Claims:1. A synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
a predetermined amount of Emamectin Benzoate; and
a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron and Pyriproxifen.
2. The synergistic insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron is in the ratio of 1: 30-60.
3. The synergistic insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen is in the ratio of 1: 10-15.
4. The synergistic insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Emamectin Benzoate is most effective against lepidopteran insects such as Heliothis species and Spodoptera species.
5. The synergistic insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Diafenthiuron and the Pyriproxifen are most effective against sucking pests such as Aphid, Jassid, Whitefly, and Thrips.
6. The synergistic insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the synergistic insecticidal composition can control both lepidopteran insects and sucking pests by a single application.
7. A process for preparation of a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
mixing a predetermined amount of Emamectin Benzoate with a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron and Pyriproxifen,
wherein the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron is in the ratio of 1: 30-60,
wherein the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen is in the ratio of 1: 10-15.

Dated this 13th day of January 2022

Signature

Jinsu Abraham
Patent Agent (IN/PA-3267)
Agent for the Applicant
, Description:FIELD OF INVENTION
Embodiments of a present disclosure relate to insecticide compositions, and more particularly to a synergistic insecticidal composition.
BACKGROUND
Insecticide refers to a substance used to kill insects. Basically, a specific insecticide works on a specific group of insects or pests. Therefore, there are different types of insecticides available to affect different types of insects or pests. Mostly, farmers face major problems of the crops getting infected by Lepidopteran and sucking pests.
Lepidoptera is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths. Both are called Lepidopterans. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. Lepidoptera is the second most diverse pest insect order outnumbered only by beetles. Almost every cultivated plant is preyed upon by at least one lepidopteran pest.
Adult moths and butterflies are mainly useful insects that feed on nectar with their siphoning proboscis as pollinators of various plants. However, caterpillars nearly always have chewing mouthparts that allow them to eat on diverse parts of a plant, resulting in serious damage to crop fields and plants, as well as financial losses to farmers. Most caterpillars are defoliators or miners of succulent plant tissues.
Similarly, sucking pests such as aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, whitefly, beetles, and the like, all have one thing in common, that is their mouths have evolved for piercing and sucking their target plants. Apart from transmitting disease organisms, some of these pests also inject toxic materials into the crop while feeding, thereby causing the crops or the plants to spoil, and hence causing huge loss to farmers.
Also, there are multiple types of insecticides available that can be sprayed on the crops or the plants to protect them from such insects and pests. However, there are different types of insecticides for Lepidopterans and different types of insecticides for sucking pests, thereby adding more to the expenses of the farmers as they have to purchase one type of insecticide for Lepidopterans and another type of insecticide for sucking pests.
Hence, there is a need for an improved synergistic insecticidal composition which addresses the aforementioned issues.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure, a synergistic insecticidal composition is provided. The synergistic insecticidal composition includes a predetermined amount of Emamectin Benzoate. The synergistic insecticidal composition also includes a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron and Pyriproxifen.
In accordance with another embodiment, a process for preparation of a synergistic insecticidal composition is disclosed. The process includes mixing a predetermined amount of Emamectin Benzoate with a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron and Pyriproxifen. The predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron is in the ratio of 1: 30-60. The predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen is in the ratio of 1: 10-15.
To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more particular description of the disclosure will follow by reference to specific embodiments thereof. It is to be appreciated that these embodiments of the disclosure are not to be considered limiting in scope. The disclosure will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiment and specific language will be used to describe them. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. Such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the disclosure as would normally occur to those skilled in the art are to be construed as being within the scope of the present disclosure.
The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such a process or method. Similarly, one or more devices or sub-systems or elements or structures or components preceded by "comprises... a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other devices, sub-systems, elements, structures, components, additional devices, additional sub-systems, additional elements, additional structures or additional components. Appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment", and similar language throughout this specification may, but not necessarily do, all refer to the same embodiment.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are only illustrative and not intended to be limiting.
In the following specification and the claims, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings. The singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a synergistic insecticidal composition.
The synergistic insecticidal composition includes a predetermined amount of Emamectin Benzoate. The synergistic insecticidal composition also includes a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron and Pyriproxifen.
In one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron may be in the ratio of about 1: 30. In another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron may be in the ratio of about 1: 60. In yet another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron may be in the ratio of about 1: 30-60.
For example, suppose the Emamectin Benzoate may be taken by about 10 grams (gm). Then, the Diafenthiuron may be taken in a range of about 30 times of 10 gm which is about 300 gm to about 60 times of 10 gm which is about 600 gm. Then, both may be synergistically combined and used as an insecticide.
As used herein, the term “synergy” refers to the interaction of elements that when combined produce a total effect that is greater than the sum of the individual elements, contributions, or the like. Thus, when the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron are synergistically combined, give an effect that is greater than when the Emamectin Benzoate and the Diafenthiuron are used independently.
Also, as used herein, the term “insecticide” is defined as a substance used to kill insects. Basically, in one embodiment, the Emamectin Benzoate may be most effective against lepidopteran insects such as Heliothis species, Spodoptera species, and the like. As used herein, the term “Emamectin” refers to the 4”-deoxy-4”-methylamino derivative of abamectin, a 16-membered macrocyclic lactone produced by the fermentation of the soil actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. However, The Emamectin may be generally prepared as a salt with benzoic acid, Emamectin Benzoate. In one exemplary embodiment, the Emamectin Benzoate may be a white or faintly yellow powder. Further, the Emamectin Benzoate may be used as an insecticide because of its chloride channel activation properties.
Similarly, in one embodiment, the Diafenthiuron may be most effective against sucking pests such as Aphid, Jassid, Whitefly, Thrips, and the like. As used herein, the term “Diafenthiuron” refers to an aromatic ether that is 1,3-diisopropyl-5-phenoxybenzene in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 is substituted by a (tert-butylcarbamothioyl) nitrilo group.
Basically, in an embodiment, the Diafenthiuron may be an agricultural proinsecticide that is used to control aphids and whitefly in cotton. The Diafenthiuron may have a role as an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor and a proinsecticide. The Diafenthiuron may be a thiourea acaricide, a thiourea insecticide and an aromatic ether. In one embodiment, the Diafenthiuron derives from a diphenyl ether. Also, in an embodiment, the Diafenthiuron may have very poor solubility in water and have a high melting point and may be formulated as a wettable powder, an aqueous suspension concentrate, and the like.
Subsequently, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be the ratio of about 1: 10. In another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be in the ratio of about 1: 15. In yet another embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be in the ratio of about 1: 10-15.
For example, suppose the Emamectin Benzoate may be taken by about 10 grams (gm). Then, the Pyriproxifen may be taken in a range of about 10 times of 10 gm which is about 100 gm to about 15 times of 10 gm which is about 150 gm. Then, both may be synergistically combined and used as an insecticide.
Further, the corresponding synergistic insecticidal composition is obtained when the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen are synergistically combined with each other, giving an effect that is greater than when the Emamectin Benzoate and the Pyriproxifen are used independently.
Furthermore, in one embodiment, the Pyriproxifen may be most effective against the sucking pests such as Aphid, Jassid, Whitefly, Thrips, and the like. A used herein, the term “Pyriproxifen” refers to an aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxy phenyl group at the O-3 position. In one embodiment, the Pyriproxifen may be an aromatic ether and a member of pyridines. The Pyriproxifen derives from a 4-phenoxy phenol. Also, in an embodiment, the Pyriproxifen is a pesticide that is found to be effective against a variety of insects.
Moreover, in one exemplary embodiment, one or more methods of application may include aerosols, bait, carpet powders, foggers, shampoos pet collars, and the like. Also, in one embodiment, one or more products of the Pyriproxifen may be found on one or more forms such as liquids, granules, dust, pellets, and the like. Moreover, in one embodiment, the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen may be formulated as a wettable powder (WP), an aqueous suspension concentrate (SC), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and the like
Therefore, the synergistic insecticidal composition including the predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of at least one of the Diafenthiuron and the Pyriproxifen can control both the lepidopteran insects and the sucking pests by a single application.
Further, in accordance with another embodiment, a process for preparation of a synergistic insecticidal composition is disclosed. The process includes mixing a predetermined amount of Emamectin Benzoate with a predetermined amount of at least one of Diafenthiuron and Pyriproxifen. The predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Diafenthiuron is in the ratio of 1: 30-60. The predetermined amount of the Emamectin Benzoate and the predetermined amount of the Pyriproxifen is in the ratio of 1: 10-15.
In one exemplary embodiment, bio-efficacy trials may be carried out on the synergistic insecticidal composition proposed in the present disclosure to evaluate the synergism of the corresponding synergistic insecticidal composition. Suppose a ready-mix combination of Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Daifenthiuron 27.5% SC or Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10% may be used against fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and a sucking pest such as Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and Thrips (Scirtothrips dorslis) of Chilli (Capsicum annum). Then synergistic efficacy of the corresponding ready-mix combination may be found by conducting an experiment on the same.
Further, in an embodiment, in order to find the synergistic efficacy of the corresponding ready-mix combination, the experiment may be carried out under field conditions at farmer field during Autumn. A Chilli variety US 341 may be used in the corresponding experiment. The experiment may be laid down in randomized block design (RBD) with a 10-meter (m) x 5 m plot size using four replications of 6 treatments including untreated control. A nursery may be prepared by sowing seeds. Twenty-six days old seedlings may be transplanted at 50 centimeters (cm) x 45 cm spacing and gap filling may be done after 15 days of transplanting. Chili crops may be grown as SAU’s recommended package and practice. Five plants may be randomly selected and tagged for pest observation. All the treatments may be applied as a foliar spray using a knapsack sprayer at a flowering and fruiting stage when the fruit borer, the sucking pest (Whitefly and Thrips) may be exceeded the ETL.
Furthermore, in an embodiment, upon conducting the experiment, certain observations may be noted. The observations may include a count of larva per meter raw length at randomly selected and tagged 5 places in each treatment and replication may be recorded as pre-count, 7 Days after spray (DAS), and 14 DAS Percent (%) larval control over untreated check may be calculated by using the following formula:
"% larval control over untreated check = " "C – T " /"C" "x 100"
In such embodiment, “C” may correspond to a count of the larva in untreated check, and “T” may correspond to a count of the larva in treatments.
Further, in an embodiment, a count of adult whitefly per leaf may be recorded on randomly selected and tagged 6 leaves (2 leaves from upper canopy, 2 leaves from middle canopy, and 2 leaves from lower canopy) on randomly selected and tagged 5 plants may be recorded as pre-count, 7 DAS and 14 DAS in each treatment and replication. Percent (%) whitefly control over untreated check may be calculated by using the following formula:
"% whitefly control over untreated check = " "C – T " /"C" "x 100"
In such embodiment, “C” may correspond to a count of whitefly/leaf in untreated check, and “T” may correspond to a count of whitefly/leaf in treatments.
Furthermore, in one embodiment, a count of the thrips per leaf may be recorded on randomly selected and tagged 6 leaves (2 leaves from upper canopy, 2 leaves from middle canopy, and 2 leaves from lower canopy) on randomly selected and tagged 5 plants may be recorded as pre-count, 7 DAS and 14 DAS in each treatment and replication. Percent (%) Thrips control over untreated check may be calculated by using the following formula:
"% Thrips control over untreated check = " "C – T " /"C" "× 100"
In such embodiment, “C” may correspond to a count of thrips/leaf in untreated check, and “T” may correspond to a count of thrips/leaf in treatments.
Later, in an embodiment, a synergistic effect may be observed. As used herein, the term “synergistic effect” refers to an effect that exists whenever the action of a combination of active ingredients is greater than the sum of the action of each of the components alone, therefore a synergistically effective amount or an effective amount of a synergistic composition or combination is an amount that exhibits greater pesticidal activity than a sum of the pesticidal activities of the individual components.
In addition, in one embodiment, the action expected for a given combination of two active components, suppose ‘A’ and ‘B’ may be calculated by Colby’s following equation/formula:
"E = X + Y - " "(X × Y) " /"100"
In such embodiment, “E” may correspond to expected percent control by a mixture of two products such as ‘A’ and ‘B’. Also, “X” may correspond to Observed percent control by the product ‘A’, and “Y” may correspond to observed percent control by the product ‘B’.
Also, in one embodiment, the action expected for a given combination of two active components, ‘A’ and ‘B’ may be calculated by the following Colby ratio:
"Colby ratio = " "O(Observed control %) " /"E (Expected control %)"
In such embodiment, if the Colby ratio may be greater than 1, then the action may correspond to the synergistic effect, if the Colby Ratio is less than 1, then the action may correspond to an antagonistic effect, and if the Colby ratio may be equal to 1, than the action may correspond to an additive effect. The synergistic insecticidal action of the ready-mix combination may be demonstrated by the experiments below in the present disclosure.
In one embodiment, details of Experiment 1 are as follows:
Table 1: Experiment 1
Count of treatment 5
Count of replication 4
Crop & Variety Chilli; Variety- US 341
Plot size 10 m x 5 m = 50 M2
Spacing 50 cm x 45 cm
Type of trial RBD
Crop stage at the time of application Flowing and fruiting
Method of application Foliar spray when pest at ETL
Pre-count observation 2 hours before spray
Post spray first observation 7 days after spray
Post spray 2nd observation 14 days after spray
Water volume 500 L/ha
In one embodiment, the ready-mix combination may be used in at least one formulation type such as wettable powder (WP), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), suspension concentrate (SC), water-soluble granules (SG), and the like. Further, in one embodiment, the treatment details are as follows:
Table 2: Treatment details
Sr. No. Treatments g. a.i./ha Formulation doses gm/ml/ha
1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000
2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500
3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200
4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550
5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500
6 Untreated control (UTC) - -
Therefore, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 1’ as shown in Table 1 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 2 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the fruit borer of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 3 (a) and Table 3 (b):
Table 3 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against fruit borer on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean Fruit borer larval population per meter raw length % Control over untreated check
g. a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 5.08
(2.47)* 0.50
(1.22)a 0.25
(1.12) a 92.3 96.7
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 5.00
(2.45) 0.58
(1.25) a 0.33
(1.15) a 91.2 95.7
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 5.08
(2.47) 1.53
(1.59) b 1.00
(1.41) b 76.5 86.7
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 5.75
(2.60) 3.58
(2.14) c 3.48
(2.12) c 45.0 53.7
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 5.50 (2.55) 3.68
(2.16) c 3.60
(2.14) c 43.5 52.0
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - 5.33
(2.52) 6.50
(2.74) d 7.50
(2.92) d
SE(m)± 0.06 0.11 0.08
CD at 5% NS 0.33 0.24
As presented in Table 3 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (?1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 3 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against fruit borer on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr. No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 92.3 96.7 87.10 93.82 1.06 1.03 Synergistic effect
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 91.2 95.7 86.74 93.60 1.05 1.02 Synergistic effect
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 76.5 86.7
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 45.0 53.7
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 43.5 52.0
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - -
As presented in Table 3 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 3 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 3 (a) revealed that all the treatments are able to reduce the fruit borer larval population but the corresponding ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC is the best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of fruit borer larva i.e., 92.3 % and 91.2%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 96.7% and 95.7% on 14 DAS, respectively. Both the above treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, and Pyriproxifen 10% EC and both are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 3 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Emamectin Benzoate) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen).
Moreover, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 1’ as shown in Table 1 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 2 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the whiteflies of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 4 (a) and Table 4 (b):
Table 4 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against whitefly on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean adult whitefly/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 3.58
(2.14)* 0.50
(1.22) a 0.33
(1.15) a 88.9 94.4
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 3.48
(2.12) 0.58
(1.25) a 0.43
(1.19) a 87.2 92.7
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 3.50
(2.12) 3.08
(2.02) c 2.78
(1.94) c 31.7 52.6
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 3.43
(2.10) 1.40
(1.55) b 1.15
(1.47) b 68.9 80.3
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 3.53
(2.13) 1.50
(1.58) b 1.25
(1.50) b 66.7 78.6
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - 3.50
(2.12) 4.50
(2.35) d 5.85
(2.62) d
SEm± 0.08 0.10 0.07
CD at 5% NS 0.29 0.20

As presented in Table 4 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (?1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 4 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against whitefly on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g. a.i.
/ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 88.9 94.4 78.74 90.67 1.13 1.04 Synergistic Effect
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 87.2 92.7 77.22 89.86 1.13 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 31.7 52.6
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 68.9 80.3
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 66.7 78.6
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - -
As presented in Table 4 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 4 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 4 (a) revealed that all the treatments were able to reduce the whiteflies population but the corresponding ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC is the best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of whiteflies/leaf i.e., 88.9 % and 87.2%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 94.4% and 92.7% on 14 DAS, respectively. Both the above treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, and Pyriproxifen 10% EC and both are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 4 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Emamectin Benzoate) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen).
Additionally, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 1’ as shown in Table 1 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 2 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the Thrips of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 5 (a) and Table 5 (b):
Table 5 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against thrips on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean adult Thrips/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 10.53
(3.39)* 0.83
(1.35) a 0.58
(1.25) a 92.6 95.6
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 10.58
(3.40) 0.90
(1.38) a 0.75
(1.32) a 91.9 94.3
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 10.40
(3.38) 3.50
(2.12) b 3.60
(2.14) b 68.7 72.4
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 10.60
(3.41) 3.50
(2.12) b 3.25
(2.06) b 68.7 75.1
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 10.43
(3.38) 3.68
(2.16) b 3.43
(2.10) b 67.1 73.8
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - 10.40
(3.38) 11.18
(3.49) c 13.05
(3.75) c
SEm± 0.08 0.09 0.09
CD at 5% NS 0.26 0.26
As presented in Table 5 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (?1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 5 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against thrips on Chilli (Kothapally, Gummididala, Medak, Hyderabad)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 92.6 95.6 90.19 93.13 1.03 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 91.9 94.3 89.70 92.76 1.03 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 68.7 72.4 - - - - -
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 68.7 75.1 - - - - -
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 67.1 73.8 - - - - -
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 5 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 5 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 5 (a) revealed that all the treatments are able to reduce the thrips population but the corresponding ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC is the best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of thrips/leaf i.e. 92.6 % and 91.9%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 95.6% and 94.3% on 14 DAS, respectively. Both the above treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, and Pyriproxifen 10% EC and both are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 5 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Emamectin Benzoate) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen).
Therefore, among all the treatments, the highest yield is observed with both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC due to the synergistic effect and control of broader spectrum even at lower doses.
In one embodiment, details of Experiment 2 are as follows:
Table 6: Experiment 2
Count of treatment 5
Count of replication 4
Crop & Variety Chilli; Variety – US341
Plot size 10 m x 5 m = 50 M2
Spacing 50 cm x 45 cm
Type of trial RBD
Crop stage at the time of application Flowing and fruiting
Method of application Foliar spray when pest at ETL
Pre-count observation 2 hours before spray
Post spray first observation 7 days after spray
Post spray 2nd observation 14 days after spray
Water volume 500 L/ha
Further, in one embodiment, the treatment details are as follows:
Table 7: Treatment details
Sr. No. Treatments g. a.i./ha Formulation doses Gm/ml/ha
1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000
2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500
3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200
4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550
5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500
6 Untreated control (UTC) - -
Further, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 2’ as shown in Table 6 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 7 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the fruit borer of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 8 (a) and Table 8 (b):
Table 8 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against fruit borer on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean Fruit borer larval population per meter raw length % control over untreated check
g. a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 8.00
(3.00)* 0.93
(1.39) a 0.40
(1.18) a 90.8 96.5
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 7.98
(3.00) 1.00
(1.41) a 0.50
(1.22) a 90.0 95.6
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 8.20
(3.03) 2.48
(1.86) b 1.90
(1.70) b 75.3 83.2
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 8.01
(3.00) 4.48
(2.34) c 4.00
(2.24) c 55.3 64.7
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 8.18
(3.03) 4.68
(2.38) c 4.08
(2.25) c 53.3 64.0
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - 7.93
(2.99) 10.00
(3.32) d 11.33
(3.51) d
SEm± 0.14 0.09 0.09
CD at 5% NS 0.28 0.27
As presented in Table 8 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (?1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 8 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against fruit borer on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 90.8 96.5 88.92 94.07 1.02 1.03 Synergistic effect
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 90.0 95.6 88.43 93.96 1.02 1.02 Synergistic effect
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 75.3 83.2 - - - - -
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 55.3 64.7 - - - - -
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 53.3 64.0 - - - - -
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 8 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 8 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 8 (a) revealed that all the treatments are able to reduce the fruit borer larval population but the corresponding ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC is the best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of fruit borer larva i.e., 90.8 % and 90.0%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 96.5% and 95.6% on 14 DAS, respectively. Both the above treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, and Pyriproxifen 10% EC and both are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 8 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Emamectin Benzoate) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen).
Moreover, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 2’ as shown in Table 6 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 7 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the whiteflies of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 9 (a) and Table 9 (b):
Table 9 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against whitefly on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean adult whitefly/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 5.33
(2.51)* 0.50
(1.22) a 0.33
(1.15) a 91.4 95.2
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 5.25
(2.50) 0.58
(1.25) a 0.40
(1.18) a 90.1 94.1
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 5.33
(2.51) 2.65
(1.91) c 2.75
(1.94) c 54.5 59.7
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 5.33
(2.51) 1.50
(1.58) b 1.33
(1.52) b 74.2 80.6
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 5.35
(2.52) 1.58
(1.60) b 1.25
(1.50) b 73.0 81.7
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - 5.25
(2.50) 5.83
(2.61) d 6.83
(2.80) d - -
SEm± 0.11 0.09 0.06 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.27 0.18 - -
As presented in Table 9 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (?1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 9 (b): Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against whitefly on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation
(g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 91.4 95.2 88.28 92.18 1.04 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 90.1 94.1 87.70 92.62 1.03 1.02 Synergistic Effect
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 54.5 59.7 - - - - -
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 74.2 80.6 - - - - -
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 73.0 81.7 - - - - -
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 9 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greatre than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in table 9 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 9 (a) revealed that all the treatments are able to reduce the whiteflies population but the corresponding ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC is the best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of whiteflies/leaf i.e. 91.4 % and 90.1%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 95.2% and 94.1% on 14 DAS, respectively. Both the above treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, and Pyriproxifen 10% EC and both are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 9 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Emamectin Benzoate) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen).
Additionally, in one embodiment, results obtained from the ‘Experiment 2’ as shown in Table 6 with the ‘Treatment details’ as shown in Table 7 may correspond to the efficacy of the ready-mix combination against the Thrips of the Chilli, wherein the results are as follows in Table 10 (a) and Table 10 (b):
Table 10 (a): Efficacy of different insecticide and their combination against thrips on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses Pre –count Mean Thrips/Leaf % control over untreated check
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 5.03
(2.45)* 0.48
(1.21) a 0.43
(1.19) a 91.8 93.4
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 4.83
(2.41) 0.48
(1.21) a 0.50
(1.22) a 91.8 92.2
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 4.93
(2.43) 1.65
(1.63) b 1.80
(1.67) b 71.7 72.0
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 5.08
(2.46) 2.15
(1.77) b 2.33
(1.82) b 63.1 63.8
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 4.90
(2.43) 2.00
(1.73) b 2.33
(1.82) b 65.7 63.8
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - 4.98
(2.44) 5.83
(2.61) c 6.43
(2.72) c - -
SEm± 0.10 0.11 0.09 - -
CD at 5% NS 0.34 0.29 - -
As presented in Table 10 (a), figures in parentheses are square root (?1+0.5) transferred values.
Table 11 Synergism in efficacy of combination Insecticides (Ready Mix) against thrips on Chilli (Hisar, Haryana)
Tr.
No. Treatments Doses % control over untreated check
(Observed) % control over untreated check
(Expected) Colby Ratio
O/E Remark (Synergistic or antagonist)
g a.i./ha Formulation (g or ml/ha) 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS 7 DAS 14 DAS
T1 Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC 285 1000 91.8 93.4 89.54 89.86 1.03 1.04 Synergistic Effect
T2 Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC 60
500 91.8 92.2 90.27 89.86 1.02 1.03 Synergistic Effect
T3 Emamectin Benzoate 5%SG 10 200 71.7 72.0 - - - - -
T4 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 275 550 63.1 63.8 - - - - -
T5 Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 50 500 65.7 63.8 - - - - -
T6 Untreated control (UTC) - - - - - - - - -
As presented in Table 10 (b), DAS stands for Days after spray. Also, the action corresponds to the synergistic effect when the Colby ratio is greater than 1, the antagonistic effect when the Colby ratio is less than 1, and the additive effect when the Colby ratio is equal to 1.
Further, it is evident from the data presented in Table 10 (a), that the pre-count did not significantly differ among all the treatments, thereby confirming the homogeneity of the test population. The results in Table 10 (a) revealed that all the treatments are able to reduce the thrips population but the corresponding ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC is the best treatment among all the treatments including control by giving highest percent control of thrips/leaf i.e. 91.8 % and 91.8%, respectively on 7th day after spray and 93.4% and 92.2% on 14 DAS, respectively. Both the above treatments are found significantly superior over solo application of Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, and Pyriproxifen 10% EC and both are found at par with each other.
Similarly, the results in Table 10 (b) revealed that the Colby ratio is more than 1 on 7 DAS and 14 DAS for both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC, proving or confirming the synergistic effect between Product A (Emamectin Benzoate) and product B (either Diafenthiuron or Pyriproxifen).
Therefore, among all the treatments, the highest yield is observed with both the ready-mix combination including Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC due to the synergistic effect and broader pest spectrum control even at lower doses.
Finally, it is revealed from the above two experiments (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2) at the corresponding locations that among all the treatments, Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC are found significantly effective against Fruit Borer, Whitefly and Thrips on Chilli. Further, it is also confirmed from the experiments that Emamectin Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC showed the synergistic effect based on the Colby’s equation for synergism. Therefore, it can be concluded that Benzoate 1% + Diafenthiuron 27.5 % SC and Emamectin Benzoate 2% + Pyriproxifen 10 % EC is the best treatment to control Chilli peat complex due to the synergistic effect and broader pest spectrum control.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure enable the synergistic insecticidal composition to control both the lepidopteran insects and the sucking pests by a single application, thereby making the corresponding synergistic insecticidal composition more efficient and more effective. Also, the expenses of farmers get reduced as the farmers can invest only in a single type of insecticide for getting rid of both the Lepidopterans and the sucking pests.
While specific language has been used to describe the disclosure, any limitations arising on account of the same are not intended. As would be apparent to a person skilled in the art, various working modifications may be made to the method in order to implement the inventive concept as taught herein.
The foregoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, order of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts need to be necessarily performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples.