FORM 2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
(39 of 1970)
&
THE PATENTS RULES, 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See section 10, rule 13)
1. Title of the invention:
ANTENNA
2. Applicant(s)
NAME NATIONALITY ADDRESS
TATA CONSULTANCY Nirmal Building, 9th Floor, Nariman Point,
Indian
SERVICES LIMITED Mumbai-400021, Maharashtra, India
3. Preamble to the description
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it
is to be performed.

TECHNICAL FIELD
The present subject matter relates, in general, to antennas and, in particular, to
antenna operable in ultra high frequency range.
BACKGROUND
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) can be defined as use of an object, typically
referred to as a tag, applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. For example, an RFID system can be used to facilitate keyless entry in cars and e-tolling in motorways. The RFID system typically includes at least one interrogator, also called as a reader, and a plurality of tags, also called as transponders. The tags are provided on the objects to be identified and the reader is provided on a device, which is used to identify the objects.
Generally, a communication between thetag and the reader is initiated when the tag
is in proximity to the reader, typically in an interrogation zone of the reader. To enable the communication, a reader antenna transmits a radio frequency interrogation signal, which couples with a tag antenna present in an interrogation zone of the reader antenna and activates the tag. Upon coupling, the tag generates a response signal at a specified frequency, which is same as the frequency of the interrogation signal. The reader processes the response signal to read encoded data in the response signal and the read data may be communicated to an output device for further analysis or processing.
While implementing the reader antenna, there are multiplicities of factors, such as
size, weight, shape, and operating frequency that need to be considered, based on an application of the reader antenna. One of the important features of an RFID system is operating frequency of the RFID system. The operating frequency of the RFID system is a frequency at which the reader

transmits the interrogation signal. Typically, majority of RFID systems operate in Ultra High Frequency (UHF) region, which is from 860-960 MHz. Further, conventional reader antennas of the RFID system are designed to operate at an operating frequency, which is specific to a geographic region for example, operating frequency range for UHF RFID applications in China is 840.5-844.5 MHz and 920.5-924.5 MHz, in Europe is 866-869 MHz, and 952-955 MHz in Japan. Additionally, the RFID readers are often manufactured for particular geographic region and are operable in the frequency range specified for that particular geographic region.
SUMMARY
This summary is provided to introduce concepts related an antenna operable in
ultra-high frequency range, which are further described below in the detailed description. This
summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter nor is it
intended for use in determining or limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
The antenna as described herein has an operational bandwidth in the range of about
100 MHz - 120 MHz over ultra high frequency (UHF) range. In one embodiment, the antenna includes a ground plate mechanically coupled to an antenna substrate. The ground plate is coupled to the antenna substrate by way of a plurality of clamps. The clamps are provided such that they maintain a predetermined height of the dielectric cavity between the ground plate and antenna substrate. In one implementation, the ground plate has a rectangular cross- section with length 150 mm and breadth 50 mm, and the predetermined height of the dielectric cavity is 15mm.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. In
the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the

reference number first appears. The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference
like features and components.
Fig. 1 illustrates a block diagram representation of a radio frequency identification
(RFID) system, according to an embodiment of the present subject matter.
Fig. 2a illustrates a top view of an antenna, according to an embodiment of the
present subject matter.
Fig. 2b illustrates a side view of the antenna, according to an embodiment of the
present subject matter.
Fig. 3 illustrates a plot indicating affect of capacitance on return losses of the
antenna, according to an embodiment of the present subject matter.
Fig. 4 illustrates a return loss vs. frequency plot corresponding to the antenna,
according to an embodiment of the present subject matter.
Fig. 5 illustrates a gain vs. frequency plot corresponding to the antenna, according
to an embodiment of the present subject matter.
Fig. 6 illustrates radiation patterns of the antenna, according to an embodiment of
the present subject matter
Fig. 7 illustrates antenna bandwidth as a function of ground plane with respect to a
conventional antenna.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The subject matter described herein relates to an antenna. In one implementation,
the antenna is employed as a reader antenna of a radio frequency system.
Generally, radio frequency systems, such as radio frequency identification (RFID)
systems work in ultra high frequency (UHF) band of the radio frequency region. The UHF band

is further divided into multiple smaller sub-bands and each geographic location is assigned a
unique frequency sub-band. The reader antenna is configured to receive and transmit radio
frequency signals to facilitate identification of tags in an interrogation zone of the reader
antenna. For implementing a reader antenna in an RFID system certain parameters, for example,
size, operational bandwidth, gain, return loss, and performance are taken into consideration.
Typically, a small sized reader antenna is preferred, which makes it suitable for use in RFID
systems and other applications. The operational bandwidth is the frequency range within which
the reader antenna has acceptable performance, which may be defined in terms of gain and return
losses. For a given reader antenna, the operational bandwidth is proportional to the volume of the
reader antenna, i.e., wider the operational bandwidth higher the volume of the antenna.
Further, an increase in operational bandwidth without a corresponding increase in
the size often results in loss of gain and high return losses thereby making the reader antenna
inadequate for use in the radio frequency systems. On the other hand, if the size of the reader
antenna is increased to increase the operational bandwidth with the required gain, the increased
size makes the reader antenna unfit for use in the radio frequency identification applications
where size is one of the key parameters while implementing the reader antenna.
Therefore, the conventional reader antennas are configured to operate in a narrow
operating frequency range or narrow operational bandwidth to ensure that the reader antenna is small in size and has reasonable gain with acceptable return loss. Accordingly, the conventional reader antennas are often configured to operate in specific geographic regions, i.e., in corresponding frequency sub-band and therefore a reader antenna manufactured for one geographic location is not fit for use in other geographic region.

According to an embodiment of the present subject matter, an antenna has an
operational bandwidth of about 100-120 MHz in the UHF band of the RFID frequency range. The antenna is operable in the frequency range of 840- 960 MHz. The antenna includes a ground plate coupled to an antenna substrate through a plurality of clamps. In one implementation, the clamps are provided at two diagonally opposite corners of the antenna substrate and the ground plate. It will be understood that the positioning of the clamps may vary, for example, the clamps may be provided at three or all the four corners of the antenna substrate. The clamps maintain a predetermined height of a dielectric cavity between the ground plate and the antenna substrate. In one example, air is used as a dielectric medium between the ground plate and the antenna substrate. The clamps are provided such that they increase the electrical size of the ground plate without increase the physical size of the same.
The antenna substrate also includes a radiating element for transmitting and
receiving radio frequency signals. In one implementation, the antenna substrate is also coupled to
a variable capacitor and a feed line for impendence matching. The feed line in turn is coupled to
a coaxial cable of a predefined impedance to provide the predefined impedance as driver
impedance. The provision of the variable capacitor for adjusting the impendence of the antenna
to match to the driver impendence provides for reduction in size of the antenna.
In one implementation, the ground plate has a length of about 150 millimeter
(mm) and a breadth of about 50 mm; the antenna substrate has a length of about 115 mm and a
breadth of about 40mm; the radiating element has a length of about 59 mm and a breadth
substantially 17 mm; and the height of the dielectric cavity is about 15mm.
Thus, the present subject matter provides an antenna which has wide operational
bandwidth with reasonable size, thereby making it suitable for use in the radio frequency

systems, for example, the RFID systems. Further, owing to wide operational bandwidth, the same reader antenna can be used for different geographic regions.
While aspects of the antenna can be implemented in any number of different radio
frequency systems, environments, and/or configurations, the embodiments are described in the context of the following exemplary system(s).
Fig. 1 illustrates a block diagram representation of an RFID system 100,
according to an embodiment of the present subject matter. The RFID system 100 facilitates remote or contact-less identification and tracking of objects in multiplicity of applications, for example, for vehicle access control, departmental store security, equipment tracking, automatic toll payments, and identification of objects in an inventory. The RFID system 100 can be implemented to replace manual identification methods to provide an accurate, efficient, and cost-effective solution. The RFID system 100 includes a reader 105 in communication with a plurality of tags 110-1, 110-2, and 110-N, hereinafter referred to as tag(s) 110. Each of the tags 110 is provided on or in an object to be identified by the reader 105. The tag 110 may store object information, such as unique tag ID and manufacturing date of the object, pertaining to the corresponding object. Further, each of the tags 110 includes a tag antenna 115, for example, tag antenna 115-1, tag antenna 115-2, and tag antenna 115-n, which facilitates communication with the reader 105.
In one implementation, the reader 105 includes a transceiver 120, at least one reader antenna 125 coupled to the transceiver 120, and a control unit 130. The control unit 330 controls the operations of the reader 105. For example, the control unit 130 modulates an interrogation signal to be transmitted by the reader 105. The control unit 130 may perform modulation such that the transceiver 120 generates the interrogation signal at a specific frequency. The transceiver

120 functions as a transmitter while sending interrogation signals and a receiver while receiving response signals from the tags 110. The interrogation signal, which is an RF signal, generated by the transceiver 120 is transmitted as an electromagnetic signal by the reader antenna 125 in an interrogation zone of the reader 105. The interrogation zone can be understood as a region around the reader 105 where the presence of a tag 110 can be or is to be detected. The interrogation signal generates electromagnetic fields that enable the RFID system 100 to locate the objects, via the tags 110, present in the interrogation zone.
In one implementation, the reader antenna 125 is a patch antenna. The reader antenna 125, as described herein, has an operational bandwidth in the range of about 100 - 120 MHz in the Ultra High Frequency region. The operational bandwidth is the bandwidth over which the reader antenna 125 can operate efficiently with acceptable return losses and required gain. In one example, the acceptable return loss is taken to be greater than 10 decibels (dB). In one implementation, the reader antenna 125 is configured to operate in the frequency range of about 840 - 960 MHz. Thus, the reader antenna 125 is configured to transmit and receive signals in the frequency range of about 840 - 960 MHz.. Thus, owing to greater bandwidth of the reader antenna 125, the reader antenna 125 and, in turn, the reader 105 can be used in various geographic locations. For example, while operating in China, the transceiver 120 may generate the interrogation signal in frequency range of 920.5-924.5 MHz and while operating in Europe, the transceiver 120 may generate the interrogation signal in frequency range of 866-869 MHz. As mentioned previously, the interrogation signal generates the electromagnetic field, which triggers the tags 110 in the interrogation zone of the reader 105 to transmit response signals in response to the interrogation signal. Accordingly, the communication between the tags 110 and the reader 105 is established. The tag antenna 115 transmits the response signal

generated by the tag 110 and the reader antenna 125 receives this response signal and provides it to the transceiver 120. The response signal may contain the object information, which is decoded by the control unit 130. Upon decoding of the object information, required actions may be taken based on the application of the RFID system 100. For the purpose, the reader 105 may also be communicatively coupled to an output device (not shown in the figures), which can be a computing system, a printer, etc., based on the application. For example, in case of automatic toll collection, upon determining the object information corresponding to a tag 110 provided on a vehicle, the vehicle may be allowed to pass through and required toll amount may deducted from an user account corresponding to the tag 110.
Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b illustrate a top view and a side view of an antenna 200, respectively, according to an embodiment of the present subject matter. In one embodiment, the antenna 200 is implemented as the reader antenna 125 in the RFID system 100. In one implementation, the antenna 200 is a directional antenna with linear polarization. The antenna 200 includes an antenna substrate 205 that appears to most signals'as an infinite ground potential. In one example, the antenna substrate 205 can be a printed circuit board (PCB) having a layer of copper. The antenna substrate 205 includes a radiating element 210, such as a microstrip patch for transmitting the interrogation signals and receiving the response signals. In one example, the radiating element 210 is rectangular in shape, however, it will be understood that any other shape may also be chosen. In one implementation, the radiating element 210 has a length of about 59 mm and a breadth of about 17 mm. Further, a top plane 215 and a bottom plane 220 of the antenna substrate 205 function as a partial ground to provide a return current path for the radiating element 210. In an example, the top plane 215 and the bottom plane 220 are the copper layers provided on the antenna substrate 205.

The antenna substrate 205 is mechanically coupled to a ground plate 225. The ground plate 225 functions as a reflector to improve the directivity of the antenna 200 and to reduce back lobe radiations. The ground plate 225 is coupled to the antenna substrate 205 through a plurality of clamps 230, such as 230-1 and 230-2. The clamps 230 may be of any shape, for example, Z shape or C shape. In one implementation, the ground plate 225 has a length of about 150 millimeter (mm) and a breadth of about 50 mm and the antenna substrate 205 has a length of about 115 mm and a breadth of about 40 mm. The ground plate 225 and the clamps 230 are made up of a metal, for example, aluminum.
The clamps 230 are provided such that they reduce the lateral size of the partial ground plane thereby increasing an effective capacitance of the antenna 200. Further, the clamps 230 are placed such that they provide for an increase in an electrical size of the antenna 200 without increasing it's lateral size. In one implementation, the clamps 230 are provided on two diagonally opposite corners of the antenna substrate 205 such that the clamps 230 do not interfere with the working of the radiating element 210. It will ne understood that the clamps 230 may be provided in any other alternate arrangement as well, for example, at all the four corners of the antenna substrate 205 and the ground plate 225. The clamps 230 may be fastened to the antenna substrate 205 by any fastening means, such as, metal screws 235-1 and 235-2. The clamps 230 form a dielectric cavity 240 by maintaining a minimum distance of X/20 between the ground plate 225 and the antenna substrate 205, where λ is operating wavelength of the antenna 200. In one example, the dielectric cavity 240 includes air as a dielectric medium. The clamps 230 maintain a predetermined height of the dielectric cavity 240. In one implementation, the height of the dielectric cavity 240 is about 15 millimeter. Since a change in the height of the dielectric cavity 240 can alter the operational bandwidth and the required gain

in the desired frequency band, which is 840-960 MHz, the clamps 230 maintain the height of the dielectric cavity 240 at about 15 mm. The clamps 230 facilitate inductive coupling of the antenna 200 to provide for reduction in size. In one implementation, owing to the proximity of the clamps 230 to the antenna substrate 205, the electromagnetic fields of the clamps 230 couple to the electromagnetic fields of the antenna substrate 205 through the dielectric cavity 240, thereby increasing effective length of the antenna 200 without having to increasing the lateral size of the same. Thus, the required operation bandwidth and the gain are achieved with a smaller antenna - size as compared to the conventional reader antennas.
In order to ensure the efficiency of the antenna 200 in the operational bandwidth with the required gain, an impedance of the antenna 200 is to be matched to the impedance of an antenna driver. In one example, the reasonable gain is 3dB ± ldB. The reader antennas are operated' in a region around resonance frequency also defined by way of the operational bandwidth. The resonant frequency is the frequency at which the antenna 200 behaves as a purely resistive element, i.e., at the resonant frequency the capacitive component of the antenna 200 completely cancels the inductive component. The impedance matching reduces the return loss of the signals transmitted by the antenna 200 thereby providing the required gain in the operational bandwidth. In one implementation, the antenna driver includes a feed line 245, which has a driver impendence and is coupled to the radiating element 210. The feed line 245 can be coupled to a coaxial cable to provide the driver impedance. In one example, the coaxial cable has impedance of 50 ohms. Thus, the antenna impedance is to be matched with the driver impedance of 50 ohms.
In certain cases, the impedance of the antenna 200 may get altered due to surrounding operating conditions. For example, the impedance of the antenna 200 may shift

depending on the surface on which the antenna 200 is mounted. In another example, the impedance of the antenna 200 may shift due to the presence of a metal in vicinity of the antenna 200. The alteration in the impedance of the antenna 200 results in impedance mismatch, which in turn alters the resonant frequency, thereby shifting the operational bandwidth and often altering the gain as well. In such cases a variable capacitor 250 can be provided to fine tune the impedance of the antenna 200. Thus, , variable capacitor 250 is set such that the impedance mismatch is minimized and the same is illustrated in Fig. 3. In cases where the height of the
dielectric cavity 240 is altered owing to tolerances in manufacturing of the reader antennas,

which may result in a change in the impendence of the antenna 200, the variable capacitor 250 can be used to compensate for the tolerances in manufacturing.
Accordingly, to operate the antenna 200 around the resonance frequency with acceptable return losses and to ensure the efficiency of the antenna 200 in the operational bandwidth, the reactive component of the antenna 200 can be tuned using the variable capacitor 250. Thus, the variable capacitor 250 functions as an impedance matching unit, thereby eliminating the need for additional impedance circuit, which requires additional footprint Consequently, the provision of the variable capacitor 250 provides for reduction in size and cost of the antenna 200.
Thus, the present subject matter provides for the antenna 200 which operates in wide frequency range without causing a corresponding increase in the size of the antenna 200. As mentioned previously, the ground plate 225 has a length of about 150 mm and a breadth of about 50 mm; the antenna substrate 205 has a length of about 115 mm and a breadth of about 40 mm; the radiating element 210 has a length of about 59 mm and a breadth of about 17mm; and the height of the dielectric cavity 240 is about 15 mm. Further, the operational bandwidth of the

antenna 200 is in the range of 100-120 MHz and operates in the frequency range of about 840 -960 MHz. Since, the antenna 200 of the present subject matter, can be operated in wide range of frequencies and is small in size, the same antenna 200 can used in RF1D systems for various geographic regions.
Further, as it is known, there are two methods of operation of an RF1D system, such as the RFID system 100, namely, near filed operation and far field operation. Assuming that an antenna with maximum dimension of d, operating at a frequency f(f= c2/λ) is placed at the center of a sphere and an observer is at a distance x from the antenna, then if, x ≥ 2d2/λ, it is said that the observer is located at the far field from the antenna. Also, the far field operation has a larger reading range and uses ultra high frequency bands, while near field operation has smaller frequency range and uses in low frequency and high frequency bands.
It can be gathered from previous paragraph that smaller the size of the antenna, the closer is the far fields. Typically, the reader antennas are big in size and used for near field operations, which have inherent difficulties, such as orientation compatibilities between the antenna 200 and the tag antenna 115. Since, the antenna 200 of the present subject matter is small in size while maintaining a reasonable gain, thus the far field is closer and therefore the reader antenna can also be used for certain near field applications, such as healthcare industry. Thus, the antenna 200 being small in size can be used not only for the far-filed applications but also for the near field ones with required operational bandwidth and gain.
Although the present subject matter has been explained in considerable detail with respect to reader antennas in RFID systems, it will be understood that these antennas can be used in other applications as well, for example, present antenna can be used in base stations in telecommunication systems.

VALIDATION DATA The operation of the antenna as described herein is validated with the various plots illustrated in Fig, 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, and Fig. 7.
Fig. 3 illustrates various plots indicating affect of capacitance of a variable capacitor, such as the variable capacitor 250 on the return losses of an antenna, according to an embodiment of the present subject matter. The frequency is plotted on abscissa and the return loss is plotted on the ordinate. As mentioned previously, the resonance frequency of the antenna can vary depending on a surface where the antenna is placed and any modification in the resonance frequency can be adjusted by using the variable capacitor. As shown, by varying a capacitance value of the variable capacitor, the resonance frequency of the antenna can be varied. For example, from plot 305 it can be gathered that with the capacitance of 3.9 Pico farads (pF), the resonance frequency is obtained at around 900 MHz and from plot 310 with the capacitance of 2.7 pF, the resonance frequency is obtained at around 860 MHz.
Fig. 4 illustrates a return loss vs. frequency plot 400, according to an embodiment of the present subject matter. The return loss indicates losses incurred due to impedance mismatch and can be used as one of the parameters to express performance of the antenna. As illustrated, frequency of the antenna (in MHz) is plotted on the abscissa and return loss (in dB) on the ordinate. The plot 400 shows that the return loss of the antenna is less than 10 dB or in other words, return loss is greater than 10 dB, throughout the operational bandwidth of the antenna, i.e., from 840 MHz to 960 MHz.
Fig. 5 illustrates a gain vs. frequency plot 500, according to an embodiment of the present subject matter. The frequency (in MHz) is plotted on abscissa and the gain (in dBi) of the antenna is plotted on the ordinate. The gain is taken to be a ratio of the intensity in a given

direction to the radiation intensity of the antenna. In the present case, the gain also includes the losses incurred due to impedance mismatch and the gain of the antenna can also be used as one of the parameters to express its performance. It can be observed from the plot 500 that the gain is maintained between 2.5 to 3.5 dBi over the frequency range of 840MHz to 960MHz. Thus, the gain remains substantially constant in the operational bandwidth of the antenna. Fig. 6 illustrates radiation pattern of the antenna, according to an embodiment of the present subject matter. Fig. 6 shows radiation pattern 605 is observed at 840 MHz, radiation pattern 610 is observed at 910 MHz, and radiation pattern 615 is observed at 955 MHz in the elevation plane. As it can be seen that all the radiation patterns are symmetrical and have 3dB wide beam width characteristics. Further, the 3dB beam width is more than 75°, which is desirable for wide coverage.
Fig. 7 illustrates antenna bandwidth as a function of ground plane. Plots 705 and 710 depict relationship between antenna impedance bandwidth of a conventional reader antenna and length of ground plane. The plots 705 and 710 are with reference to a 900 MHz Planar Inverted F antenna mounted on one end of a handset chassis, where the length of chassis is taken to be the length of the ground plane. The plots 705 and 710 illustrate the relationship in the frequency band of 890MHz to 960 MHz. As illustrated, bandwidth of the antenna (in percentage) is taken on the y-axis and length of the ground plane (in mm) is taken on the x-axis. Further, it can be observed from Fig. 7 that when the length of the ground plane of 125 mm, bandwidth of 18%, i.e., 162 MHz at 900 MHz for return loss (RL) greater than 3dB is achieved and bandwidth of 11%, i.e., 99 MHz at 900 MHz for RL greater than 6dB is achieved. From Fig. 3 it can be deduced that bandwidth will be much less for RL greater than 10 dB.

However, from the plot 400 and 500, it can be seen that the present subject matter provides an antenna, which operates in the frequency range of 840 MHz to 960 MHz, i.e., with bandwidth of 13.3% at 900 MHz for RL greater than l0dB with the ground plane length of 150 mm. Thus, the almost entire UHF RFID spectrum is covered with a single small sized antenna having stable gain, which is 3dB ± ldB, and return losses greater than l0dB, thereby making it implementable in multiplicity of applications, such as reader antennas.
Although embodiments for antenna operable in ultra high frequency range have been described in language specific to structural features and/or methods, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited to the specific features or methods described. Rather, the specific features and methods are disclosed as exemplary embodiments for the antenna operable in radio frequency range.

I/We claim:
1. An antenna (200) comprising:
a ground plate (225);
an antenna substrate (205) coupled to the ground plate (225); and a plurality of clamps (230), wherein the plurality of clamps (230) mechanically couple the ground plate (225) to the antenna substrate (205) forming a dielectric cavity (240) between the ground plate (225) and the antenna substrate (205), and wherein the plurality of clamps (230) increase the electrical size of the ground plate (225) without increasing the physical size of the ground plate (225).
2. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna (200) is operational in the frequency range of about 840 MHz - 960 MHz.
3. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ground plate (225) has a length of about 150 millimeter (mm) and a breadth of about 50 mm.
4. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna substrate (205) has a length of about 115 mm and a breadth of about 40 mm.
5. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dielectric cavity (240) has a height of about 15mm.
6. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dielectric cavity (240) has air as a dielectric medium.
7. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna (200) has linear polarization.
8. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of clamps (230) couple two diagonally opposite corners of the antenna substrate (205) with the corresponding corners of the ground plate (225).

9. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna substrate (205) comprises:
a radiating element (210) for transmitting and receiving radio frequency signals;
a feed line (245) connected to the radiating element (210); and
a variable capacitor (250) coupled to the radiating element (210) and the feed line
(245) to match impedance of the antenna (200) with driver impedance of the feed line
(245).
10. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 9, wherein the radiating element (210) is a microstrip
patch. 11. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 9, wherein the radiating element (210) has a length of
about 59 mm and a breadth of about 17 mm.
12. The antenna (200) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the antenna (200) is implemented in one of
a reader (105) in an RFID system (100) and a base station in a telecommunication system.