ANIMAL SUPPLEMENTS AND COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING SOLUBLE MONENSIN AND METHODS THEREFOR
This application claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional
Application Serial No. 61/515,445, filed on August 5, 201 1, the entire disclosure of
which is incorporated herein by reference.
Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces
cinnamonensis. In veterinary medicine, monensin can be advantageously administered to
animals for a variety of purposes. For example, administration of a therapeutically
effective dose of monensin can be utilized for the treatment or prevention of ketosis
and/or bloat, for the enhancement of milk production efficiency, for the enhancement of
milk protein content in milk, for the enhancement of mineral uptake, for the enhancement
of weight gain, for the enhancement of feed conversion efficiency, and the provision of
desirable reproduction advantages.
Monensin is typically administered via a solid formulation that is ingested by an animal.
For instance, a solid formulation of monensin can be a combined with a mineral mix (for
example, a solid mineral mix) and/or an animal feed, followed by consumption of the
combination by an animal. For bovines, the daily intake of monensin ingestion is
targeted at about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 500 mg per head per day.
However, when a solid formulation of monensin is combined with a mineral mix and/or
an animal feed, the amount of the combination ingested by an animal, particularly a
bovine, is typically decreased compared to combinations that do not contain monensin.
Without being bound by any theory, it is hypothesized that the solid formulation of
monensin may have a taste which the animal prefers less than the monensin- free
formulation. As a result, the animal may reduce its intake and ingestion of the monensincontaining
combination. As hypothesized, the taste of the solid monensin formulation
could be problematic to veterinary practice. For instance, the taste could decrease the
intake of monensin itself and thus inhibit its therapeutic effectiveness. In addition, the
taste could lower the consumption of the combined mineral mixes and feed, thus
potentially contributing to myriad other problems in animals due to the decreased intake
of nourishment.
Therefore, there exists a need for compositions and methods utilizing monensin that
overcomes the limitations of its current solid formulations in order to benefit the intake of
monensin, minerals, and feeds by animals. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides
utilization of a soluble formulation of monensin that exhibits desirable properties and
provides related advantages for its intake in animals.
The present disclosure demonstrates that the reduced intake of monensin can be
overcome in animals by utilizing a soluble formulation comprising monensin and a
solvent. By combining the soluble formulation of monensin with a mineral mix and/or an
animal feed, the present invention overcomes the potential limitations of monensin' s taste
when used as a solid formulation.
The present disclosure provides animal feed supplements comprising a therapeutically
effective amount of monensin and a solvent, wherein the supplement is a solution. The
disclosure also provides food compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount
of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed, methods of administering the food
compositions, and processes for making the food compositions.
The monensin-containing animal feed supplements and food compositions according to
the present disclosure provide several advantages compared to supplements and
compositions utilizing a solid monensin formulation. First, the monensin-containing
supplements and compositions of the present disclosure allow for increased intake of
monensin by animals compared to products using a solid monensin formulation. Second,
the ingestion of mineral mixes and animal feeds by animals are may also be increased
compared to those using a solid monensin formulation. These advantages could be the
result of the hypothesized improved taste of the monensin-containing animal feed
supplements and food compositions according to the present disclosure.
Third, the monensin-containing compositions of the present disclosure are easier to mix
homogenously, thus resulting in better spreading and minimized segregation of the
product compared to those using a solid monensin formulation. Fourth, the monensincontaining
supplements of the present disclosure may be prepared as solutions without
the requirement of complex additional ingredients and can be easily combined with a
mineral mix and/or an animal feed. Finally, the monensin-containing compositions of the
present disclosure can be prepared easily and inexpensively compared to preparations
using the solid monensin formulation, and could potentially be prepared on-site at the
place of consumption.
Various embodiments of the present application utilize an animal feed supplement
containing monensin and a solvent, wherein the supplement is a solution. As used herein,
the term "solution" refers to a substantially homogenous one-phase system of two or
more substances, for example a solute and a solvent. As used herein, the term "solute"
refers to the dissolving phase of a solution. In some embodiments, the solute is
monensin.
As used herein, the term "solvent" refers to the dispersing medium of a solution. In some
embodiments, the solvent is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure, and one
capable of solubilizing an appreciable amount of a specified solid solute. Solids vary
from 0-100% in their degree of solubility. See, e.g., "Solubility Parameters of Organic
Compounds," CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62d ed., C-699, CRC Press; N.
Irving Sax and Richard J . Lewis, Sr., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed.,
1079 (1987). The term "solvent" also includes combinations of two or more solvents.
As used herein, the term "monensin" refers to monensin base, pharmaceutically
acceptable salts of monensin, or other salts of monensin. The term "pharmaceutically
acceptable salt" refers to an addition salt that exists in conjunction with the acidic or
basic portion of monensin. Such salts include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts listed
in HANDBOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL SALTS: PROPERTIES, SELECTION AND
USE, P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, New York, 2002 which are
known to the skilled artisan. In some embodiments, "monensin" is monensin sodium.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of an acid addition nature are formed when monensin
and any of its intermediates containing a basic functionality are reacted with a
pharmaceutically acceptable acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable acids commonly
employed to form such acid addition salts include inorganic and organic acids.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a base addition nature are formed when monensin
and any of its intermediates containing an acidic functionality are reacted with a
pharmaceutically acceptable base. Pharmaceutically acceptable bases commonly
employed to form base addition salts include organic and inorganic bases.
In addition to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, other salts are included in the present
invention. They may serve as intermediates in the purification of compounds or in the
preparation of other pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, or are useful for identification,
characterization or purification.
Solvents according to the present disclosure are pharmaceutically acceptable for ingestion
by an animal. A number of pharmaceutically acceptable solvents are known in the art. In
some embodiments, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol,
oleic acid, propylene glycol, vitamin E, ethanol, glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate, and
mixtures thereof. In other embodiments, the solvent is benzyl alcohol. In other
embodiments, the solvent is oleic acid. In other embodiments, the solvent is a derivatized
propylene glycol (e.g. , propylene glycol monocaprylate (Capryol 90™, Gattefosse
Canada Inc). In other embodiments, the solvent is vitamin E. In other embodiments, the
solvent is ethanol. In other embodiments, the solvent is glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate
(i.e., Capmul MCM™, ABITEC Corporation).
The amount of monensin in the supplement is adequate to achieve a therapeutic effect.
As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount which
gives the desired benefit to an animal and includes both treatment and prophylactic
administration. The amount will vary from one individual to another and will depend
upon a number of factors, including the overall physical condition of the animal and the
underlying cause of the condition to be treated. The amount of monensin used for
therapy gives an acceptable rate of change and maintains desired response at a beneficial
level. A therapeutically effective amount of the present supplements may be readily
ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the art using publicly available materials and
procedures.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the amount of monensin in the
supplement can vary. For example, in some embodiments, the amount of monensin can
be present in the supplement in an amount of between about 5% to about 40% (weight of
monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the amount of
monensin can be present in the supplement in an amount of between about 5% to about
35% (weight of monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the
amount of monensin can be present in the supplement in an amount of between about 5%
to about 30%o (weight of monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some
embodiments, the amount of monensin can be present in the supplement in an amount of
between about 5% to about 25% (weight of monensin/(weight of monensin plus
solvent)). In some embodiments, the amount of monensin can be present in the
supplement in an amount of between about 5% to about 20% (weight of
monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the amount of
monensin can be present in the supplement in an amount of between about 10% to about
2 0% (weight of monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the
amount of monensin is present in the supplement in an amount of about 25% (weight of
monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the amount of
monensin is present in the supplement in an amount of about 20% (weight of
monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the amount of
monensin is present in the supplement in an amount of about 15% (weight of
monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the amount of
monensin is present in the supplement in an amount of about 10% (weight of
monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)). In some embodiments, the amount of
monensin is present in the supplement in an amount of about 5% (weight of
monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)).
The amount of monensin in the supplement is a sufficient amount to provide animals,
such as bovines, with between about 50 mg to about 500 mg per head per day. In some
embodiments, the amount of monensin in the supplement provides animals with between
about 100 mg of monensin to about 400 mg of monensin per day. In some embodiments,
the amount of monensin in the supplement provides animals with about 100 mg of
monensin per day. In some embodiments, the amount of monensin in the supplement
provides animals with about 200 mg of monensin per day. In some embodiments, the
amount of monensin in the supplement provides animals with about 250 mg of monensin
per day. In some embodiments, the amount of monensin in the supplement provides
animals with about 300 mg of monensin per day.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the amount of solvent in the supplement
can vary. For example, in some embodiments, the amount of solvent can be present in
the supplement in an amount of between about 60% to about 95% (weight of
solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)). For example, in some embodiments, the
amount of solvent can be present in the supplement in an amount of between about 70%
to about 95% (weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)). For example, in
some embodiments, the amount of solvent can be present in the supplement in an amount
of between about 75% to about 95% (weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus
monensin)). For example, in some embodiments, the amount of solvent can be present in
the supplement in an amount of between about 80% to about 95% (weight of
solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)). In some embodiments, the amount of solvent
can be present in the supplement in an amount of between about 80% to about 90%
(weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)). In some embodiments, the
amount of solvent is present in the supplement in an amount of 75% (weight of
solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)). In some embodiments, the amount of solvent
is present in the supplement in an amount of 80%> (weight of solvent/(weight of solvent
plus monensin)). In some embodiments, the amount of solvent is present in the
supplement in an amount of 85% (weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)).
In some embodiments, the amount of solvent is present in the supplement in an amount of
90% (weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)). In some embodiments, the
amount of solvent is present in the supplement in an amount of 95% (weight of
solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)).
In some embodiments described in the present disclosure, the supplements are associated
with an improvement in consumption of the supplement. As used herein, the term
"improvement in consumption" can refer to an increase in the amount of monensin
consumed by an animal fed the supplement of the present disclosure compared to the
amount of monensin consumed by an animal fed a solid formulation of monensin. In
some embodiments, the supplement is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 50 mg of
monensin to about 500 mg of monensin per day. In some embodiments, the supplement
is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 100 mg of monensin to about 400 mg of
monensin per day. In some embodiments, the supplement is consumed by an animal at a
rate of about 100 mg of monensin per day. In some embodiments, the supplement is
consumed by an animal at a rate of about 200 mg of monensin per day. In some
embodiments, the supplement is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 250 mg of
monensin per day. In some embodiments, the supplement is consumed by an animal at a
rate of about 300 mg of monensin per day.
In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a food composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed is described.
As used herein, the term "animal feed" refers to a composition that can be ingested by an
animal, such as an animal feedstuff. The solvents, concentrations of monensin (i.e.,
weight of monensin/weight of monensin plus solvent), concentrations of solvent (i.e.,
weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)), amounts of monensin, amounts of
consumption, and improvement in consumption provided in the preceding paragraphs are
also applicable to the food compositions described herein.
In some embodiments, the food composition further comprises a mineral mix. As used
herein, the term "mineral mix" refers to a combination of at least one known mineral with
at least one other known mineral. In one example, a mineral mix comprises sodium
chloride, calcium carbonate, a carrier, and a number of minor nutrient species.
In some embodiments, the food composition contains a solvent wherein the solvent is
present in a residual amount. As used herein, the term "residual" refers to the remaining
portion of a solvent present in the food composition after an initial portion of the solvent
has evaporated. For example, if the solvent is a relatively non-volatile solvent (e.g.,
benzyl alcohol), it will tend evaporate slowly after combination and may be present at a
greater amount in the food composition. However, if the solvent is a relatively volatile
solvent (e.g., ethanol), it will tend to evaporate quickly after combination and a residual
amount will be present in the food composition. In some embodiments, a residual
amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 0.1% to about 10% of the original
amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other embodiments, a
residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 0.1% to about 1% of the
original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other
embodiments, a residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 1% to about
8% of the original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other
embodiments, a residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 4% to about
6% of the original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other
embodiments, a residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 5% of the
original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other
embodiments, a residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 2.5% of the
original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other
embodiments, a residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 1% of the
original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other
embodiments, a residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is about 0.1% of the
original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition. In other
embodiments, a residual amount can be an amount of solvent that is less than 0.1% of the
original amount of solvent initially present in the food composition.
In other embodiments described in the present disclosure, various methods comprising
administering to an animal in need thereof a food composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed are
described. As used herein, the term "administered" is used in its broadest sense and
refers to any method of delivering a substance to an animal. In some embodiments, the
food composition is administered to an animal via consumption by the animal. As used
herein, the term "consumption" refers to the intake or ingestion of a substance by an
animal, for example by eating the substance. The solvents, concentrations of monensin
(i.e., weight of monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)), concentrations of solvent
(i.e., weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)), amounts of monensin,
amounts of consumption, and improvement in consumption provided in the preceding
paragraphs are also applicable to the methods described herein.
In some embodiments, a method of improving feed efficiency is described. As used
herein, the term "improving feed efficiency" refers to an improvement in the ratio of unit
of feed/forage consumed to unit of animal weight gain (i.e., unit of feed/forage
consumed: unit of animal weight gain) over a specific time period.
In some embodiments, a method of increasing milk production efficiency is described.
As used herein, the term "increasing milk production efficiency" refers to an increase in
animal production of marketable solids per unit of feed intake.
In some embodiments, a method of increasing rate of weight gain is described. As used
herein, the term "increasing rate of weight gain" refers to an increase in the ratio of unit
of animal weight gain to unit of time (i.e., unit of animal weight gain: unit of time) over a
specific time period.
In some embodiments, a method of preventing or treating of coccidiosis is described.
"Preventing" refers to reducing the likelihood that the patient will incur or develop any of
the pathological conditions described herein and includes prophylactic administration.
The term "preventing" is particularly applicable to a patient that is susceptible to the
particular pathological condition. "Treating" refers to mediating a disease or condition
and preventing, reversing the clinical effects of the disease, mitigating its further
progression, or ameliorating the symptoms associated with the disease or condition.
As used herein, the term "coccidiosis" refers to a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract
caused by protozoans. In some embodiments, the coccidiosis is caused by a species from
the genus Eimeria. In one embodiment, the coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria bovis. In
one embodiment, the coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria zuernii. In one embodiment, the
coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria crandallis. In one embodiment, the coccidiosis is
caused by Eimeria christenseni. In one embodiment, the coccidiosis is caused by
Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae.
In some embodiments, the food composition is administered to a ruminant. As used
herein, the term "ruminant" refers to an even-toed hoofed animal that has a complex 3-
chamber or 4-chamber stomach and which typically re-chews what it has previously
swallowed. Some non-exhaustive examples of ruminants include bovines, sheep, goats,
oxen, muskox, llamas, alpacas, guanicos, deer, bison, antelopes, camels, and giraffes. In
one embodiment, the ruminant is a bovine. In another embodiment, the ruminant is a
goat.
In some embodiments, the food composition is administered to an avian. As used herein,
the term "avian" refers to a warm-blooded, egg laying, feathered vertebrate provided with
wings, for example birds of any known species or type. In some embodiments, avians
include poultry. As used herein, the term "poultry" means any domestic fowl reared for
the table, or their eggs or feathers including chickens, (for example, White Leghorn,
Brown Leghorn, Barred-Rock, Sussex, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Ausstralorp,
Minorca, Amrox, Calif. Gray, Italian Partidge-colored, etc.), broilers, fryers, cocks and
hens, capons, turkeys, ducks, geese, pheasants, quails, ostriches and other poultry
commonly bred in commercial quantities.
In other embodiments described in the present disclosure, a process for preparing a food
composition comprising combining a) a solution comprising monensin and a solvent, and
b) an animal feed is described. In some embodiments, the process further comprises
combining a) and b) with c) a mineral mix. The solvents, concentrations of monensin
(i.e., weight of monensin/(weight of monensin plus solvent)), concentrations of solvent
(i.e., weight of solvent/(weight of solvent plus monensin)), amounts of monensin,
amounts of consumption, and improvement in consumption provided in the preceding
paragraphs are also applicable to the processes described herein.
The following embodiments are also contemplated:
1. An animal feed supplement comprising a therapeutically
effective amount of monensin and a solvent, wherein the supplement is a solution.
2. The animal feed supplement of clause 1 wherein the
solvent is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, oleic acid,
propylene glycol, vitamin E, ethanol, glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate, and
mixtures thereof.
3. The animal feed supplement of clause 1 or clause 2 wherein
the solvent is benzyl alcohol.
4. The animal feed supplement of clause 1 or clause 2 wherein
the solvent is oleic acid.
5. The animal feed supplement of clause 1 or clause 2 wherein
the solvent is propylene glycol.
6. The animal feed supplement of clause 1 or clause 2 wherein
the solvent is vitamin E.
7. The animal feed supplement of clause 1 or clause 2 wherein
the solvent is ethanol.
8. The animal feed supplement of clause 1 or clause 2 wherein
the solvent is glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate
9. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 8
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 40%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
10. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 9
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 35%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
11. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 10
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 30%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
12. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 11
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 25%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
13. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 12
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 20%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
14. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 13
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 10% to about 20%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
15. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 12
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 25%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
16. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 20%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
17. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 15%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
18. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 10%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
19. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 13
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 5%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
20. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 19
wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 60% to about 95%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
2 1. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 20
wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 70% to about 95%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
22. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 2 1
wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 75% to about 95%
(weight/weight) of said solution.
23. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14 or
clauses 16 to 22 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 80% to
about 95% (weight/weight) of said solution.
24. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14 or
clauses 16 to 23 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 80% to
about 90% (weight/weight) of said solution.
25. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14 or
clauses 16 to 24 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 80% (weight/weight) of said solution.
26. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14 or
clauses 1 to 24 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 85% (weight/weight) of said solution.
27. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14 or
clauses 18 to 24 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 90%> (weight/weight) of said solution.
28. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 14 or
clauses 19 to 23 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 95% (weight/weight) of said solution.
29. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 28
wherein the supplement is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 50 milligrams
of monensin to about 500 milligrams of monensin per day.
30. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 29
wherein the supplement is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 100
milligrams of monensin to about 400 milligrams of monensin per day.
31. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 30
wherein the supplement is consumed by the animal at a rate of approximately 100
milligrams of monensin per day.
32. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 30
wherein the supplement is consumed by the animal at a rate of approximately 200
milligrams of monensin per day.
33. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 30
wherein the supplement is consumed by the animal at a rate of approximately 250
milligrams of monensin per day.
34. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 30
wherein the supplement is consumed by the animal at a rate of approximately 300
milligrams of monensin per day.
35. The animal feed supplement of any of clauses 1 to 34
wherein the supplement is associated with an improvement in consumption by an
animal.
36. A food composition comprising a therapeutically effective
amount of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed.
37. The food composition of clause 36 wherein the
composition further comprises a mineral mix.
38. The food composition of clause 36 or clause 37 wherein the
solvent is present in a residual amount.
39. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 38
wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, oleic
acid, propylene glycol, vitamin E, ethanol, glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate, and
mixtures thereof.
40. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 39
wherein the solvent is benzyl alcohol.
4 1. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 39
wherein the solvent is oleic acid.
42. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 39
wherein the solvent is propylene glycol.
43. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 39
wherein the solvent is vitamin E.
44. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 39
wherein the solvent is ethanol.
45. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 39
wherein the solvent is glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate.
46. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 45
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 40%
(weight/weight).
47. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 46
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 35%
(weight/weight).
48. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 47
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 30%
(weight/weight).
49. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 48
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 25%
(weight/weight).
50. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 49
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 20%
(weight/weight).
51. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 50
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of about 10% to about 20%
(weight/weight).
52. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 49
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 25%
(weight/weight).
53. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 51
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 20%
(weight/weight).
54. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 51
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 15%
(weight/weight).
55. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 51
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 10%
(weight/weight).
56. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 50
wherein monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 5%
(weight/weight).
57. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 56
wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 60% to about 95%
(weight/weight).
58. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 57
wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 70% to about 95%
(weight/weight).
59. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 58
wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 75% to about 95%
(weight/weight).
60. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 59
wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 80% to about 95%
(weight/weight).
61. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 51,
clauses 53 to 55, or clauses 57 to 60 wherein the solvent is present at a
concentration of about 80%> to about 90%> (weight/weight).
62. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 51 or
clauses 53 to 6 1 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 80%> (weight/weight).
63. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 51 or
clauses 54 to 6 1 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 85% (weight/weight).
64. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 51 or
clauses 55 to 6 1 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 90%> (weight/weight).
65. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 50 or
clauses 56 to 60 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
approximately 95% (weight/weight).
66. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 65
wherein the composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 50
milligrams of monensin to about 500 milligrams of monensin per day.
67. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 66
wherein the composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 100
milligrams of monensin to about 400 milligrams of monensin per day.
68. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 67
wherein the composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 100
milligrams of monensin per day.
69. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 67
wherein the composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 200
milligrams of monensin per day.
70. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 67
wherein the composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 250
milligrams of monensin per day.
7 1. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 67
wherein the composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 300
milligrams of monensin per day.
72. The food composition of any one of clauses 36 to 7 1
wherein the composition is associated with an improvement in consumption by an
animal.
73. A method of improving feed efficiency comprising
administering to an animal in need thereof a food composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed.
74. A method of increasing milk production efficiency
comprising administering to an animal in need the thereof a food composition
comprising a therapeutically effective amount of monensin, a solvent, and an
animal feed.
75. A method of increasing rate of weight gain comprising
administering to an animal in need thereof a food composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed.
76. A method of preventing or treating of coccidiosis
comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a food composition
comprising a therapeutically effective amount of monensin, a solvent, and an
animal feed.
77. The method of clause 76 wherein the coccidiosis is caused
by a species of Eimeria.
78. The method of clause 76 or clause 77 wherein the
coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria bovis.
79. The method of clause 76 or clause 77 wherein the
coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria zuernii.
80. The method of clause 76 or clause 77 wherein the
coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria crandallis.
81. The method of clause 76 or clause 77 wherein the
coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria christenseni.
82. The method of clause 76 or clause 77 wherein the
coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae.
83. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 82 wherein the
composition further comprises a mineral mix.
84. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 83 wherein the
solvent is present in a residual amount.
85. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 84 wherein the
animal is a ruminant.
86. The method of clause 85 wherein the ruminant is a bovine.
87. The method of clause 85 wherein the ruminant is a goat.
88. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 84 wherein the
animal is an avian.
89. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 88 wherein the
solvent is selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, oleic acid,
propylene glycol, vitamin E, ethanol, glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate, and
mixtures thereof.
90. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 89 wherein the
solvent is benzyl alcohol.
91. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 89 wherein the
solvent is oleic acid.
92. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 89 wherein the
solvent is propylene glycol.
93. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 89 wherein the
solvent is vitamin E
94. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 89 wherein the
solvent is ethanol.
95. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 89 wherein the
solvent is glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate.
96. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 95 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 40% (weight/weight)
97. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 96 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 35% (weight/weight)
98. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 97 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 30% (weight/weight)
99. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 98 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 25% (weight/weight)
100. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 99 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 20% (weight/weight)
101. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 100 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 10% to about 20°/0
(weight/weight).
102. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 99 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 25% (weight/weight).
103. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 20% (weight/weight).
104. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 15% (weight/weight).
105. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 10% (weight/weight).
106. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 100 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 5% (weight/weight).
107. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 106 wherein the
solvent is present at a concentration of about 60%> to about 95% (weight/weight).
108. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 107 wherein the
solvent is present at a concentration of about 70%> to about 95% (weight/weight).
109. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 108 wherein the
solvent is present at a concentration of about 75% to about 95% (weight/weight).
110. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 or clauses 103
to 109 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 80% to about
95% (weight/weight).
111. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 or clauses 103
to 105 or clauses 107 to 110 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of
about 80% to about 90% (weight/weight).
112. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 or clauses 103
to 111 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 80%
(weight/weight).
113. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 or clauses 104
to 111 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 85%
(weight/weight).
114. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 or clauses 105
to 111 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 90%
(weight/weight).
115. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 101 or clauses 106
to 110 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 95%
(weight/weight).
116. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 115 wherein the
composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 50 milligrams of
monensin to about 500 milligrams of monensin per day.
117. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 116 wherein the
composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of about 100 milligrams of
monensin to about 400 milligrams of monensin per day.
118. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 117 wherein the
composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 100 milligrams
of monensin per day.
119. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 117 wherein the
composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 200 milligrams
of monensin per day.
120. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 117 wherein the
composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 250 milligrams
of monensin per day.
121 . The method of any one of clauses 73 to 117 wherein the
composition is consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 300 milligrams
of monensin per day.
122. The method of any one of clauses 73 to 121 wherein the
method is associated with an improvement in consumption of the composition by
the animal.
123. A process for preparing a food composition comprising
combining a) a solution comprising monensin and a solvent, and b) an animal
feed.
124. The process of clause 123 further comprising combining
with c) a mineral mix.
125. The process of clause 123 or 124 wherein the solvent is
selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol, oleic acid, propylene glycol,
vitamin E, ethanol, glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate, and mixtures thereof.
126. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 125 wherein the
solvent is benzyl alcohol.
127. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 125 wherein the
solvent is oleic acid.
128. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 125 wherein the
solvent is propylene glycol.
129. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 125 wherein the
solvent is vitamin E.
130. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 125 wherein the
solvent is ethanol.
131. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 125 wherein the
solvent is glyceryl mono- and di-caprylate.
132. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 131 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 40% (weight/weight).
133. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 132 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 35% (weight/weight).
134. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 133 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 30% (weight/weight).
135. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 134 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 25% (weight/weight).
136. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 135 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 5% to about 20% (weight/weight).
137. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 136 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of about 10% to about 20%
(weight/weight).
138. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 135 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 25% (weight/weight).
139. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 20% (weight/weight).
140. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 15% (weight/weight).
141 . The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 10% (weight/weight).
142. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 136 wherein
monensin is present at a concentration of approximately 5% (weight/weight).
143. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 142 wherein the
solvent is present at a concentration of about 60%> to about 95% (weight/weight).
144. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 143 wherein the
solvent is present at a concentration of about 70%> to about 95% (weight/weight).
145. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 144 wherein the
solvent is present at a concentration of about 75% to about 95% (weight/weight).
146. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 or clauses 139
to 145 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 80% to about
95% (weight/weight).
147. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 or clauses 139
to 146 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of about 80% to about
90% (weight/weight).
148. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 or clauses 139
to 147 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 80%
(weight/weight).
149. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 or clauses 140
to 147 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 85%
(weight/weight).
150. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 or clauses 141
to 147 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 90%
(weight/weight).
151. The process of any one of clauses 123 to 137 or clauses 142
to 146 wherein the solvent is present at a concentration of approximately 95%
(weight/weight).
EXAMPLE 1
Consumption of a Moensin-Containing Food Composition
Consumption of the food composition of the present disclosure can be evaluated in
bovines. Three groups of bovines can be evaluated in the present example. In one group,
the food composition of the present disclosure containing monensin, a solvent, and an
animal feed can be combined with a mineral mix fed to bovines. In a second group, a
solid formulation of monensin can be combined with a mineral mix and an animal feed
and fed to bovines. In a third group, a mineral mix and an animal feed can be combined
as a control formulation and fed to bovines. The average intake of the combination
(grams per day) for each group can be evaluated, as well as the average daily weight gain
(kilograms per day). Table 1 shows the results of the study. Bovines fed the food
composition of the present disclosure containing monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed
can display a numerically superior intake of the combination and a greater intake
compared to bovines fed the solid formulation of monensin combined with a mineral mix
and an animal feed.
Table 1.
Group Average Daily Mineral Intake Weekly Mineral
Gain (kg/day) (g/day) Intake (g of
mineral/kg of
bodyweight)
Control -0.04 71.5 1.18
Food Composition -0.16 56.0 (-22%)* 0.92*
Prepared with
Solid Formulation
of Monensin
Food Composition -0.01 64.7 (-10%) 1.07
Prepared with
Soluble
Formulation of
Monensin
* = p<0.05 vs. contra
WE CLAIM:
1. An animal feed supplement comprising a therapeutically effective
amount of monensin and a solvent, wherein the supplement is a solution.
2. The animal feed supplement of claim 1 wherein the solvent is
benzyl alcohol.
3. The animal feed supplement of claim 1 wherein monensin is
present at a concentration of about 5% to about 40% (weight/weight) of said solution.
4. The animal feed supplement of claim 1 wherein monensin is
present at a concentration of approximately 15% (weight/weight) of said solution.
5. The animal feed supplement of claim 1 wherein the supplement is
consumed by the animal at a rate of approximately 200 milligrams of monensin per day.
6. The animal feed supplement of claim 1 wherein the supplement is
associated with an improvement in consumption by an animal.
7. A food composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount
of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed.
8. The food composition of claim 7 wherein the composition further
comprises a mineral mix.
9. The food composition of claim 7 wherein the solvent is present in a
residual amount.
10. The food composition of claim 7 wherein the solvent is benzyl
alcohol.
11. The food composition of claim 7 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of about 5% to about 40%> (weight/weight).
12. The food composition of claim 7 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of approximately 15% (weight/weight).
13. The food composition of claim 7 wherein the composition is
consumed by an animal at a rate of approximately 200 milligrams of monensin per day.
14. The food composition of claim 7 wherein the composition is
associated with an improvement in consumption by an animal.
15. A method of improving feed efficiency comprising administering
to an animal in need thereof a food composition comprising a therapeutically effective
amount of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition further
comprises a mineral mix.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the solvent is present in a residual
amount.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the animal is a ruminant.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the ruminant is a bovine.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the ruminant is a goat.
21. The method of claim 15 wherein the solvent is benzyl alcohol.
22. The method of claim 15 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of about 5% to about 40% (weight/weight).
23. The method of claim 15 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of approximately 15% (weight/weight).
24. The method of claim 15 wherein the composition is consumed by
an animal at a rate of approximately 200 milligrams of monensin per day.
25. The method of claim 15 wherein the method is associated with an
improvement in consumption of the composition by the animal.
26. A method of preventing or treating of coccidiosis comprising
administering to an animal in need thereof a food composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of monensin, a solvent, and an animal feed.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the coccidiosis is caused by a
species of Eimeria.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein the composition further
comprises a mineral mix.
29. The method of claim 26 wherein the solvent is present in a residual
amount.
30. The method of claim 26 wherein the animal is a ruminant.
31. The method of claim 30 wherein the ruminant is a bovine.
32. The method of claim 30 wherein the ruminant is a goat.
33. The method of claim 26 wherein the solvent is benzyl alcohol.
34. The method of claim 26 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of about 5% to about 40% (weight/weight).
35. The method of claim 26 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of approximately 15% (weight/weight).
36. The method of claim 26 wherein the composition is consumed by
an animal at a rate of approximately 200 milligrams of monensin per day.
37. The method of claim 26 wherein the method is associated with an
improvement in consumption of the composition by the animal.
38. A process for preparing a food composition comprising combining
a) a solution comprising monensin and a solvent, and b) an animal feed.
39. The process of claim 38 further comprising combining with c) a
mineral mix.
40. The process of claim 38 wherein the solvent is benzyl alcohol.
41. The process of claim 38 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of about 5% to about 40%> (weight/weight).
42. The process of claim 38 wherein monensin is present at a
concentration of approximately 15% (weight/weight).