The present invention relates to additives for cement, in particular belite-calcium sulphoaluminate-ferrite cements.
Most modern concretes are made with hydraulic cements generally using Portland cement. Portland cement is an hydraulic cement produced by pulverising Portland cement clinker, usually with small additions of calcium sulphate. The clinker is made by heating the specified mixture of raw materials (finely divided, intimately mixed and homogeneous) containing CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and other materials to temperatures close to or greater than 1400°C. The main CaO source is usually calcium carbonate in the form of limestone.
The clinker, produced in the form of hard nodules, contains at least two-thirds by mass of calcium silicates (tricalcium silicate, alite, (CaO)3.SiO2 and dicalcium silicate, belite, (CaO)2.SiO2; and current practice in most cement plants is for more than 60 % of the clinker to be tricalcium silicate); tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite.
These four principal constituent components of Portland clinker are conventionally abbreviated to:
C3S (tricalcium silicate); C2S (dicalcium silicate); C3A (tricalcium aluminate); and C4AF (tetracalcium aluminoferrite).
In this specification, including the accompanying claims, unless otherwise specified, the following terms are used to designate the mineral components of cement. C represents CaO, A represents Al2O3, F represents Fe2O3, S represents SiO2, $ represents SO3.
The production of Portland cement results in the production of carbon dioxide: the carbon-containing fuel required to generate the high temperatures (about 1400°C) required for sintering is oxidised to carbon dioxide (CO2); and the calcium carbonate is calcined during the process in an endothermic reaction to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
In recent decades the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased considerably and continues to grow. The climatic effects of the increase have given rise to concern and it is desirable to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The cement industry is responsible for about 5% of all industrial emissions of CO2.
A mixture of raw materials rich in limestone is required to obtain a Portland cement clinker rich in alite (which is an impure form of C3S). CO2 emissions in Portland cement clinker production could be reduced by about 10% if the C3S component of Portland cement clinker were almost totally eliminated. This could be done if the quantity of limestone in the raw material were reduced by about 10%; the quantity of CO2 released from limestone during calcination to calcium oxide would then be reduced, as would the amount of fuel necessary to supply the energy for this endothermic conversion. However C3S is the most important constituent of Portland cement and to a great extent controls its setting and hardening.
Portland cement clinkers with a low alite content are rich in belite (which is an impure form of C2S). However belite-rich Portland cements do not afford sufficient short term strength to meet standard requirements and do not achieve the performance required for modern concrete applications.
Other types of cement are known, the production of which generate less CO2 than Portland cement. Cements based on calcium sulphoaluminates, abbreviated to CSA, are important because they can be produced with lower industrial CO2 emission and without having to use expensive raw materials. Sulphoaluminate cements comprise a calcium sulphoaluminate C4A3$ phase, known as "Klein salt" or "ye'elimite", which makes it possible to obtain substantial early compressive strength.
It is known to use "alkanolamines" such as for example diethanolamine and triethanolamine as accelerators to shorten the setting time and to increase the early-age (e.g. one-day) compressive strength of concrete containing Portland cement. It has been reported that triethanolamine at low dosages (typically < 0.03%) is used as a grinding aid for Portland cement clinker. It is also known to use certain calcium salts as accelerators for setting and hardening in Portland cement. It has been reported that the acceleration by calcium chloride is essentially catalytic and it is the C3S which is most affected.
It has now been discovered that an alkanolamine can be used to modify the properties of a belite-calcium sulphoaluminate- ferrite containing cement (hereinafter referred to as a BCSAF cement) in order to improve the later-age strength, especially greater than 30 days, properties of the cement and of mortar and concrete containing it. The use of a calcium salt in association with an alkanolamine can also provide additional strength enhancement, especially at later-age. The present invention seeks to provide a BCSAF cement mix which affords, in hydraulic binders containing it, rheological and mechanical strength properties comparable with those of conventional Portland cement and/or which provides an increased 28-day and/or 90-day compressive strength in mortar and concrete containing it.
The present invention accordingly provides a BCSAF cement composition comprising: a BCSAF
clinker which clinker has the following mineralogical composition, based on the total weight of
the clinker:
5 to 30%, preferably 10 to 20%, of a calcium aluminoferrite phase having die general formula
C2AxF(1-x), wherein X is from 0.2 to 0.8;
10 to 35% of a calcium sulphoaluminate phase;
40 to 75%, preferably 45 to 65%, belite (C2S);
from 0.01 to 10% in total of one or more minor phases selected from calcium
sulphates, alkali metal sulphates, perovskite, calcium aluminates, gehlenite, free lime and
periclase and/or a vitreous phase such as a blast furnace slag or a hydraulic glass;
and
an alkanolamine.
The alkanolamine of the BCSAF cement composition according to the invention preferably may
have the general formula:
NXpR(3-p) (I)
in which p represents an integer from 1 to 3, R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of general formula:
-CqH2q+l (II)
in which q represents an integer from 1 to 5; X represents a group of the general formula:
-(C„H2n)-OA (HI)
in which n is an integer from 2 to 5 and -(CnH2n)- may be linear or branched; or X represents a group of the general formula:
-(CnH2m)-NYtR(2-t) (IV)
in which m is an integer from 2 to 5, Y represents a group of general formula (III) as hereinbefore defined, t is 1 or 2 and the -(CmH2m)- may be linear or branched. Most preferably, p represents the integer 2 or 3. Most preferably R is a hydrogen atom (-H) or a methyl group (-CH3).
Most preferably the group represented by -OA in general formula (III) above is hydroxy (-OH), in which case A represents a hydrogen atom. But A may also represent a cement-compatible protecting group, in which case -OA is preferably hydrolysable to hydroxy under the alkaline conditions existing in a BCSAF cement mix after addition of water. Most preferably, n represents the integer 2.
Note also that when n=2 in all of the groups of general formula III present in the molecule, the alkanoiamine is herein called a "lower alkanoiamine", and when n is greater than 2 in some or all of the groups of general formula III present in the molecule, the alkanoiamine is herein called a "higher alkanoiamine".
The alkanoiamine is preferably a lower alkanoiamine such as triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), or methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA), more preferably DEA or MDEA. According to one embodiment of the invention, the alkanoiamine is a either triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), tetrakis-hydroxy-ethyl-ethylene-diamine (THEED), or methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA), or a mixture thereof.
The preferred alkanoiamine according to the invention is DEA or MDEA. The alkanoiamine may be in the form of a free base or a salt thereof, for example an acetate, gluconate, sulphate, nitrate or chloride salt. When A is a protecting group it is preferably an alkanoyl group, for example of the formula R'CO in which R': represents a linear or branched chain alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably an acetyl group (in which R' represents methyl).
The alkanoiamine could be according to a specific embodiment a higher alkanolamihe like for example triisopropanolamine (TIP A).
The BCSAF cement composition according to the invention preferably comprises from 0.01 to 1% by weight, preferably from 0.03 to 0.3%, for example about 0.1 % of alkanoiamine. The BCSAF cement composition according to the invention may further comprises a water-soluble calcium salt.
The term "water soluble calcium salt" as used in this specification including the accompanying claims refers to a calcium salt having a solubility in water at 25°C of at least 100g/l. The calcium salt preferably has a molecular weight less than 1000, more preferably less than 400. Calcium salts include the nitrite, nitrate, chloride, bromide, thiocyanate, formate, acetate and thiosulphate. Calcium nitrite and calcium nitrate are preferred
The BCSAF cement composition according to the invention may preferably comprise from 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably from 1 to 4%, for example about 2% of calcium salt (expressed as anhydrous salt).
The clinker in the BCSAF cement composition according to the invention preferably comprises one or more secondary
elements selected from sulphur, magnesium, sodium, potassium, boron, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, titanium, fluorine and chlorine, present in the following quantities: from 3 to 10% of sulphur expressed as sulphuric anhydride; up to 5% of magnesium expressed as magnesium oxide;
up to 5% of sodium expressed as sodium oxide;
up to 5% of potassium expressed as potassium oxide;
up to 3% of boron expressed as boron oxide;
up to 7% of phosphorus expressed as phosphoric anhydride;
up to 5% of zinc, manganese, titanium or mixtures thereof, expressed as oxides of these elements;
up to 3% of fluorine, chlorine, or a mixture thereof, expressed as
calcium fluoride and calcium chloride;
the total content of the secondary elements, expressed as defined above, being less than or equal
to 15%.
It will be understood that the sulphur content given above is the total sulphur present in the
clinker.
Preferably, the clinker in the BCSAF cement composition according to the invention comprises as
secondary
elements in the chemical formulation:
from 4 to 8% of sulphur expressed as sulphuric anhydride;
from 1 to 4% of magnesium, expressed as magnesium oxide;
from 0.1 to 2% of sodium, expressed as sodium oxide; :.
from 0.1 to 2% of potassium, expressed as potassium oxide;
up to 2% of boron, expressed as boron oxide;
up to 4% of phosphorus expressed as phosphoric anhydride;
up to 3% of zinc, manganese, titanium or a mixture thereof, expressed
as oxides of these elements;
up to 1% of fluorine, chlorine, or a mixture thereof, expressed as
calcium fluoride and calcium chloride.
More preferably, the clinker in the BCSAF cement composition according to the invention
comprises as
secondary elements in the chemical formulation:
from 0.2 to 1% of sodium, expressed as sodium oxide;
from 0.2 to 1% of potassium, expressed as potassium oxide;
from 0.2 to 2% of boron, expressed as boron oxide;
a fluorine plus chlorine content less than or equal to 1%, expressed as
calcium fluoride and chloride.
The preferred secondary element in the clinker in the BCSAF cement composition according to
the invention is boron which, introduced into the raw mix in the form of, for example, borax,
encourages the formation of a belite a' phase during clinkering. The belite phase of the clinker is
preferably partially or totally crystallised in the a' form. Preferably at least 50% by weight of the
belite phase of the clinker is in the a' form.
The clinker preferably comprises at least the following main oxides present in the
relative proportions expressed in % of the total weight of the clinker:.
CaO:50 to 61%
Al2O3:9 to 22%
SiO2: 15 to 25%
Fe2O3: 3 to 11%
By comparison with the alite phase (C3S), the main component of Portland cements, a larger
amount of belite phase (C2S) in the clinker is beneficial. It leads to a reduction of energy
consumption and of emissions of CO2. Moreover, the belite contributes to the development of the
long term strength of BCSAF cement.
The BCSAF clinker can be prepared by a process which comprises calcining, at a temperature of
1150°C to 1350°C, preferably from 1220°C to 1320°C, for at least 15 minutes in an atmosphere
which is sufficiently oxidising to avoid substantial reduction of calcium sulphate present to
produce sulphur dioxide:
a raw mix comprising a raw material or a mixture of raw materials able by clinkering to provide
the phases C2AxF(1-x), wherein X is from 0.2 to 0.8, C4A3$'and C2S in the required proportions;
and, preferably one or more additives supplying a secondary element selected from sulphur,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, boron, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, titanium, fluorine, chlorine,
or a mixture thereof, in quantities calculated so that, after clinkering, the quantity corresponding
to secondary elements, expressed as hereinbefore defined, is less than or equal to 15% by weight
based on the total weight of clinker.
The emission of CO2 is typically decreased by more than 20% with respect to that resulting from
the clinkering of a typical Portland cement.
The raw materials used in the production of the clinker for use in the invention include phosphate
limestone, magnesium limestone, clays, fly ash, hearth ash, fluidised bed ash, laterite, bauxite, red
mud, slag, clinker, gypsum, desulphogypsum, phosphogypsum, desulphurisation mud, industrial
slag, and mixtures thereof.
Additives supplying secondary elements can be raw materials themselves to the extent that they
contain the required secondary elements in appropriate proportions or particular compounds of
these secondary elements, for example oxides such as the oxides of sodium, potassium,
magnesium, boron (particularly borax), zinc, magnesium, titanium, halides such as calcium
fluoride and chloride and sulphates particularly calcium sulphate.
The term "additive supplying secondary elements" is to be understood to mean compounds which
improve the clinkering capacity of the mixture of raw materials, and which stabilise a required
crystalline form of one or more phases in order, for example to improve their reactivity.
According to a feature of the invention the cement composition according to the invention is
prepared by grinding a BCSAF clinker, optionally with a water soluble calcium salt and/or an
alkanolamine and, if necessary, adding to the ground clinker a water soluble calcium salt and/or
an alkanolamine to produce a cement composition according to the invention.
The clinker may also be ground with, for example, a calcium sulphate (such as gypsum). When an
excess of calcium sulphate is introduced into the raw mix in order to obtain anhydrite in the
clinker, the cement can be prepared directly by grinding the clinker without additional gypsum.
Preferably, the clinker is ground to a Blaine specific surface of more than 3000 cmVg, preferably
more than 3500 cmVg.
The cement can comprise source materials of calcium sulphate and/or calcium oxide.
The cement composition according to the invention preferably comprises up to 15% by weight of
the total weight of the cement, of a material selected from gypsum, anhydrite and hemihydrate.
The cement composition according to the invention preferably also comprises up to 30% by
weight of the cement based on the total weight, of a filler (which may be, for example, inert or
may be a supplementary cementitious material), for example at least one material selected from
limestone, pozzolan, fly ash and blast furnace slag. When a filler is present the amount of calcium
salt and alkanolamine is based on the amount of cement + filler.
The BCSAF cement composition composition according to the invention may also comprise an
accelerator or retarder for setting and/or hardening. Setting retarders include gluconates, saccharides,
phosphoric acid or carboxylic acid retarders or mixtures thereof.
When using the BCSAF cement composition composition according to the invention the
water/cement ratio may be adjusted using, for example water-reducing agents and/or
superplasticizers.
In the Concrete Admixtures Handbook, Properties Science and Technology, V.S.
Ramachandran, Noyes Publications, 1984:
A water reducer is defined as an additive which reduces the amount of mixing water of
concrete for a given workability by typically 10 - 15%. Water reducers include, for example
lignosulphonates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, carbohydrates, and other specialized organic
compounds, for example glycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alumino-methyl-siliconate,
sulfanilic acid and casein.
Superplasticizers belong to a new class of water reducers chemically different from the
normal water reducers and capable of reducing water contents by about 30%. The
superplasticizers have been broadly classified into four groups: sulphonated naphthalene
formaldehyde condensate (SNF) (generally a sodium salt); or sulphonated melamine
formaldehyde condensate (SMF); modified lignosulfonates (MLS); and others. More recent
superplasticizers include polycarboxylic compounds such as polyacrylates. The
superplasticizer is preferably a new generation superplasticizer, for example a copolymer
containing polyethylene glycol as graft chain and carboxylic functions in the main chain such
as a polycarboxylic ether. Sodium polycarboxylate-polysulphonates and sodium polyacrylates
may also be used. Phosphonic acid derivative superplasticizers may also be used. The amount
of superplasticizer required generally depends on the reactivity of the cement. The lower the
reactivity the lower the amount of superplasticizer required. In order to reduce the total alkali
content the superplasticizer may be used as a calcium rather than a sodium salt. These
admixtures are commercially available products. Examples include the products OPTIMA 100®
and OPTIMA 175®, marketed by CHRYSO®.
The cement compositions according to the invention may be used in construction or in the
production of prefabricated units.
The present invention also provides a slurry, a concrete or a mortar comprising a belite-BCSAF
cement composition according to the invention and a process for their preparation. The water to
cement (W/C) ratio is generally <1. for example 0.1 to 1, preferably 0.3 to 0.8, e.g. about 0.5.
The invention also provides a process for the preparation of a slurry, a concrete or a mortar which
comprises mixing a BCSAF cement with an alkanolamine.
The process of the invention may further comprise a step of addition of a water soluble calcium
salt.
The invention also provides a product comprising an alkanolamine for simultaneous, separate or
sequential use in the preparation of a cement composition or a slurry, mortar or concrete
according to the invention.
The invention also concerns the use of an alkanolamine to increase compressive strength of
mortar and concrete containing BCSAF cement at later ages, preferably greater man 30 days-old,
most preferably greater than 60 days-old, even more preferably greater than 90 days-old.
The invention also concerns the use of triemanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), tetrakis-
hydroxy-ethyl-ethylene-diamine (THEED), or methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA), or a mixture
thereof to increase compressive strength of mortar and concrete containing BCSAF cement at
later ages, preferably greater than 30 days-old, most preferably greater than 60 days-old, even
more preferably greater than 90 days-old. The use of diethanolamine (DEA) or
methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) is preferred.
The invention also concerns the use of diethanolamine (DEA) or methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) to increase compressive strength of mortar and concrete containing BCSAF cement at 90 days. The invention also concerns the use of an alkanolamine with a water soluble calcium salt to increase compressive strength of mortar and concrete containing BCSAF cement at later ages, preferably greater than 30 days-old, most preferably greater than 60 days-old, even more preferably greater than 90 days-old.
The invention also concerns the use of a water soluble calcium salt with triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), tetrakis-hydroxy-ethyl-ethylene-diamine (THEED), or methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), triisopropanolamine (TIPA) or a mixture thereof to increase compressive strength of mortar and concrete containing BCSAF cement at later ages, preferably greater than 30 days-old, most preferably greater than 60 days-old, even more preferably greater than 90 days-old.
In this specification, including the accompanying claims, unless otherwise specified, percentages are by weight. The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.
Example 1
A standard mortar was prepared in accordance with EN 196 using the following ingredients:
BCSAF cement (batch n° 1) 450g
Water 225g
Standard Sand 1350g
The BCSAF cement was prepared as described in Example 6, for clinker 2 in Table 7 of US-A-20070266903.
An alkanolamine, (triethanolamine (TEA) or triisopropanolamine (TIPA)) and/or calcium nitrite were included in mortar samples in the amounts indicated in Table 1 below to produce mortars 1 to 12. The amount of calcium salt is expressed as % dry mass/cement. The amount of alkanolamine is expressed as % per mass of cement.
The compressive strength of the mortars thus obtained was measured on 4x4x16 cm3 prismatic test specimens prepared at 20°C using metal moulds. The test specimens were stored in water at 20°C for 7 or 28 days until measurement of compressive strength. The results obtained are shown in Table 1.
Table 1

Table Removed
The TEA or T1PA alone have little or no effect on 7 day compressive strengths but increase 28
day values, with TEA giving the greater effect of the two..
The calcium nitrite alone increases both 7 and 28 day compressive strengths with increasing
concentration.
When both alkanolamine and calcium nitrite are present the 7 day strength is increased with
increasing calcium nitrite concentration. The 28 day compressive strengths are also substantially
increased. In addition, TEA is notably more effective than TIPA as a strength enhancer in BCSAF
cement, whereas in Portland cement mortars TIPA is far more effective than TEA.
The 90 day strengths using alkanolamine and calcium nitrite are greatly increased compared with
the calcium nitrite alone.
Example 2
An EN 196 standard mortar was prepared using the following ingredients:
BCSAF cement (batch n° 1) :315g
Limestone filler : 135g
Water :225g
Sand :1350g
(note: for the purpose of the EN 196 mortar formulation, the limestone filler is considered as part
of the cement, such that the total cement content is still 450g)
An alkanolamine, triethanolamine (TEA) or triisopropanolamine (TIPA) and/or calcium nitrite or
nitrate were included in mortar samples in the amounts indicated in Table 2 below to produce
mortars 13 to 21. The amount of calcium salt is expressed as % dry mass/(cement + filler). The
amount of alkanolamine is expressed as % per mass of cement + filler.
The compressive strength of the mortars thus produced was tested using the procedure described
in Example 1.
The results obtained are shown in Table 2.
Table 2

Table Removed
The dosage of calcium nitrate in mortar numbers 20 and 21 is equivalent, on a molar basis relative
to cement + filler to the 4% dosage of calcium nitrite used in mortar numbers 18, and 19. The
calcium nitrite was added as a concentrated solution. Calcium nitrite (anhydrous) has a molar
weight of 138g. Calcium nitrate was added as powdered tetrahydrate (molar weight 236g).
The amount of each salt added per 100g of cement + filler was:
Calcium nitrite: 4/132=30mmol;
Calcium nitrate: 7.1 /236=30mmol.
The calcium nitrite or calcium nitrate alone increases both 7 and 28 day compressive strengths.
When both alkanolamine and calcium nitrite or nitrate are present the 7 day strength is unaffected or slightly increased. The 28 day compressive strengths are substantially increased. However in contrast to their relative activities to increase the compressive strength of Portland cement mortars (in which TIPA is more effective than TEA) TEA is more effective than TIPA.
Example 3
A standard mortar was prepared in accordance with EN 196 using the following ingredients:
BCSAF cement (batch n° 2) :337,5g
Limestone filler : 112,5g
Water :225g
Sand :1350g
(note: for the purpose of the EN 196 mortar formulation, the limestone filler is considered as part of the cement, such that the total cement content is still 450g)
Alkanolamines, with or without calcium nitrite or nitrate, were included in mortar samples in the amounts indicated in Table 3 below to produce mortars 22 to 30. The amount of calcium salt is expressed as % dry mass/(cement + filler). The amount of alkanolamine is expressed as % per mass of cement + filler.
The compressive strength of the mortars thus produced was tested using the procedure described in Example 1. The results obtained are shown in Table 3.
Table 3

Table Removed
In the absence of calcium nitrate, MDEA gives the greatest strength enhancement at 28 days, and DEA gives the greatest strength enhancement at 90 days.
In the presence of calcium nitrate, all of the alkanolamines give good strength enhancements at both 28 and 90 days.

We Claim:-
1. A belite-calcium sulphoaluminate-ferrite (BCSAF) cement composition comprising:
a BCSAF clinker which clinker has the following mineralogical composition, based on the
total weight of the clinker
5 to 30%, preferably 10 to 20%, of a calcium aluminoferrite phase having the general
formula C2AXF(1-X), wherein X is from 0.2 to 0.8;
10 to 35% of a calcium sulphoaluminate phase;
40 to 75% of belite (C2S);
from 0.01 to 10% in total of one or more minor phases selected from calcium sulphates,
alkali metal sulphates, perovskite, calcium aluminates, gehlenite, free lime and periclase
and/or a vitreous phase;
and
an alkanolamine.
2. A composition according to claim 1 which further comprises a water-soluble calcium salt.
3. A composition according to claim 2 in which the calcium salt has a solubility in water at 25°C of at least 100g/litre.
4. A composition according to claim 2 or 3 in which the calcium salt is calcium nitrite.
5. A composition according to claim 2 or 3 in which the calcium salt is calcium nitrate.
6. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims in which the alkanolamine has the general formula:
NXpR(3-p) (I)
in which p represents an integer from 1 to 3, R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of general formula:
-CqH2q+1 (II)
in which q represents an integer from 1 to 5; X represents a group of the general formula:
-(CnH2n)-OA (III)
in which n is an integer from 2 to 5 and -(CnH2n)- may be linear or branched; or X represents a group of the general formula:
-(CmH2m)-NYtR(2-t) (IV)
in which m is an integer from 2 to 5, Y represents a group of general formula (III) as hereinbefore defined, t is 1 or 2 and the -(CmH2m)- may be linear or branched.
7. A composition according to claim 6 in which the alkanolamine is a either triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), tetrakis-hydroxy-ethyl-ethylene-diamine (THEED), or methyl-diethanolamine (MDEA), or a mixture thereof.
8. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims which comprises from 0.01 to 1 % by weight of alkanolamine, preferably 0.03 to 0.3%
9. A slurry, mortar or concrete comprising a BCSAF cement composition according to any one of the preceding claims.
10. A process for the preparation of a slurry, mortar or concrete according to claim 9 which comprises mixing a BCSAF cement composition as defined in claim 1 with an alkanolamine.
11. A product comprising an alkanolamine for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the preparation of a BCSAF cement composition according to claim 1 or a slurry, mortar or concrete according to claim 9.
12. Use of an alkanolamine to increase compressive strength of mortar and concrete containing BCSAF cement at later ages.
13. Use of diethanolamine (DEA) or methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) to increase compressive strength of mortar and concrete containing BCSAF cement at later ages.
14. Use according to claim 12 or 13 to increase compressive strength at 90 days.