Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a frequency scanning antenna, and more particularly, to a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) with narrow band width and a method thereof.
[0002] Frequency scanning antenna (FSA) is a type of antenna which is used as an integral part of the low-cost beam scanning systems developed for different applications. In conventional approaches Phased array antennas are used which can steer the Radio frequency (RF) beams in spatial directions automatically, using either active or passive phase shifters over a specified band of frequencies. The Phased array antennas can perform beam steering and beam forming functions. Further the Beam steering moves a main lobe of the antenna in a plane by introducing desired phase shift between the elements over frequency band of interest. Also, a Specific Phase shift between each element of the array is introduced to realize a coherent effect to steer the main antenna lobe at a particular angle on the broadside, or array face. Beam former combines phases of all, either the outgoing or incoming RF signals from different array elements to form a highly directive beam. However, the phased array antenna has to face certain limitations such as limited coverage, low frequency agility, single plane beam deflection, complex planar array configuration, expensive, and large footprint. In the Frequency scanning antenna (FSA) is a phased array, in which beam steering is achieved without the use of the conventional phase shifters. In such approach, the Phase shift is realized by sweeping a band of frequencies through a transmission line. Similar to phased array which has three sections, radiating elements, a beam forming and a beam steering section. Also, the Phase shift is realized from the delay introduced by the transmission lines which are serially connected between the elements. The delay line is a transmission line, whose length is so chosen, that at the center frequency the distance travelled by the RF signal between two elements is integer multiples of the wavelength. At the center frequency all the elements radiate in phase and the beam formation will be at the boresight. In case the input frequency is either increased or decreased from the center frequency, the delay line length will no longer be integer multiples of wavelength and hence the RF signal is subjected to either uniformly increasing or decreasing phase shift. Delay can be changed either by varying frequency or transmission line length.
[0003] Furthermore, in such approaches, the Beam forming circuitry combine coherently radiation from all the radiating elements. Different beam forming circuits like couplers, stepped impedance lines etc. are used. Wide scanning angle require long transmission lines. Long transmission lines introduce substantial losses, consequently negligible power reaches farther end, radiating elements, making farther end elements after 8 or 10 non-radiative. Net effect of this is limited scan, wide beam width and low gain. Grating lobes and side lobes are related to the spacing between the radiating elements which is generally maintained of the order of a wavelength and the scan angle. Higher scan angle distorts radiation pattern. Hence long transmissions line lengths are meandered to suit the spacing requirement between consecutive radiating elements. Also, long lengths of meandered line sections introduce mutual coupling issues resulting in distorted radiation pattern. Pattern distortion due to grating and side lobes at the band edges is a serious issue with FSAs. High gain realization warrants a greater number of radiating elements, which leads to additional transmission losses due to increase in transmission line sections. Distributing desired power to the farther end radiating elements is a tough issue without improving the transmission losses in the Feed line. In FSA’s with large scanning angle of +/- 35 to +/- 40 degrees, it is difficult to avoid distortion in radiation pattern due to grating and side lobes at the band edges, thereby making the approach less reliable and less efficient.
[0004] Hence, there is a need for an improved wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) with narrow band width and a method thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
[0005] In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) with narrow band width is provided. The FSA includes a plurality of customized waveguide layers of a pre-defined thickness, wherein the plurality of customized waveguide layers comprises a bottom layer, a middle layer a top layer and an integrated layer. The bottom layer includes a meandered wave guide structure, wherein the meandered wave guide structure is formed inside a solid aluminum block, a probe including a stub, wherein the probe is operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure at a predefined distance between a first point to a second point of the meandered wave guide structure, wherein the probe is configured for the coaxial transition. The middle layer includes a metal plate with a predefined number of slots of pre-defined length and pre-defined angle. The top layer includes pre-defined micro strip patches and pre-defined micro strip patch antennas (radiating elements on the top surface of a dielectric substrate. wherein each of the pre-defined number of micro strip patches is placed above each of the corresponding predefined number of slots. The integrated layer, includes of pre-defined number of micro strip patches and pre-defined micro strip patch antennas on the top surface of a dielectric substrate and pre-defined number of slots on the bottom surface of a dielectric substrate, where in the integrated layer is realized by transposing the predefined number of slots formed on the middle layer on to the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate on which already pre-defined numbers of micro strip patches and micro strip antennas are formed, as part of the forming the top layer, there by integrating middle layer and top layer in to one layer, eliminating the middle layer. The wide-angle Frequency scanning Antenna (FSA) performance comprising of one or more parameters is obtained in three stages. The first stage involves, course optimization where in a middle layer is overlaid on a bottom layer, the second stage involves pre-fine optimization where in middle layer is laid in between the bottom layer and the top layer, the third stage involves final optimization where in a integrated layer is overlaid on the bottom layer.
[0006] In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, three apparatus’s stages are provided for realizing the performance for a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA). The course performance apparatus includes a plurality of customized waveguide layers of a pre-defined thickness, wherein the plurality of the customized waveguide layers comprises a bottom layer, and a middle layer. The bottom layer includes formation of a meandered wave guide structure inside a solid aluminum block, a probe including a stub, wherein the probe is operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure at a predefined distance between a first point to a second point of the meandered wave guide structure, wherein the probe is configured for the coaxial transition using EM simulation tool. The middle layer includes formation of pre-defined number of slots with pre-defined length and angle on a metal plate using EM simulation tool. The apparatus also includes one or more processors operatively coupled to the course performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA). The apparatus also includes a gradient calculation module configured to calculate a phase gradient for a pre-defined scan angle. The apparatus also includes a length computation module configured to calculate a transmission line length for desired phase gradient angle for a pre-defined a frequency deviation. The apparatus also includes a course optimization module configured to perform course optimization using the middle layer and a bottom layer for verifying the formation of one or more parameters. The apparatus further includes a course performance verification module configured to verify a course performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) based on a set of pre-defined instructions. The pre-fine performance apparatus includes a plurality of customized waveguide layers of a pre-defined thickness, wherein the plurality of the customized waveguide layers comprises a bottom layer, middle layer and a top layer. The bottom and middle layers are the same as the ones used. A top layer is formed by forming pre-defined number of micro strip patches and pre-defined number of micro strip patch antennas on the top surface of a dielectric substrate, using EM simulation tool. The Middle layer is laid in-between the top layer and the bottom layer, for performing a pre-fine optimization. Wherein each of the pre-defined number of micro strip patches is placed above each of the corresponding predefined number of slots on the middle layer. The pre-fine apparatus also includes one or more processors operatively coupled to the pre fine performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA). The apparatus also includes a pre-fine optimization module configured to perform pre-fine optimization using the top layer, middle layer and a bottom layer for verifying the formation of one or more parameters. The apparatus further includes a pre-fine performance verification module configured to verify a pre-fine performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) based on a set of pre-defined instructions. The final performance apparatus includes a plurality of customized waveguide layers of a pre-defined thickness, wherein the plurality of the customized waveguide layers comprises a bottom layer, and an integrated layer. The bottom layer is same as the one used for course and pre-fine optimization. Integrated layer is formed by transposing the pre-defined number of slots formed on the metal plate (middle layer) on to the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate on which already predefined number of micro strip patches and micro strip antennas are formed as part of the top layer, using EM simulation tool Integrated layer is overlaid on the bottom layer for performing final optimization for a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) comprising one or more parameters. The apparatus further includes a final optimization module configured to perform final optimization using the bottom layer and integrated middle layer for verifying the formation of one or more parameters. The apparatus further includes a performance verification module to verify a final performance of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) based on a set of pre-defined instructions.
[0007] To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more particular description of the disclosure will follow by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended figures. It is to be appreciated that these figures depict only typical embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting in scope. The disclosure will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail with the appended figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The disclosure will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail with the accompanying figures in which:
[0008] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block with coaxial transitions containing coaxial probe and a stub formed inside the meandered wave guide structure forming a bottom layer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0009] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal plate forming a middle layer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure’
[0010] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of middle layer with pre-defined number of slots formed on metal plate overlaid on a customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block (bottom layer) for performing course optimization, (first stage), of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0011] FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for obtaining course performance (first stage) of wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0012] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a top layer having a predefined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas formed on the top surface of a dielectric substrate in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0013] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of middle layer with pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal plate laid in between a bottom layer containing customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block and a top layer containing pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas on the top surface of the dielectric substrate for performing pre-fine optimization (second stage) of a wide angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0014] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for obtaining pre-fine performance (second stage) for a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of integrated layer realized by integrating middle layer and top layer where in the formation of integrated layer involves transposing pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal (middle layer) on to the bottom surface of dielectric substrate which already contains pre-defined numbers of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas on the top surface of dielectric substrate, eliminating the (middle layer) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of an integrated layer FIG 8 consisting of pre-defined number of slots on the bottom surface of a dielectric substrate and pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas on the top surface of a dielectric substrate overlaid on a customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block FIG 1 (bottom layer) for performing final optimization (third stage) for a wide angle Frequency Scanning Antenna(FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for obtaining final performance (third stage) of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 11 is a graphical representation of simulated return loss result of course optimization (fist stage) realized by overlaying the middle layer consisting of pre-defined number of slots formed on a meatal plate on top of a bottom layer consisting of customized meandered wave guide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 12 is a graphical representation of simulated return loss result of pre-fine optimization (second stage) realized by laying middle layer consisting of pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal plate in between bottom layer consisting of customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block and a top layer consisting of pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas formed on the top surface of a dielectric substrate in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 13 is a graphical representation of simulated return loss result of final optimization (third stage) realized by overlaying integrated layer consisting of pre-defined number of slots on the bottom surface of a dielectric substrate and pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas on the top surface of a dielectric substrate on top of the bottom layer consisting of customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 14 is a graphical representation of simulated course radiation pattern result (first stage) realized by overlaying a middle layer containing pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal plate on top of a bottom layer consisting of customized waveguide structure, formed inside solid aluminum block in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 15 is a graphical representation of simulated pre-fine radiation pattern result (second stage) realized by laying a middle layer containing pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal plate in between, a bottom layer consisting of customized meandered waveguide structure, formed inside a solid aluminum block and a top layer consisting of pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas formed on the top surface of a dielectric substrate in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 16 is a graphical representation of simulated final radiation pattern result (third stage) realized by overlaying integrated layer consisting of pre-defined number of slots formed on the bottom surface of a dielectric substrate and pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas on top surface of a dielectric substrate, on top of the of the bottom layer consisting of customized waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 17 is a graphical representation of simulated result of final main lobe realized by overlaying integrated layer consisting of pre-defined number of slots formed on the bottom surface of a dielectric substrate and pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas on top surface of the dielectric substrate on top of the bottom layer consisting of customized waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 18 is a flow chart representing steps involved in a method for implementing course optimization (First stage) of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 19 is a flow chart representing steps involved in a method for implementing pre-fine optimization (second stage) of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
[0027] FIG. 20 is a flow chart representing steps involved in a method for implementing final optimization (third stage) of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0028] Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and may not have necessarily been drawn to scale. Furthermore, in terms of the construction of the device, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the figures by conventional symbols, and the figures may show only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the figures with details that will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the figures and specific language will be used to describe them. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as would normally occur to those skilled in the art are to be construed as being within the scope of the present invention.
[0030] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be restrictive thereof.
[0031] The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such a process or method. Similarly, one or more devices or sub-systems or elements or structures or components preceded by "comprises... a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other devices, sub-systems, elements, structures, components, additional devices, additional sub-systems, additional elements, additional structures or additional components. Appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment" and similar language throughout this specification may, but not necessarily do, all refer to the same embodiment.
[0032] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are only illustrative and not intended to be limiting.
[0033] Embodiments of the present disclosure relates to a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) with narrow band width. As used herein, the term ‘FSA’ is defined as a type of antenna which is used as an integral part of the low-cost beam scanning systems developed for different applications.
[0034] Embodiments of the present disclosure relates to a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) realized in three stages, the course optimization, first stage (260a), pre-fine optimization stage, the second stage (260b) and the final optimization stage third stage which is the final FSA (260).
[0035] Turning to FIGs 1-10. FIG 1 is a schematic representation of a customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block with coaxial transitions containing coaxial probe and stub formed inside the meandered wave guide structure forming a bottom layer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal plate forming a middle layer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG 3 is a schematic representation of a middle layer consisting pre-defined number of slots formed on metal plate overlaid on a bottom layer consisting of customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block, for performing course optimization in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG 4 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for performing course optimization (first stage) and for realizing course performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG 5 is a schematic representation of a top layer consisting of predefined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas formed on the top surface of a dielectric substrate ,in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG 6 is a schematic representation of middle layer consisting of pre-defined number of slots formed on a metal plate laid in between a bottom layer consisting of customized meandered waveguide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block and a top layer consisting of pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate for performing pre-fine optimization (second stage) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for performing pre-fine optimization(second stage) and for realizing pre-fine performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG 8 is a schematic representation of integrated layer formed by transposing pre-defined number of slots formed a metal plate as part of the middle layer on to the bottom surface of a dielectric substrate, on which already pre-defined number of micro strip patches and micro strip patch antennas are formed,(as part of the top layer) there by integrating the middle layer and top layer, eliminating the metal plate (middle layer) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG 9 is a schematic representation of an integrated layer FIG 8 placed on a bottom layer consisting of meandered wave guide structure formed inside a solid aluminum block FIG. 1 for performing final optimization (third stage) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG 10 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for performing final optimization (third stage) and for realizing final performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA).
[0036] The course optimization stage of wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a) includes a bottom layer (60), consisting of a customized meandered waveguide structure (30) of predefined thickness, formed inside a solid aluminum block (10), with a coaxial probe (40) and a stub (50) forming coaxial transition (70) a middle layer (100) consisting of predefined number of slots (90) of predefined length and angles formed on a metal plate (80). In one embodiment, the bottom layer (60) may be composed of solid aluminum block (10). In such embodiment, the solid aluminum block (10) may be an alloy of aluminum such as AL7075 block of size 270x206x16mm. In one exemplary embodiment, computation of a Phase gradient may be required for obtaining a 90-degree scan angle which may be calculated. Based on this phase gradient, length of the transmission line in terms of guided wavelength is calculated for a frequency deviation of 1.1 GHz (15.95 to 17.05 GHz), which works out approximately around 8?g.
[0037] In one embodiment, the meandered waveguide structure (30) formed inside a solid aluminum block (10) of dimensions 270x206x16mm may have twenty-three ‘U’ shaped rectangular meandered line sections (20). In such embodiment, each of the meandered line sections (20) may be of a dimension 4.9x14.3x173mm. A broad side wall may be of 14.3 mm and narrow side wall may be of 4.9 mm. The wall dimensions may be suitable for the transmission of Ku band RF signals. Also, the meandered line sections (20) may be formed on the narrow side wall, of width of 4.9 mm and depth of 14.3mm. In one exemplary embodiment, the meandered waveguide structure (30) may be formed on a solid aluminum block (10) by forming the meandered line sections (20) on the solid aluminum block (10).
[0038] Furthermore, the bottom layer (60) includes a meandered wave guide structure (30), meandered line sections (20), solid aluminum bock (10) and a probe (40) having a stub (50). The probe (40) is operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure (30) at a predefined distance between a first point (40) to a second point (50) of the meandered wave guide structure (30). The probe (40) is configured to perform coaxial transition (70). Two numbers of waveguide to coaxial transitions (70) are formed inside the first and last meandered line sections (20) to convert wave guide ports into coaxial ports to feed RF signal and to terminate the output port. Both the ends of the first and the last meandered line sections (20) are shorted. Furthermore, the coaxial probe (40) may include the stub (50) of diameter 3.5mm and width 1.5mm which may be inserted at a distance ?g/4 from shorted end and at a distance 5?g/4, from the first and last meandered line sections (20) The probe (40) and the stub (50) may transform the guided wave impedance into 50 Ohms.
[0039] The middle layer (100) includes a metal plate (80) with a predefined number of slots (90) of pre-defined length and pre-defined angle. In one exemplary embodiment, the pre-defined length and angle of each of the predefined number of slots (90) may be varied, wherein the pre-defined length and pre-defined angle is conforming to the modified Taylor weighted Amplitude coefficients.
[0040] Further, the middle layer (100) is laid above the bottom layer (60), to obtain course optimization performance (first stage) of wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a) comprising one or more parameters. In one embodiment, the middle layer (100) may be a slotted array which may include twenty-four numbers of slots of width 0.06?0 (˜ 1mm), and of variable length 0.25?0 to 0.45?0 and different angular positions. These slots may be formed on the metal plate (80) of size 264x200x0.5mm. This slotted array formed on the metal plate (80) acts as top cover for the guided wave structure.
[0041] A length of the per-defined number of slots (90) formed on the metal plate (80) of middle layer (100) may be varied from 0.25?0 to 0.45?0 while keeping the width constant for about 0.06?0, along with the angular positions from 15 degrees to 55 degrees to obtain weighted amplitude power distribution as per modified Taylor’s power distribution coefficients.
[0042] In operation, course optimization (first stage) may be performed overlaying middle layer (100) on top of the bottom layer (60) to verify the return loss and the formation of main lobe, beam deflection, directivity and beam width, subsequently pre-fine optimization second stage (260b), followed by final optimization (260).may be performed.
[0043] Pre-fine optimization (second stage) of wide angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b) includes a bottom layer (60), consisting of a customized meandered waveguide structure (30) of predefined thickness, formed inside a solid aluminum block (10), with a coaxial probe (40) and a stub (50) forming coaxial transition (70) a middle layer (100) consisting of predefined number of slots (90) of predefined length and angles formed on a metal plate (80).and a top layer (140)consisting pre-defined number of micro strip patches(120) and pre-defined number micro strip patch antennas(130) formed on the top surface of a dielectric substrate(110).
[0044] The top layer (140) includes a dielectric substrate (110) a predefined number of micro strip patches (120) and pre-defined number of micro strip antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110). In one exemplary embodiment, the predefined number of micro strip patch Antennas (130) may be twice the pre-defined number of micro strip patches (120) in number, and distributes energy to the micro strip patch antennas (130), laid along the two sides of the micro strip patches (120). Further, the micro strip patches (120) which may be located on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110) couples the energy from the apertures of the pre-defined number of slots (90) located on the middle layer (100), which may act as primary antennas to the 48 numbers of radiating elements (which may be also referred as secondary antennas) laid in two rows (24x2) (130). In one exemplary embodiment, 24 numbers of micro strip patches (120) and 24x2 numbers of micro strip patch antennas (130) may be formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110) of low loss, low dielectric of about 2.2, 0.8mm thick of size 264x200x0.8mm as per the optimized dimensions obtained from the EM simulation tool.
[0045] Furthermore, in one embodiment, the top layer (140) may be an array consisting of forty-eight numbers of micro strip patch antennas (130) of dimensions 7.2x5.5 mm that are formed in two rows along the two sides of coupling patches (120) (which are referred as the micro strip patches) of dimensions 3x4.8mm, on a high frequency low loss, low dielectric, substrate of about 2.2 which may have dimensions of 264x200x0.8mm.
[0046] In operation, pre-fine optimization (second stage) (260b) may be performed by laying middle layer (100) in between a bottom layer (60) and top layer (140) to verify the return loss and the formation of main lobe, beam deflection, directivity and beam width.
[0047] The Integrated layer (150) consists of pre-defined number of slots (90) formed on the bottom surface of a dielectric substrate (110) and pre-defined number of micro strip patches (120) and pre-defined number of micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110). In one exemplary embodiment, 24 numbers of slots (90) of width 0.06?0 (˜ 1mm), and of variable length 0.25?0 to 0.45?0 and different angular positions are formed on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110) of low loss, low dielectric of about 2.2, of size 264x200x0.8mm thick on which already 24 numbers of micro strip patches of dimensions 3x4.8mm (120) and 24x2 numbers of micro strip patch antennas of dimensions 7.2x5.5 mm (130) are already formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110) as part of the formation of the top layer formed, There by transposing the 24 numbers of slots from the metal plate on to the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110)and. Further, in one exemplary embodiment the 24 numbers of slots (90) located on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110) are placed exactly below the micro strip patches (120) located on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110) to ensure coupling of the energy from the apertures of the corresponding slots The slots (90) may act as primary antennas to the 48 numbers of radiating elements (which may be also referred as secondary antennas) laid in two rows (24x2) (130).
[0048] In operation, final optimization (third stage) may be performed by laying integrated layer (150) on top of the bottom layer (60) which forms the final version of a wide angle FSA (260) to verify the return loss and formation of main lobe, beam deflection, directivity and beam width.
[0049] Furthermore, length of the pre-defined number of slots (90) formed on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate(110) may be varied from 0.25?0 to 0.45?0 while keeping the width constant for about 0.06?0 , along with the angular positions from 15 degrees to 55 degrees along with the lengths of the micro strip patches from 0.38 ?g to 0.62 ?g formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate(110) to obtain weighted amplitude power distribution as per modified Taylor’s power distribution coefficients.
[0050] In one exemplary embodiment, a course optimization (first stage) may be performed on the FSA (260a), FIG. 4 to obtain values of Return Loss, Scan angle, Beam formation and Directivity. Further, A length of the probe (40) and a position of the stub (50) may be optimized to obtain a return loss better than 10 dB over the band through an EM simulation tool (as shown in FIG. 11) (310). Return loss at a center of the graph (340) is 4 to 5 dB less. This is due to phase gradient change over at the center frequency which is 16.5GHz. The graph (340) is plotted with frequency in GHz on X-axis (320) and amplitude in dB on Y-axis (330).
[0051] Turning to FIG. 14, FIG. 14 is a graphical representation of a course radiation pattern (430) as per course optimization (260a), FIG 4. The graph (440) for the course radiation pattern is obtained upon plotting a simulation reading on multiple quadrants (450) representing different angles. The simulated course performance figures are the directivity 15+/-3 dB. The scan angle is more than 90 degrees and beam width is 6+/-1 degree.
[0052] In one exemplary embodiment, a pre-fine optimization (second stage) may be performed on the FSA (260b), FIG.7 to obtain values of Return Loss, Scan angle, Beam formation and Directivity. Further, A length of the probe (40) and a position of the stub (50) may be optimized to obtain a return loss better than 10 dB over the band through an EM simulation tool (as shown in FIG. 12) (350). Return loss at a center of the graph (380) is 4 to 5 dB less. This is due to phase gradient change over at the center frequency which is 16.5GHz. The graph (380) is plotted with frequency in GHz on X-axis (360) and amplitude in dB on Y-axis (370).
[0053] Turning to FIG. 15, FIG. 15 is a graphical representation of a pre-fine radiation pattern (460) as per pre-fine optimization (260b), FIG 7. The graph (470) for the pre-fine radiation pattern (460) is obtained upon plotting a simulation reading on multiple quadrants (480) representing different angles. The simulated pre-fine performance figures are the directivity 20+/-3 dB The scan angle is more than 90 degrees and beam width is 5+/-1 degree.
[0054] In one exemplary embodiment, a final optimization (third stage) may be performed on the FSA (260) to obtain values of Return Loss, Scan angle, Beam formation and Directivity. Further, A length of the probe (40) and a position of the stub (50) may be optimized to obtain a return loss better than 10 dB over the band through an EM simulation tool (as shown in FIG. 13) (390). Return loss at a center of the graph (420) is 3 to 4 dB less. This is due to phase gradient change over at the center frequency which is 16.5GHz. The graph (420) is plotted with frequency in GHz on X-axis (400) and amplitude in dB on Y-axis (410).
[0055] Turning to FIG. 16, FIG. 16 is a graphical representation of a final radiation pattern (490) obtained as per final optimization (260), FIG 10. The graph (500) for the final radiation pattern is obtained upon plotting a simulation reading on multiple quadrants (510) representing different angles. In one exemplary embodiment, the directivity figures of 22+/-2 dB match with that of simulation results. The scan angle is more than 90 degrees and beam width is 5+/-1 degree.
[0056] Furthermore, each of a plurality of parameters such as, but not limited to, meander line length, width and radius of every section is meticulously optimized using the EM simulation tool, to obtain the desired phase gradient, which may be realized between two consecutive meandered sections for a frequency deviation of about 15.95GHz to 17.05 GHz with a crossover at 16.5 GHz. The realized scan angle may be about 45 to 48 degrees from the boresight.
[0057] Further, All the parameters such as, but not limited to, meander line length, width and radius of every meandered line sections (20), distance between the two meandered line sections, length and angular position of the integrated slots, dimensions of the 24 numbers of coupling patches (120) and 24x2 numbers of micro strip patch antennas (110) formed on the dielectric substrate may be simultaneously varied using EM simulation tool to achieve the desired (final) results as presented in FIG 13 and FIG.16. The results obtained are achieved after many iterations and optimization cycles.
[0058] Turning to FIG. 17, FIG. 17 is a graphical representation of simulated main lobe (520) obtained after final optimization (260), FIG.10 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The graph (550) is obtained by plotting magnitude dB on a Y-axis (540) and theta in degrees on a X-axis (530).
[0059] Referring to FIGs. 13, 16 and 17, simulated results of the final/ integrated version may be as follows:
• Scan angle: 90 degrees (+/-45 degrees).
• Directivity: 22+/-2 dBi (Typ).
• Beam width: 5 +/- 1 degrees (Typ).
• No of Beams: 23.
• Beam positional accuracy for 50 MHz step size: +/ 1 degree.
• Side lobe level: 20 +/- 2 dB.
• Directivity reduction: 3 to 5 dB at band edges.
• Beam width enlargement: 2 to 3 degrees at the Band edges.
[0060] It may be noted from the simulation results that FSA (260) has met all the desired specifications.
[0061] Referring to FIG. 9, The figure represents fully assembled view of the final version of the high directivity, wide scan angle, narrow beam width Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) array with coherence beam position and frequency deviation for Ku-band radar.
[0062] Turning to FIG. 4, FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an apparatus (160) for performing course optimization (first stage) and for realizing course performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a)) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Middle layer (100) consisting of pre-defined number of slots (90) of pre-defined length and angular positions formed on a metal plate (80) laid on top of a bottom layer (60) consisting of customized meandered waveguide structure (30)formed inside a solid aluminum block(10) with coaxial transition (70) realized with a probe (40) and a stub(50) forming the bottom layer(60). The coaxial transition (70) is operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure (30).
[0063] The apparatus (160) also includes one or more processors (170) operatively coupled to the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a). The apparatus (160) also includes a gradient calculation module (180) configured to calculate a phase gradient for a pre-defined scan angle. The apparatus (160) also includes a length computation module (190) configured to calculate a transmission line length for desired phase gradient angle for a pre-defined a frequency deviation. The apparatus (160) also includes a course optimization module (200) configured to perform course optimization by laying the middle layer (100) on top of a bottom layer (60) for verifying the formation of one or more parameters. The apparatus (160) also includes a performance verification module (210) configured to verify a course performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a) based on a set of pre-defined instructions.
[0064] Turning to FIG. 7, FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an apparatus (220) for pre-fine optimization (second stage) of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Middle layer(100) consisting of pre-defined number of slots (90) of pre-defined length and angular positions formed on a metal plate (80) laid in between the bottom layer(60) consisting of customized meandered waveguide structure (30) with coaxial transition (70) realized with a probe (40) and a stub(50), the coaxial transition (70) is operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure (30), and a top layer (140)with predefined number of pre-defined number of micro strip patches(120) and micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on a top surface of the dielectric substrate(110).The bottom layer(60) and the middle layer (100) are same as the ones which are already formed and optimized for course performance realization.
[0065] Also, the apparatus (220) also includes one or more processors (230) operatively coupled to pre-fine performance of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b). The apparatus (220) includes a pre-fine optimization module (240) configured to perform pre-fine optimization by laying middle layer (100) in between bottom layer (60) and top layer (140) for verifying the formation of one or more parameters. The apparatus (220) also includes a pre-fine performance verification module (250) configured to verify a pre-fine performance for a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b) based on a set of pre-defined instructions.
[0066] Turning to FIG. 10, FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of an apparatus (270) for performing final optimization (third stage) and for realization of final performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The apparatus (270) also includes one or more processors (280) operatively coupled to the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260). The apparatus (270) also includes a final optimization module (290) configured to perform final optimization by laying the integrated layer (150) on top of the bottom layer (60) for verifying the formation of one or more parameters. The apparatus (270) also includes a performance verification module (300) configured to verify a final performance for a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) based on a set of pre-defined instructions.
[0067] Turning to FIG. 18, FIG. 18 is a flow chart representing steps involved in a method (560) for implementing course optimization (first stage) of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA), (260a), as per FIG.3 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method (560) includes calculating a phase gradient for a pre-defined scan angle in step (570). In one embodiment, calculating the phase gradient may include calculating the phase gradient by a gradient calculation module.
[0068] The method (560) also includes calculating a transmission line length for desired phase gradient angle for a pre-defined a frequency deviation in step (580). In one embodiment, calculating the transmission line length may include calculating the transmission line length by a length computation module.
[0069] Furthermore, the method (560) includes forming a customized meandered waveguide structure (30) with pre-defined dimensions inside a solid aluminum block (10) of the bottom layer (60) and predefined number of slots (90) on the metal plate (80) of the middle layer (100) in step (590).
[0070] The method (560) also includes performing a course optimization (first stage) by overlaying the middle layer (100) on top of the bottom layer (60) for verifying the formation of one or more parameters in step (600). In one embodiment performing course optimization may include performing course optimization by a course optimization module. The length and the angular positions of the slots are optimized to realize the formation of the main lobe and the side lobes by varying amplitude (power) distribution through the slots as per modified Taylor distribution. In one embodiment, verifying course performance may include verifying return loss, scan angle, Directivity, beam width, and side lobe levels in step (610).
[0071] The method (620) also includes performing a pre-fine optimization (second stage) by laying the middle layer (100) in between the top layer (140) and the bottom layer (60). Furthermore, the method (620) also includes forming a top layer with pre-defined number of micro strip patches (120) and micro strip patch antennas (130) on the top surface of a dielectric substrate (100) in step (630) In one embodiment, performing pre-fine optimization may include performing a pre-fine optimization by a pre-fine optimization module which involves formation of one or more pre-defined parameters in step (640).
[0072] The method (620) further includes verifying pre-fine performance which is the second stage verification for the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b) as per FIG. 6 In one embodiment, verifying pre-fine performance may include verifying return loss, scan angle, Directivity, beam width, and side lobe level in step (650)
[0073] Turning to FIG. 20, FIG. 20 is a flow chart representing steps involved in a method (660) for implementing final optimization (third stage) for wide angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) as per FIG 9 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method (660) includes generating a integrated layer (150) by integrating middle layer (100) with the top layer (140). This step (670) includes forming pre-defined number of slots (90) of pre-defined length and angular positions on to the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110) on which already pre-defined number of micro strip patches (120) and micro strip patch antennas (130) are formed as part of step (630).
[0074] The method (660) further includes verifying a performance of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) by laying the integrated layer(150) formed on a dielectric substrate (110) over the bottom layer (60) as per FIG 8. In one embodiment, performing the final optimization may include by a final optimization module which involves optimization of slot length, slot angular positions and micro strip patch antenna dimension for realizing pre-defined parameters in step (680).
[0075] The method (660) further includes verifying final performance which is the final stage performance of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) based on a set of pre-defined instructions in step (690). In one embodiment, verifying the performance may include verifying return loss, scan angle, Directivity, beam width, side lobe level, main lobe and beam position.
[0076] It should be noted that all the elements and the corresponding embodiments as disclosed in FIG.s. 1-3, FIG. 5, FIG. 6, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, are substantially similar to the corresponding elements of FIG. 11-17, therefore all the embodiments of FIG.s. 1-3, FIG.5, FIG.6, FIG.8, FIG.9, holds good for FIG. 11-17.
[0077] Various embodiments of the disclosure enable the FSA to be simulated with EM simulation tool for wide-angle and narrow band width to eliminate limited coverage, low frequency agility, single plane beam deflection, complex planar array configuration, expensive, and large footprint. Also, substantial losses due to long transmission are eliminated, consequently, the limitation on net effect is relaxed, wide beam width and low gain. In addition, long transmissions line lengths are meandered to suit the spacing requirement between consecutive radiating elements.
[0078] Also, the long lengths of meandered line sections introduce mutual coupling issues resulting in distorted radiation pattern. High gain realization warrants more number of radiating elements, which leads to additional transmission losses due to increase in transmission line sections which is addressed in the disclosed design of the FSA. In addition, different types of weighted amplitude distribution schemes like Taylor, Chebyshev, Dolph Chebyshev and the like are being adopted to achieve low side lobe levels and to reduce pattern distortion at band edges.
[0079] Furthermore, waveguide line is used as low loss transmission line to address exact beam position for the desired frequency deviation or step size which entirely depends upon the uniformity, accuracy and shape of the meandered line sections. Also, a balance between gain and the beam width is found and implemented in the disclosed invention.
[0080] While specific language has been used to describe the disclosure, any limitations arising on account of the same are not intended. As would be apparent to a person skilled in the art, various working modifications may be made to the method in order to implement the inventive concept as taught herein.
[0081] The figures and the foregoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, the order of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts need to be necessarily performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples.

We Claim:

1. A wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) with narrow bandwidth comprising:
one or more parameters realized by forming a plurality of customized waveguide layers in three stages, wherein the three stages comprises a first stage associated to a course optimization stage (260a), a second stage associated to a pre-fine optimization stage (260b) and third stage associated to a final optimization stage (260),
wherein the first stage comprises, course optimization of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a), wherein an apparatus for the FSA (260) of the first stage comprises:
a bottom layer (60) comprising:
a meandered waveguide structure (30);
a meandered line section (20);
a solid aluminum block (10);
a coaxial probe (40);
a stub (50),
wherein the probe (40) and the stub (50) are operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure (30) at a predefined distance between a first point (40) to a second point (50), the probe and a stub perform as coaxial transition (70);
a middle layer (100) comprising:
a metal plate (80); and
a pre-defined number of slots (90),
wherein a middle layer (100) is overlaid above the bottom layer (60), to obtain the course performance of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a) comprising one or more parameters.
2. The Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA)(260a) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the meandered waveguide structure (30) is formed in EM simulation tool on a solid aluminum block (10) by forming the meandered line sections (20) on the solid aluminum block (10).
3. The Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA)(260a) as claimed in claim 1, wherein a middle layer (100) is formed in a EM simulation tool by forming pre-defined number of slots (90) of pre-defined length and pre-defined angle on a metal plate (80), length and angular position of the each of the predefined number of slots can be varied, wherein the pre-defined length and pre-defined angle of the slots (90) is conforming to the modified Taylor weighted Amplitude coefficients.
4. An apparatus (160) for course optimization (first stage) of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) comprising:
one or more processors (170) operatively coupled to realize course optimization of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260a);
a gradient calculation module (180) operable by the one or more processors (170), and configured to calculate a phase gradient for a pre-defined scan angle;
a length computation module (190) operable by the one or more processors (170), and configured to calculate a transmission line length for desired phase gradient angle for a pre-defined a frequency deviation;
a course optimization module (200) operable by the one or more processors (170), and configured to perform course optimization by laying the middle layer (100) on top of a bottom layer (60) for verifying the formation of one or more parameters;
a performance verification module (210) operable by the one or more processors (170), and configured to verify course performance.
5. The apparatus (160) as claimed in claim 4 , wherein verifying the one or more parameters comprises verifying at least one of a return loss, a beam deflection, directivity, a beam width, or a combination thereof.
6. An apparatus (220) for pre-fine optimization of a second stage of a wide-angle frequency scanning antenna (FSA) (260b) comprising:
a bottom layer (60), a middle layer (100) and a top layer (140),
wherein the bottom layer (60) comprises:
a meandered waveguide structure (30);
a meandered line section (20);
a solid aluminum block (10);
a coaxial probe (40);
a stub (50)
wherein the probe (40) and the stub (50) are operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure (30) at a predefined distance between a first point (40) to a second point (50), the probe and the stub acts as coaxial transition (70),
wherein the middle layer (100) comprises:
a metal plate (80);
a pre-defined number of slots (90);
wherein the top layer (140) comprises:
a dielectric substrate (110);
a micro strip patches (120) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110); and
a micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110),
wherein the middle layer (100) is laid in-between the bottom layer (60) and the top layer (140) to obtain the pre-fine performance of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b) comprising one or more parameters.
7. The Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bottom layer (60), the middle layer (100) comprises a pre-defined number of slots (90) on a metal plate (80) is formed in an EM simulation tool. The process for formation of bottom layer and the middle layer is same as in claim 2 and claim 3
8. The Frequency Scanning Antenna(FSA) (260b) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the top layer (140) is formed in an EM simulation tool by forming predefined number of micro strip patches (120) and a predefined number of micro strip patch antennas (130) and laid in at least two rows along both the sides of the total predefined number of micro strip patches (120), wherein the pre-defined number of micro strip patch antennas (130) are twice the pre-defined number of micro strip patches (120).
9. The Frequency Scanning Antenna(FSA) (260b) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dimensions of each of the predefined number of micro strip patches (120) and pre-defined micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110), forming the top layer (140) can be varied, wherein each of the pre-defined micro strip patches (120) is placed exactly above each of the corresponding slot (90) on the middle layer (100), wherein each of the pre-defined number of slot (90) formed on the middle layer (100) couples’ energy to each of the micro strip patches (120) formed on the top layer (140) in accordance with the modified Taylors distribution. Micro strip patches (120) in turn feed the micro strip patch antennas (130). Slots on the middle layer (100) acts as primary antennas and micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top layer (140) acts as secondary antennas.
10. An apparatus (220) for performing pre-fine optimization of a second stage for a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b), wherein the apparatus (220) comprising:
one or more processors (230) operatively coupled to perform pre-fine optimization of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260b); and
a pre-fine optimization module (240) configured to perform pre-fine optimization using the bottom layer (60), middle layer (100) and a top layer (140) for verifying a pre-fine performance of the wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) based on a set of pre-defined instructions,
a performance verification module (250) operable by the one or more processors (230), and configured to verify one or more parameters of pre-fine performance
11. The apparatus (220) as claimed in claim 10, wherein verifying the one or more parameters comprises verifying at least one of a return loss,, a beam deflection, directivity, a beam width, side lobe level or a combination thereof (250)
12. An apparatus (270) for performing a third stage for final optimization of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260), wherein the apparatus (270) comprising:
a bottom layer (60) and an integrated layer (150),
wherein the bottom layer (60) comprises:
a meandered waveguide structure (30);
a meandered line section (20);
a solid aluminum block (10);
a coaxial probe (40);
a stub (50),
wherein the probe (40) and the stub (50) are operatively coupled to the meandered wave guide structure (30) at a predefined distance between a first point (40) to a second point (50), the probe and the stub acts as coaxial transition (70),
wherein the integrated layer (150) comprises:
a dielectric substrate (110);
a micro strip patches (120) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110);
a micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110); and
a slot 90) formed on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110),
wherein the integrated layer (150) is laid above the bottom layer (60) in an EM simulation tool to obtain final performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) comprising one or more parameters.
13. The Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) as claimed in claim 12, wherein the bottom layer (60) comprises of meandered waveguide structure (30).and the forming process is same as in claim 2
14. The Frequency Scanning Antenna (260) as claimed in claim 12, wherein the integrated layer (150) consisting of pre-defined number of micro strip patches (120) and micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110) and pre-defined number of slots (90) formed on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110)
15. The Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) as claimed in claim 12, wherein the dimensions of each of the predefined number of micro strip patches (120) and pre-defined number of micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110), and the dimensions and angular positions of the pre-defined number of slots (90) formed on the bottom surface of dielectric substrate (110) can be varied. Each of the pre-defined number of slot (90) formed on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110) couples’ energy to each of the micro strip patches (120) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110) in accordance with the modified Taylors distribution. The micro strip patches (120) in turn feed the micro strip patch antennas (130) laid in two rows along the sides of micro strip patch antennas (120). The slots (90) on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate (110) acts as primary antennas and micro strip patch antennas (130) formed on the top surface of the dielectric substrate (110) acts as secondary antennas.
16. An apparatus (270) for performing final optimization (third stage) for a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) comprises of a bottom layer (60) and an integrated layer (150),
wherein the integrated layer (150) is overlaid above the bottom layer (60) in the EM simulation tool to obtain the final performance of wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260) comprising one or more parameters:
one or more processors (280) operatively coupled to perform final optimization and to realize final performance of a wide-angle Frequency Scanning Antenna (FSA) (260); and
a final optimization module (290) operable by the one or more processors (280), and configured to perform final optimization using the integrated layer (150) and a bottom layer (60) for verifying the formation of one or more parameters; wherein verifying the one or more parameters comprises, (300) verifying at least one of a return loss, a main lobe, a beam deflection, directivity, a beam width, or a combination thereof.