used to describe them. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. Such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the disclosure as would normally occur to those skilled in the art are to be construed as being within the scope of the present disclosure.
The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such a process or method. Similarly, one or more devices or sub-systems or elements or structures or components preceded by "comprises... a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other devices, sub-systems, elements, structures, components, additional devices, additional sub-systems, additional elements, additional structures or additional components. Appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment", and similar language throughout this specification may, but not necessarily do, all refer to the same embodiment.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are only illustrative and not intended to be limiting.
In the following specification and the claims, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings. The singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a synergistic composition of an insecticide.
In case of a binary combination, the synergistic composition includes a predetermined amount of Fipronil. The synergistic composition also includes a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron, Pyriproxifen, and Propargite.
In one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron may be in the ratio of about 1: 3. In another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron may be in the ratio of about 1: 6. In yet another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron may be in the ratio of about 1: 3-6.
For example, suppose the Fipronil may be taken by about 10 grams (gm). Then, the Diafenthiuron may be taken in a range of about 3 times of 10 gm which is about 30 gm to about 6 times of 10 gm which is about 60 gm. Then, both may be synergistically combined and used as an insecticide.
As used herein, the term “synergy” refers to the interaction of elements that when combined produce a total effect that is greater than the sum of the individual elements, contributions, or the like. Thus, when the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron are synergistically combined, give an effect that is greater than when the Fipronil and the Diafenthiuron are used independently.
Also, as used herein, the term “insecticide” is defined as a substance used to kill insects. Basically, in one embodiment, the Fipronil may be most effective against lepidopteran insects such as Heliothis species, Spodoptera species, and the like. As used herein, the term “Fipronil” refers to a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical family. The Fipronil disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking GABA-gated chloride channels and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles. In one exemplary embodiment, the Fipronil may be a white powder with a moldy odor. Further, the Fipronil has low solubility in water and non-polar organic solvents but high solubility in some polar organic solvents such as acetone and methanol.
Similarly, in one embodiment, the Diafenthiuron may be most effective against sucking pests such as Aphid, Jassid, Whitefly, Thrips, and the like. As used herein, the term “Diafenthiuron” refers to an aromatic ether that is 1,3-diisopropyl-5-phenoxybenzene in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 is substituted by a (tert-butylcarbamothioyl) nitrilo group.
Basically, in an embodiment, the Diafenthiuron may be an agricultural proinsecticide that is used to control aphids and whitefly in cotton. The Diafenthiuron may have a role as an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor and a proinsecticide. The Diafenthiuron may be a thiourea acaricide, a thiourea insecticide and an aromatic ether. In one embodiment, the Diafenthiuron derives from a diphenyl ether. Also, in an embodiment, the Diafenthiuron may have very poor solubility in water and have a high melting point and may be formulated as a wettable powder, an aqueous suspension concentrate, and the like.
Subsequently, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be in the ratio of about 1: 1. In another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be in the ratio of about 1: 3. In yet another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be in the ratio of about 1: 1-3.
For example, suppose the Fipronil may be taken by about 10 grams (gm). Then, the Pyriproxifen may be taken in a range of about 1 time of 10 gm which is about 10 gm to about 3 times of 10 gm which is about 30 gm. Then, both may be synergistically combined and used as an insecticide.
Further, the corresponding synergistic composition is a synergy when the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen are synergistically combined with each other, giving an effect that is greater than when the Fipronil and the Pyriproxifen are used independently.
Furthermore, in one embodiment, the Pyriproxifen may be most effective against the sucking pests such as Aphid, Jassid, Whitefly, Thrips, and the like. A used herein, the term “Pyriproxifen” refers to an aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position. In one embodiment, the Pyriproxifen may be an aromatic ether and a member of pyridines. The Pyriproxifen derives from a 4-phenoxyphenol. Also, in an embodiment, the Pyriproxifen is a pesticide that is found to be effective against a variety of insects.
Moreover, in one exemplary embodiment, one or more methods of application may include aerosols, bait, carpet powders, foggers, shampoos pet collars, and the like. Also, in one embodiment, one or more products of the Pyriproxifen may be found on one or more forms such as liquids, granules, dust, pellets, and the like. Moreover, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be formulated as a wettable powder (WP), an aqueous suspension concentrate (SC), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), and the like.
Additionally, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite may be in the ratio of about 1:5. In another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite may be in the ratio of about 1: 16. In yet another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite may be in the ratio of about 1: 5-16.
For example, suppose the Fipronil may be taken by about 10 grams (gm). Then, the Propargite may be taken in a range of about 5 times of 10 gm which is about 50 gm to about 16 times of 10 gm which is about 160 gm. Then, both may be synergistically combined and used as an insecticide.
Further, the corresponding synergistic composition is a synergy when the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite are synergistically combined with each other, giving an effect that is greater than when the Fipronil and the Propargite are used independently.
Furthermore, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite in the ratio of 1: 5-16 may be synergistically effective against lepidopteran insects, thrips, as well as mites, and other insects. As used herein, the term “Propargite” refers to a pesticide having chemical formula as 2-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)cyclohexyl prop-2-yne-1-sulfonate which is used as a pesticide to kill mites. In one embodiment, the Propargite may be available as a dark-colored liquid. Also, in an embodiment, the Propargite may be as a wettable powder or water emulsifiable liquid. In one exemplary embodiment, the Propargite may be practically insoluble in water. Moreover, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Propargite may be formulated as an aqueous suspension concentrate (SC), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), and the like.
In case of a trinary combination, the synergistic composition includes a predetermined amount of Fipronil. The synergistic composition also includes a predetermined amount of Diafenthiuron. Further, the synergistic composition also includes a predetermined amount of Propargite.
In one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil, the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron, and the predetermined amount of the Propargite may be in the ratio of about 1 percent (%) to about 6 % : about 6 % to about 24 % : about 24 % to about 65 %. Then, all of them may be synergistically combined and used as an insecticide. Thus, when the predetermined amount of the Fipronil, the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron, and the predetermined amount of the Propargite are synergistically combined, give an effect that is greater than when the Fipronil, the Diafenthiuron, and the Propargite are used independently.
Therefore, the synergistic composition including the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of at least one of the Diafenthiuron, the Pyriproxifen, and the Propargite can control not only the lepidopteran insects and the sucking pests, but also the mites in a single spray. Moreover, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Fipronil and the predetermined amount of the Difenthiuron and the predetermined amount of may be formulated as a wettable powder (WP), an aqueous suspension concentrate (SC), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), and the like.
In one exemplary embodiment, bio-efficacy trials may be carried out on the synergistic composition proposed in the present disclosure to evaluate the synergism of the corresponding synergistic composition. Suppose a ready-mix combination of Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC or Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC or Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% or Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% against fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and a sucking pest such as Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), Mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus), and Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) of Chilli (Capsicum annum). Then synergistic efficacy of the corresponding ready-mix combination may be found by conducting an experiment on the same.
Further, in an embodiment, in order to find the synergistic efficacy of the corresponding ready-mix combination, the experiment may be carried out under field conditions at farmer field during Autumn. A Chilli variety US 341 may be used in the corresponding experiment. The experiment may be laid down in randomized block design (RBD) with a 10-meter (m) x 5 m plot size using four replications of 6 treatments including untreated control. A nursery may be prepared by sowing seeds. Twenty-six days old seedlings may be transplanted at 50 centimeters (cm) x 45 cm spacing and gap filling may be done after 15 days of transplanting. Chili crops may be grown as SAU’s recommended package and practice. Five plants may be randomly selected and tagged for pest observation. All the treatments may be applied as a foliar spray using a knapsack sprayer at flowering and fruiting stage when the fruit borer, the sucking pest (Whitefly, Mites, and Thrips) may be exceeded the ETL.
Furthermore, in an embodiment, upon conducting the experiment, certain observations may be noted. The observations may include a count of larva per meter raw length at randomly selected and tagged 5 places in each treatment and replication may be recorded as pre-count, 7 Days after spray (DAS), and 14 DAS Percent (%) larval control over untreated check may be calculated by using the following formula:
"% larval control over untreated check = " "C – T " /"C" "x 100 "
In such embodiment, “C” may correspond to a count of the larva in untreated check, and “T” may correspond to a count of the larva in treatments.
Further, in an embodiment, a count of adult whitefly per leaf may be recorded on randomly selected and tagged 6 leaves (2 leaves from upper canopy, 2 leaves from middle canopy, and 2 leaves from lower canopy) on randomly selected and tagged 5 plants may be recorded as pre-count, 7 DAS and 14 DAS in each treatment and replication. Percent (%) whitefly control over untreated check may be calculated by using the following formula:
"% whitefly control over untreated check = " "C – T " /"C" "x 100"
In such embodiment, “C” may correspond to a count of whitefly/leaf in untreated check, and “T” may correspond to a count of whitefly/leaf in treatments.
Furthermore, in one embodiment, a count of the Mites per leaf may be recorded on randomly selected and tagged 6 leaves (2 leaves from upper canopy, 2 leaves from middle canopy, and 2 leaves from lower canopy) on randomly selected and tagged 5 plants may be recorded as pre-count, 7 DAS and 14 DAS in each treatment and replication. Percent (%) Mite control over untreated check may be calculated by using the following formula:
"% Mite control over untreated check = " "C – T " /"C" "x 100"
In such embodiment, “C” may correspond to a count of Mites/leaf in untreated check, and “T” may correspond to a count of Mites/leaf in treatments.
Moreover, in one embodiment, a count of the thrips per leaf may be recorded on randomly selected and tagged 6 leaves (2 leaves from upper canopy, 2 leaves from middle canopy, and 2 leaves from lower canopy) on randomly selected and tagged 5 plants may be recorded as pre-count, 7 DAS and 14 DAS in each treatment and replication. Percent (%) Thrips control over untreated check may be calculated by using the following formula:
"% Thrips control over untreated check = " "C – T " /"C" "× 100"
In such embodiment, “C” may correspond to a count of thrips/leaf in untreated check, and “T” may correspond to a count of thrips/leaf in treatments.
Later, in an embodiment, a synergistic effect may be observed. As used herein, the term “synergistic effect” refers to an effect that exists whenever the action of a combination of active ingredients is greater than the sum of the action of each of the components alone, therefore a synergistically effective amount or an effective amount of a synergistic composition or combination is an amount that exhibits greater pesticidal activity than a sum of the pesticidal activities of the individual components.
In addition, in one embodiment, the action expected for a given combination of two active components, suppose ‘A’ and ‘B’ may be calculated by Colby’s following equation/formula:
"E = X + Y - " "(X × Y) " /"100"
In such embodiment, “E” may correspond to expected percent control by a mixture of two products such as ‘A’ and ‘B’. Also, “X” may correspond to Observed percent control by the product ‘A’, and “Y” may correspond to observed percent control by the product “B”.
Also, in one embodiment, the action expected for a given combination of two active components, ‘A’ and ‘B’ may be calculated by the following Colby ratio:
"Colby ratio = " "O(Observed control %) " /"E (Expected control %)"
In such embodiment, if the Colby ratio may be greater than 1, then the action may correspond to the synergistic effect, if the Colby Ratio is less than 1, then the action may correspond to an antagonistic effect, and if the Colby ratio may be equal to 1, than the action may correspond to an additive effect.
Subsequently, in one embodiment, the action expected for a given combination of three active components, suppose ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’ may be calculated by Colby’s following equation/formula:
"E = X + Y + Z - (" "XY + YZ + XZ " /"100" ") + ( " "XYZ " /"10000" ")"
In such embodiment, “E” may correspond to expected percent control by a mixture of three products such as ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’. Also, “X” may correspond to Observed percent control by the product ‘A’, “Y” may correspond to observed percent control by the product ‘B’, and “Z” may correspond to observed percent control by the product ‘C’.
Also, in one embodiment, the action expected for a given combination of three active components, ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’ may be calculated by the following Colby ratio:
"Colby ratio = " "O(Observed control %) " /"E (Expected control %)"
In such embodiment, if the Colby ratio may be greater than 1, then the action may correspond to the synergistic effect, if the Colby Ratio is less than 1, then the action may correspond to an antagonistic effect, and if the Colby ratio may be equal to 1, than the action may correspond to an additive effect. The synergistic insecticidal action of the ready-mix combination may be demonstrated by the experiments below in the present disclosure.
Table 1: Experiment 1
Count of treatment 8
Count of replication 4
Crop & Variety Chilli; Variety- US 341
Plot size 10 m x 5 m = 50 M2
Spacing 50 cm x 45 cm
Type of trial RBD
Crop stage at the time of application Flowing and fruiting
Method of application Foliar spray when pest at ETL
Pre-count observation 2 hours before spray
Post spray first observation 7 days after spray
Post spray 2nd observation 14 days after spray
Water volume 500 L/ha
In one embodiment, the ready-mix combination may be used in at least one formulation type such as wettable powder (WP), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), suspension concentrate (SC), and the like. Further, in one embodiment, the treatment details are as follows:
Table 1: Treatment details
Sr. No. Treatments g. a.i./ha Formulation doses gm/ml/ha
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - -
Therefore, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 1’ as shown in Table 1 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 2 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the fruit borer of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 3 (a) and Table 3 (b):
Table 2 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against fruit borer on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean Fruit borer larval population per meter raw length % control over untreated check
g. a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 7.08
(2.84)* 0.33
(1.15) a 0.23
(1.11) a 95.5 97.2
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 7.00
(2.83) 0.43
(1.19)a 0.33
(1.15) a 94.1 95.9
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 6.75
(2.78) 1.00
(1.41) b 0.93
(1.39) b 86.0 88.4
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 7.33
(2.89) 1.25
(1.50) b 1.08
(1.44) b 82.5 86.6
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 6.85
(2.80) 1.43
(1.56) b 1.25
(1.50) b 80.1 84.4
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 7.08
(2.84) 4.33
(2.31) c 4.23
(2.29) c 39.6 47.2
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 6.78
(2.79) 6.25
(2.69) d 7.15
(2.85) d 12.7 10.6
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 7.23
(2.87) 6.83
(2.80) d 7.68
(2.95) d 4.7 4.1
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 6.90
(2.81) 7.16
(2.86) d 8.00
(3.00) d - -
SE(m)± 0.07 0.07 0.07 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.21 0.21 - -
As presented in Table 3 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 3 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against fruit borer on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 95.5 97.2 88.54 92.08 1.08 1.06 Synergistic effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 94.1 95.9 87.98 91.75 1.07 1.05 Synergistic effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 86.0 88.4 82.63 86.04 1.04 1.03 Synergistic effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 82.5 86.6 81.03 85.01 1.02 1.02 Synergistic effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 80.1 84.4 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 39.6 47.2 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 12.7 10.6 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 4.7 4.1 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 3 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 3 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 3 (a) revealed that the corresponding ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC and Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC are significantly superior over other treatments with 95.5% and 94.1% control at 7 DAS and 97.2% and 95.9% at 14 DAS, respectively and are at par with each other. The next best treatments are Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC, Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC and Fipronil 5% SC with 86.0%, 82.5%, 80.1% control at 7DAS and 88.4%, 86.6% and 84.4% control of the fruit borer, respectively and are at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 3 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for all four ready-mix combinations including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Moreover, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 1’ as shown in Table 1 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 2 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the whiteflies of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 4 (a) and Table 4 (b):
Table 3 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against whitefly on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean adult whitefly/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 2.75
(1.94)* 0.23
(1.11) a 0.15
(1.07) a 93.2 96.2
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 2.90
(1.97) 0.30
(1.14)a 0.23
(1.11) a 91.0 94.2
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 2.75
(1.94) 0.40
(1.18) a 0.33
(1.15) a 88.0 91.7
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 2.73
(1.93) 2.18
(1.78) b 2.65
(1.91) b 34.6 32.1
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 2.93
(1.98) 2.33
(1.82) b 2.75
(1.94) b 30.1 29.5
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 2.83
(1.96) 0.48
(1.21) a 0.40
(1.18) a 85.7 89.7
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 2.73
(1.93) 0.68
(1.29) a 0.50
(1.22) a 79.7 87.2
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 2.83
(1.96) 3.18
(2.04) c 3.78
(2.19) c 4.5 3.2
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 2.90
(1.97) 3.33
(2.08) c 3.90
(2.21) c - -
SEm± 0.09 0.08 0.07 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.22 0.19 - -
As presented in Table 4 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 4 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against whitefly on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g. a.i.
/ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 93.2 96.2 90.46 93.00 1.03 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 91.0 94.2 90.01 92.77 1.01 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 88.0 91.7 85.80 90.96 1.03 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC
(Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 34.6 32.1 33.23 31.75 1.04 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 30.1 29.5 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 85.7 89.7 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 79.7 87.2 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 4.5 3.2 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 4 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in the Table 4 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 4 (a) revealed that the corresponding ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Diafenthiuron 50% WP & Pyriproxifen 10% EC are found best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of whiteflies/leaf i.e. 93.2 %, 91.0%, 88.0%, 85.7% and 79.7% respectively on 7th day after spray and 96.2%, 94.2%, 91.7%, 89.7% and 87.2% on 14 DAS, respectively. The above five treatments are found significantly superior over other treatments and were found at par with each other. The 4th ready-mix combination including Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC and Fipronil 5% SC are also significantly superior over other treatments, except Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Diafenthiuron 50% WP and Pyriproxifen 10% EC.
Similarly, the results in Table 4 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Additionally, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 1’ as shown in Table 1 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 2 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the Mites of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 5 (a) and Table 5 (b):
Table 4 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against Mites on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean mites/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 6.93
(2.82)* 0.15
(1.07) a 0.08
(1.04) a 97.9 99.1
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 6.93
(2.82) 0.83
(1.35)a 0.68
(1.29) a 88.5 91.6
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 6.75
(2.78) 2.83
(1.96) c 2.73
(1.93) c 60.5 65.9
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 6.85
(2.80) 0.23
(1.11) a 0.23
(1.11) a 96.9 97.2
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 6.83
(2.80) 3.43
(2.10) c 3.35
(2.09) c 52.1 58.1
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 7.00
(2.83) 2.90
(1.97) c 2.93
(1.98) c 59.4 63.4
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 6.85
(2.80) 6.08
(2.66) d 6.75
(2.78) d 15.0 15.6
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 7.00
(2.83) 1.33
(1.52) b 1.33
(1.52) b 81.5 83.4
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 7.08
(2.84) 7.15
(2.85) d 8.00
(3.00) d - -
SEm± 0.08 0.11 0.10 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.32 0.29 - -
As presented in Table 5 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 5 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against Mites on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g. a.i.
/ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 97.9 99.1 96.40 97.46 1.02 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 88.5 91.6 80.57 84.69 1.10 1.08 Synergistic Effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 60.5 65.9 59.30 64.67 1.02 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC
(Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 96.9 97.2 91.12 93.06 1.06 1.04 Synergistic Effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 52.1 58.1 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 59.4 63.4 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 15.0 15.6 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 81.5 83.4 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 5 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 5 (a), that pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 5 (a) revealed the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC are found significantly superior among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of mites/leaf i.e. 97.9%, 88.5% and 96.9%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 99.1%, 91.6% and 97.2% on 14 DAS, respectively. The above three treatments are at par with each other. The next best treatment is Propargite 57% EC followed by Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 5% SC.
Similarly, the results in Table 5 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Subsequently, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 1’ as shown in Table 1 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 2 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the Thrips of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 6 (a) and Table 6 (b):
Table 6 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against thrips on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean Thrips/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 4.93
(2.43)* 0.60
(1.26) a 0.48
(1.21) a 88.9 91.7
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 5.25
(2.50) 0.75
(1.32)a 0.68
(1.29) a 86.1 88.3
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 5.15
(2.48) 1.25
(1.50) a 1.10
(1.45) a 76.9 80.9
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 5.18
(2.48) 1.33
(1.52) a 1.18
(1.47) a 75.5 79.6
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 5.25
(2.50) 1.50
(1.58) a 1.33
(1.52) a 72.2 77.0
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 5.33
(2.51) 3.08
(2.02) b 3.40
(2.10) b 43.1 40.9
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 5.18
(2.48) 5.00
(2.45) c 5.10
(2.47) c 7.4 11.3
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 5.15
(2.48) 5.08
(2.46) c 5.23
(2.49) c 6.0 9.1
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 5.23
(2.49) 5.40
(2.53) c 5.75
(2.60) c - -
SEm± 0.09 0.12 0.11 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.35 0.33 - -
As presented in Table 6 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 6 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against thrips on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 88.9 91.7 85.13 87.62 1.04 1.05 Synergistic Effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 86.1 88.3 84.18 86.37 1.02 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 76.9 80.9 74.28 79.56 1.03 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC
(Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 75.5 79.6 73.89 79.06 1.02 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 72.2 77.0 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 43.1 40.9 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 7.4 11.3 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 6.0 9.1 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 5 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 6 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 6 (a) revealed that all the treatments are able reduce the thrips population but the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC, Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC and Fipronil 5% SC are found best treatments among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of thrips/leaf i.e. 88.9%, 86.1%, 76.9%, 75.5% and 72.2%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 91.7%, 88.3%, 80.9%, 79.6%, and 77.0% on 14 DAS, respectively. The above five treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Diafenthiuron 50% WP, Pyriproxifen 10% EC & Propargite 57% EC and are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 6 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Therefore, among all the treatments, the highest yield is observed with the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC, and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC due to the synergistic effect as well as control of broader spectrum of pest even at lower combination dose.
In one embodiment, details of Experiment 2 are as follows:
Table 7: Experiment 2
Count of treatment 8
Count of replication 4
Crop & Variety Chilli; Variety – US341
Plot size 10 m x 5 m = 50 M2
Spacing 50 cm x 45 cm
Type of trial RBD
Crop stage at the time of application Flowing and fruiting
Method of application Foliar spray when pest at ETL
Pre-count observation 2 hours before spray
Post spray first observation 7 days after spray
Post spray 2nd observation 14 days after spray
Water volume 500 L/ha
Further, in one embodiment, the treatment details are as follows:
Table 8: Treatment details
Sr. No. Treatments g. a.i./ha Formulation doses Gm/ml/ha
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - -
Further, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 2’ as shown in Table 7 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 8 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the fruit borer of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 9 (a) and Table 9 (b):
Table 9 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against fruit borer on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean Fruit borer larval population per meter raw length % control over untreated check
g. a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 6.15
(2.67)* 0.50
(1.22) a 0.25
(1.12) a 92.0 96.3
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 6.00
(2.65) 0.58
(1.25)a 0.33
(1.15) a 90.8 95.2
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 5.93
(2.63) 1.18
(1.47) b 0.93
(1.39) b 81.2 86.4
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 6.18
(2.68) 1.25
(1.50) b 1.00
(1.41) b 80.0 85.3
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 6.00
(2.65) 1.50
(1.58) b 1.10
(1.45) b 76.0 83.9
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 6.08
(2.66) 4.08
(2.25) c 3.58
(2.14) c 34.8 47.6
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 5.98
(2.64) 5.83
(2.61) d 6.65
(2.77) d 6.8 2.6
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 6.10
(2.66) 6.08
(2.66) d 6.75
(2.78) d 2.8 1.1
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 6.15
(2.67) 6.25
(2.69) d 6.83
(2.80) d -
SEm± 0.07 0.07 0.08 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.21 0.22 - -
As presented in Table 9 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 9 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against fruit borer on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 92.0 96.3 84.79 91.65 1.09 1.05 Synergistic effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 90.8 95.2 84.35 91.56 1.08 1.04 Synergistic effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 81.2 86.4 77.63 84.30 1.05 1.03 Synergistic effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC
(Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 80.0 85.3 76.67 84.06 1.04 1.02 Synergistic effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 76.0 83.9 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 34.8 47.6 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 6.8 2.6 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 2.8 1.1 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 9 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 9 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 9 (a) revealed that the corresponding ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC and Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC are significantly superior over other treatments with 92.0% and 90.8% control at 7 DAS and 96.3% & 95.2% at 14 DAS, respectively and are at par with each other. The next best treatments re Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC, Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC and Fipronil 5% SC with 81.2%, 80.0%, 76.0% control at 7DAS and 86.4%, 85.3% and 83.9% control of fruit borer, respectively and are at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 9 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for all four ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Moreover, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 2’ as shown in Table 7 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 8 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the whiteflies of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 10 (a) and Table 10 (b):
Table 10 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against whitefly on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean adult whitefly/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 3.60
(2.14)* 0.33
(1.15) a 0.30
(1.14) a 92.0 92.5
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 3.73
(2.17) 0.30
(1.14)a 0.23
(1.11) a 92.6 94.4
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 3.75
(2.18) 0.40
(1.18) a 0.30
(1.14) a 90.2 92.5
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 3.58
(2.14) 3.00
(2.00) b 3.18
(2.04) b 26.4 20.6
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 3.33
(2.08) 3.15
(2.04) b 3.25
(2.06) b 22.7 18.8
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 3.68
(2.16) 0.50
(1.22) a 0.40
(1.18) a 87.7 90.0
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 3.60
(2.14) 0.58
(1.25) a 0.50
(1.22) a 85.9 87.5
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 3.58
(2.14) 3.90
(2.21) c 3.93
(2.22) c 4.3 1.9
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 3.50
(2.12) 4.08
(2.25) c 4.00
(2.24) c - -
SEm± 0.08 0.07 0.06 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.20 0.19 - -
As presented in Table 10 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 10 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against whitefly on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 92.0 92.5 90.92 92.03 1.01 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 92.6 94.4 90.52 91.88 1.02 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 90.2 92.5 89.09 89.84 1.01 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC
(Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 26.4 20.6 26.02 20.27 1.01 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 22.7 18.8 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 87.7 90.0 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 85.9 87.5 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 4.3 1.9 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 10 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 10 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 10 (a) revealed that the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Diafenthiuron 50% WP and Pyriproxifen 10% EC are found to be the best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of whiteflies/leaf i.e. 92.0 %, 92.6%, 90.2%, 87.7% and 85.9% respectively on 7th day after spray and 92.5%, 94.4%, 92.5%, 90.0% and 87.5% on 14 DAS, respectively. The above five treatments are found significantly superior over other treatments and are found at par with each other. The 4th ready-mix combination including Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC and Fipronil 5% SC were also significantly superior over other treatments, except Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Diafenthiuron 50% WP & Pyriproxifen 10% EC.
Similarly, the results in Table 10 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Additionally, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 2’ as shown in Table 7 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 8 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the Mites of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 11 (a) and Table 11 (b):
Table 11 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against Mites on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean mites/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 4.40
(2.32)* 0.08
(1.04) a 0.08
(1.04) a 98.4 98.5
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 4.25
(2.29) 0.60
(1.26)a 0.58
(1.25) a 87.4 88.1
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 4.58
(2.36) 1.50
(1.58) c 1.50
(1.58) c 68.4 69.1
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 4.35
(2.31) 0.23
(1.11) a 0.25
(1.12) a 95.3 94.8
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 4.25
(2.29) 1.83
(1.68) c 1.83
(1.68) c 61.6 62.4
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 4.50
(2.35) 1.93
(1.71) c 1.90
(1.70) c 59.5 60.8
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 4.18
(2.27) 4.00
(2.24) d 4.08
(2.25) d 15.8 16.0
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 4.35
(2.31) 0.83
(1.35) b 0.78
(1.33) b 82.6 84.0
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 4.33
(2.31) 4.75
(2.40) d 4.85
(2.42) e
SEm± 0.08 0.07 0.07
CD at 5% NS 0.22 0.22
As presented in Table 11 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 11 (b) Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against Mites on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 98.4 98.5 97.30 97.64 1.01 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 87.4 88.1 84.43 85.26 1.03 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 68.4 69.1 67.65 68.38 1.01 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC
(Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 95.3 94.8 93.33 93.99 1.02 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 61.6 62.4 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 59.5 60.8 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 15.8 16.0 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 82.6 84.0 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 11 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 11 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 11 (a) revealed the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC are found significantly superior among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of mites/leaf i.e. 98.4%, 87.4% and 95.3%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 98.5%, 88.1% and 94.8% on 14 DAS, respectively. The above three treatments are at par with each other. The next best treatments are Propargite 57% EC followed by Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 5% SC.
Similarly, the results in Table 11 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Subsequently, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 2’ as shown in Table 7 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 8 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the Thrips of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 12 (a) and Table 12 (b):
Table 12 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against thrips on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean Thrips/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 4.25
(2.29)* 0.68
(1.29) a 0.30
(1.14) a 85.2 93.9
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC (Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 4.15
(2.27) 0.93
(1.39)a 0.40
(1.18) a 79.8 91.9
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC (Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 4.25
(2.29) 1.33
(1.52) a 0.65
(1.28) a 71.0 86.8
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC (Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 4.33
(2.31) 1.33
(1.52) a 0.68
(1.29) a 71.0 86.3
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 4.18
(2.27) 1.43
(1.56) a 0.78
(1.33) a 68.9 84.3
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 4.25
(2.29) 3.18
(2.04) b 3.33
(2.08) b 30.6 32.5
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 4.15
(2.27) 4.43
(2.33) c 4.50
(2.35) c 3.3 8.6
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 4.25
(2.29) 4.48
(2.34) c 4.65
(2.38) c 2.2 5.6
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - 4.33
(2.31) 4.58
(2.36) c 4.93
(2.43) c
SEm± 0.08 0.09 0.09
CD at 5% NS 0.27 0.26
As presented in Table 12 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 5 Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against thrips on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix) 30+210+600 (=840) 1500 85.2 93.9 78.86 89.97 1.08 1.04 Synergistic Effect
T2 Fipronil 4% + Diafenthiuron 27.5% SC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 275 (=315) 1000 79.8 91.9 78.38 89.38 1.02 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T3 Fipronil 8 % + Pyriproxifen 8% EC
(Ready Mix) 40+ 40 (=80) 500 71.0 86.8 69.87 85.62 1.02 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T4 Fipronil 3.2 % + Propargite 56 % EC
(Ready Mix) 40 + 700 (=740) 1250 71.0 86.3 69.53 85.14 1.02 1.01 Synergistic Effect
T5 Fipronil 5% SC 50 1000 68.9 84.3 - - - - -
T6 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 30.6 32.5 - - - - -
T7 Pyriproxifen 10% EC 50 500 3.3 8.6 - - - - -
T8 Propargite 57% EC 850 1500 2.2 5.6 - - - - -
T9 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 12 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 12 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 12 (a) revealed that all the treatments are able reduce the thrips population but the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC, Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC and Fipronil 5% SC are found to be the best treatments among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of thrips/leaf i.e. 85.2%, 79.8%, 71.0%, 71.0% and 68.9%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 93.9%, 91.9%, 86.8%, 86.3%, and 84.3% on 14 DAS, respectively. The above five treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Diafenthiuron 50% WP, Pyriproxifen 10% EC and Propargite 57% EC and are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 12 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS & 14 DAS for the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC, proving/confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Fipronil) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen or Propargite) and also trinary combination Product A (Fipronil) + Product B (Difenthiuron) + Products C (Propargite).
Therefore, among all tha treatments, the highest yield is observed with the ready-mix combination including Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + Propargite 40% EC, Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC due to the synergistic effect as well as control of broader spectrum of pest even at lower combination dose.
Finally, it is revealed from above two experiments (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2) at the corresponding locations that among all the treatments, Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix), Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC are found significantly effective against pest complex of Chilli (Fruit Borer, Whitefly, Mites and Thrips). It is also confirmed from the experiments that Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix), Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC showed the synergistic effect based on the Colby’s equation for synergism. Also, the highest yield are found in Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix), Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC due to the synergistic effect as well as control of broader spectrum of pest even at lower dose in combination. Therefore, it can be concluded that Fipronil 2% + Difenthiuron 14% + propargite 40% EC (ready Mix), Fipronil 4% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC, Fipronil 8% + Pyriproxifen 8% EC and Fipronil 3.2% + Propargite 56% EC are significantly effective against chilli pest complex such as the fruit borer, the whitefly, the mites, and the thrips over their solo application even at lower dose in combination.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure enable the synergistic composition to control not only the lepidopteran insects and the sucking pests, but the mites in a single spray, thereby making the corresponding synergistic composition more efficient and more effective. Also, the expenses of farmers get reduced as the farmers can invest only in a single type of insecticide for getting rid of the Lepidopterans, the sucking pests, and the mites.
While specific language has been used to describe the disclosure, any limitations arising on account of the same are not intended. As would be apparent to a person skilled in the art, various working modifications may be made to the method in order to implement the inventive concept as taught herein.
The foregoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, order of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts need to be necessarily performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples.