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Adaptive Coupling System Based On A Flexible Risk Transfer Structure And Corresponding Method Thereof

Abstract: Proposed are a system (1) and a method for an event triggered switching device (11) envisioned for the complementary switching of two coupled insurance systems by providing self sufficient risk protection of a variable number of risk exposure components (21 22 23) by means of two resource pooling systems (10 12) associated with the insurance systems and wherein data structures (711 712 713) for storing a plurality of variable risk transfer segments (721 722 723) are provided by means of a segmentation table (7) of the switching device (11) and wherein an adaptable risk transfer function (73) is generated based on the structure (74) of the plurality of variable risk transfer segments (721 722 723). A payment parameter (731 732 733) is assigned to each variable risk transfer segment (721 722 723) of the segmentation table (7) and upon triggering the total payment sum of the payment parameters (73 732 733) at the second payment transfer module (42) the risk exposure of the first insurance system (10) associated with the variable risk transfer segments (721 722 723) of the top down table (7) is transferred to the second insurance system (12). When the occurrence of a risk event is detected by means of event driven triggers (31 32) in the data flow pathway (213 223 233) of measuring devices (215 225 235) the corresponding variable risk segment (721 722 723) is determined within the segmentation table (7) and an activation signal is generated based on the corresponding risk transfer function (73) wherein the complementary activation of the first and second resource pooling systems (10 12) is triggered by means of the generated activation signal and risk protection for the risk exposure components (21 22 23) is provided based on the transferred activation signal by means of the first and/or second resource pooling system (10 12).

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Patent Information

Application #
Filing Date
12 October 2016
Publication Number
45/2016
Publication Type
INA
Invention Field
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Status
Email
ipo@knspartners.com
Parent Application

Applicants

SWISS REINSURANCE COMPANY LTD.
Mythenquai 50/60 CH 8022 Zürich

Inventors

1. SCHMID Andreas Michael
Brinerstrasse 2 CH 8003 Zürich
2. NIERING Rita
Hopfenstrasse 10a 85395 Attenkirchen

Specification

Adaptive Coupling-System Based on a Flexible Risk Transfer Structure And Corresponding Method Thereof Field of the Invention The present invention relates to automated insurance systems, in particular coupling-systems for automated insurance systems, that offer risk sharing for a variable number of risk exposure components by providing dynamic self-sufficient risk protection for the risk exposure components by means of two complementary coupled insurance systems; e.g., a n insurance system and a reinsurance system. In particular, the invention relates to an event-driven switching device for the complementary switching of two coupled, autonomously operated resource-pooling systems o n the basis of a flexible and adaptable risk transfer structure and function in order to provide risk protection with regard to the pooled risk exposure components by means of the two complementary, activated resource-pooling systems associated with the insurance systems. Background of the Invention Risk transfer has been used for a long time in the state of the art a s a technical tool to manage the risk of uncertain losses, in particular to keep up operation of functional, technical or business units. These days, significant risk exposure is associated with many aspects in the life and non-life sectors. Risk exposed units, such a s any kinds of objects, individuals, corporate bodies and/or legal entities, are necessarily confronted with many forms of active and passive risk management †o hedge and protect against the risk of certain losses and events. The prior art addresses such risk o f loss, for example, based on transferring and pooling the risk of loss from a plurality of risk exposed entities to a dedicated pooling entity. In essence, this can be executed by effectively allocating the risk of loss to this pooling unit or entity in that resources of associated units, which are exposed to a certain risk, are pooled. If one of the units is hit by a n event that is linked to a transferred risk, the pooling entity directly intercepts the loss or damage caused by the event by transferring resources from the pooled resources to the affected unit. Pooling of resources can be achieved by exchanging premiums that are to be paid for the transfer of the risk. This means that predefined resource amounts are exchanged for the other unit thereby assuming the risk of loss. As described above, insurance systems use resource-pooling systems to pool the resources and risks of associated risk exposed components. However, to avoid operational instabilities, often such resource pooling systems of on insurance system are coupled to one or more other resource pooling systems in order to redistribute parts of their pooled risks. Correspondingly, a loss that is to be covered can be segmented by those coupled insurance systems, wherein for switching from one insurance system to another insurance system, a n optimal risk transfer structure has to be provided by the systems. The issue of providing optimal reinsurance solutions is a classical problem of insurance systems, since the appropriate use of coupled secondary resource pooling systems, as, e.g., reinsurance systems, is often a n effective risk management tool for managing and mitigating the risk exposure of a primary system and for guaranteeing operational stability and operational best mode practices for a minimal pooling of necessary resources. However, the related effectiveness depends o n the choice of the most optimized risk transfer structure. Typically, the technical problem of optimally coupling insurance systems can be defined a s a n issue of optimization; meaning the goal is minimizing the total risk exposure of a n insurance system under different boundary criteria, such as, e.g., criteria of value a t risk or conditional value a t risk, i.e. by finding the optimal balance between the benefit (reducing the risk by purchasing reinsurance shares) and the cost (premiums) of the redistributed insurance risk shares. Therefore, the object of the present invention addresses the technical problem of coupling two resource pooling systems with the goal of pooling the risk exposure of associated components and in seeking better and more effective technical implementations on the basis of a n appropriate risk transfer structure. The prior art specifies a plurality of systems addressing the above-mentioned problem. For example, US 2004/0236698 A l describes a system for automated risk management trade between two coupled systems; in particular, a insurance and a reinsurance system. This system provides for the transfer of premiums and loss payments directly between the risk-pooling systems. Further, the system allows for interactions between the two coupled systems, which allows for decision-making functions concerning reinsurance products. However, US 2004/0236698 A l does not describe how a loss transfer structure should be designed for a specific insurance system, or how the insurance system should optimize its own risk exposure for the process of determining the mitigation of its own risk. Another example of the known prior art in the field of automated risk transfer systems is US 201 1/01 12870 A l . US 201 1/01 12870 A l discloses a system for determining a percentage for assigning , i.e., transfer-related risk in a n insurance pool, wherein the transferred risks are shared via a secondary resource pooling system that is based on predefined transfer-specific conditions of a reinsurance contract. The system mainly allows for automatically providing information a s to losses, which is transferred to the captive resource pooling system in insurer's system and reinsurer's system. However, US 201 1/01 12870 A l does not disclose a general method for determining the amount of the actual risk transfer. Still another example of a prior art patent in the field of optimal risk transfer strategies is US 7,970,682 Bl . US 7,970,682 Bl discloses a system that automatically provides a primary resource pooling system's risk transfer structure for the purpose of accommodating the long-standing exposure of liabilities, for achieving significant risk transfer to a third party (reinsurer), for reducing potential financial reporting inconsistencies between hedge assets and liabilities, for less operational risk, and finally for having less exposure to rollover risk (due to changes in the cost of hedging instruments); i.e., in effect, tools for assuring the operational stability of the primary resource pooling system. US 7,970,682 Bl is not specifically directed a t optimizing the risk transfer structures of the pooled risk of a primary resource and risk pooling system; instead, US 7,970,682 Bl is another example for a n optimization of the primary insurance system's risk strategies. However, nothing in the prior art provides a system for flexible risk transfer modeling by a segmentation of the risk transfer function in several layers using different shares, which allows for individual optimization between the pooled resources of the secondary resource pooling system (premium) and the appropriate benefit level for operational stability of the primary resource pooling system. In summary, in the prior art, existing systems, which operation are a t least partially based o n risk transfer schemes or structures come in many different forms, wherein they often have very different objectives and operational approaches. However, typically, the range of schemes or structures of the prior art systems are specific to one particular locality, sector or country, supporting the view that there is no 'one-size-fits-air solution in the prior art. Furthermore, the optimization of the prior art systems is restricted to their structure, upon which they are based on, i.e. either by a proportional or nor-proportional approach. Therefore, the optimizations of the prior art systems are technically bound to their chosen risk transfer structure, a s proportional or non-proportional. So, the prior art systems do technically not allow a flexible, completely problem-specific adapted optimization by means of determining a n appropriately adapted risk transfer function, moreover not by a dynamically or semidynamically self-adapted risk transfer structure by means of the systems. Starting form the prior art systems, constructing and assessing the effectiveness and sustainability of a risk transfer structure, particularly in the context of adaptation of complementary coupled systems, is a technical challenge. This goes beyond pure economic costbenefit analysis, and it needs to include the recognition of the different optimization objectives such a s vulnerability reduction, commercial viability, affordability, and the financial sustainability of a scheme in the context of changing risk levels due to optimizing risk transfer structures, but is a technical challenge on the construction a n technical basis of such systems, themselves. Summary of the Invention It is one object of the present invention to provide a system and method for sharing the risk of risk events of a variable number of risk exposure components by providing dynamic, self-sufficient risk protection for the risk exposure components; this is achieved by means of a primary resource-pooling system, which is stabilized and optimized by a n appropriate partial risk transfer to at least one secondary resource and risk pooling system using a n optimized risk transfer structure. In particular, the system provides a n automated switching mechanism between the two coupled systems and offers a measure for the optimization of the systems. A further object of the invention seeks to provide a way to technically capture, handle and automate complex, related risk transfer structures and switching operations of the insurance industry that are related to optimally shared risks and transfer operations. Another object of the invention seeks to synchronize and adjust such operations based on technical means. In contrast to standard practice, the resource-pooling systems creates a reproducible operation with the desired, technically based, repetitious accuracy that relies on technical means, process flow and process control/operation. According †o the present invention, these objects are achieved, particularly, with the features of the independent claims. In addition, further advantageous embodiments can be derived from the dependent claims and the related descriptions. According to the present invention, the above-mentioned objects for complementary switching of two coupled, autonomously operated insurance systems that are provided for the purpose of self-sufficient risk protection of a variable number of risk exposure components are achieved, particularly, in that a system is envisioned that includes a n event-triggered switching device; and said switching device operates with two coupled, automated resource-pooling systems that are associated with the insurance systems, and wherein the risk exposure components are connected to the resource-pooling system of the first insurance system by means of a plurality of first payment-transfer modules configured to receive and store payments from the risk exposure components for pooling their risks, and wherein the first resource-pooling system is connected to the second resource-pooling system of the second insurance system by means of a second payment-transfer module configured to receive and store payments from the resource-pooling system of the first insurance system for transferring segmentation layers of the pooled risks of the risk exposure components from the first insurance system to the second insurance system; and in that the switching device comprises a top-down table providing data structures for storing a plurality of variable risk transfer segments that comprise a n assigned segment value, and wherein a n adaptable risk transfer function is provided by the structure of the plurality of variable risk transfer segments by means of a n assembly module; and in that by means of a core engine of the switching device a payment parameter is assigned to each variable risk transfer segment of the top-down table and accumulated to form a total payment sum, and wherein the switching device comprises a capturing device for capturing payment transfer parameters from the first payment-transfer module to the second payment-transfer module, and wherein, upon triggering a transfer of the total payment sum at the second payment-transfer module, the risk exposure of the first insurance system associated with the variable risk transfer segments is transferred to the second insurance system; in that the core engine comprises event-driven triggers that trigger in a data flow pathway of measuring devices, which are associated with the risk exposure components, a signal for the occurrence of a risk event, and wherein, in case of a triggering of a n occurrence of a risk event in the data flow pathway, the corresponding variable risk segment is determined within the top-down table by means of the core engine, particularly based o n the measured actual loss; and in that, in case of the occurrence of a risk event, a n activation signal is generated by means of the switching device based o n the determined variable risk segment and the measured actual loss, and wherein the switching device triggers the complementary activation of the first and second resource pooling system by means of the generated activation signal by transferring the activation to the first and/or second resource pooling system to provide risk protection for the risk exposure components. The data structure of the top-down table for storing the variable risk transfer segments can a t least, for example, comprise, for each of the stored risk segments, parameters that indicate the size of the variable risk transfer segments and the payment parameters that are assigned to each variable risk transfer segment of the top-down table. Further, the data structure can, e.g., comprise a parameter indicating the accumulated total payment sum that is required by the second resource pooling system from the first resource pooling system for transferring the risk corresponding to the defined risk transfer structure by means of the variable risk transfer segments. A loss that is associated with the risk event and allocated with a pooled risk exposure component can be, e.g., distinctly covered by the first resource pooling system of the first insurance system, such a s by means of a transfer of payments from the first resource pooling system to said risk exposure component, and wherein a second transfer of payment from the second resource pooling system to the first resource pooling system is triggered by means of the generated activation signal based on the determined variable risk segment within the top-down table and the measured actual loss of the risk exposure component or the adaptable risk transfer function provided by the assembly module. However, a s a n embodied variant, it is also possible that the loss, which corresponds to the risk transferred to the second resource pooling system a s defined by the corresponding risk segments, is directly covered by the second resource pooling system in that resources are transferred from the second resource pooling system to the concerned risk exposure components. The invention has, inter alia, the advantage that the system provides the technical means for optimizing the coupling and switching of coupled resource pooling systems, thereby providing a n effective risk protection of risk exposed components. The inventive system further allows for a more flexible risk transfer structure; this is achieved by a segmentation of the risk transfer function into several layers with different shares, instead of using a purely proportional or non-proportional risk transfer structure. Moreover, the risk structure is easily adaptable by the first and/or second resource pooling system to the technical or otherwise individual conditions and requirements thereof. The segmentation allows a n optimized adjustment of the risk transfer structure to a specific requirements of the insurance system; i.e., the primary insurance system's risk exposure. Due to the better adjustment of risk transfer structure and/or function, the provided solution can offer the advantages of proportional and non-proportional risk transfer. The need for optimized insurance system coupling and switching is a typical technical problem in the field of insurance technology; and the appropriate use of a risk transfer coupling structure is a necessary requirement for a n effective and optimized risk management tool for the purpose of managing and mitigating the primary resource pooling's risk exposure. However, effectiveness depends on the choice of the most optimized risk transfer structure, which is implemented in the context of the switching functionality of the two coupled systems. The invention provides supremely optimized coupling based on the classically prevalent interest of managing the two coupled risk transfer systems, seeking better and more effective operation and strategies based on a n appropriate risk transfer structure. The system has, furthermore, the advantage that smaller pooled resources, in contrast to traditional coupled resource pooling systems, are sufficient to allow for a safe operation of the system. In addition, the operational aspects of the system are transparent to operators a s well a s covered risk units, since payment is transferred in response to individually adaptable risk transfer structures and related to certain definable triggers in the context of the information pathways. Finally, the inventive system provides a new modality for optimizing the underlying risk transfer structure in the service of risk transfer and sharing of two coupled insurance systems by using several layers of different sharing, thereby allowing, for example, for combining the advantages of proportional and nonproportional risk transfer. In one embodied variant, the switching device can, e.g., comprise capturing means that capture a transfer of payment assigned to one of the variable risk transfer segments from the first insurance system a t the second payment-transfer module, wherein the assigned variable risk transfer segment is activated, and wherein the risk exposure of the first insurance system associated with the assigned variable risk transfer segment is transferred to the second insurance system. This embodiment variant has, inter alia, the advantage that also single risk segments can be activated allowing a distinct and discrete risk transfer from the first to the second resource pooling system. In another embodied variant, the risk exposure of the first insurance system associated with the variable risk transfer segments of the top-down table is only transferred to the second insurance system if a seamless risk transfer function can be provided by the structure of risk transfer segments, which provide the risk transfer functionality by means of a n assembly module. This embodied variant has, inter alia, the advantage that the problems of a non-continuous risk transfer structure are avoided, which, for example, can be a problem when processing the optimization of the risk transfer structure of the system, i.e. the underlying risk transfer functionality, by means of the assembly module. In a further embodied variant, the risk transfer functionality is comprised of the plurality of stored, variable risk transfer segments, wherein the first resource pooling system comprises a n interface module for accessing and adapting the assigned segment value of each of the variable risk transfer segments prior to the transfer of the payment sum from the first resource pooling system to the second resource pooling system. This embodied variant has, inter alia, the advantage that the risk transfer structure can be dynamically adjusted and, moreover, selected and/or optimized directly by the first resource pooling system or the associated insurance system. In still another embodied variant, the assembly module of the switching device comprises means for processing risk-related component data and for providing data a s to the likelihood of said risk exposure for one or a plurality of the pooled risk exposure components, in particular, based on risk-related component data, and wherein the receipt and preconditioned storage of payments from risk exposure components for the pooling of their risks can be dynamically determined based on the total risk and/or the likelihood of risk exposure of the pooled risk exposure components. This embodied variant has, inter alia, the advantage that the operation of the first and/or second resource-pooling system can be dynamically adjusted to changing conditions in relation to the pooled risk, as, for example, a change of the environmental conditions or risk distribution, or the like, of the pooled risk components. A further advantage is that the system does not require any manual adjustments, when it is operated in different environments, places or countries, because the size of the payments of the risk exposure components is directly related to the total pooled risk. In one embodied variant, the assembly module of the switching device comprises means for processing risk-related component data and for providing information a s to the likelihood of said risk exposure for one or a plurality of the pooled risk exposure components, in particular, based on risk-related component data, and wherein the receipt and preconditioned storage of payments from the first resource pooling system to the second resource pooling system for the transfer of its risk can be dynamically determined based o n the total risk and/or the likelihood of risk exposure of the pooled risk exposure components. This embodied variant has, inter alia, the advantage that the operation of the first and/or second resource-pooling system can be dynamically adjusted to changing conditions of the pooled risk, as, for example, changes of the environmental conditions or risk distribution, or the like, of the pooled risk components. A further advantage is the fact that the system does not require any manual adjustments, when it is operated in different environments, places or countries, because the size of the payments of the risk exposure components is directly related to the total pooled risk. In one embodied variant, the number of pooled risk exposure components is dynamically adjusted by means of the first resource-pooling system to a range where non-covariant, occurring risks covered by the resource-pooling system affect only a relatively small proportion of the total pooled risk exposure components a t any given time. Analogously, the second resource pooling system can, e.g., dynamically adjust the number of pooled risk shares transferred from first resource pooling systems to a range where non-covariant, occurring risks covered by the second resource-pooling system affect only a relatively small proportion of the total pooled risk transfers from first resource pooling systems a t any given time. This variant has, inter alia, the advantage that the operational and financial stability of the system can be improved. In one embodied variant, the risk event triggers are dynamically adjusted by means of a n operating module based o n time-correlated incidence data for one or a plurality of risk events. This embodied variant has, inter alia, the advantage that improvements in capturing risk events or avoiding the occurrence of such events, e.g. by improved forecasting systems etc., can be dynamically captured by the system and dynamically affect the overall operation of the system based on the total risk of the pooled risk exposure components. In another embodied variant, upon each triggering of a n occurrence, where parameters indicating a risk event are measured, by means of a t least one risk event trigger, a total parametric payment is allocated with the triggering, and wherein the total allocated payment is Transferable upon a triggering of the occurrence. The predefined total payments can, e.g., be leveled to any appropriate lump sum, such as, for example, a predefined value, or any other sum related to the total transferred risk and the amount of the periodic payments of the risk exposure component. This variant, inter alia, has the advantage that the parametric payments or the payments of predefined amounts, which, a s in the embodied variant, may also depend o n a first, second, third or a plurality of trigger levels, i.e. the different stages of triggers, and allow for a n adjusted payment of the total sum that can, e.g., be dependent o n the stage of the occurrence of a risk event, a s triggered by the system. In one embodied variant, a periodic payment transfer from the risk exposure components to the resource pooling system via a plurality of payment receiving modules is requested by means of a monitoring module of the resourcepooling system, wherein the risk transfer or protection for the risk exposure components is interrupted by the monitoring module, when the periodic transfer is no longer detectable by means of the monitoring module. As a variant, the request for periodic payment transfer can be interrupted automatically or waived by means of the monitoring module, when the occurrence of indicators for a risk event is triggered in the data flow pathway of a risk exposure component. These embodied variants have, inter alia, the advantage that the system allows for further automation of the monitoring operation, especially of its operation with regard to the pooled resources. In a further embodied variant, a n independent verification risk event trigger of the first and/or second resource pooling system is activated in cases when the occurrence of indicators for a risk event is triggered in the data flow pathway of a risk exposure component by means of the risk event triggers, and wherein the independent verification risk event trigger, additionally, issues a trigger in the event of the occurrence of indicators regarding risk events in a n alternative data flow pathway with independent measuring parameters from the primary data flow pathway in order to verify the occurrence of the risk event a t the risk exposure component. In this variant, the transfer of payments is only assigned to the corresponding risk exposure component, if the occurrence of the risk event a t the risk exposure component is verified by fhe independent verification risk event trigger. These embodied variants have, inter alia, the advantage that the operational and financial stability of the system can thus be improved. In addition, the system is rendered less vulnerably relative to fraud and counterfeit. In a embodied variant, a system is provided for adaptive operation of a n autonomously operated risk-transfer systems by providing self-sufficient risk protection of a variable number of risk exposure components by means of a n automated resourcepooling system capable of pooling resources and absorbing transferred risks, wherein the risk exposure components are connected to the resource-pooling system by means of a payment-transfer module configured for receiving and storing payments from the risk exposure components for the pooling of their risks. The risk-transfer systems can comprise or be associated with insurance systems, a s e.g. primary insurance systems, or any kind of financial systems or business units capable of absorbing transferred risks. For example, the inventive system for risk-transfer can be applied to or extended to assetbased systems, a s operational units of financial instituts etc. In this embodied variant, a switching device comprises a top-down table providing data structures for storing a plurality of variable risk transfer segments comprising a n assigned segment value providing a measure for a segmented part of the pooled risk, wherein a n adaptable risk transfer function is provided by the structure of the plurality of variable risk transfer segments by means of a n assembly module. By means of a core engine of the switching device, a payment parameter is assigned to each variable risk transfer segment of the top-down table and accumulated over all variable risk transfer segments to a total payment sum, wherein the switching device comprises a capturing device for capturing payment transfer parameters from the risk exposure components to the payment-transfer module, and wherein, upon triggering a transfer of the total payment sum a t the payment-transfer module, the risk exposure of the risk exposure component assigned to the transfer of the payment sum is transferred to the insurance system. The core engine comprises event-driven triggers for the triggering, in a data flow pathway, of measuring devices associated with the risk exposure components for the occurrence of a risk event, and wherein, in case of a triggering of a n occurrence of a risk event in the data flow pathway, the corresponding variable risk segment is determined within the top-down table by means of the core engine based o n the measured actual loss. In case of the occurrence of a risk event, a n activation signal is generated by means of the switching device based o n the determined variable risk segment and the measured actual loss, wherein the switching device triggers the activation of the resource-pooling system by means of the generated activation signal by transferring the activation to the resource pooling system to provide risk protection to the risk exposure components, and wherein the activation of the resource pooling system is based on the adaptable risk transfer function. In addition to the system, a s described above, and the corresponding method, the present invention also relates to a computer program product that includes computer program code means for controlling one or more processors of the control system in such a manner that the control system performs the proposed method; and it relates, in particular, to a computer program product that includes a computer-readable medium that contains therein the computer program code means for the processors. Brief Description of the Drawings The present invention will be explained in more detail, by way of example, with reference to the drawings in which: Figure 1 shows a block diagram illustrating schematically a n exemplary system 1with an event-triggered switching device 11 for complementary switching of two coupled, autonomously operated insurance systems by providing a self-sufficient risk protection of a variable number of risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23 by means of two automated resource-pooling systems 10, 12. The switching device 11 comprises a n adaptable top-down table 7 providing data structures 7 11, 712, 713 for storing a plurality of variable risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 comprising a n assigned segment value 5 11, 5 12, 5 13, wherein a n adaptable risk transfer function 73 is provided by the structure 74 of the segments 721 , 722, 723. Figure 2 shows a block diagram illustrating schematically the coupling structure of prior art systems using either a proportional or non-proportional switching structure. Figure 3 shows a block diagram illustrating schematically the coupling structure of prior art systems using either a proportional or non-proportional switching structure, in contrast to a n optimized coupling structure based on a n optimized risk transfer function. Figures 4 and 5 show block diagrams illustrating schematically a n exemplary segmentation of a risk transfer structure by a plurality of variable risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 by means of a top-down table 7 of the switching device 11, comprising a n assigned segment value 5 11, 5 12, 5 13 for a segmented part of the pooled risk, i.e. a particular risk contribution 5 1i to the total pooled risk of the first resource pooling system. Figure 6 shows block diagrams illustrating schematically a n exemplary overall optimization process, a s conducted by the calculation engine of the assembly module 5. To start the optimization process by means of the calculation engine of the assembly module 5, standard values, a s widely accepted quantities like the ratio between total risk transfer costs divided by the capital costs, can e.g. be used. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Figure 1 illustrates, schematically, a n architecture for a possible implementation of a n embodiment of the system 1 with a n event-triggered switching device 11 for complementary switching of two coupled, autonomously operated insurance systems by providing self-sufficient risk protection of a variable number of risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23 by means of two automated resource-pooling systems 10, 12 that are associated with the insurance systems. In Figure 1, reference numeral 1 refers to a system for providing optimized risk protection related to risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23... with the associated coupled resource-pooling systems 10, 12. The resource-pooling systems 10, 12, which are coupled, steered and/or operated by means of the switching device 11, provide dynamic self-sufficient risk protection and a corresponding risk protection structure for the variable number of risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23; i.e., units exposed to defined risk events, wherein the occurrence of such risk events is measurable and triggerable by means of appropriate measuring devices and/or trigger modules triggering in the data flow pathway of output data; i.e., measuring parameters of the measuring devices. The system 1 includes at least one processor and associated memory modules. The system 1 can also include one or more display units and operating elements, such a s a keyboard and/or graphic pointing devices, such a s a computer mouse. The resource-pooling systems 10 and 12 are technical devices comprising electronic means that can be used by service providers in the field of risk transfer or insurance technology for the purpose of risk transfer a s it relates to the occurrence of measurable risk events. The invention seeks to capture, handle and automate by technical means complex related operations of the automated insurance systems, in particular in a n effort of optimizing the interaction of coupled systems, and to reduce the operational requirements. Another aspect that is addressed is finding ways to synchronize and adjust such operations related to coupling or switching of resource pooling systems, which are directed a t proved risk protection of risk exposed units based on technical means. In contrast to the standard practice, the resource-pooling systems also achieve reproducible, dynamically adjustable operations with the desired technical, repeating accuracy, because it is completely based o n technical means, a process flow and process control/operation. The switching device 11 and/or the resource-pooling systems 10 and 12 comprise a n assembly module 5 for processing risk-related component data 2 11, 221 , 231 and for providing the likelihood 212, 222, 232 of said risk exposure for one or a plurality of the pooled risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23, etc. based on the riskrelated component data 2 11, 221 , 231 . The resource-pooling systems 10 and 12 a s well a s the switching device 11 can be implemented a s a technical platform, which is developed and implemented to provide risk transfer through a plurality of (but a t least one) payment transfer modules 4 1 and 42. The risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23, etc. are connected to the resource-pooling system 10 by means of the plurality of payment transfer modules 4 1 that are configured to receive and store payments 214, 224, 234 from the risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23 for the pooling of their risks in a payment data store 1. The storage of the payments can be implemented by transferring and storing component-specific payment parameters. The payment amount can be determined dynamically by means of the resource-pooling system 10 based o n total risk of the overall pooled risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23. For the pooling of the resources, the system 1 can comprise a monitoring module 8 that requests a periodic payment transfer from the risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23, etc. to the resourcepooling system 1 by means of the payment transfer module 4 1, wherein the risk protection for the risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23 is interrupted by the monitoring module 8, when the periodic transfer is no longer detectable by means of the monitoring module 8. In one embodied variant, the request for periodic payment transfers is automatically interrupted or waived by means of the monitoring module 8, when the occurrence of indicators for risk event is triggered in the data flow pathway of a risk exposure component 2 1, 22, 23. Analogously, the first resource-pooling system 10 is connected to the second resource-pooling system 12 of the second insurance system by means of a second payment-transfer module 42 that is configured for receiving and storing payments from the resource-pooling system 10 of the first insurance system for the transfer of risks associated with the pooled risks 50 of the risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23 from the first insurance system 10 to the second insurance system 12. The coupling and switching of the two complementary, autonomously operated resource pooling systems 10, 12 is achieved by the event-triggered switching device 11 for generating and transmitting appropriate steering signals to the first and second resource pooling systems 10, 12. As indicated in Figure 1, the system 1 includes a data storing module for capturing the risk-related component data and multiple functional modules; e.g., namely the payment transfer modules 4 1 and 42, the core engine 3 with the risk event triggers 3 1, 32, the assembly module 5 or the operating module 30. The functional modules can be implemented a t least partly a s programmed software modules stored on a computer readable medium, connected a s fixed or removable to the processor(s) of system 1 or to associated automated systems. One skilled in the art understands, however, that the functional modules can also be implemented fully by means of hardware components, units and/or appropriately implemented modules. As illustrated in Figure 1, system 1 and its components, in particular the first and second resource pooling systems 10, 12, the switching device 11, the trigger modules 3 1,32, the measuring devices 215, 225, 235 with the interfaces 213, 223, 232, the assembly module 5, and the payment transfer modules 4 1, 42, can be connected via a network 9 1, such a s a telecommunications network. The network 9 1 can include a hard-wired or wireless network; e.g., the Internet, a GSM network (Global System for Mobile Communication), a n UMTS network (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and/or a WLAN (Wireless Local Region Network), and/or dedicated point-to-point communication lines. In any case, the technical electronic money-related setup for the present system comprises adequate technical, organizational and procedural safeguards to prevent, contain and detect threats to the security of the structure, particularly counterfeiting threats. The resource-pooling systems 10, 12 comprise, furthermore, all the necessary technical means for electronic money transfer and link-up association; e.g., a s initiated by one or more associated payment transfer modules 4 1, 42 via a n electronic network. The monetary parameters can be based o n any possible electronic and transfer means, such as, e.g., e-currency, e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash, digital currency, or cyber currency etc., which can only be exchanged electronically. The first and second payment data stores 1, 62 provide the means for associating and storing monetary parameters associated with a single of the pooled risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23. The present invention can involve the use of the mentioned networks, such as, e.g., computer networks or telecommunication networks, and/or the internet and digital stored value systems. Electronic funds transfer (EFT), direct deposit, digital gold currency and virtual currency are further examples of electronic money modalities. Also, transfers can involve technologies such a s financial cryptography and technologies for enabling such transfers. For the transaction of the monetary parameters, it is preferable that hard electronic currency is used, without the technical possibilities for disputing or reversing charges. The resource-pooling systems 10, 12 support, for example, non-reversible transactions. The advantage of this arrangement is that the operating costs of the electronic currency system are greatly reduced by not having to resolve payment disputes. However, this way, it is also possible for electronic currency transactions to clear instantly, making the funds available immediately to the systems 10, 12. This means that using hard electronic currency is rather akin to a cash transaction. However, also conceivable is the use of soft electronic currency, such a s currency that allows for the reversal of payments, for example having a "clearing time" of 72 hours, or the like. The way of the electronic monetary parameter exchange applies to all connected systems and modules related to the resource-pooling systems 10, 12 of the present invention, such as, e.g., the first and second payment transfer modules 4 1, 42. The monetary parameter transfer to the first and second resource-pooling system 10, 12 can be initiated by a payment-transfer module 4 1 rsp. 42 or upon request by the related resource-pooling system 10 or 12. The system 1 comprises a n event-driven core engine 3 comprising risk event triggers 3 1, 32 for triggering component-specific measuring parameters in the data flow pathway 2 13, 223, 233 of the assigned risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23. The data flow pathway 213, 223, 233 can, e.g., be monitored by the system by means of measuring devices 215, 225, 235 that are connected to a data flow pathway 9 via the interfaces 213, 223, 233; in particular, it can be monitored by the resource-pooling systems 10 and/or 12 and/or the switching device 11, thereby capturing componentrelated measuring parameters of the data flow pathway 213, 223, 233 a t least periodically and/or within predefined time periods. According to a n embodied variant, the data flow pathway 2 13, 223, 233 can, for example, also be dynamically monitored by the system 1, such a s by triggering component-measuring parameters of the data flow pathway 213, 223, 233 that are transmitted from associated measuring systems 215, 225, 235. Triggering the data flow pathway 213, 223, 233, which comprises dynamically recorded measuring parameters of the concerned risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23, the system 1 is able to detect the occurrence of predefined risk events based on predefined trigger parameters. Further, the system 1 can, e.g., also dynamically monitor different stages during the progress of the impact of a risk event on the risk exposure component 2 1, 22, 23 in order to provide appropriately adapted and gradated risk protection for a specific risk exposure component 2 1, 22, 23. Such a risk protection structure is based o n received and stored payments 214, 224, 234 from the related risk exposure component 2 1, 22, 23 and/or related to the total risk 50 of the resourcepooling system 10, based o n the overall transferred risks of all pooled risk exposure components 2 1, 22, 23. The switching device 11 comprises a top-down table 7, e.g. realized a s a searchable, hierarchically structured data hash table. The top-down table 7 provides hierarchical data structures 7 11, 7 12, 7 13 for storing a plurality of variable risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 by means of assigned segment values 5 1 1, 5 12, 5 13. In this way, the i-†h variable risk transfer segment 721 , 722, 723 comprises the i-†h measure for a part of a segmented layer, i.e. a part of the i-†h risk contribution, of the total pooled risk 50. By means of the measures of the parts of the segmented risk layers of the pooled risk, a n adaptable risk transfer function 73 is provided by the structure 74 of the plurality of variable risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 by means of the assembly module 5. For example, the risk transfer function 73 can be generated by means of the assembly module 5 by interpolating the assigned segment values 5 11, 5 12, 5 13 a s support points or interpolation points. For connecting the supporting interpolation points, i.e. the segment values 5 11, 5 12, 5 13, structured by the top-down structure of the variable risk transfer segment 721 , 722, 723, the assembly module 5 can provide a polynomial or any other appropriate approach for the risk transfer function 73, linking the different segment values 5 11, 5 12, 5 13 to each other. The risk transfer function 73 generated by the assembly module 5 and applied to the structure 74 can e.g. comprise a n appropriate parameterization or interpolation function, a s e.g. any appropriate continuous and/or stepless and/or smooth and/or analytic and/or polynomial and/or lagrangian function. However, the assembly module 5 also can select simpler functions to the structures 74, a s e.g. a convex and/or concave and/or exponential structure and function, respectively, in order to provide the correct risk transfer. As a border case, the risk transfer structure can even e.g. adopt a typical stop-loss structure based o n the segment values 5 11, 5 12, 5 13. The selection of the appropriate risk transfer function 73 can e.g. be performed semi or fully automated by the system 1 from a predefined set of risk transfer functions based o n e.g. definable selection criteria. As a variant, the assembly module 5 can also provide the risk transfer, i.e. the appropriate transfer function 73, by connecting the assigned segment values 5 11, 5 12, 5 13 a s support points of the risk transfer interpolating or building otherwise a smooth connection over all assigned segment values 5 11, 5 12, 5 13, e.g. in a continuously adjustable manner. As a n additional embodiment variant, the input to the assembly module 5 for providing the risk transfer function 73 can e.g. be directly parameters of a parameterizable form of a risk transfer function 73, i.e. any appropriate continuous and/or stepless and/or smooth and/or analytic and/or polynomial and/or lagrangian and/or convex/concave and/or exponential function. In the latter embodiment variant, the risk transfer function 73 of the system 1 is not based on risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 with assigned segment values 5 11, 512, 513, but directly on the parameters of the function representing the risk transfer structure 73. Therefore, in this case, the adjustment or optimization of the risk transfer by the first insurance system 10 and/or the risk exposed components is directly achieved by the operational parameters of a n appropriate risk transfer function 73. In contrast, a s a further variant, the risk transfer performed by the system 1 can e.g. directly be based on the variable risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 by means of assigned segment values 5 1 1, 5 12, 5 13, wherein the value of the assigned segment values 5 11, 512, 513 denote the switching threshold of the risk transfer, transferring the risk above or below the segment values 5 11, 5 12, 5 13 to the second insurance system 12. In this embodiment variant, the risk transfer provided by the structure 74 is not stepless, however, in the limes (edge) to very small width of the variable risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723, the risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 approach a seamless and/or stepless risk transfer function by means of assigned segment values 5 1 1, 5 12, 5 13, more and more. In a further embodiment variant, the segment values 5 11, 512, 513 of the risk transfer segments 721 , 722, 723 are self-adapted by means of the system 1, thereby optimizing the resulting risk transfer function 73. However, the optimization can also be performed by dedicated external means. The system 1 and/or the dedicated external means can e.g. operate the optimization until a local or global maximum or minimum, respectively, is achieved, or until a predefined target value is achieved. Finally, the optimization can be based on different sets of optimization criteria or by a specific selection a certain set of optimization criteria. As a condition for optimization, it is clear that the risk transfer structure 74 and the assigned risk transfer function 73 should be related to the risk assumed or predicted, and preferable, if the risk assessment is correct, with the occurrence of the corresponding risk events within the defined time frame. In a n embodiment variant, the trade-off between frequency and severity can be considered, a s a boundary condition, to achieve a preferred or optimized risk transfer, wherein the severity is the conditional expected loss (CEL) a s a consequent of the occurrence of a risk event and the frequency of the occurrence of the risk event and/or the frequency of loss is the probability of first dollar loss (PFL). In general, to define the optimization parameter, a n approach can e.g. be chosen, where X denotes a loss assessed by the fist insurance system 10 in absence of a coupled second insurance system 12, wherein X is assumed a s a non-negative random variable o n the probability space (, / , ¥) with a cumulative distribution function Fx(x) = ¥(X

Documents

Application Documents

# Name Date
1 201627034770-FER.pdf 2020-05-26
1 Form 5 [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
2 Form 3 [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
2 201627034770-Correspondence-231116.pdf 2018-08-11
3 Drawing [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
3 201627034770-Power of Attorney-231116.pdf 2018-08-11
4 201627034770.pdf 2018-08-11
4 Description(Complete) [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
5 Other Patent Document [16-11-2016(online)].pdf 2016-11-16
5 abstract1.jpg 2018-08-11
6 Form 26 [16-11-2016(online)].pdf 2016-11-16
6 Form 18 [02-12-2016(online)].pdf 2016-12-02
7 Form 3 [18-11-2016(online)].pdf 2016-11-18
8 Form 26 [16-11-2016(online)].pdf 2016-11-16
8 Form 18 [02-12-2016(online)].pdf 2016-12-02
9 Other Patent Document [16-11-2016(online)].pdf 2016-11-16
9 abstract1.jpg 2018-08-11
10 201627034770.pdf 2018-08-11
10 Description(Complete) [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
11 201627034770-Power of Attorney-231116.pdf 2018-08-11
11 Drawing [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
12 Form 3 [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
12 201627034770-Correspondence-231116.pdf 2018-08-11
13 Form 5 [12-10-2016(online)].pdf 2016-10-12
13 201627034770-FER.pdf 2020-05-26

Search Strategy

1 201627034770_searchE_21-05-2020.pdf