Claims:1) A system of application centric mobility framework for next generation networks comprising;
A Switching module, a handoff information gathering and network analysis phase, a Qos decision making phase, a handoff execution phase, and a multi-criteria handover scheme.
2) The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said system is executed by following steps of;
a) Processing new prefix,
b) Acquiring new address,
c) Redirecting MAC,
d) Generating LGD,
e) Waiting for handover trigger to complete,
f) Linking up to neighbour network.
3) The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said handoff information gathering and network analysis phase is based on estimated flow rate and congestion as the prime metric to determine the status of current network during mobility along with queue length and bandwidth.
4) The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said handoff information gathering and network analysis phase is based on estimated flow rate and congestion as the prime metric to determine packet loss, jitter and latency.
5) The system as claimed in claim 1, comprises a multi criteria handover scheme wherein diverse set of inputs are subjected to fuzzy controllers which directs the users with low mobility to move into Wi-Fi /(H)eNBs Access point for overall improvement of system efficiency.
6) The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said Qos decision making phase focuses primarily on the need of the currently executing application, even if a better QoS is being offered by the alternate path still unnecessary switching to alternate path is not required, said existing network fulfils the need of the currently executing application, prime input to the controllers includes end system response, changed data rate, and bandwidth.
7) The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the computed flow rate is the major decision parameter followed by applications QoS requirement, thus flow rate of the existing network decides whether to check the QoS parameter of remote network or not, when the flow rate falls below a certain level then the remote networks are scanned using MIH functions and accordingly to decide switching.
8) The system as claimed in claim 7, wherein said system switching further comprising the following steps which are executed for different application;
a) For unregistered applications, scanning module (B, PL, RTT), if (flowrate is less than 0.4) further {Bandwidth(c) Bandwidth(Th) or PL(c)>PL(n) and RTT(c) is greater than RTT(n) } invoke switching module, else stay in current network,
b) For web browsing application, video and audio, scanning module (B, D), if (flowrate is less than 0.4) further {Bandwidth(c) Bandwidth(Th) and Delay(c)>Delay(n)} for constraints of best effort application of web browsing, invoke switching module, else stay in the current network,
c) For FTP like applications, scanning module (B), if (flowrate is less than 0.4) further {Bandwidth(c) Bandwidth(Th)}, invoke switching module else stay in the current network.
9) The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said handoff execution phase deals with acquiring new prefix, IP address, MAC address to execute handover process, while the new interface is being identified and data is being redirected over new interface, the connection with old interface persists till connection with new interface is successful
, Description:FIELD OF INVENTION:
The present invention relates to a system of application centric mobility framework for next generation heterogeneous networks and methods thereof.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
There has been rapid growth in mobile data which would further accelerate with new services like smart traffic management, city logistics, smart roads, smart payments etc. The shift in services and markets from fixed to mobile-first has further supported the massive increase in mobile data. Increase in smart phone traffic has been predicted to grow 10 times till 2022. The requirement of complete ubiquity and low latency drives deployment of mobile towards high densification of cells. It will support expected Quality of experience and users in large numbers. The future generation networks must support automated reconfiguration to deliver quality services across the entire network. It must possess flexibility to accommodate dynamically changing user priorities, subscriber behavior and business goals.
The pace with which more and more devices are getting connected to Internet will lead to almost every physical object ranging from personal house hold equipment to more sensitive safety critical devices in the field of e-health will be connected over Internet. The dynamic traffic over Internet leads to new perception of QoE from users’ perspective. Offloading strategies to small cells/Wi-Fi need to be further revised due to introduction of new mission critical applications like smart parking, city logistics, smart roads, embedded cars etc. [3]. Handoff efficiency further needs to be improvised and thus becomes prime area of concern. The existing mobility frameworks suffer from a few issues of performance degradation during path switching. The reason being (1) initiation of slow start phase over new primary path after handover (2) reordering packets demands extra time; unnecessary handovers have always been a problem in heterogeneous network environment [4]. This has been a motivation to take up the current study and a mechanism for application based switching among heterogeneous networks has been proposed.
20050286466;James Tagg and Andrew McEwan discloses a system for providing handoff for a mobile devices comprising a mobile phone programmed to automatically handover between differing data bearers and to optimally detect those bearers in a roaming environment keeping power consumption to a minimum. Repeating means for these mobile devices to extend the range of coverage and the protocol for that coverage.
WO/1995/026094;Gary B. Anderson, Ryan N. Jensen, Bryan K. Petch and Peter O. Peterson discloses a simple and flexible over-air protocol for use with a mobile telephone system, having hand-held telephones (102) in a microcell or other type of cellular communication system. A method in which user stations (102) communicate with one or more base stations (104) to place and receive telephone calls, in which the user stations (102) are provided a secure voice or data link and have the ability to handoff calls between base stations (104) while such calls are in progress. Each base station (104) has a set of 'air channels' to which it transmits in sequence. The air channels supported by each base station (104) are called that base station's polling loop. A user station (102) receives general polling information on an unoccupied air channel, transmits responsive information to the base station, and awaits acknowledgement from the base station. Each base station (104) may therefore simultaneously maintain communication with as many user stations (102) as there are air channels in its polling loop. The ability of a user station (102) to communicate on any unoccupied air channel makes the protocol air-channel agile, while the stability of user station and base station clocks may define air channels, gaps, and minor frames.
2538950; Emil A Schryber discloses a wireless communication system comprising a virtual terminal (VT) formed from one or more independent devices (Device 1, Device 2, Device 3) and a terminal management entity (TME) for managing the virtual terminal. The devices may be independent physical devices (smartphones, tablet computers and so forth), virtual machines/modules of physical devices, or a combination of both. The virtual terminal and terminal management entity communicate via a base station and/or access point (BS/AP). The terminal management entity (TME) creates a service ID for a service to be provided to the virtual terminal, the service ID being shared by the one or more independent devices, each of which has its own device ID. The TME forms an association of the virtual terminal with the network through use of a multi-homing transport protocol such as SCTP, the association supporting the service by using the service ID. For service delivery, paging and handover purposes the devices of the virtual terminal are treated as a single entity by the TME.
WO/2015/017483;Albert Lee and Wei K. Tsai disclose a simple and flexible over-air protocol for use with a mobile telephone system, having hand-held telephones in a microcell or other type of cellular communication system. A method in which user stations communicate with one or more base stations to place and receive telephone calls, in which the user stations are provided a secure voice or data link and have the ability to handoff calls between base stations while such calls are in progress. Each base station has a set of "air channels" to which it transmits in sequence. The air channels supported by each base station are called that base station's "polling loop". A user station receives general polling information on an unoccupied air channel, transmits responsive information to the base station, and awaits acknowledgment from the base station. Each base station may therefore simultaneously maintain communication with as many user stations as there are air channels in its polling loop. The ability of a user station to communicate on any unoccupied air channel makes the protocol air-channel agile, while the stability of user station and base station clocks may define air channels, saps, and minor frames
20170064583;Arnab Roy, Yugeswar DEENOO and Ravikumar V. Pragada disclose systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for joining a node to a network, the method comprising a station associated with a first node sending a first beacon, wherein the first beacon is sent with an indication that the first beacon is sent from a station entity, and wherein the station associated with the first node belongs to a first personal basic service set (PBSS); the station associated with the first node receiving a transmission from a station associated with a second node that indicates that the station associated with the second node wants to associate with the station associated with a first node, wherein the station associated with the second node is unassociated with the first PBSS; the station associated with the first node sending a message to a PBSS Control Point (PCP) associated with a third node, wherein the message is associated with handover preparation; the station associated with the first node receiving acceptance to change personality to a PCP and perform handover; and the station associated with the first node changing to a PCP and performing handover, wherein the station associated with the first node forms a second PBSS and does not belong to the first PBSS, and wherein handover comprises the PCP associated with the first node associating with the station associated with the second node.
SUMMARY
With the advancement in radio technology and rapid decrease in the cost of supporting hardware use of multiple wireless access technologies has become common for personal handheld devices and smart phones. There is support for coexistence of heterogeneous network through mobile devices supporting simultaneous connectivity to HetNets like Wi-Fi and 3G or Wi-Fi and 4G. This is helpful in upcoming and versatile WSN’s (Wireless Sensor Networks), IoT (Internet of Things) where few intermediate nodes are multi-homed leading to enhanced handovers and redefined mobility [5].
During mobility in a heterogeneous environment, the upcoming challenge is just not the switching amongst the new network, but evaluation of best and optimal alternate path, which needs better techniques like fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms or neural networks for optimal path selection in a multi streaming environment.
This research work suggests an approach to optimize the path switching process considering various significant parameters. The QoS of the current application becomes the key parameter to judge whether the mobile will stick to existing path or switching to alternate path is needed.
The proposed work is an enhancement over the existing work [6]. The traditional approach for path switching considered bandwidth and RSS (Received Signal Strength) as performance measure. In the work firstly fuzzy computed flow rate is generated which has already been discussed in [7] and the optimized value of flow rate serves to be the major criteria to further judge the QoS of current and remote network. If the flow rate of the current network is satisfactory (implying that the current network is not prone to congestion) then the other QoS parameters of Current and remote network are judged. MIH proposed by IEEE 802.21 has served as an abstract framework for horizontal and vertical handover, helping in interlayer designing of algorithms and cooperative performance in heterogeneous environment. It has served to be a significant framework which leads to coherent RAT handovers as it integrates easily with specific access technology and its mobility process.
This work proposes an algorithm to meet seamless mobility in heterogeneous environment. Type of application involved during handover is of prime concern. The handover decision is made only by the comparison between the QoS requirement of current application and actual network status. This research work is further organized as per the given sections. Section 2 discusses the technology integration in literature highlighting the existing scenario of path switching mechanism and standards/tools devised to implement the concept. In section 3 MIH framework has been briefed. Section 4 covers the proposed work in which FCTS (Fuzzy Controlled Traffic Steering) algorithm has been further extended. In the said algorithm earlier normalized flow rate value has been computed and accordingly path switching was decided avoiding congested path. Section 5 highlights the observed findings based on proposed algorithm and finally the work is concluded in section 6
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING:
Figure 1: Major three phases of FCTS algorithm
Figure 2: Interlayer flow of information
Figure 3: Flowchart for the Application specific FCTS algorithm
Figure 4: Topology
Figure 5(a): Flow rate and delay (Proposed)
Figure 5(b): Flow rate and delay (Traditional)
Figure 5(c): Increased throughput with increased flowrate (Proposed)
Figure 5(d): Increased throughput with increased flowrate (Traditional)
Figure 5(e): packet loss with increased flow rate (Proposed)
Figure 5(f): packet loss with increased flowrate (Traditional)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
In the literature, several mobility management frameworks have been proposed to solve path switching related issues. Numerous decision making algorithms for vertical handover have been proposed and published by researchers. In [8] authors have presented a comprehensive survey on existing vertical handoff techniques and its classification. With reference to upcoming wireless networks, researchers have analysed and proposed various methodologies pertaining to network deployment and Implementation. Various analysis and studies have been proposed by researchers in [9]. A thorough analysis of 4G vertical handover designs has been carried out by researcher in [10]. Researchers have well explained the handover process in phase wise manner justifying the significance of each phase in [11] [12]. Fuzzy based MADM approach has been suggested by researchers in [13], network selection function is utilized in algorithm which relies on cost of RSS, bandwidth velocity and user preferences. Authors have proposed a novel multi-criteria handover scheme in [14] where contextual information serves to be a significant source to select the most suitable access technology. Diverse set of inputs are subjected to fuzzy controllers which guides the users with low mobility to move into WiFi /(H)eNBs Access point for overall improvement of system efficiency. In [15] reinforcement learning technique based on context awareness has been employed by researchers for mobility management leading to improved handover and throughput performance. Base stations keep a track of the historical data predicting traffic loads in long term. Performance of proposed approaches has been further justified through system level simulation.
Seamless mobility among various wireless access technologies need to be ensured by new protocols and techniques are being delivered for forthcoming network services. Thorough introduction to MIH standard has been discussed in paper [16]. In [17] performance of 802.21 standards has been extended by enhanced MIH framework. It offers better provisioning of QoS resources during handover process yielding reduced packet loss and handover delay.
Authors in [18] have considered 802.21 frameworks for Vertical handoff. The default handover algorithm is based on RSS. The proposed algorithm has incorporated bandwidth along with RSS in MIH framework. Both the traditional MIH and bandwidth equipped MIH has been compared. Considerable decrease in packet loss and latency was observed in proposed algorithm.
In [19] overview of IEEE 802.21 standard has been discussed by the authors, elaborating the MIH framework driven by major constituent modules MICS, MIIS and MIES. Detailed functionality of all MIHF constituent modules has been well covered. The interface of all the MIHF components with various layers of protocol stack has been explained which will contribute in understanding a cross layer approach for mobility management.
Researchers in [7] have introduced FCTS algorithm to compute flow rate for path switching. Flow rate serves to be an important parameter to judge switching to a better interface in multi-mode mobile nodes avoiding congested networks and unnecessary retransmissions. In [20] SINR has been proposed as decision making criterion for network switching.
An algorithm has been proposed in [21] which avoid unnecessary handover as it restricts handover depending on uplink or downlink nature of network switching. At an instance once handover from WLAN-cellular system occurs handover in reverse direction is not allowed. But the algorithm generates delay in processing due to complexities involved in predicting movement of users.
3. MIH Framework
MIH framework serves as a coordinator between the protocols at the higher layers and the underlying access technology, as the current mobility framework encourages coordination among different layers for cross layer mobility management implementation.
Figure 1 briefs the role of MIHF as coordinator between PoA (point of attachment with access technology) and PoS (point of service being offered by various components of MIHF) through user equipment.
The three major set of services serves to be the pillar to MIHF to carry out the process of handover detection, preparation and execution which are categorized in Figure 2. Table 1 summarizes the prime functionalities of the above mentioned services i.e. MIES, MICS and MIIS.
Table 1: Function of various MIHF modules
MIHF service Functions
MIES Links are established between nodes and base station/AP. MIES generates overall link status report which includes link quality, change in link condition etc.
MICS Higher layers communicate with lower layers to coordinate the access among different networks.
MIIS Helps in fetching n/w information in a geographical region to make the execute the handover process

4. Proposed work
FCTS (Fuzzy Controlled Traffic steering) algorithm enables Inter-technology access and soft handover by employing multi-interface terminal and is divided intophases.
A. Analysis Phase
B. QoS decision making phase
C. Simulation
1) Analysis Phase
The design of FCTS algorithm is based on estimated flow rate and congestion as the prime metric to judge the status of current network during mobility. Queue length, bandwidth, packet loss, latency and jitter are further parameters considered to judge the efficacy of the network.
Retransmissions always add up to the traffic load and affect the flow rate mechanism. Depending on the type of application and its current QoS requirement, network is being analyzed.
2) QoS Decision Making Phase
The proposed mechanism focuses primarily on the need of the currently executing application, which plays a pivotal role in the algorithm. In spite of the fact that a better QoS is being offered by the alternate path still unnecessary switching to alternate path is not required because the existing network fulfils the need of the currently executing application.
a) Application classes and their QoS metrics
Various service classes to mark service differentiation have been addressed by the researchers in [22, 23]. Adaptive flow rate using fuzzy logic has been computed in [7]. The prime input to the controllers includes queue length, packet loss and bandwidth. The computed flow rate is the major decision parameter followed by applications QoS requirement, thus flow rate of the existing network decides whether to check the QoS parameter of remote network or not. When the flow rate falls below a certain level then the remote networks are scanned using MIH functions and accordingly switching is decided.
When it comes to QoS, it is a quality based metrics to be ensured by a network during data transmission and includes parameters like delay, jitter, packet loss and throughput.
FTP service: FTP based services is throughput centric. It deals with uploading and downloading of data requiring higher bandwidth and posses’ tolerance for delay and jitter.
Video based services: Such services include high bandwidth and real time applications requiring end-to-end delay below 100ms. Applications under such category are more susceptible to packet loss and errors. Bandwidth requirement is guided by the video quality and format for compression. Around 3 Mbps bandwidth assurance can deliver satisfactory transmission for such applications.
Real time applications: Such applications can withstand end-to-end delay below 150ms and tolerance for jitter rate below 400ms. For most coding standards 64kbps bandwidth serves to be sufficient for execution of application.
Best effort-web browsing application: Jitter has little impact on such application, whereas delay below 400ms can be tolerated.
Table 2 briefs the major QoS parameters of different categories of application along with the minimum requirements to meet the QoS demand of the application.
Table 2: Application’s QoS requirement (minimum)
Category Packet Loss Bandwidth (bps) Delay(ms) Packet Loss Jitter(ms)
Best effort
Zero <40K < 400 Zero N/A
Real Time
(low bandwidth) <1% <64 K <150 <1% <400
Real time
(high bandwidth) <0.01% <3 M <100 <0.01% <400
High Through put(FTP) Zero High Med Zero N/A

b) Application based FCTS algorithm:
This section covers a case which involves handover scenario considering switching from WiMAX to Wi-Fi. Fuzzy rule base is used for computation of flow rate. Normalized value of flow rate is considered as decision criteria to scan for an alternate network i.e. when the flow rate is less than 0.4; search for an alternate network is issued through media independent handover module. The remote network offering improved QoS for significant parameters like packet loss, delay, bandwidth is opted as potential network for switching from current path of network.
As the algorithm is application centric, if the current network does not meet the applications requirement the decision of switching to other network is materialized leading to either horizontal or vertical handover, but definitely if the existing network meets the requirement of application giving good throughput and even if a better network is available, unnecessary switching will be avoided. If at all switching is performed the multi-interface terminal will help in smooth transmission of packets performing soft handover with less packet loss.
Figure 3 is the flowchart of the proposed FCTS algorithm. After the phase-I [7] which deals with flow rate computation the control branches to verify the other parameters of existing and neighbor networks to finalize whether the mobile node remains on the current network or switches to remote network.
The proposed algorithm comprises of scanning module, decision making module and switching module.
FCTS algorithm for handoff decision making
I) Out of the three phases of FCTS algorithm the below mentioned is the first phase involving handoff information gathering and network discovery.
# first phase involving handoff information gathering and network discovery
Scanning module (RTT, BW, PL)
Get_info_MAC
Case_of_scenario //refer figure 4
Scan_link_parameter_config
Process_response_scan(MIH_scan_response)
Case_network_not_detected
No_Process_link_detected
get_status_response
execute_link_detected
Connected_to neighbour_network
II) Application Specific Algorithm
Proposed application specific algorithm emphasizes upon the category of application under execution. If the current network fulfils the minimum requirement of the execution, switching to remote network is avoided. Though the remote network offers better QoS still unnecessary handover will be avoided.
# Second phase VHO application specific decision making
// for unregistered applications
Call Scanning module (B, PL, RTT)
If (flow_rate is less than 0.4)
if(Bandwidth(c) Bandwidth(Th) or PL(c) >PL(n) and RTT(c) is greater than RTT(n) )
invoke Switching module ()
Else
Execute in current network
Endif
Endif
//for web browsing(best effort) application, video, audio
Call Scanning Module (B, D)
if (flow_rate is less than 0.4)
if (Bandwidth(c) Bandwidth(Th) and Delay(c) >Delay(n)) //Check the constraints of the best effort application – web browsing
invoke Switching Module ( )
Else
‘stay in the current network’
// FTP like applications (high throughput)
Call Scanning Module (B)
if (flow_rate is less than 0.4)
if (Bandwidth(c) Bandwidth(Th) //Check for high throughput applications : FTP)
invoke Switching Module ()
else
‘stay in the current network’
endif
endif
III) The third phase deals with acquiring new prefix, IP address, MAC address to execute handover process. While the new interface is being identified and data is being redirected over new interface, the connection with old interface persists till connection with new interface is successful.
Switching module (new-address, LGD, Ack)
Process_new_prefix
New_address
Redirect_MAC
LGD generation Wait for handover complete trigger
Neighbour network link_up
Handoff Execution - Simulation based
IEEE 802.21 MIH contributes in optimization of handover amongst varied heterogeneous network environment. It provides network related information from lower layers to layers at higher level. The proposed scheme enhances the role of MIH by enabling communication between various layers of protocol stack exchanging significant parameters leading to handover decision in an efficient manner during handover. Process of binding with identified networks is a simultaneous process, after analyzing the handover decision, as proposed in FCTS algorithm.
NS-2 has been considered for the evaluation of proposed algorithm further supported by MIH. The support for modeling various mobility protocols and network topologies justifies the use of NS-2 for simulation purpose [24, 25]. NIST add on modules support varied network topologies in NS-2. Time to time files were incorporated and revised in the base version of NS-2 to support mobility during simulation in wireless network environment [26]. In the addressed setup, one application at a particular moment has been considered which can be extended to more, running simultaneously. The correspondent and mobile node are multimodal supporting connection to various networks in heterogeneous network environment. Based on the proposed algorithm switching to alternate network is decided
Heterogeneous network setup is considered for the current simulation. Networks considered are WiMAX, Wi-Fi and LTE. 2 routers, 2 base stations and one Access point are incorporated in the setup. A radio network controller supports LTE. The mobile node is 3GPP/3GPP2 and WiMAX/Wi-Fi enabled.
The topography of the simulation environment comprises of 2000 x 2000m grid. The speed of the mobile node extends from 0 to 100 Km/hr. Wi-Fi setup includes 11 nodes. The coverage of Wi-fi is 20 meters. The uplink and downlink bandwidth of different networks has been specified. The considered packet size is 50 KB. CBR traffic with 50 Kbps is generated representing a web browsing application. The observed parameters include Packet loss, delay and throughput during the movement of mobile node from WiMAX to Wi-Fi. The result was analysed for both traditional as well as proposed algorithm. Web browsing application has tolerance for delay up to 400ms and can perform with bandwidth falling even less than 40 kbps. In such case switching from existing to new Wi-Fi network is avoided. The mobile node can persist on existing network.
Table 4: Experimental Setup
Parameter Specification
Topography 2000x2000
Minimum Speed 0 Km/hr
Maximum Speed 100 Km/hr.
LTE Base Station
Bandwidth-Downlink 384 Kbps
Bandwidth-Uplink 384 kbps
802.11
mobile nodes 11
Propagation Model Two Ray propagation
Antenna type Omni directional
Packet Size( maximum) 50
Routing Protocol DSDN
Coverage 20 mtr.
Number of Mobile user 11
Traffic Parameter
Base station Tx power 100mW(20 dbm)
Rx Threshold 6.12277e-09
CS Threshold 90% of Rx Thresh
WiMAX specification
Coverage 300m
Technology OFDM
Base station Tx Power 15W(41 dbm)
Rx Threshold 2.025e-12
CS Threshold 90% of RxThresh.

Result and Performance Analysis
The result obtained from traditional and proposed vertical handoff algorithm is discussed in Table 3. In case of traditional algorithm RSS and bandwidth are considered as decision metric for switching from existing to remote network. Thus, in traditional MIH based handover when the RSS and existing network’s bandwidth drops below the threshold, the remote network is scanned and switching to remote network is decided [27]. In the proposed FCTS the fuzzy computed flow rate, the application type along with RSS and bandwidth serves to be the performance metrics and accordingly decision to remote network is finalized.
The observed results show considerably reduced delay and packet loss. Improved throughput can also be observed.
Table 3: Percentage increase in performance metrics
Flow_ rate Delay
(Proposed algo.) Delay
(Traditional) percentage inc./dec.
0.2 88.5648 88.7248 0.1806%
0.4 79.5645 79.4554 0.1373%
0.6 68.3753 68.7563 0.5572%
0.8 127.2381 129.6584 1.902%
1 135.8456 158.2353 3.231%
Average 1.2016%
Table 3(a): Percentage decrease in delay through proposed algorithm
Flow rate Packet Loss
(Proposed) Packet Loss
(Traditional) percentage inc./dec.
0.2 252 264 4.76%
0.4 321 336 4.67%
0.6 295 314 6.44%
0.8 331 361 9.06%
1 353 367 3.96%
Average 5.77%
Table 3(b): Reduced Packet Loss
Flow rate Throughput
(Proposed) Throughput
(Traditional) Percentage
inc./dec.
0.2 110108 101126 8.88%
0.4 121196 118144 2.58%
0.6 155111 150906 2.78%
0.8 172110 162151 6.14%
1 210166 196214 7.11%
Average 5.49%
Table 3(c): Increase in Throughput

Table 3 summarizes performance gains through the proposed algorithm. Evaluating other parameters as per flow rate over the link shows the performance of proposed algorithm. Both the flow rate and the application requirement for QoS together serve in switching decision. There is considerable decrease in packet loss and delay.
As can be seen from Figure 5, initially performance of both the algorithms yielded nearly similar result, but delay was reduced by 14.43% by the proposed algorithm with higher flow rate. 1.2016 was the average delay reduction. Initially throughput increased by 8.88%, later the two algorithms differs by 2 to 5% with increase in flow rate. Initially variation in packet loss was approximately 4% which was finally reduced by 3.77% with increased flow rate.

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