DESC:FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[001] The present invention relates to a synergistic pesticidal composition for controlling pest infection in plants, more particularly to a synergistic composition comprising at least three active ingredients.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[002] The control of pest is important since infections on plants or on parts of plants inhibit production of foliage, fruit or seed, and the overall quality of a cultivated crop. Due to the vast economic ramifications of pest infestation in agricultural and horticultural cultivations, a broad spectrum of pesticidal products have been developed for general and specific applications. Combinations of pesticides are often used to promote disease control and to delay the formation of resistance. It is desirable to use a mixture of active ingredients that have a therapeutic effect on plant pathogens and provide a combination of invasive and prophylactic controls to improve the range and effect of disease control.
[003] Moreover, it is always desirable to be able to reduce the content of chemicals released into the environment while effectively protecting crops from diseases caused by plant pathogens. Mixtures of pesticides can provide significantly better disease control than would be expected based on the activity of the individual components.
[004] While many products are commercially available for this purpose, there is still a need for new mixtures and compositions that are more effective, less expensive, less toxic, more environmentally safe and have various types of action.
[005] There is a need to provide a pesticidal composition comprising a combination of active ingredients, which has higher pesticidal activity than the respective activities of the individual components as well as overcomes the resistance of the crops to the use of the individual components.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[006] One aspect of the present invention provides a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising a thiourea acaricide, a mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor and a Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator.
[007] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for controlling or preventing pest infestation, which method comprises treating the pests, their habitat or the plants to be protected against pest infestation, the soil, seed, areas, materials or spaces the soil or the plants to be protected against pest infestation with an effective amount of the synergistic pesticidal composition, either in one or over multiple applications.
[008] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a use of a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising:
a) 1 wt.% to 90 wt.% of thiourea acaricide;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.% Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient;
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition, as a pesticide for controlling pest infestation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[009] The present invention is directed towards a synergistic pesticidal composition for inhibiting or minimizing the pest infestation that can damage the plant. Further, use of this synergistic composition reduces the number of applications of various individual pesticidal components thus providing a cost-effective solution.
[010] In one aspect of the present invention, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprising:
a) a thiourea acaricide;
b) a mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) a Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient;
[011] In one embodiment, the thiourea acaricide is diafenthiuron. The thiourea acaricide is used to control Aphids, Whiteflies, Spider mites, Diamondback moth, thrips or Jassids and the mode of action is Broad spectrum, contact and stomach acaricide. It has ovicidal activity and acts by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation.
[012] In one embodiment, the mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor is selected from, but not limited to, Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben, Pyrimidifen, Tebufenpyrad, and Tolfenpyrad. The mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor is used to control Aphids, Leaf hoppers, Scale, Thrips, Whitefly, Potato psyllid, Colorado beetle and mode of action is Broad spectrum, contact activity exhibiting antifeedant activity especially against Lepidoptera.
[013] In one embodiment, the Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator is selected from, but not limited to doramectin, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, eprinomectin, ivermectin, selamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, and moxidectin. The Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator is non- systemic and acts by causing insect paralysis by suppressing muscle contraction.
[014] In one embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition may further comprise agrochemically acceptable excipients including, but is not limited to, organic solvents, stabilizer, anti-foams, emulsifiers, antifreeze agents, preservatives, antioxidants, colorants, thickeners, dispersing agents, wetting agents, polymeric film forming agents, diluents, inert fillers, binders, rheology modifier, preservatives, cosolvents and any mixtures thereof. The employment of excipients used in the composition will depend upon the type of formulation and/or the manner in which the formulation is to be applied by the end user.
[015] In one embodiment, the stabilizer is at least one selected from the group, consisting of Hexamethylene tetraamine, sodium bisulphite, phosphoric acid monoesters, phosphoric acid diesters, phosphoric acid mono- and di- ester mixture, sodium phosphates, butylated hydroxytoluene, castor oil ethoxylate, ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil, vegetable oil and epoxidized soyabean oil or combinations thereof.
[016] In one embodiment, the antifoam includes to silicon emulsions, Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, alkyl tetra siloxanes, di alkyl tetra siloxanes, cyclic siloxanes, cycloaliphatic siloxanes or poly dimethylsiloxanes.
[017] In one embodiment, the emulsifiers includes Polyoxyethylene alkylamine, Polyoxyethylene linear alkyl ether, Ethoxylated Castor Oil, Epoxidized soyabean oil, Polyoxyethyene alkylamine quaternary, Polyoxyethyene tallow ethylmonium ethosulfate, Glycerol monostearate, Glycerol monooleate, ethoxylated monostearate / distearate / tri stearate ethoxylated monooleate / trioleate, Polyoxyethylene branched tridecyl Phosphate, Polyoxyethylene branched tridecyl phosphate neutralised, Polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate, ethoxylated propoxylated sorbitan mono esters or tallow amine ethoxylate.
[018] In one embodiment, the dispersing agent includes, but is not limited to, Anionic graft polymer, Kraft lignin Polymer, Naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensate, Amine alkyl benzenesulfonate, Sodium Lignosulphonate, Calcium Lignosulphonate, Ammonium Lignosulphonate, Blend of Naphthalene sulphonate sodium salts, Blend of Lignin sulphonates sodium salts, Ethoxylated Lignin sulphonates, Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, tri stearyl phenol ethoxylates, Polycarboxylates, Acrylic copolymer solution, Modified styrene acrylic polymer, Ammonium distyrylphenyl ether sulphate or salts of polystyrene sulphonic acids.
[019] In one embodiment, the wetting agent includes Polyalkylene oxide block copolymer, Salts of Di-octyl sulfosuccinate, Alcohol alkoxylate diester, Sodium N-methyl oleoyl taurate, Sodium cocoyl sarcosinate, Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, alkyl polyglucoside, Naphthalene sulfonic acids, branched and linear Butyl derivatives sodium salts, or Sodium Lauryl sulphate.
[020] In one embodiment, the antifreeze agents include Propylene glycol, 1-methoxyl-2-propoanol, Butyl cellosolve or ethylene glycol.
[021] The preservatives include, but is not limited to, 1-2-benziisothiazolin-3-one, 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one or 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one.
[022] The rheology modifiers include Polyester block co-polymer, Poly saccharides, Polyamide, Clay, xanthum gum or Silicates.
[023] The film-forming agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic polymers, hydrobhobic polymers, Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) or vinypyrrolidone-vinylacetate.
[024] The disintegrating agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), Crosslinked carboxyl methyl cellulose, crosslinked PVA, crosslinked starch, crosslinked alginic acid and Ca silicate, etc. The solvents, include aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as SOLVESSO®, paraffinic hydrocarbon solvent such as EXXSOL®, cyclic hydrocarbon solvent such as cyclohexanone, N-methylpyyrolidone, mixed xylene, cyclohexane, Dimethyl sulphoxide, Diemthyl formamide, toluene, ethyl methyl ketone, Tetrahydrofuran, Other solvent / co solvent includes such as N butyl Pyrolliodone, Dimethylamide of C8/C10 fatty acid, Dimethylamide of C10 fatty acid, Dimethyl Amide, Dipropylene Glycol, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Canola Oil Methyl Ester, Methyloleate/Linoleate Methyl Ester, N,N-Dimethyl 9-Dodecenamide, Methyl Caprylate/Caprate, N, N-Dimethyloctanamide (N, N-Dimethylcaprylamide) and N, N-Dimethyl-Decanamide [(N, N-Dimethylcapramide)], alkanes or alkanol, etc.
[025] The Co-solvent includes Bicyclic Tetraether, alkanes, alkenes, Dibasic ester solvents, Alkylene carbonates including Esters, hydrocarbons amides, aldehyde, ketones, ether, esters, Carbonate based, Aromatic Ester solvent, Benzyl Acetate, Dimethyl propylene mono methyl ether, Formylmorpholine, 2-ethylhexyl ester of natural L-Lactic acid.( Ethtyl Hexyl lactate), alcohol, Ethyl acetate, Polyethylene glycol, Chloroform or chlorinated hydrocarbons.
[026] The filler and/or diluent is selected from the group consisting of starches and their derivatives, sugars and sugar alcohols, silicates, calcium phosphates, calcium sulfate, dextrates, kaolin clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, magnesium carbonate, polymethacrylates, dimethyl silicate, talc and salts.
[027] Water is used as a diluent to dilute the active ingredient to a desired concentration. The water used is purified water and selected from the group consisting of deionized water and distilled water. In an embodiment, the composition may be in the form of suspension concentrate, wettable powder, water dispersible granules, dust, soluble liquid concentrate, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, oil dispersion, suspoemulsion, oil dispersion, flowable suspension or water dispersible powder.
[028] In an embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition is formulated in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of water dispersible granule, wettable powder, capsule suspension, suspension concentrate, suspoemulsion, oil suspension, capsule suspension, emulsifiable concentrate water, dispersible powder, ZC formulation, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, and tank mix.
[029] In one embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises:
a) 1 wt.% to 90 wt.% of thiourea acaricide;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.% of Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient,
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition.
[030] In accordance with an embodiment, the agrochemically acceptable excipients are present in an amount in the range of 1% to 85% of the total weight of the composition, preferably from 10% to 70% of the total weight of the composition.
[031] Typically, the amount of the dispersing agent can be in the range of 0.2 % to 20 % of the total weight of the composition, the amount of the wetting agent can be in the range of 0.1 % to 10% of the total weight of the composition, the amount of the anti-freezing agent can be in the range of 0.5% to 10% of the total mass of the composition, the amount of the defoamer can be in the range of 0.2% to 10% of the total weight of the composition, the amount of the rheology modifier can be in the range of 1% to 20% % of the total weight of the composition, the amount of the filler can be in the range of 0.5 % to 50% of the total weight of the composition, the amount of the preservative can be in the range of 0.5 % to 10% of the total weight of the composition and the amount of the disintegrating agent can be in the range of 0.1% to 10% of the total weight of the composition.
[032] In one embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises:
a) 1 wt.% to 70 wt.% of thiourea acaricide;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 30 wt.% of Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient in an amount in the range of 1 wt.% to 85 wt.%,
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition.
[033] In one embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises:
a) 1 wt.% to 90 wt.% of thiourea acaricide is diafenthiuron;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben, Pyrimidifen, Tebufenpyrad, and Tolfenpyrad;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.% of Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator is selected from the group consisting of doramectin, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, eprinomectin, ivermectin, selamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, and moxidectin; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient,
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition.
[034] In one embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises:
a) 1 wt.% to 90 wt.% is diafenthiuron;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor is Tolfenpyrad;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.% of Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator is selected from the group consisting of doramectin, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, eprinomectin, ivermectin, selamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, and moxidectin, and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient,
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition.
[035] In one embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises:
a) 1 wt.% to 70 wt.% is diafenthiuron;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor is Tolfenpyrad;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 30 wt.% of Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator is emamectin or emamectin benzoate, and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient,
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition.
[036] One aspect of the present invention provides a method for controlling or preventing pest infestation, which comprises treating the pests, their habitat or the plants to be protected against pest infestation, the soil, seed, areas, materials or spaces the soil or the plants to be protected against pest infestation with an effective amount of the synergistic pesticidal composition.
[037] One aspect of the present invention provides a use of a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising:
a) 1 wt.% to 90 wt.% of thiourea acaricide;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.% Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient;
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition, as a pesticide for controlling pest infestation.
[038] In one embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition of the present invention has uses for controlling variety of pest infections sucking pest complex such as White fly, Thrips, Aphids, Jassids/hoppers, Mites and Lepidopteran pests on various crops such as Cotton, Chilli & Vegetables (Brinjal, Tomato, Okra, Cole crops, Cucurbits).
[039] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a synergistic composition that comprises at least three active ingredients, where the composition overcomes the pest infections much more efficiently when compared with the individual application. The composition provides the advantages of increased resistance to pest infestations, improved shelf life, better crop quality and enhanced efficacy.

EXAMPLES
[040] The present invention is more particularly described in the following examples that are intended as illustration only, since numerous modifications and variations within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages and ratios reported in the following examples are on a weight basis, and all ingredients used in the examples were obtained or are available from the chemical suppliers.
[041] The following examples illustrate the basic methodology and versatility of the present invention.
[042] In this experiment, different formulations were developed using Diafenthiuron, Tolfenpyrad and Emamectin Benzoate as active ingredients and suitable excipients.
Example 1
Composition Formulation Diafenthiuron 25% + Tolfenpyrad 12% + Emamectin Benzoate 1% as Suspension Concentrate (SC)
Pre-blending: Add water + Propylene glycol + Acrylic copolymer solution + Nonionic surfactant Blend + 1-2 benziisothiazoline 3- one solution + Half quantity of silicon emulsion + Alkyl naphthalene sulphonate + Diafenthiuron Technical +Tolfenpyrad Technical into a blender and stirred.
Milling: Process the blended formulation through a wet mill to achieve the desired particle size, preferably D50 < 5 µm.
Post-blending: Mix the milled formulation, measure output and proportionately charge Emamectin Benzoate technical +Remaining quantity of silicon emulsion gelling by Xanthium Gum 2% Solution.
Table 1A: Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC
Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC

Sr. No. Ingredients Function Composition (wt/wt %)
1 Diafenthiuron Technical Active 26.30
2 Tolfenpyrad Technical Active 12.60
3 Emamectin Benzoate Technical Active 1.15
4 Acrylic copolymer solution polymeric Dispersant 5
5 Nonionic surfactant Blend Wetting agent 3
6 Alkyl naphthalene sulphonate Dispersant 1
7 Propylene Glycol Antifreezing agent 5
8 1-2 benziisothiazoline 3- one solution Preservative 1
9 silicon emulsion Defoamer 0.5
10 Polysaccharide Rheology modifier 6
11 D I Water Q S Q.S
100

Table 1B: Stability Study of Example 1
Analysis Room Temperature High Temperature at 54 (±2)°C
Diafenthiuron content 26.14 26.02
Tolfenpyrad content 12.5 12.5
Emamectin Benzoate content 1.06 1.05
Suspensibility 98.17 97.59
pH (1%) 7.89 10
Persistent foam 7.89 7.78
Particle size (D50) 3.39 5.44
Specific gravity 1.05 1.05
Observation Suspensibility maintained Suspensibility maintained at High temperature

Example 2:
Composition Formulation Diafenthiuron 25% + Tolfenpyrad 12% + Emamectin Benzoate 1% as Water Dispersible Granules (WG)
Pre-blending: Add Alkyl Naphthalene sulphonate + Sodium isopropyl naphthalene sulphonate + Kraft lignin + Silica+ NDK Clay + ground Diafenthiuron + ground Tolfenpyrad + Emamectin Benzoate Technical into a blender and mix until uniform.
Media for dough making: Add Water 15.0 ml+ silicon emulsion + Ammonium sulphate and mix till completely dissolved into solution.
Dough making: Spray dough media on preblended material and mix to make proper dough.
Granulation: Pass the dough through 0.8 mm sieve to receive granules. Its content initially having moisture of 10-12%, is dried in Fluidised Bed Dryer for 5-10 minutes at 40±2 °C temperature.
Table 2A: Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% WG
Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% WG

Sr. No. Chemical Name Function Composition
1 Diafenthiuron Technical Active 26.32
2 Tolfenpyrad Technical Active 12.60
3 Emamectin Benzoate Technical Active 1.15
4 Alkyl Napthalene sulphonate Dispersant 8
5 Sodium isopropyl napthalene sulphonate Wetting agent 2
6 Karft lignin Dispersant 3
7 Dimethyl siliate filler 1
8 Inorganic Salt Disintegration agent 5
9 Organophilic clay Filler Q.S
10 silicon emulsion Antifoam 0.50
Total 100
Table 2B: Stability Study of Example 2
Analysis Room Temperature High Temperature at 54 (±2)°C
Diafenthiuron content 25.3 25.12
Tolfenpyrad content 12.08 12
Emamectin Benzoate content 1.08 1.04
Suspensibility 79.3 78.52
pH (1%) 7.14 7.19

Example 3: Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC
Diafenthiuron 20%+Tolfenpyrad 9.6%+Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC

Sr. No. Chemical name Function Composition (wt/wt %)
1 Diafenthiuron Technical Active 20.82
2 Tolfenpyrad Technical Active 9.89
3 Emamectin Benzoate Technical Active 0.86
4 Acrylic copolymer solution polymeric Dispersant 5
5 Nonionic surfactant Blend Wetting agent 3
6 Alkyl napthalene sulphonate Dispersant 1
7 Glycol Antifreezing agent 5
8 1-2 benziisothiazoline 3- one solution Preservative 1
9 silicon emulsion Defoamer 0.5
10 Polysaccharide Rheology modifier 6
11 D I Water Diluent Q. S.
100

Stability Study of Example 3:

Analysis Room Temperature High Temperature at 54 (±2)°C
Diafenthiuron content 20.1 20.03
Tolfenpyrad content 9.81 9.81
Emamectin Benzoate content 0.81 0.8
Suspensibility 99.33 98.69
pH (1%) 7.56 7.7
Persistent foam 8 10
Particle size (D50) 3.5 4.5
Specific gravity 1.051 1.05
Observation Suspensibility maintained Suspensibility maintained at High temperature

Treatment details:
Material & Methods:
Bio-efficacy:
[043] An experiment was carried out in the kharif season at Prattipadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was conducted on a field in randomized block design, consisting of ten treatments and three replications. The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of two premix combinations of Diafenthiuron, Tolfenpyrad, and Emamectin Benzoate. These premix recipes were referred to as Diafenthiuron 25% + Tolfenpyrad 12% + Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC and Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC.
[044] The study involved comparing premix combinations of Diafenthiuron, Tolfenpyrad, and Emamectin Benzoate for their bioefficacy, along with several other formulations. These included a three-way tank mix combination, Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, as well as three two-way tank mix combinations i.e., Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Diafenthiuron 50% WP, Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG, and Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG. Additionally, three solo insecticides (Tolfenpyrad 15% EC, Diafenthiuron 50% WP, Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG) were compared separately, along with an untreated control against jassid and whitefly. These treatments were applied to cotton plants at 15-day intervals, specifically when the pest populations reached the Economical Threshold Level (ETL). This application was carried out using a Knapsack Sprayer equipped with a hollow cone nozzle.
[045] The day before commencing the experiment, the prevalence of pests was documented. Subsequent observations were then noted at intervals of 7 and 15 days after each application. Whiteflies and Jassids were counted on five pre-labelled plants per plot. Specifically, six leaves were randomly chosen from each plant (two leaves from the top, middle, and bottom portions). The average values for each treatment were calculated and employed for the statistical analysis of the gathered data (Please see tables 3).
Table 3: Bio-efficacy Treatment Details:
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose
(g a.i./ha) Dose
(ml or g/ha)

T1 Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC 250+120+10 1000
T2 Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC 200+96+8 1000
T3 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+150+11 600+1000+220
T4 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Tank Mix) 150+300 1000+600
T5 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+11 600+220
T6 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 150+11 1000+220
T7 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC 150 1000
T8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600
T9 Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 11 220
T10 Untreated Control NA NA

Table 3A: Bio-efficacy of different Insecticides treatments against Jassids of Cotton during Kharif
Tr. No. Treatments Dose Jassids / Leaf
g a.i/ha Formulation Ist APPLICATION IInd APPLICATION
g or ml/ha 0
DAA 1
DAA 7
DAA 15
DAA 1
DAA 7
DAA 15
DAA 21
DAA
T1 Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC 250+120+10 1000 9.47
(17.9) 4.87
(12.7) 0.6
(4.3) 1.93
(7.9) 0.60
(4.4) 0.60
(4.4) 1.93
(8.0) 3.33
(10.5)
T2 Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC 200+96+8 1000 9.47
(17.9) 6.33
(14.6) 1.0
(5.4) 3.47
(10.6) 1.93
(7.9) 2.13
(8.4) 3.33
(10.5) 4.13
(11.7)
T3 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+150+11 600+1000+220 9.73
(18.2) 7.67
(16.1) 5.47
(13.4) 5.53
(13.6) 4.93
(12.7) 3.6
(10.9) 5.53
(13.6) 7.13
(15.5)
T4 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Tank Mix) 150+300 1000+600 9.67
(18.1) 8.73
(17.2) 5.53
(13.6) 7.27
(15.6) 5.53
(13.6) 5.0
(12.9) 7.13
(15.5) 7.53
(15.9)
T5 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+11 600+220 9.47
(17.9) 8.53
(17.0) 7.27
(15.6) 8.27
(16.7) 6.4
(14.6) 4.53
(12.3) 7.27
(15.6) 8.27
(16.7)
T6 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 150+11 1000+220 9.13
(17.6) 7.73
(16.1) 4.93
(12.7) 5.53
(13.6) 4.87
(12.6) 3.67
(11.0) 5.53
(13.6) 7.13
(15.5)
T7 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC 150 1000 9.87
(18.3) 8.27
(16.7) 5.0
(12.9) 6.40
(14.6) 5.47
(13.5) 4.0
(11.5) 6.07
(14.2) 7.27
(15.6)
T8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 9.8
(18.2) 9.0
(17.4) 5.53
(13.6) 7.27
(15.6) 5.53
(13.6) 5.0
(12.9) 7.33
(15.7) 8.27
(16.7)
T9 Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 11 220 9.8
(18.2) 9.53
(18.0) 10.87
(19.2) 11.60
(19.9) 11.6
(19.9) 12.6
(20.8) 14.13
(22.1) 14.67
(22.5)
T10 Untreated Control NA NA 9.33
(17.8) 12.47
(20.7) 13.0
(21.1) 13.93
(21.9) 13.93
(21.9) 14.13
(22.1) 15.0
(22.8) 15.53
(23.2)
CD (0.05) NS 1.1 2.3 2.0 2.10 1.6 1.5 1.80
Figures in parenthesis are arcsine transformed values.
DAA- Days After Application; NS- Nonsignificant.
Results:
a) Bio-efficacy: Jassids
[046] The findings indicated that, prior to foliar application of various treatments, the count of Jassids per leaf ranged from 9.1 to 9.8 across the treatments, and this variation was statistically insignificant. After 7 days from the initial application, T1 (Diafenthiuron 25% + Tolfenpyrad 12% + Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC @ 1000 ml/ha) showed the highest efficacy (0.60 per leaf) among the assessed insecticides and it was at par with T2 (Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC @ 1000 ml/ha) (Table 1). Significantly highest Jassid population was observed in untreated check plot (13.0/leaf).
[047] Similarly, at 15 days after first application, the treatment T1 exhibited the significantly lowest Jassid population (1.93 per leaf), followed by T2 (3.47 per leaf). These two treatments were statistically on par with each other and notably more effective than the other treatments in countering Jassid infestations. Significantly highest Jassids population was observed in untreated check plot (13.93/leaf).
[048] At 7 days after second application, T1 was recorded the lowest number of jassids population (0.6 /Leaf) followed by T2 (2.1/leaf) and these treatments were statistically non-significant. The highest jassids population was observed in untreated control (14.13 /leaf). The similar trend was observed on 15 days after second application.
[049] Likewise, at the 21 days after second application also similar trend was observed. The treatment T1 showed the significantly lowest Jassid count (3.33 per leaf), followed by T2 (4.13 per leaf). These two treatments were superior over the other treatments. Conversely, the untreated control exhibited the highest Jassid population (15.53 per leaf).

Table 3B: Bio-efficacy of different Insecticides treatments against Whitefly of Cotton during Kharif
Tr. No. Treatments Dose Whitefly / Leaf
g a.i/ha Formulation Ist APPLICATION IInd APPLICATION
g or ml/ha 0
DAA 1
DAA 7
DAA 15
DAA 1
DAA 7
DAA 15
DAA 21
DAA
T1 Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC 250+120+10 1000 12.73
(20.9) 4.33
(12.0) 3.27
(10.4) 5.0
(12.9) 2.8
(9.4) 2.27
(8.7) 2.8
(9.4) 3.6
(10.9)
T2 Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC 200+96+8 1000 12.0
(20.3) 5.47
(13.4) 4.33
(12.0) 5.53
(13.6) 3.73
(11.1) 2.8
(9.4) 3.6
(10.9) 5.0
(12.9)
T3 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+150+11 600+1000+220 12.07
(20.3) 5.53
(13.6) 5.0
(12.9) 7.13
(15.5) 5.87
(14) 4.93
(12.7) 7.13
(15.5) 8.2
(16.6)
T4 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Tank Mix) 150+300 1000+600 11.93
(20.2) 5.53
(13.6) 5.47
(13.4) 7.27
(15.6) 5.53
(13.6) 5.0
(12.9) 7.27
(15.6) 7.73
(16.1)
T5 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+11 600+220 12.47
(20.7) 5.53
(13.6) 4.53
(12.3) 7.33
(15.7) 6.4
(14.6) 5.47
(13.4) 7.33
(15.7) 8.27
(16.7)
T6 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 150+11 1000+220 11.6
(19.9) 10.27
(18.7) 7.53
(15.9) 9.0
(17.4) 9.27
(17.7) 8.27
(16.7) 9.53
(18.0) 11.4
(19.7)
T7 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC 150 1000 12.53
(20.7) 10.13
(18.6) 8.27
(16.7) 8.53
(17.0) 8.27
(16.7) 7.27
(15.6) 7.67
(16.1) 9.27
(17.7)
T8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 11.53
(19.8) 7.13
(15.5) 6.07
(14.2) 7.73
(16.1) 7.27
(15.6) 5.53
(13.6) 7.13
(15.5) 8.27
(16.7)
T9 Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 11 220 11.8
(20.1) 10.33
(18.7) 8.27
(16.7) 9.53
(18.0) 9.53
(18) 8.27
(16.7) 9.53
(18.0) 10.6
(19)
T10 Untreated Control NA NA 10.93
(19.3) 11.87
(20.1) 12.93
(21) 14.13
(22.1) 14.67
(22.5) 15.53
(23.2) 16.6
(24.0) 18.0
(25.1)
CD (0.05) NS 1.8 2.6 1.5 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.6
Figures in parenthesis are arcsine transformed values.
DAA- Days after application; NS- Non significant.
Results: Bio-efficacy: Whitefly
[050] The Whitefly count per leaf ranged from 10.9 to 12.7 before the foliar application of various treatments and was statistically insignificant. However, 7 days after the first application, T1 (Diafenthiuron 25% + Tolfenpyrad 12% + Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC @ 1000 ml/ha) recorded the lowest whitefly population (3.27/leaf) among the treatments, and it was on par with T2 (Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC) (Table 2). These two treatments were significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Notably, the untreated check plot exhibited the highest Whitefly population, with a count of 12.93 per leaf (Please see table 3).
[051] Similarly, T1 showed the significantly lowest Whitefly population (5.0/leaf) at 15 days after first application, followed by T2 (5.53/leaf). These two treatments showed similar efficacy and were significantly superior over other treatments in controlling Whitefly incidence. The untreated control plot, on the other hand, recorded the highest Whitefly population, with a count of 14.13 per leaf.
[052] T1 recorded the lowest Whitefly population at 7 days after the second application (2.27/leaf), followed by T2 (2.8/leaf), and these treatments were statistically insignificant. The highest whitefly population was observed in untreated control (15.53 /leaf). This trend remained consistent at the 15 days after the second application.
[053] Similarly, 21 days after the second application T1 had the significantly lowest whitefly population (3.6/leaf), followed by T2 (5.0/leaf), and these two treatments were on par with each other and superior to rest of the treatments. The highest population of whitefly was observed in untreated control (18.0/leaf).
Phytotoxicity:
[054] Phytotoxicity observations were recorded to assess the damage caused to plants by applying different treatments. Various phytotoxic symptoms such as tip and leaf surface injury, wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty, and hyponasty were documented for each treatment. A total of ten plants per plot were examined, and these observations were recorded before applying the treatments, as well as on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th days after application. The degree of crop injury was assessed using a Phytotoxicity Rating Scale (ranging from 0 to 10) in table 4.
Table 4:
Crop response/ Crop injury Rating
0-00 0
1-10% 1
11-20% 2
21-30% 3
31-40% 4
41-50% 5
51-60% 6
61-70% 7
71-80% 8
81-90% 9
91-100% 10

Statistical Analysis:
[055] Analysis of variance was calculated by using MS- Excel Computer Program.
Table 5: Phytotoxicity Treatment Details:
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose
(g a.i./ha) Dose
(ml or g/ha)

T1 Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC 250+120+10 1000
T2 Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC 200+96+8 1000
T3 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+150+11 600+1000+220
T10 Untreated Control NA NA

Table 6: Phyto-toxicity effect of different Insecticide treatments on cotton (Kharif)
Tr. No. Treatment Details
Dose *Phytotoxicity
(Based on 0-10 Phytotoxicity Rating Scale)
g a.i./ha ml or g/ha Before Spray Days after application (DAA)
1 3 5 7 10
T1 Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC 250+120+10 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0
T2 Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC 200+96+8 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0
T3 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+150+11 600+1000+220 0 0 0 0 0 0
T4 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Tank Mix) 150+300 1000+600 0 0 0 0 0 0
T5 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+11 600+220 0 0 0 0 0 0
T6 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 150+11 1000+220 0 0 0 0 0 0
T7 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC 150 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0
T8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 0 0 0 0 0 0
T9 Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 11 220 0 0 0 0 0 0
T10 Untreated Control NA NA 0 0 0 0 0 0

*For phototoxic symptoms- Leaf injury on tips and Leaf surface, Wilting, Vein Clearing, Necrosis, Epinasty and Hyponasty
Phytotoxicity:
[056] The observations on phytotoxicity parameters were recorded on before spray and at 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after application. The studies on phytotoxicity indicated that, there were no symptoms of phytotoxicity viz., leaf injury on tips/surface, vein clearing, necrosis, hyponasty and epinasty on the Cotton crop at X and 2X dosages (Table 4).
b) Yield:
[057] Cotton bolls from each net plot were individually harvested and weighed. Three pickings were collected, and after the final picking, the total yield from each net plot was calculated and converted to hectare basis (quintal/ha). Subsequently, the data was subjected to statistical analysis.

Table 7: Effect of different Insecticides treatments on Cotton Yield (Kharif)
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose (g a.i./ha) Dose (ml or g/ha) Yield (Tones/ha)

T1 Diafenthiuron 25%+Tolfenpyrad 12%+Emamectin Benzoate 1% SC 250+120+10 1000 621.3
T2 Diafenthiuron 20% + Tolfenpyrad 9.6% + Emamectin Benzoate 0.8% SC 200+96+8 1000 609.7
T3 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+150+11 600+1000+220 600.0
T4 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Diafenthiuron 50% WP (Tank Mix) 150+300 1000+600 593.3
T5 Diafenthiuron 50% WP + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 300+11 600+220 594.7
T6 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC + Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG (Tank Mix) 150+11 1000+220 548.7
T7 Tolfenpyrad 15% EC 150 1000 550.7
T8 Diafenthiuron 50% WP 300 600 587.7
T9 Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 11 220 565.0
T10 Untreated Control NA NA 509.7
CD (P = 0.05) 20.7

Yield:
[058] All treatments led to a significant increase in yield compared to the untreated Control (509 kg/ha) (Table 3). The highest yield was observed in T1 (621.3 kg/ha), which was statistically on par with T2 (609.7 kg/ha). These two treatments were significantly superior over remaining three-way, two-way tank mix and solo insecticide treatments.

Conclusion:
[059] The preformulated premix recipes containing Diafenthiuron, Tolfenpyrad and Emamectin Benzoate (T1 & T2) were notably more effective than other combinations, including three-way and two-way tank mixes, as well as solo insecticides, in effectively managing the cotton sucking pest complex.
[060] These premix recipes (T1 & T2) demonstrated both high effectiveness against pests and safety for the cotton crop, as they exhibited no phytotoxicity.
[061] The employment of the tested insecticide combinations resulted in increased cotton yield.
[062] The test insecticides showed synergistic effect for controlling the sucking pests of cotton. Consequently, these test insecticides can be recommended for the efficient and safe management of the cotton sucking pest complex compared to other three-way and two-way tank mix combinations.
[063] The foregoing description of the invention has been set merely to illustrate the invention and is not intended to be limiting. While the present invention has been described with respect to certain embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modification may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
,CLAIMS:WE CLAIM:
1. A synergistic pesticidal composition comprising:
a) a thiourea acaricide;
b) a mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) a Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient.

2. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thiourea acaricide is diafenthiuron.
3. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor is selected from Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben, Pyrimidifen, Tebufenpyrad, and Tolfenpyrad.
4. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator is selected from doramectin, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, eprinomectin, ivermectin, selamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, and moxidectin.
5. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein agrochemically acceptable excipient selected from the group comprising organic solvents, stabilizer, anti-foams, emulsifiers, antifreeze agents, preservatives, antioxidants, colorants, thickeners, dispersing agents, wetting agents, polymeric film forming agents, diluents, inert fillers, binders, rheology modifier, preservatives, cosolvent and any mixtures thereof.
6. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pesticidal composition is formulated in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of water dispersible granule, wettable powder, capsule suspension, suspension concentrate, suspoemulsion, oil suspension, capsule suspension, emulsifiable concentrate water, dispersible powder, ZC formulation, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, and tank mix.
7. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said composition comprises:
a) 1 wt.% to 90 wt.% of thiourea acaricide;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.% of Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient,
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition.
8. A method for controlling or preventing pest infestation, which comprises treating the pests, their habitat or the plants to be protected against pest infestation, the soil, seed, areas, materials or spaces the soil or the plants to be protected against pest infestation with an effective amount of the synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1.
9. Use of a composition comprising:
a) 1 wt.% to 90 wt.% of thiourea acaricide;
b) 1 wt.% to 50 wt.% of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor;
c) 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.% Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator; and
d) at least one agrochemically acceptable excipient,
wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition, as a pesticide for controlling pest infestation.

Dated this 4th day of October 2022
Indofil Industries Limited
By their Agent & Attorney

(Nisha Austine)
of Khaitan & Co
Reg No IN/PA-1390