DESC:FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention relates to synergistic pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin 5 class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients. The present invention also relates to process for preparing the said synergistic pesticidal composition. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Paclobutrazol was first disclosed in US 4243405. Paclobutrazol chemically known as (aR,bR)-rel-b-[(4-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-a-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol and having chemical structure as below; 15
Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth retardant and triazole fungicide. It is a known antagonist of the plant hormone gibberellin. It acts by inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, reducing internodial growth to give stouter stems, increasing root growth, causing early 20 fruitset and increasing seedset in plants such as tomato and pepper. PBZ has also been shown to reduce frost sensitivity in plants. Moreover, paclobutrazol can be used as a chemical approach for reducing the risk of lodging in cereal crops.(kamran et al 2017). PBZ is used by arborists to reduce shoot growth and has been shown to have additional positive effects on trees and shrubs. Among those are improved resistance to drought stress, darker green 25
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leaves, higher resistance against fungi and bacteria, and enhanced development of roots. Cambial growth, as well as shoot growth, has been shown to be reduced in some tree species.
A triazole refers to any of the heterocyclic compounds with molecular formula C2H3N3, having a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. There are two 5 sets of isomers that differ in the relative positions of the three nitrogen atoms. Each of these has two tautomers that differ by which nitrogen has a hydrogen bonded to it. Triazoles are the largest class of fungicides (see Fig. 2). Bayer was the first to launch a triazole, namely triadimefon (Bayleton) in 1973.
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Difenoconazole is a broad spectrum fungicide that controls a wide variety of fungi – including members of the Aschomycetes, Basidomycetes and Deuteromycetes families. It acts as a seed treatment, foliar spray and systemic fungicide. It is taken up through the surface of the infected plant and is translocated to all parts of the plant. It has a curative effect and a preventative effect. Difenoconazole can be applied to winter wheat, oilseed 15 rape, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli/calabrese and cauliflower. It controls various fungi including Septoria tritici, Brown Rust, Light Leaf Spot, Leaf Spot, Pod Spot, Ring Spot and Stem canker. It also prevents Ear Discolouration in winter wheat. The mode of action of difenoconazole is that it is a sterol demethylation inhibitor which prevents the development of the fungus by inhibiting cell membrane ergosterol biosynthesis. 20
Cyproconazole is an azole fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi on cereal crops, coffee, sugar beet, fruit trees, grapes, including rust on cereal crops, powdery mildew on cereal crops, fruit tree and grapes, and scab on apple. It is both a prevention and treatment fungicide. 25
Epoxiconazole is a fungicide active ingredient from the class of azoles developed to protect crops. In particular, the substance inhibits the metabolism of fungi cells infesting useful plants, and thereby prevents the growth of the mycelia (fungal cells). Epoxiconazole also limits the production of conidia (mitospores). Epoxiconazole was introduced to the market 30 by BASF SE in 1993 and can be found in many products and product mixtures targeting a
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large number of pathogens in various crops. Crops are, for example, cereals (mainly wheat, barley, rye and triticale), soybeans, banana, rice, coffee, turnips, and red as well as sugar beets.
Flusilazole is a systemic fungicide with protective and curative action. Its resistance to wash-5 off, redistribution by rainfall and vapour phase activity are important components in its biological activity. Flusilazole is a broad spectrum, systemic, preventive and curative fungicide effective against many pathogens (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes).
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Hexaconazole is a Broad-spectrum systemic triazole fungicide used for the control of many fungi particularly Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Major consumption is in Asian countries and it is used mainly for the control of rice sheath blight in China, India, Vietnam and parts of East Asia. It is also used for control of diseases in various fruits & vegetables.
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Isoprothiolane is a malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale. It has a role as an insecticide, an environmental contaminant, a phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor and an antifungal 20 agrochemical. It is a malonate ester, a member of dithiolanes and an isopropyl ester. It derives from a malonic acid.
Propiconazole is a systemic foliar fungicide with a broad range of activity. It is used on 25 grasses grown for seed, mushrooms, corn, wild rice, peanuts, almonds, sorghum, oats, pecans, apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes. On cereals it controls diseases caused by Erysiphe graminis, Leptosphaeria nodorum, Pseudocerosporella herpotrichoides, Puccinia spp., Pyrenophora teres, Rhynchosporium secalis, and Septoria spp. Propiconazole's mode of action is demethylation of C-14 during ergosterol biosynthesis, and 30 leading to accumulation of C-14 methyl sterols. The biosynthesis of these ergosterols is
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critical to the formation of cell walls of fungi. This lack of normal sterol production slows or stops the growth of the fungus, effectively preventing further infection and/or invasion of host tissues. Therefore, propiconazole is considered to be fungistatic or growth inhibiting rather than fungicidal or killing.
5 Prothioconazole is a synthetic compound of the triazolinthione family of compounds. It is a broad spectrum systemic fungicide, with curative, preventative and eradicative action. It can be used as both a seed treatment and a foliar treatment. After absorption it moves into cells of the target organisms, effecting sterol biosynthesis and thereby disrupting membrane structure. This ultimately effects hyphal growth and germ tube elongation. Fungi 10 susceptible to prothioconazole include Early leaf spot (Mycosphaerella arachidis), eyespot, Fusarium spp., powdery mildew, net blotch, phoma leaf spot, Rhynchosporium secalis, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, rust and tan spot. Prothioconazole is approved for use on barley, durum wheat, oats, oilseed rape (winter), rye (winter), and wheat. Prothioconazole is sold in combination with numerous 15 other fungicides, including bifaxen, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, fluoxastrobin, trifloxystrobin and floupyram. It is a broad spectrum systemic Triazole fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative mode of action. It is effective against wide range of diseases. It is very effective against brown rust, leaf blotch, Net blotch, septoria leaf spot& Yellow rust of cereals; Soybean-Asian rust, brown spot/Septoria leaf spot, Powdery mildew; 20 Rice-Dirty panicle & grain discoloration.
Tebuconazole is a broad spectrum systemic Triazole fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative mode of action. It is effective against wide range of diseases. It is very effective against brown rust, leaf blotch, Net blotch, septoria leaf spot& Yellow rust of cereals; 25 Soybean-Asian rust, brown spot/Septoria leaf spot, Powdery mildew; Rice-Dirty panicle & grain discoloration.
Tricyclazole (5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole) is a unique fungicide for control of Pyricularia oryzaeon rice. It is a specialty systemic fungicide. The product is rapidly 30 absorbed by rice plant and translocated towards leaf tips. It is a protectant fungicide that
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prevents the fungus from penetrating the plant. Inhibition occurs when the fungus attempts to penetrate and establish an infection site inside the plant. In rice blast, the melanin pigment is needed for the hardening of the appressorium and inhibition of the pigment formation in appressorium makes it unable to mechanically penetrate the host plant.
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Strobilurins are natural products isolated and identified from specific fungi. Natural strobilurins were named in the order of their discovery as strobilurin-A followed by strobilurin-B, C, D etc. Their discovery opened the door for new chemistry of synthetic fungicides. 10
Azoxystrobin (brand name Amistar, Syngenta) is a systemic fungicide commonly used in agriculture. The substance is used as an active agent protecting plants and fruit/vegetables from fungal diseases. Azoxystrobin possesses the broadest spectrum of activity of all known antifungals. It is the only counteragent that has the ability to protect against the four big 15 groups of fungal and fungal-like diseases.
Kresoxim-methyl is a carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops. It has a role as a mitochondrial 20 cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and an antifungal agrochemical. It is an oxime O-ether, an aromatic ether, a methyl ester and a methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent.
Metominostrobin is a monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-(methoxyimino)(2-phenoxyphenyl)acetic acid with the amino group 25 of methylamine. Used for the control of Pyricularia oryzae on rice crops. It has a role as a mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor and an antifungal agrochemical. It is an oxime O-ether, a monocarboxylic acid amide, an aromatic ether, an amide fungicide and a methoxyiminoacetamide strobilurin antifungal agent.
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Orysastrobin is a monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(3E,5E,6E)-5-(methoxyimino)-4,6-dimethyl-2,8-dioxa-3,7-diazanona-3,6-dien-1-yl]phenyl}acetic acid with the amino group of methylamine. A rice fungicide that is highly effective against Magnaporthe oryzae, 5 Pyricularia oryzae, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctonia solani. It has a role as a mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor and an antifungal agrochemical. It is an oxime O-ether, a monocarboxylic acid amide, an amide fungicide and a methoxyiminoacetamide strobilurin antifungal agent.
10 Picoxystrobin is the new strobilurin fungicide developed specifically by Syngenta to control cereal diseases in early season. It differs from the existing strobilurins thanks to its complete biokinetic properties, such as a rapid uptake, systemic and translaminar movements vapour phase activity, strong affinity with the wax layer, a protection of newly formed organs and also a curative activity. Picoxystrobin will deliver better disease control and yield within a 15 cereal fungicide programme. It is developed as a straight product or in a ready-to-use mixture with hexaconazole, a well-known fungicide from the triazole group, and will be recommended in early season applications.
Pyraclostrobin is a carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-20 pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres. It has a role as a mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and an antifungal agrochemical. It is a member of pyrazoles, a carbamate ester, an aromatic ether, a member of monochlorobenzenes, a methoxycarbanilate strobilurin 25 antifungal agent and a carbanilate fungicide.
Trifloxystrobin is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and 30 Oomycetes It has a role as a mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor and an
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antifungal agrochemical. It is an oxime O-ether, an organofluorine compound, a methyl ester and a methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent.
The main concern with the use of fungicide is the development of resistance by the pests for that particular fungicide and at the end one has to apply more concentrated formulation of 5 the fungicide. The high amount of fungicide may results in the toxicity to human beings as well as has bad effect on environment.
Previously people have tried many alternatives and option to overcome this problem and as a result developed poly mixture of pesticide, use of non-toxic ingredients and developing 10 novel formulations which provides effective amount of the fungicide and at the required part only.
However the use of poly mixture containing large number of fungicide poses a problem in many was like preparing formulation of multiple fungicide with different chemical 15 properties and behavior and physical properties. It also creates challenge for formulator in term of compatibility and stability of all the fungicide along with used excipients in the formulation.
CN101569304A relates to a paclobutrazol suspension concentrate and a preparation method 20 thereof, which are suitable to the manufacture technology of farm chemical preparation and belong to the chemical technical field. Paclobutrazol is mainly in a way of 15 percent of wettable powder in China market. Because the wettable powder is easy to produce dust pollution during processing and use and the suspension rate of the wettable powder is lower than that of the suspension concentrate, the product is easy to produce the chemical injury. 25 The paclobutrazol suspension concentrate is prepared by the following components of paclobutrazol, wetting agent, dispersing agent, thickening agent, antifoaming agent, antifreeze agent, preservative, and the like according to a certain weight percent and a special preparation method.
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CN102524265B describes a MET preparing nanoscale dispersion agent to suspension, mass ratio weighed paclobutrazol, disintegrating agents, surface active agents, stabilizers, and distilled water, standby; first surfactant is added to distilled water after stirring for 2 min, paclobutrazol added thereto, stabilizing and disintegrating agents, stirring was continued for 13 min; the solution obtained above was placed in an ultrasonic cleaning 5 machine ultrasonic removed after 45 min, paclobutrazol obtain nanoscale dispersion of the present invention suspended glue . CN102450268A discloses paclobutrazol effervescent granules/or effervescent tablets and a preparation method thereof, wherein the paclobutrazol effervescent granules/or effervescent tablets comprise the following raw materials by mass percent: 0.1-80% of paclobutrazol, 10 0.5-15% of dispersant, 0.5-8% of wetting agent, 4-60% of disintegrating agent, 0-10% of binding agent and balance of padding. The preparation method is as follows: mixing the raw materials for forming the paclobutrazol effervescent granules/or effervescent tablets; after the paclobutrazol effervescent granules/or effervescent tablets are smashed by ultra-micro flow, pelleting, drying, finishing granules/tabletting, precisely selecting, detecting and 15 obtaining the paclobutrazol effervescent granules/or effervescent tablets. The paclobutrazol effervescent granules/or effervescent tablets provided in the invention are safe for environment, people and livestock and other beneficial organisms, not easy to generate phytotoxicity, accurately measured and convenient to use and have no dust and quick granules disintegrating speed; and with better storage stability and simple preparation 20 technology, the paclobutrazol effervescent granules/or effervescent tablets are suitable for industrial production and agricultural big area promotion.
WO2009037162A1 describes fungicidal mixtures comprising, as active components: 1) triticonazole of Formula (I), and 2) difenoconazole of Formula (II) in a synergistically 25 effective amount, and also compositions comprising these mixtures.
WO2012040804A2 discloses an agrochemically synergistic formulation of triazoles, strobilurins and benzimidazoles, in specific propotions for controlling and/or combating plagues and diseases caused therefrom in vegetable cultures. Also described are their process 30
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of preparation, use and method of use as well as the use of triazoles, strobilurins and benzimidazoles in the preparation of the agrochemically synergistic formulation of the invention.
Hence there is a need in the society to have a composition or formulation with fungicidal 5 effect with combination of one more active ingredient which provided synergistic effect and easy to manufacture.
Inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that the synergistic pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected 10 form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients. described herein in can provide solution to the above 15 mentioned problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide, with a view to effective resistance 20 management and effective control of phytopathogenic harmful fungi, at application rates which are as low as possible, compositions which, at a reduced total amount of active compounds applied, have improved activity against the harmful fungi (synergistic mixtures).
We have accordingly found that this objective is achieved by the compositions, defined 25 herein, comprising novel synergistic pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, 30 Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients.
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According to the present invention there is provided a novel synergistic pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and 5 another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients.
According to another aspect of present invention also relates to process for preparing the 10 novel pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin 15 with one or more inactive ingredients. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The term "health of a plant" or "plant health" is defined as a condition of the plant and/or its 20 products. As a result of the improved health, yield, plant vigor, quality and tolerance to abiotic or biotic stress are increased. Noteworthy, the health of a plant when applying the method according to the invention, is increased independently of the pesticidal properties of the active ingredients used because the increase in health is not based upon the reduced pest pressure but instead on complex physiological and metabolic reactions which result for 25 example in an activation of the plant's own natural defense system. As a result, the health of a plant is increased even in the absence of pest pressure.
Accordingly, in an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the health of a plant is increased both in the presence and absence of biotic or 30 abiotic stress factors.
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The above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent or they may result from each other. An increase in plant vigor may for example result in an increased yield and/or tolerance to abiotic or biotic stress. One indicator for the condition of the plant is the yield. "Yield" is to be understood as any plant product of economic value 5 that is produced by the plant such as grains, fruits in the proper sense, vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, wood (e.g. in the case of silviculture plants) or even flowers (e.g. in the case of gardening plants, ornamentals). The plant products may in addition be further utilized and/or processed after harvesting.
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In an especially preferred embodiment of the invention, the yield of the treated plant is increased.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the yield of the plants treated according to the method of the invention, is increased synergistically. 15
According to the present invention, "increased yield" of a plant, in particular of an agricultural, silvicultural and/or horticultural plant means that the yield of a product of the respective plant is increased by a measurable amount over the yield of the same product of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the mixture 20 according to the invention.
A further indicator for the condition of the plant is the plant vigor. The plant vigor becomes manifest in several aspects such as the general visual appearance.
In another especially preferred embodiment of the invention, the plant vigor of the treated 25 plant is increased. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the plant vigor of the plants treated according to the method of the invention is increased synergistically.
The improvement of the plant vigor according to the present invention particularly means that the improvement of any one or several or all of the above mentioned plant characteristics 30 are improved independently of the pesticidal action of the mixture or active ingredients
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(components).Another indicator for the condition of the plant is the "quality" of a plant and/or its products.
In an especially preferred embodiment of the invention, the quality of the treated plant is increased. 5
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the quality of the plants treated according to the method of the invention, is increased synergistically.
According to the present invention, enhanced quality means that certain plant characteristics 10 such as the content or composition of certain ingredients are increased or improved by a measurable or noticeable amount over the same factor of the plant produced under the same conditions, but without the application of the mixtures of the present invention. Enhanced quality can be characterized, among others, by following improved properties of the plant or its product: 15
• increased nutrient content
• increased protein content
• increased content of fatty acids
• increased metabolite content
• increased carotenoid content 20
• increased sugar content
• increased amount of essential amino acids
• improved nutrient composition
• improved protein composition
• improved composition of fatty acids 25
• improved metabolite composition
• improved carotenoid composition
• improved sugar composition
• improved amino acids composition
• improved or optimal fruit color • improved leaf color 30
• higher storage capacity
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• higher processability of the harvested products.
Another indicator for the condition of the plant is the plant's tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors. Biotic and abiotic stress, especially over longer terms, can have harmful effects on plants. Biotic stress is caused by living organisms while abiotic stress is 5 caused for example by environmental extremes. According to the present invention, "enhanced tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors" means that certain negative factors caused by biotic and/or abiotic stress are diminished in a measurable or noticeable amount as compared to plants exposed to the same conditions, but without being treated with a mixture according to the invention and that the negative effects are not 10 diminished by a direct action of the mixture according to the invention on the stress factors, e.g. by its fungicidal or insecticidal action which directly destroys the microorganisms or pests, but rather by a stimulation of the plants' own defensive reactions against said stress factors. 15 In another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a novel pesticidal composition comprising, as active components, 1) Paclobutrazol; 2) one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, 20 Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole; and 3) another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin and 4) one or more inactive ingredient. 25
In another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a method for controlling harmful fungi using composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and 30 another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim
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methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients. In another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a process for preparation of novel pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole 5 class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients. 10 In another preferred embodiment of the invention, pesticidal composition of present invention can be in form of Suspension Concentrate (SC), Flowable Suspension (FS), Suspo emulsion (SE), Capsule Suspension (CS), Oil Dispersion (OD), Micro emulsion (ME), Dispersal concentrate (DC), Soluble liquid (SL), Emusifiable concentrate (EC), Emulsion 15 in water (EW), Soluble liquid (SL), mixed formulation of CS and SC (ZC), a mixed formulation of CS and SE (ZE), a mixed formulation of CS and EW (ZW), Granules (Soil Applied Granules), Controlled Release Granules (CR Granules), Slow release and Fast release microsphere Granules (MS Granules), Water Soluble Granules (SG), Water dispersible granule (WDG or WG), Capsulated dry flowable (CDF), Dry flowalbe (DF), 20 Jumbo ball formulation, Water soluble bag formulation, Wettable Powder (WP), Soluble Powder (SP), Dusting Powder (DP).
The present invention relates to novel pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, 25 Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin are present in ratios by weight of the active ingredients as below; 30
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Active Ingredient I Triazole Strobilurin Paclobutrazol Difenoconazole Cyproconazole Epoxiconazole Flusilazole Hexaconazole Isoprothiolane Propiconazole Prothioconazole Tebuconazole Tricyclazole Azoxystrobin Kresoxim methyl Metominostrobin Orysastrobin Picoxystrobin Pyraclostrobin Trifloxystrobin 0.1 to 20% 0.1 to 40% 0.1 to 40%
The novel pesticidal composition comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim 5 methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients is effective for management or control or regulate crop (plant) growth and to manage or control fungal diseases in the crops selected from GMO (Genetically Modified Organism/crops) and Non GMO varieties of Cotton (Gossypium spp.), Jute (Corchorus oliotorus), Paddy (Oryza sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestavum), Barley 10 (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Ragi (Eleusine coracana), Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) , Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), Soybean (Glycin max), Peanut/Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) , Mustard (Brassica juncea), Rape seed (Brassica napus), Linseed (Linum usitatissimum), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), Castor (Ricinus communis), 15 Green gram (Vigna radiata), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Chickpea (Cicer aritinum), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Redgram (Cajanus cajan), Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Indian bean (Lablab purpureus), Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), Field pea (Pisum sativum), Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), Lentils (Lens culinaris), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica 20 oleracea var. botrytis), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) , Onion (Allium cepa L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicun) , Potato (Solanum tuberosum) , Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas),
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Chilly (Capsicum annum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Muskmelons (Cucumis melo), Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Carrot (Dacus carota subsp. sativus), Turnip (Brassica rapa subsp rapa), Apple (Melus domestica), Banana (Musa spp.), Citrus groups (Citrus spp.), Grape (Vitis vinifera), Guava (Psidium guajava), 5 Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Mango (Mangifera indica), Papaya (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Pomegranate (Punica granatum) , Sapota (Manilkara zapota), Tea (Camellia sinensis), Coffea (Coffea Arabica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), 10 Psyllium (Plantago ovate), Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), Safed musli (Chlorophytum tuberosum), Drum stick (Moringa oleifera), Coconut (Coco nucifera), Mentha ( Mentha spp.), Rose (Rosa spp.), Jasmine (Jasminum spp.), Marigold ( Tagetes spp.), Common daisy (Bellis perennis), Dahlia (Dahlia hortnesis), Gerbera ( Gerbera jamesonii), Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). 15 The novel pesticidal composition of present invention have very good fungicidal properties and can be employed for controlling phytopathogenic fungi such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Oomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes, Zygomycetes, and the like. Examples which may be mentioned, but not by limitation, are some pathogens of fungal diseases which come under the above generic terms: Diseases 20 caused by pathogens causing powdery mildew such as, for example, Blumeria species such as, for example, Blumeriagraminis; Podosphaera species such as, for example, Podosphaeraleucotricha;Sphaerotheca species such as, for example, Sphaerothecafuliginea; Uncinula species such as, for example, Uncinulanecator; Leveillula species such as, for example Leveillulataurica, Erysiphe species such as for example Erysiphepolygoni, diseases 25 caused by pathogens of rust diseases such as, for example, Gymnosporangium species such as, for example, Gymnosporangiumsabinae, Hemileia species such as, for example, Hemileiavastatrix; Phakopsora species such as, for example, Phakopsorapachyrhizi and Phakopsorameibomiae; Puccinia species such as, for example, Pucciniagraminis, Pucciniarecondita or Pucciniatriticina, Pucciniastriiformis; Uromyces species such as, for 30
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example, Uromycesphaseoli; diseases caused by pathogens of smut diseases such as, for example, Sporisorium species such as , for example, Sporisoriumscitamineum; Ustilago species such as, for example Ustilagomaydis, Tilletia species such as for example Tilletiatritici, Ustilaginoidea species such as , for example Ustilaginoideavirens, diseases caused by pathogens of ergot diseases such as, for example Claviceps species, 5 Clavicepspurpurea; leaf spot, leaf blight and leaf wilt diseases caused by, for example, Alternaria species such as, for example, Alternariasolani; Cercospora species such as, for example, Cercosporabeticola; Cladiosporum species such as, for example, Cladiosporiumcucumerinum; Cochliobolus species such as, for example, Cochliobolussativus (conidial form: Drechslera, syn: Helminthosporium); Colletotrichum 10 species such as, for example, Colletotrichum capsici-die back in chillies; Cycloconium species such as, for example, Cycloconiumoleaginum; Diaporthe species such as, for example, Diaporthecitri; Elsinoe species such as, for example, Elsinoefawcettii; Gloeosporium species such as, for example, Gloeosporiumlaeticolor; Glomerella species such as, for example, Glomerellacingulata; Guignardia species such as, for example, 15 Guignardiabidwelli; Leptosphaeria species such as, for example, Leptosphaeriamaculans; Magnaporthe species such as, for example, Magnaporthegrisea;Mycosphaerella species such as, for example, Mycosphaerellagraminicola; Phaeosphaeria species such as, for example, Phaeosphaerianodorum; Pyrenophora species such as, for example, Pyrenophorateres;Ramularia species such as, for example, Ramulariacollo-cygni; 20 Rhynchosporium species such as, for example, Rhynchosporiumsecalis; Septoria species such as, for example, Septoriaapii;Typhula species such as, for example, Typhulaincarnata; Venturia species such as, for example, Venturiainaequalis; root and stalk diseases, caused by, for example, Corticium species such as, for example, Corticiumgraminearum; Fusarium species such as, for example, Fusariumoxysporum;Gaeumannomyces species such as, for 25 example, Gaeumannomycesgraminis; Rhizoctonia species such as, for example, Rhizoctoniasolani; Tapesia species such as, for example, Tapesiaacuformis;Thielaviopsis species such as, for example, Thielaviopsisbasicola; ear and panicle diseases (including maize cobs), caused by, for example, Alternaria species such as, for example, Alternaria spp.;Aspergillus species such as, for example, Aspergillusflavus; Cladosporium species 30 such as, for example, Cladosporium spp.; Claviceps species such as, for example,
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Clavicepspurpurea; Fusarium species such as, for example, Fusariumculmorum; Gibberella species such as, for example, Gibberellazeae; Monographella species such as, for example, Monographellanivalis;Smut diseases caused by, for example, Sphacelotheca species such as, for example, Sphacelothecareiliana; Tilletia species such as, for example, Tilletia caries; Urocystis species such as, for example, Urocystisocculta; Ustilago species such as, for 5 example, Ustilagonuda; fruit rot caused by, for example, Aspergillus species such as, for example, Aspergillusflavus; Botrytis species such as, for example, Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium species such as, for example, Penicilliumexpansum; Sclerotinia species such as, for example, Sclerotiniasclerotiorum; Verticilium species such as, for example, Verticiliumalboatrum; seed- and soil-borne rots and wilts, and seedling diseases, caused by, 10 for example, Fusarium species such as, for example, Fusariumculmorum; Phytophthora species such as, for example, Phytophthora capsici fruit rot in chillies Phytophthoracactorum; Pythium species such as, for example, Pythiumultimum; Rhizoctonia species such as, for example, Rhizoctoniasolani; Sclerotium species such as, for example, Sclerotiumrolfsii; cankers, galls and witches' broom diseases, caused by, for 15 example, Nectria species such as, for example, Nectriagalligena; wilts caused by, for example, Monilinia species such as, for example, Monilinialaxa; deformations of leaves, flowers and fruits, caused by, for example, Taphrina species such as, for example, Taphrinadeformans; degenerative diseases of woody species, caused by, for example, Esca species such as, for example, Phaemoniellaclamydospora; flower and seed diseases, caused 20 by, for example, Botrytis species such as, for example, Botrytis cinerea; diseases of plant tubers caused by, for example, Rhizoctonia species such as, for example, Rhizoctoniasolani; diseases caused by bacterial pathogens such as, for example, Xanthomonas species such as, for example, Xanthomonascampestrispv. oryzae; Pseudomonas species such as, for example, Pseudomonas syringaepv. lachrymans; Erwinia species such as, for example, 25 Erwinia amylovora etc.
The present inventions can be widely used to protect the agricultural, horticultural and forest plant species from the diseases caused by pathogens from the group of the Oomycetes, such as, for example, Pythium species such as, Pythium blight (high temperature) by 30 Pythiumaphanidermatum, Pythium blight (low temperature) by Pythiumgraminicola,
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Pythiumultimum, Pythium damping off diseases in nurseries of tobacco, tomato, chillies, egg-plant; Phytophthora species such as, Phytophthorainfestans causing late blight in potato and tomato, Gummosis and Root rot in citrus by Phytophthora spp., seed rot, seedling blight, fruit rot in chilli and cucurbits by Phytophthoracapsici, downy mildew of cucurbits by Pseudoperonosporacubensis, downy mildew of millets by Sclerosporagraminicola, downy 5 mildew of maize by Peronosclerosporasroghi, white rust of crucifers by Albugo candida, downy mildew of grape by Plasmoparaviticola.
The novel pesticidal composition of present invention comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, 10 Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin with one or more inactive ingredients offers various advantages and benefits as listed below; 15 • Increase in yield of treated plants (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fiber crop, sugar crops, leafy vegetables, tuber crops, fruit crops, flowers, ornamentals etc.) • Increase in yield due to protection against fungal diseases • Increase in yield due to plant growth regulation, check vegetative growth and increase in reproductive parts of plant. 20 • Increase in yield due to more number of tillers, more branches and sub branches, more number of flowers, more number of fruits • Increase plant vigor • Increase tolerance to insect-pests damage • Increase tolerance to the weather stress, moisture stress 25 • Prevents lodging in susceptible plants (lodging due to biotic and abiotic factors, like heavy rains, winds, insects and diseases damage. • Improves quality (means visual appearance, color, size, shape etc.) in grains, fruits, fiber, flowers, tuber, bulb, rhizomes, straw, leaves and other plant parts and plant products • Improves keeping quality of produce, increase post harvest life, storage life, 30 protection from post harvest diseases
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• Uniform sizing in tuber, bulb, rhizome and root crops.
The novel pesticidal composition of present invention comprising Paclobutrazol, one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, 5 Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole and another active ingredient from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin may further comprises inactive excipients including but not limited to dispersant, anti-freezing agent, anti-foam agent, wetting agent, suspension aid, anti-microbial agent, thickener, quick coating agent or sticking agents (also 10 referred to as “stickers” or “binders”) and buffering agent. Surfactants that are used as dispersants have the ability to adsorb strongly onto a particle surface and provide a charged or steric barrier to re-aggregation of particles. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, non-ionic, or mixtures of the two types. For wettable 15 powder formulations, the most common dispersants are sodium lignosulphonates. For suspension concentrates, very good adsorption and stabilization are obtained using polyelectrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates. Tristyrylphenolethoxylate phosphate esters are also used. Nonionics such as alkylarylethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers are sometimes combined 20 with anionics as dispersants for suspension concentrates. In recent years, new types of very high molecular weight polymeric surfactants have been developed as dispersants. These have very long hydrophobic ‘backbones’ and a large number of ethylene oxide chains forming the ‘teeth’ of a ‘comb’ surfactant. These high molecular weight polymers can give very good long-term stability to suspension concentrates because the hydrophobic 25 backbones have many anchoring points onto the particle surfaces. Examples of dispersants used herein include but not limited to sodium lignosulphonates; sodium naphthalene sulphonate formaldehyde condensates; tristyrylphenolethoxylate phosphate esters; aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; alky ethoxylates; EO-PO block copolymers; and graft copolymers or mixtures thereof. 30
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Anti-freezing agent as used herein can be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycols, methoxypolyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols, glycerin and ethylene glycol.
Water-based formulations often cause foam during mixing operations in production. In order 5 to reduce the tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are often added either during the production stage or before filling into bottles. Generally, there are two types of anti-foam agents, namely silicones and non-silicones. Silicones are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane while the non-silicone anti-foam agents are water-insoluble oils, such as octanol and nonanol, or silica. In both cases, the function of the anti-foam agent is to 10 displace the surfactant from the air-water interface.
Examples of wetting agents used in wettable powder, suspension concentrate, and water-dispersible granule formulations include but not limited to sodium lauryl sulphate; sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate; alkyl phenol ethoxylates; and aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates or 15 mixtures thereof. Suspension aid in the present description denotes a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic material with which the active substance is combined in order to facilitate its application to the plant, to the seeds or to the soil. This carrier is hence generally inert, and it must be 20 agriculturally acceptable, in particular to the plant being treated. The carrier may be solid (clays, natural or synthetic silicates, silica, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, and the like or mixtures thereof) or liquid (water, alcohols, ketones, petroleum fractions, aromatic or paraffinic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, liquefied gases, and the like or mixtures thereof). 25 Biocides / Microorganisms cause spoilage of formulated products. Therefore anti-microbial agents are used to eliminate or reduce their effect. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to: propionic acid and its sodium salt; sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salts; benzoic acid and its sodium salt; p-hydroxy benzoic acid sodium salt; methyl p-30 hydroxy benzoate; and biocide such as sodium benzoate, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, 2-
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methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, potassium sorbate, parahydroxy benzoates or mixtures thereof. Thickening, gelling, and anti-settling agents generally fall into two categories, namely water-insoluble particulates and water-soluble polymers. It is possible to produce 5 suspension concentrate formulations using clays and silicas. Examples of these types of materials, include, but are limited to, montmorillonite, e.g. bentonite; magnesium aluminum silicate; and attapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides have been used as thickening-gelling agents for many years. The types of polysaccharides most commonly used are natural extracts of seeds and seaweeds are synthetic derivatives of cellulose or mixtures thereof. 10 Examples of these types of materials include, but are not limited to, guar gum; locust bean gum; carrageenam; xanthan gum; alginates; methyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC); hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) or mixtures thereof. Other types of anti-settling agents are based on modified starches, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide or mixtures. 15
The quick coating agent can be a conventionally available sticker, for example polyesters, polyamides, poly- carbonates, polyurea and polyurethanes, acrylate polymers and copolymers, styrene copolymers, butadiene copolymers, polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose derivatives, vinylalcohol, vinylacetate and vinylpyrrolidone polymers and 20 copolymers, polyethers, epoxy, phenolic and melamine resins, polyolefins and define copolymersand mixtures thereof. Examples of preferred polymers are acrylate polymers such as poly(methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(methylmethacrylate), acrylate copoylmers and styrene-acrylic copolymers as defined herein below, poly(styrene-co maleic anhydride), cellulosic polymers such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose 25 acetatebutyrate, acetylated mono, di, and triglycerides, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), vinyl acetate polymers and copolymers, poly(alkylene glycol), styrene butadiene copolymers, poly(orthoesters), alkyd resins, and mixtures of two or more of these. Polymers that are biodegradable are also useful in the present invention. As used herein, a polymer is biodegradable if is not water soluble, but is degraded over a period of several weeks when 30 placed in an application environment. Examples of biodegradable polymers that are useful
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in the present invention include biodegradable polyesters, starch, polylactic acid starch blends, polylactic acid, poly(lactic acid-glycolic acid) copolymers, polydioxanone, cellulose esters, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, starch esters, starch esteraliphatic polyester blends, modified corn starch, polycaprolactone, poly(namylmethacrylate), wood rosin, polyanhydrides, polyvinylalcohol, polyhydroxybutyratevalerate, biodegradable aliphatic 5 polyesters, and polyhydroxybutyrate or mixtures thereof.
Buffering agent as used herein is selected from group consisting of calcium hydroxyapatite, PotassiumDihydrogen Phosphate, Sodium Hydroxide, carbonated apatite, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, tri-calcium phosphate, calcium phosphates, carbonated 10 calcium phosphates, amine monomers, lactate dehydrogenase and magnesium hydroxide.
The solvent for the formulation of the present invention may include water, water-soluble alcohols and dihydroxy alcohol ethers. The water-soluble alcohol which can be used in the present invention may be lower alcohols or water-soluble macromolecular alcohols. The 15 term "lower alcohol", as used herein, represents an alcohol having 1-4 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, etc. Macromolecular alcohol is not limited, as long as it may be dissolved in water in a suitable amount range, e.g., polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, glucitol, etc. The examples of suitable dihydroxyalcohol ethers used in the present invention may be dihydroxy alcohol alkyl ethers or dihydroxy 20 alcohol aryl ethers. The examples of dihydroxy alcohol alkyl ether include ethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol ethyl ether, dipropylene glycol ethyl ether, etc. The examples of dihydroxy alcohol aryl ethers include ethylene glycol phenyl ether, diethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene 25 glycol phenyl ether, dipropylene glycol phenyl ether, and the like. Any of the above mentioned solvent can be used either alone or in combination thereof.
EXAMPLES 30
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The present invention will now be explained in detail by reference to the following formulation examples and a test example, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1: Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of Paclobutrazol 5%+Difenoconazole 5 10 %+ Azoxystrobin 16 %
Chemical composition
Contnets (% w/w)
Paclobutrazol a.i.
5.00
Difenoconazole a.i.
10.00
Azoxystrobin a.i.
16.00
Nonionic Surfactant containing alcohol alkoxylates
2.00
Acrylic graft copolymer
3.00
Ethoxylated polyarylphenol
3.00
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt
0.50
Silicone antifoam
0.30
Benzisothiazoline
0.10
Glycol
5.00
Polysacharide
0.10
Water
55.00
TOTAL
100.00
Manufacturing process for Suspension Concentrate (SC): 10
Step 1- Gum Solution should be made 12-18 hour prior to use. Take required quantity of water, biocide, and defoamer and homogenize, then slowly add gum powder to it and stir till complete dissolution.
Step 2- Charge required quantity of DM water need to be taken in designated vessel for 15 Suspension concentrate production.
Step 3- Add required quantity of Wetting agent, antifreeze, dispersing agent & suspending agents and homogenize the contents for 45 – 60 minutes using high shear homogenizer.
Step 4- Then add technical and other remaining adjuvants excluding ‘thickener’ are added to it and homogenized to get uniform slurry ready for grinding. 20
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Step 5- Before grinding half the quantity of antifoam was added and then material was subjected to grinding in Dyno mill till desired particle size is achieved.
Step 6- Half quantity of the antifoam was added after grinding process completes and before sampling for in process analysis.
Step 7- Finally add gum solution to this formulation and send to QC for quality check. 5
Storage stability Study-Paclobutrazol 5%+Difenoconazole 10 %+ Azoxystrobin 16 % SC (Suspension Concentrate)
Parameters
Specification (In house)
Initial
Heat stability at 54+2 0C for 14 days
Cold storage stability at 0+2 0C for 14 days
Description
Off White colour flowable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.1
5.21
Difenoconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.2
10.25
Azoxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.1
16.2
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
97.3
98.71
Difenoconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
97.3
98.71
Azoxystrobin suspensibility percent mini,
80
95.77
95.52
95.75
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
6 to 9
7.5
7.5
7.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.2
2.9, 8.9
Pourability
95 % min
97
96
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
510
530
10
Room temperature storage data
Parameters
Specification
Study Duration
Page 26 of 57
In House
1 month
6 month
12 months
Description
Off White colour flowable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.18
5.17
Difenoconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.3
10.18
Azoxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.2
16.17
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
98.01
97.9
Difenoconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
89.95
89.88
Azoxystrobin suspensibility percent mini,
80
95.77
95.7
95.55
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
6 to 9
7.5
7.5
7.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
Pourability
95 % min
97
97
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
505
510
Example 2: Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of Paclobutrazol 5%+Difenoconazole 10 %+ Pyraclostrobin 16 %
Chemical composition
Contnets (% w/w)
Paclobutrazol a.i.
5.00
Difenoconazole a.i.
10.00
Pyraclostrobin a.i.
16.00
Nonionic Surfactant containing alcohol alkoxylates
2.00
Acrylic graft copolymer
3.00
Ethoxylated polyarylphenol
3.50
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt
0.50
Silicone antifoam
0.30
Benzisothiazoline
0.10
Glycol
5.00
Polysacharide
0.10
Water
54.50
TOTAL
100.00
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Manufacturing process for Suspension Concentrate (SC): Refer Example 1
Storage stability Study-Paclobutrazol 5%+Difenoconazole 10 %+ Azoxystrobin 16 % SC (Suspension Concentrate) 5
Parameters
Specification (In house)
Initial
Heat stability at 54+2 0C for 14 days
Cold storage stability at 0+2 0C for 14 days
Description
Off White colour flowable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.1
5.21
Difenoconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.2
10.25
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.1
16.2
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
97.3
98.71
Difenoconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
90.04
89.68
89.04
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility percent mini,
80
95.77
95.52
95.75
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.2
2.9, 8.9
Pourability
95 % min
97
96
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
510
530
Room temperature storage data
Parameters
Specification
Study Duration
In House
1 month
6 month
12 months
Page 28 of 57
Description
Off White colour flowable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.18
5.17
Difenoconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.3
10.18
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.2
16.17
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
98.01
97.9
Difenoconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
90.04
89.95
89.88
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility percent mini,
80
95.77
95.7
95.55
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
7.5
7.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
Pourability
95 % min
97
97
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
505
510
Example 3: Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of Paclobutrazol 5%+Difenoconazole 10 %+ Trifloxystrobin 16 %
5
Chemical composition
Contnets (% w/w)
Paclobutrazol a.i.
5.00
Difenoconazole a.i.
10.00
Trifloxystrobin a.i.
16.00
Nonionic Surfactant containing alcohol alkoxylates
2.00
Acrylic graft copolymer
3.00
Ethoxylated polyarylphenol
3.50
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt
0.50
Silicone antifoam
0.20
Benzisothiazoline
0.10
Glycol
5.00
Page 29 of 57
Polysacharide
0.10
Water
54.60
TOTAL
100.00
Manufacturing process for Suspension Concentrate (SC): Refer Example 1
Storage stability Study-Paclobutrazol 5%+Difenoconazole 10 %+ Trifloxystrobin 16 % SC (Suspension Concentrate) 5
Parameters
Specification (In house)
Initial
Heat stability at 54+2 0C for 14 days
Cold storage stability at 0+2 0C for 14 days
Description
Off White colour flowable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.1
5.21
Difenoconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.2
10.25
Trifloxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.1
16.2
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
97.3
98.71
Difenoconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
90.04
89.68
89.04
Trifloxystrobin suspensibility percent mini,
80
95.77
95.52
95.75
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.2
2.9, 8.9
Pourability
95 % min
97
96
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
510
530
Room temperature storage data
Parameters
Specification
Study Duration
In House
1 month
6 month
12 months
Page 30 of 57
Description
Off White colour flowable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.18
5.17
Difenoconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.3
10.18
Trifloxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.2
16.17
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
98.01
97.9
Difenoconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
90.04
89.95
89.88
Trifloxystrobin suspensibility percent mini,
80
95.77
95.7
95.55
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
7.5
7.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
Pourability
95 % min
97
97
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
505
510
Example 3: Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of Paclobutrazol 5%+Hexaconazole 8%+Azoxystrobin 16%
5
Chemical composition
Contnets (% w/w)
Paclobutrazol a.i.
5.00
Hexaconazole a.i.
8.00
Azoxystrobin a.i.
16.00
Nonionic surfactant Containing alcohol alkoxylates
3.50
Acrylic graft copolymer
3.00
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt
1.50
Silicone antifoam
0.50
Benzisothiazoline
0.20
Glycol
5.00
Page 31 of 57
Polysaccharides
0.10
Water
57.20
TOTAL
100.00
Manufacturing process for Suspension Concentrate (SC): Refer Example 1
Storage stability Study-Paclobutrazol 5%+Hexaconazole 8%+Azoxystrobin 16% SC (Suspension Concentrate) 5
Parameters
Specification (In house)
Initial
Heat stability at 54+2 0C for 14 days
Cold storage stability at 0+2 0C for 14 days
Description
off white colour floable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.1
5.21
Hexaconazole content percent by mass
7.6-8.8
8.1
8.05
8.1
Azoxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.1
16.2
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.58
98.47
98.51
Hexaconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
95.85
95.74
95.82
Azoxystrobin suspensibility percent mini.
80
97.95
97.9
97.87
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
6 to8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.4
2.9, 8.9
Pourability
95 % min
97
96
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.06
1.06
1.06
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
510
530
Room temperature storage data
Parameters
Specification
Study Duration
In House
1 month
6 month
12 months
Page 32 of 57
Description
off white colour floable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.11
5.09
Hexaconazole content percent by mass
7.6-8.8
8.1
8.1
8.08
Azoxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.2
16.18
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.58
98.48
98.41
Hexaconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
95.85
95.78
95.75
Azoxystrobin suspensibility percent mini.
80
97.95
97.86
97.79
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
6 to8.5
6.5
6.49
6.48
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.2
2.5, 8.3
Pourability
95 % min
97
97
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.06
1.06
1.06
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
500
505
Example 4: Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of Paclobutrazol 5%+Hexaconazole 8%+ Trifloxystrobin 16%
Chemical composition
Contnets (% w/w)
Paclobutrazol a.i.
5.77
Hexaconazole a.i.
17.05
Trifloxystrobin a.i.
12.84
Nonionic surfactant Containing alcohol alkoxylates
3.50
Acrylic graft copolymer
3.00
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt
1.50
Silicone antifoam
0.20
Benzisothiazoline
0.10
Glycol
5.00
Polysaccharides
0.10
Water
50.94
TOTAL
100.00
5
Manufacturing process for Suspension Concentrate (SC): Refer Example 1
Page 33 of 57
Storage stability Study-Paclobutrazol 5%+Hexaconazole 8%+ Trifloxystrobin 16% SC (Suspension Concentrate)
Parameters
Specification (In house)
Initial
Heat stability at 54+2 0C for 14 days
Cold storage stability at 0+2 0C for 14 days
Description
off white colour floable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.1
5.21
Hexaconazole content percent by mass
7.6-8.8
8.1
8.05
8.1
Trifloxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.1
16.2
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.58
98.47
98.51
Hexaconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
95.85
95.74
95.82
Trifloxystrobin suspensibility percent mini.
80
97.95
97.9
97.87
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
6 to8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.4
2.9, 8.9
Pourability
95 % min
97
96
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.06
1.06
1.06
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
510
530
5
Room temperature storage data
Specification
Study Duration
Parameters
In House
1 month
6 month
12 months
Description
off white colour
Complies
Complies
Complies
Page 34 of 57
floable liquid
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.11
5.09
Hexaconazole content percent by mass
7.6-8.8
8.1
8.1
8.08
Trifloxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.2
16.16
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.58
98.48
98.41
Hexaconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
95.85
95.78
95.75
Trifloxystrobin suspensibility percent mini.
80
97.95
97.86
97.79
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
6 to 8.5
6.5
6.49
6.48
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.2
2.5, 8.3
Pourability
95 % min
97
97
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.06
1.06
1.06
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
500
505
Example 5: Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of Paclobutrazol 5%+Prothioconazole 10%+ Azoxystrobin 16%
5
Chemical composition
Contnets (% w/w)
Paclobutrazol a.i.
5.00
Prothioconazole a.i.
10.00
Azoxystrobin a.i.
16.00
Nonionic surfactant Containing alcohol alkoxylates
3.50
Acrylic graft copolymer
3.00
Page 35 of 57
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt
1.00
Silicone antifoam
0.30
Benzisothiazoline
0.20
Glycol
5.00
Polysaccharides
0.10
Water
55.90
TOTAL
100.00
Manufacturing process for Suspension Concentrate (SC): Refer Example 1
Storage stability Study-Paclobutrazol 5%+Prothioconazole 10%+ Azoxystrobin 16% SC
5
Parameters
Specification (In house)
Initial
Heat stability at 54+2 0C for 14 days
Cold storage stability at 0+2 0C for 14 days
Description
off white colour floable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.1
5.21
Prothioconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.2
10.25
Azoxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.1
16.2
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
97.3
98.71
Prothioconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
90.04
89.68
89.04
Azoxystrobin suspensibility
80
95.77
95.52
95.75
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.2
2.9, 8.9
Pourability
95 % min
97
96
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
510
530
Page 36 of 57
Room temperature storage data
Parameters
Specification
Study Duration
In House
1 month
6 month
12 months
Description
off white colour floable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.18
5.17
Prothioconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.3
10.18
Azoxystrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.2
16.17
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
98.01
97.9
Prothioconazole suspensibility percent mini.
80
98.75
98.01
97.9
Azoxystrobin suspensibility
80
95.77
95.7
95.55
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
Pourability
95 % min
97
97
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
505
510
Example 6: Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of Paclobutrazol 5 5%+Prothioconazole 10%+ Pyraclostrobin 16%
Chemical composition
Contnets (% w/w)
Paclobutrazol a.i.
5.00
Prothioconazole a.i.
10.00
Pyraclostrobin a.i.
16.00
Page 37 of 57
Nonionic surfactant Containing alcohol alkoxylates
3.50
Acrylic graft copolymer
3.00
Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt
1.00
Silicone antifoam
0.30
Benzisothiazoline
0.20
Glycol
5.00
Polysaccharides
0.10
Water
55.90
TOTAL
100.00
Manufacturing process for Suspension Concentrate (SC): Refer Example 1
Storage stability Study-Paclobutrazol 5%+Prothioconazole 10%+ Azoxystrobin 16% SC 5
Parameters
Specification (In house)
Initial
Heat stability at 54+2 0C for 14 days
Cold storage stability at 0+2 0C for 14 days
Description
off white colour floable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.1
5.21
Prothioconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.2
10.25
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.1
16.2
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
Mini 80%
98.75
97.3
98.71
Prothioconazole suspensibility percent mini.
Mini 80%
90.04
89.68
89.04
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility percent mini.
Mini 80%
95.77
95.52
95.75
Page 38 of 57
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8.2
2.9, 8.9
Pourability
95 % min
97
96
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
535
530
Room temperature storage data
Parameters
Specification
Study Duration
In House
1 month
6 month
12 months
Description
off white colour floable liquid
Complies
Complies
Complies
Paclobutrazol content percent by mass
4.75-5.5
5.21
5.18
5.17
Prothioconazole content percent by mass
9.5-10.5
10.3
10.3
10.18
Pyraclostrobin content percent by mass
15.2-16.8
16.2
16.2
16.17
Paclobutrazol suspensibility percent mini.
Mini 80%
98.75
98.01
97.9
Prothioconazole suspensibility percent mini.
Mini 80%
98.75
98.01
98
Pyraclostrobin suspensibility percent mini.
Mini 80%
95.77
95.7
95.55
pH range (1% aq. Suspension)
5.5 to 8.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Particle size (micron)
D50 <3, D90 <10
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
2.5, 8
Pourability
95 % min
97
97
97
Specific gravity
1.05 – 1.15
1.08
1.08
1.08
viscosity at spindle no. 62, 20 rpm
350 -800 cps
500
505
510
5
Sr.No.
AI-1
AI-2
AI-3
Formulation Type
Formulation strength
A.I.(%) in formulation
Formulation per Hectare (g or ml)
Active Ingredient/Hectare
Page 39 of 57
1
AI1
AI2a
Azoxystrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
2
AI1
AI2a
Picoxystrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
3
AI1
AI2a
Pyraclostrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
4
AI1
AI2a
Trifloxystrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
5
AI1
AI2b
Azoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
6
AI1
AI2b
Picoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
7
AI1
AI2b
Pyraclostrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
8
AI1
AI2b
Trifloxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
9
AI1
AI2c
Azoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
10
AI1
AI2c
Picoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
11
AI1
AI2c
Pyraclostrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
12
AI1
AI2c
Trifloxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
13
AI1
AI2d
Azoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
14
AI1
AI2d
Picoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
15
AI1
AI2d
Pyraclostrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
16
AI1
AI2d
Trifloxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
17
AI1
AI2e
Azoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
18
AI1
AI2e
Picoxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
19
AI1
AI2e
Pyraclostrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
20
AI1
AI2e
Trifloxystrobin
SC
29%
5.0%
8.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
50
100
21
AI1
AI2f
Azoxystrobin
SC
33%
3.0%
20.0%
10.0%
1000
30
200
100
22
AI1
AI2f
Picoxystrobin
SC
33%
3.0%
20.0%
10.0%
1000
30
200
100
23
AI1
AI2f
Pyraclostrobin
SC
33%
3.0%
20.0%
10.0%
1000
30
200
100
24
AI1
AI2f
Trifloxystrobin
SC
33%
3.0%
20.0%
10.0%
1000
30
200
100
Page 40 of 57
25
AI1
AI2g
Azoxystrobin
SC
26%
6.0%
12.0%
7.5%
500
30
60
37.5
26
AI1
AI2g
Picoxystrobin
SC
26%
6.0%
12.0%
7.5%
500
30
60
37.5
27
AI1
AI2g
Pyraclostrobin
SC
26%
6.0%
12.0%
7.5%
500
30
60
37.5
28
AI1
AI2g
Trifloxystrobin
SC
26%
6.0%
12.0%
7.5%
500
30
60
37.5
29
AI1
AI2h
Azoxystrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
30
AI1
AI2h
Picoxystrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
31
AI1
AI2h
Pyraclostrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
32
AI1
AI2h
Trifloxystrobin
SC
31%
5.0%
10.0%
16.0%
625
31.25
62.5
100
33
AI1
AI2i
Azoxystrobin
SC
29%
4.0%
12.5%
12.5%
800
32
100
100
34
AI1
AI2i
Picoxystrobin
SC
29%
4.0%
12.5%
12.5%
800
32
100
100
35
AI1
AI2i
Pyraclostrobin
SC
29%
4.0%
12.5%
12.5%
800
32
100
100
36
AI1
AI2i
Trifloxystrobin
SC
29%
4.0%
12.5%
12.5%
800
32
100
100
37
AI1
AI2j
Azoxystrobin
SC
30%
3.0%
20.0%
6.5%
1000
30
200
65
38
AI1
AI2j
Picoxystrobin
SC
30%
3.0%
20.0%
6.5%
1000
30
200
65
39
AI1
AI2j
Pyraclostrobin
SC
30%
3.0%
20.0%
6.5%
1000
30
200
65
40
AI1
AI2j
Trifloxystrobin
SC
30%
3.0%
20.0%
6.5%
1000
30
200
65
Active Ingredient= AI1= Paclobutrazol; AI2a= Difenoconazole; AI2b= Cyproconazole; AI2c= Epoxiconazole; AI2d= Flusilazole; AI2e= Hexaconazole; AI2f= Isoprothiolane; AI2g= Propiconazole; AI2h= Prothioconazole; AI2i= Tebuconazole; AI2j= Tricyclazole
Biological Examples: 5
The synergistic pesticide action of the inventive mixtures can be demonstrated by the experiments below. A synergistic effect exists wherever the action of a combination (ready-mix) of active ingredient is greater than the sum of the action of each of the components alone. Therefore a synergistically effective amount or an effective amount of a synergistic composition or combination is an amount that exhibits greater pesticide activity than the 10 sum of the pesticide activities of the individual components. In the field of agriculture, it is
Page 41 of 57
often understood that the term “synergy” is as defined by Colby S.R. in an article entitled “ Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations” published in the journal Weeds, 1967, 15, p.20-22, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The action expected for a given combination of two active components can be calculated as follows: 5
Colby’s Formula:
To study the synergistic effect of paclobutrazol, triazoles and strobilurins, various sets of experiments were conducted in different crops like chilli, tomato, rice, wheat etc.
Example 1: 10
The synergistic mixture of Paclobutrazol+Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin and Paclobutrazol+Difenoconazole+Trifloxystrobin were evaluated in chilli (Capsicum annuum) crop.
Details of Experiment: 15
a) Experiment design : Randomized Block Design
b) Replication : Three
c) Treatments : Twelve
d) Plot size : 30 sq. m.
e) Spacing : 100 cm x 50 cm 20
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f) Test Crop & Variety : Chilli, Rani (Green fruit purpose)
g) Time of application : Two spray, 1st at 60 days, 2nd at 75 days after transplanting
h) Spray Volume : 1st spray- 500 l/h and 2nd spray-550 l/h
i) Method of application : Foliar spray with knap sack sprayer
The chilli nursery was raised and transplanted in the main field at row to row 100 cm and 5 plant to plant 50 cm spacing. Rest of the agronomic practices like fertilizer applications, weeding, irrigation (drip irrigation) were as per the standard agronomic practices. The spraying was done at 60 and 75 days after transplanting with the help of knapsack sprayer. The observations on severity and incidence of various diseases and fruit counts were taken as follow: 10
1) Die back disease:
Observations recorded at 15 days after 2nd application by observing 25 plant per plot. The disease severity recorded by following 0-9 scale described as below;
Grade Percent branches & foliage infected per plant
0 No infection to branches and leaves 15
1 1-10% Branches or leaves infected
3 11-25% Branches or leaves infected
5 26-50% Branches or leaves infected
7 51-75% Branches or leaves infected
9 >75% Branches or leaves infected. 20
% Disease Incidence= No. of plants infected X 100
No. of plants observed
Die back PDI= .___________Sum of numerical disease rating X 100 25
Total no. of samples X Maximum of disease rating scale
2) Fruit rot disease:
The fruit rot disease severity and incidence recorded in similar way as die-back. Record the number of infected fruits and healthy fruits per plant to calculate disease incidence and 30 rate the infected fruits in 0 to 9 Grade for severity and calculate % fruit rot incidence and % fruit rot severity.
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3) Green fruit:
Count the no. of green fruits per plant at 15 days after 2nd spray. Take the counting from 25 plants per plot.
Table 1: Fungal disease control in Chilli 5
Treatment details
Die back, Colletotrichum capsici
Fruit rot, Phytophthora capsici
Severity (%)
Incidence (%)
Severity (%)
Incidence (%)
PCB+Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin,
31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB+Difenoconazole+Trifloxystrobin, 31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB+Difenoconazole, 31.25+62.5 gai/h
35.82
18.28
20.84
14.29
PCB+Azoxystrobin, 31.25+100 gai/h
19.20
10.82
17.28
12.84
PCB+Trifloxystrobin, 31.25+100 gai/h
14.18
8.48
14.28
10.83
Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin, 62.5+100 gai/h
10.40
6.39
9.28
4.59
Difenoconazole+Trifloxystrobin, 62.5+100 gai/h
8.18
4.28
6.38
5.29
PCB,31.25 gai/h
54.82
26.83
56.82
28.56
Difenoconazole,62.5 gai/h
41.28
21.82
41.39
20.81
Azoxystrobin,100 gai/h
29.86
15.82
27.85
17.82
Trifloxystrobin, 100 gai/h
21.82
13.28
23.85
16.28
Untreated Check (UTC)
62.46
29.86
60.58
31.28
PCB- Paclobutrazol, gai/h- Gram active ingredient per hectare
Table 2: Green fruits per plant
Treatment details
No. of green fruits per plant
Obs.Value
Cal.Value
Ratio
PCB+Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin, 31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
122.2
94.55
1.29
PCB+Difenoconazole+Trifloxystrobin, 31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
116.8
95.18
1.23
PCB+Difenoconazole, 31.25+62.5 gai/h
79.8
80.26
0.99
PCB+Azoxystrobin, 31.25+100 gai/h
84.6
85.81
0.99
PCB+Trifloxystrobin, 31.25+100 gai/h
87.0
87.46
0.99
Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin, 62.5+100 gai/h
86.8
89.40
0.97
Difenoconazole+Trifloxystrobin, 62.5+100 gai/h
88.2
90.63
0.97
PCB,31.25 gai/h
48.6
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Difenoconazole,62.5 gai/h
61.6
Azoxystrobin,100 gai/h
72.4
Trifloxystrobin, 100 gai/h
75.6
Untreated Check (UTC)
40.4
PCB- Paclobutrazol, gai/h- Gram active ingredient per hectare
The inventive mixture of Paclobutrazol+Difenoconazole+Azoxystrobin and Paclobutrazol+Difenoconazol+Trifloxystrobin provides excellent control of fungal diseases like die back caused by Colletotrichum capsici and fruit rot caused by 5 Phytophthora capsici. Both inventive mixtures tested also shows synergism (Ration of O/E > 1) in terms of number of green fruit yield per plant which contributes to the higher fruit yield.
Example 2: 10
The combination of Paclobutrazol+Prothiconazole+Trifloxystrobin was evaluated on wheat crop, which has been regarded as one of the most important cereal crops and major food grain contributor to the total world good grain basket. Their productivity is influenced by many of the biotic and abiotic stresses. At present, there are very limited strategies are employed to combat both the fungal diseases along with lodging prevention. The objective 15 of the present study was to provide inventive solution to the wheat growers to control many fungal diseases and to prevent the lodging which is major concern in northern part of the country.
Details of Experiment:
a) Experiment design: Randomized Block Design 20
b) Replication : Three
c) Treatments : Eight
d) Plot size : 50 sq. m.
e) Seed rate : 40 kg per acre
f) Test Crop & Variety : Wheat, HD 2967 25
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g) Time of application : Two spray. 1st at 30 DAS and 2nd at 60 DAS (Days After Sowing)
h) Spray method : Manually operated knap sack sprayer, using 500 liter per hectare
water volume 5
Evaluation Method :
1) Yellow stripe rust: Observed 25 plants per plot and observe 4 leaves) from lower leaf to flag leaf, -3, -2, -1 and flag leaf). Record disease incidence and severity on each leaf. 4 leaf per plant and 25 plants per plot. Record disease severity by adopting 0~10 score as below. 10
Score Description
0 No Infection
1 up to 10% leaf area infected
3 21-30% leaf area infected and covered with rust symptoms
5 41-50% leaf area infected and covered with rust symptoms 15
7 61-70% leaf area infected and covered with rust symptoms
9 >90% leaf area infected and covered with rust symptoms
Calculate disease severity as 20
PDI (%) = . Sum of numerical rating x 100 .
Total no. of plants observed x Max. Grade
The percent disease reduction over Untreated Check (UTC) was calculated as below:
% Reduction over UTC = 100 - .( 100 x PDI % in Treatment )
( PDI % in Untreated Check) 25
2) 1000 grain weight: Randomly take 10 samples from harvested grains of each plot at the time of harvest. Each samples with counted number of 1000 grains should be weighed and take average weight.
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3) Effective Tillers: Count the number of tillers bearing panicle at the growth stage of grain filling from 1 sq.mt spot. Take such 5 spot per plot.
4) Plant height: Record the plant height by measuring (cm) from soil surface to the tip of the tallest panicle (awns excluded) at milk stage.
5) Plant Lodging: Record % of plant lodged from the entire plot by visual observation 5 at the growth stage of mature grain.
6) Yield: Record the grain weight in gram from 5 sq. m spot per plot and convert it to quintal per acre at the time of harvest.
Table 3: Yellow rust, Puccinia striiformis control in Wheat crop 10
Treatments (g.a.i./h)
% Yellow rust control
Obs. Value
Exp. Value
Ratio O/E
PCB+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
99.82
80.79
1.24
PCB+Prothioconazole,31.25+62.5 gai/h
45.82
57.44
0.80
PCB+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+100 gai/h
55.28
59.65
0.93
Prothioconazole 62.5 +Trifloxystrobin 100 gai/h
77.82
78.50
0.99
PCB, 31.25 gai/h
10.62
Prothioconazole, 62.5 gai/h
52.38
Trifloxystrobin, 100 gai/h
54.86
Untreated Check (UTC)
0.00
Where PCB-Paclobutrazol, g.a.i./h – gram active ingredient per hectare.
The inventive combination of Paclobutrazol+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin shows synergism in terms of an excellent control of yellow rust disease compared to the other tested combination and solo active ingredient.
Table 4: Effective tillers 15
Treatments (g.a.i./h)
No. of Effective Tillers
% Increase over Untreated
PCB+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
170.4
25.02
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PCB+Prothioconazole,31.25+62.5 gai/h
148.6
9.02
PCB+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+100 gai/h
152.8
12.11
Prothioconazole 62.5 +Trifloxystrobin 100 gai/h
148.2
8.73
PCB, 31.25 gai/h
142.4
4.48
Prothioconazole, 62.5 gai/h
140.6
3.15
Trifloxystrobin, 100 gai/h
141.2
3.60
Untreated Check (UTC)
136.3
0.00
Where PCB-Paclobutrazol, g.a.i./h – gram active ingredient per hectare.
The number of effective has been found increased by >25% in the treatment of Paclobutrazol+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin, which directly contributes to the yield.
Table 5: Plant height and lodging
Treatments (g.a.i./h)
Plant height (cm)
% Lodging at time of harvest
PCB+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
96.4
0.0
PCB+Prothioconazole,31.25+62.5 gai/h
95.2
18.3
PCB+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+100 gai/h
93.8
24.6
Prothioconazole 62.5 +Trifloxystrobin 100 gai/h
100.8
32.8
PCB, 31.25 gai/h
98.2
24.8
Prothioconazole, 62.5 gai/h
101.6
32.6
Trifloxystrobin, 100 gai/h
103.8
56.8
Untreated Check (UTC)
102.6
70.2
Where PCB-Paclobutrazol, g.a.i./h – gram active ingredient per hectare. 5
Table 6: 1000 grain weight
Treatments (g.a.i./h)
1000 grain weight (g)
% Increase over Untreated
PCB+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
52.26
27.15
PCB+Prothioconazole,31.25+62.5 gai/h
47.24
14.94
PCB+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+100 gai/h
48.52
18.05
Prothioconazole 62.5 +Trifloxystrobin 100 gai/h
49.10
19.46
PCB, 31.25 gai/h
44.62
8.56
Prothioconazole, 62.5 gai/h
45.82
11.48
Trifloxystrobin, 100 gai/h
44.92
9.29
Untreated Check (UTC)
41.10
0.00
Where PCB-Paclobutrazol, g.a.i./h – gram active ingredient per hectare.
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Table 7: Yield (quintal/acre)
Treatments (g.a.i./h)
Quintal / ha.
% Increase over Untreated
PCB+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+62.5+100 gai/h
28.42
68.56
PCB+Prothioconazole,31.25+62.5 gai/h
23.87
41.58
PCB+Trifloxystrobin,31.25+100 gai/h
24.21
43.59
Prothioconazole 62.5 +Trifloxystrobin 100 gai/h
23.84
41.40
PCB, 31.25 gai/h
21.18
25.62
Prothioconazole, 62.5 gai/h
23.10
37.01
Trifloxystrobin, 100 gai/h
24.12
43.06
Untreated Check (UTC)
16.86
0.00
Where PCB-Paclobutrazol, g.a.i./h – gram active ingredient per hectare.
The experiment results on plant height, plant lodging, 1000 grain weight and yield at harvest shows that the synergistic mixture of Paclobutrazol+Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin effectively reduce plant height and there 5 by reduction in lodging, which directly contributes to the higher grain yield and grain quality in comparison to the their solo application as well as their two way combinations, like Paclobutrazol+Prothioconazole, Paclobutrazol+Trifloxystrobin and Prothioconazole+Trifloxystrobin. ,CLAIMS:CLAIMS We claim; [CLAIM 1]. An synergistic pesticidal composition comprising a. Paclobutrazol; b. one active ingredient from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole; c. one more active ingredient selected from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin; and d. one or more other inactive excipients. [CLAIM 2]. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the component (A) Paclobutrazol is in ratio of 0.1 to 20%, component (B) one more active ingredient selected from Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole is in ratio of 0.1 to 40% (C) one more active ingredient selected from Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin is in ratio of 0.1 to 40%. [CLAIM 3]. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein inactive excipients are selected from the group consisting of dispersant, anti-freezing agent, anti-foam agent, wetting agent, suspension aid, anti-microbial agent, thickener, quick coating agent or sticking agents (also referred to as “stickers” or “binders”) and buffering agent.
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[CLAIM 4]. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1-3, wherein the formulations is Suspension Concentrate (SC). [CLAIM 5]. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 or 4, wherein the Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation comprises: a) component (A) Paclobutrazol is in ratio of 0.1 to 20%; b) component (B) at least one more active ingredient Triazole class selected form Difenoconazole, Cyproconazole, Epoxiconazole, Flusilazole, Hexaconazole, Isoprothiolane, Propiconazole, Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole, Tricyclazole is in ratio of 0.1 to 40%; c) active ingredient Strobilurin class selected from Azoxystrobin, Kresoxim methyl, Metominostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Trifloxystrobin is in ratio of 0.1 to 40%; d) Nonionic surfactant Containing alcohol alkoxylates e) Acrylic graft copolymer f) Alkylated naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt g) Silicone antifoam h) Benzisothiazoline i) Glycol j) Polysaccharides k) Water. [CLAIM 6]. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the said composition is effective for management or control or regulate crop (plant) growth and to manage or control fungal diseases in the crops selected from GMO (Genetically Modified Organism/crops) and Non GMO varieties of Cotton (Gossypium spp.), Jute (Corchorus oliotorus), Paddy (Oryza
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sativa), Wheat (Triticum aestavum), Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Ragi (Eleusine coracana), Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) , Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), Soybean (Glycin max), Peanut/Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) , Mustard (Brassica juncea), Rape seed (Brassica napus), Linseed (Linum usitatissimum), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), Castor (Ricinus communis), Green gram (Vigna radiata), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Chickpea (Cicer aritinum), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Redgram (Cajanus cajan), Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Indian bean (Lablab purpureus), Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), Field pea (Pisum sativum), Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), Lentils (Lens culinaris), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) , Onion (Allium cepa L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicun) , Potato (Solanum tuberosum) , Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), Chilly (Capsicum annum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Muskmelons (Cucumis melo), Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Carrot (Dacus carota subsp. sativus), Turnip (Brassica rapa subsp rapa), Apple (Melus domestica), Banana (Musa spp.), Citrus groups (Citrus spp.), Grape (Vitis vinifera), Guava (Psidium guajava), Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Mango (Mangifera indica), Papaya (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Pomegranate (Punica granatum) , Sapota (Manilkara zapota), Tea (Camellia sinensis), Coffea (Coffea Arabica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Ajwain
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(Trachyspermum ammi), Psyllium (Plantago ovate), Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), Safed musli (Chlorophytum tuberosum), Drum stick (Moringa oleifera), Coconut (Coco nucifera), Mentha ( Mentha spp.), Rose (Rosa spp.), Jasmine (Jasminum spp.), Marigold ( Tagetes spp.), Common daisy (Bellis perennis), Dahlia (Dahlia hortnesis), Gerbera ( Gerbera jamesonii), Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). [CLAIM 7]. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the said composition controls phytopathogenic fungi such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Oomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes, Zygomycetes, and the like. Examples which may be mentioned, but not by limitation, are some pathogens of fungal diseases which come under the above generic terms: Diseases caused by pathogens causing powdery mildew such as, for example, Blumeria species such as, for example, Blumeriagraminis; Podosphaera species such as, for example, Podosphaeraleucotricha;Sphaerotheca species such as, for example, Sphaerothecafuliginea; Uncinula species such as, for example, Uncinulanecator; Leveillula species such as, for example Leveillulataurica, Erysiphe species such as for example Erysiphepolygoni, diseases caused by pathogens of rust diseases such as, for example, Gymnosporangium species such as, for example, Gymnosporangiumsabinae, Hemileia species such as, for example, Hemileiavastatrix; Phakopsora species such as, for example, Phakopsorapachyrhizi and Phakopsorameibomiae; Puccinia species such as, for example, Pucciniagraminis, Pucciniarecondita or Pucciniatriticina, Pucciniastriiformis; Uromyces species such as, for example, Uromycesphaseoli; diseases caused by pathogens of smut diseases such as, for example,
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Sporisorium species such as , for example, Sporisoriumscitamineum; Ustilago species such as, for example Ustilagomaydis, Tilletia species such as for example Tilletiatritici, Ustilaginoidea species such as , for example Ustilaginoideavirens, diseases caused by pathogens of ergot diseases such as, for example Claviceps species, Clavicepspurpurea; leaf spot, leaf blight and leaf wilt diseases caused by, for example, Alternaria species such as, for example, Alternariasolani; Cercospora species such as, for example, Cercosporabeticola; Cladiosporum species such as, for example, Cladiosporiumcucumerinum; Cochliobolus species such as, for example, Cochliobolussativus (conidial form: Drechslera, syn: Helminthosporium); Colletotrichum species such as, for example, Colletotrichum capsici-die back in chillies Colletotrichumlindemuthanium; Cycloconium species such as, for example, Cycloconiumoleaginum; Diaporthe species such as, for example, Diaporthecitri; Elsinoe species such as, for example, Elsinoefawcettii; Gloeosporium species such as, for example, Gloeosporiumlaeticolor; Glomerella species such as, for example, Glomerellacingulata; Guignardia species such as, for example, Guignardiabidwelli; Leptosphaeria species such as, for example, Leptosphaeriamaculans; Magnaporthe species such as, for example, Magnaporthegrisea;Mycosphaerella species such as, for example, Mycosphaerellagraminicola; Phaeosphaeria species such as, for example, Phaeosphaerianodorum; Pyrenophora species such as, for example, Pyrenophorateres;Ramularia species such as, for example, Ramulariacollo-cygni; Rhynchosporium species such as, for example, Rhynchosporiumsecalis; Septoria species such as, for example, Septoriaapii;Typhula species such as, for example, Typhulaincarnata; Venturia species such as, for example, Venturiainaequalis; root and stalk diseases, caused by, for example, Corticium species such as, for example, Corticiumgraminearum;
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Fusarium species such as, for example, Fusariumoxysporum;Gaeumannomyces species such as, for example, Gaeumannomycesgraminis; Rhizoctonia species such as, for example, Rhizoctoniasolani; Tapesia species such as, for example, Tapesiaacuformis;Thielaviopsis species such as, for example, Thielaviopsisbasicola; ear and panicle diseases (including maize cobs), caused by, for example, Alternaria species such as, for example, Alternaria spp.;Aspergillus species such as, for example, Aspergillusflavus; Cladosporium species such as, for example, Cladosporium spp.; Claviceps species such as, for example, Clavicepspurpurea; Fusarium species such as, for example, Fusariumculmorum; Gibberella species such as, for example, Gibberellazeae; Monographella species such as, for example, Monographellanivalis;Smut diseases caused by, for example, Sphacelotheca species such as, for example, Sphacelothecareiliana; Tilletia species such as, for example, Tilletia caries; Urocystis species such as, for example, Urocystisocculta; Ustilago species such as, for example, Ustilagonuda; fruit rot caused by, for example, Aspergillus species such as, for example, Aspergillusflavus; Botrytis species such as, for example, Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium species such as, for example, Penicilliumexpansum; Sclerotinia species such as, for example, Sclerotiniasclerotiorum; Verticilium species such as, for example, Verticiliumalboatrum; seed- and soil-borne rots and wilts, and seedling diseases, caused by, for example, Fusarium species such as, for example, Fusariumculmorum; Phytophthora species such as, for example, Colletotrichum capsici-die back in chillies, Phytophthoracactorum; Pythium species such as, for example, Pythiumultimum; Rhizoctonia species such as, for example, Rhizoctoniasolani; Sclerotium species such as, for example, Sclerotiumrolfsii; cankers, galls and witches' broom diseases,
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caused by, for example, Nectria species such as, for example, Nectriagalligena; wilts caused by, for example, Monilinia species such as, for example, Monilinialaxa; deformations of leaves, flowers and fruits, caused by, for example, Taphrina species such as, for example, Taphrinadeformans; degenerative diseases of woody species, caused by, for example, Esca species such as, for example, Phaemoniellaclamydospora; flower and seed diseases, caused by, for example, Botrytis species such as, for example, Botrytis cinerea; diseases of plant tubers caused by, for example, Rhizoctonia species such as, for example, Rhizoctoniasolani; diseases caused by bacterial pathogens such as, for example, Xanthomonas species such as, for example, Xanthomonascampestrispv. oryzae; Pseudomonas species such as, for example, Pseudomonas syringaepv. lachrymans; Erwinia species such as, for example, Erwinia amylovora.