Description:Field of Invention
When it comes to IoT-based wireless devices, flexible and rigid antennas face two distinct kinds of issues. The paper discusses the difficulties that come with using flexible antennas, The conductivity performance, surface roughness, ink depositions, and flexible or reconfigurable behaviors of the printed specimens under unfavorable conditions. It has been highlighted that the features of inkjet printing in the fabrication of flexible antennas are a growing worry. This is a problem that affects all printed devices, as it lowers conductivity, raises operating costs, and causes malfunctions in challenging environments. The majority of earlier research on flexible sensors and antennas focused more on the design of the devices themselves than on creating the best possible printing conditions for a specific substrate and ink.While there are numerous ways to improve this field, such approaches should be given top priority, particularly when it comes to cost and time minimization and conductive performance. However, designing an antenna with a wider bandwidth is the primary issue for 5G antennas with inflexible substrates.

The objectives of this invention
The purpose of this research is to develop novel and affordable inkjet printing capabilities with silver nano ink on photo paper. The next step is to construct an antenna and compare the response using a relatively similar antenna layout with the stiff FR4 substrate.Following fabrication and printing optimization, the flexible printed pattern underwent numerous iterative rolling and bending tests.
Background of the invention
Ultra-wideband refers to signals or systems with a very large relative bandwidth that overlap with existing narrowband wireless signals or systems. Among the several frequency applications where it is widely used are radar, medical imaging, wearables, driverless cars, vehicle radar systems, intrusion detection, UWB tags, and military uses. (J. Abu-Khalaf et al., 2018). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has approved UWB systems, and using this technology has a number of benefits over alternative technologies. Nonetheless, the primary advantages include strong multipath environment features, a high degree of freedom to interfere with other signals, and a wide frequency spectrum at a low power level that is similar to the noise floor level (S. Jung, et al., 2014).
The primary goal is to guarantee faster network speeds for a large number of devices. Therefore, next-generation (5G) technology, which operates in the frequency range of 10 GHz to 80 GHz, is needed to assure diverse data and dependable worldwide connectivity (W. Roh, J.-Y. Seol,et al., 2014). Nevertheless, there would be additional difficulties in designing and implementing the antennas as working frequencies increased. Owing to the existing low frequency bands (< 10 GHz) having constraints on high traffic and communication network speed, highly dependable ubiquitous connectivity with vast quantities and variety of data requires the next generation (5G) wireless communication wave. Compared to earlier generations, 5G wireless communications will employ greater frequency bands—from 10 GHz to 80 GHz—with a larger transmission bandwidth.
Nevertheless, designing and integrating antennas into upcoming mobile devices will become more difficult as working frequencies rise (N. Ojaroudiparchin et al., 2016). Considering all of the difficulties in designing and implementing 5G, several nations have begun to designate specific frequency bands for research purposes in an effort to expedite the development of the technology.
Detailed of Prior Art
The utility model reveals a compact covers sub-6G and 60 GHz big frequency ratio dual-frequency antenna, including lumped port, dielectric substrate, wide band monopole, compact microstrip resonance unit, and millimeter wave decoupling patch array; the broadband monopole is printed on the upper surface of the dielectric substrate and is made up of a microstrip feeder and an annular microstrip line; the compact microstrip resonance unit is connected to microstrip feed line and the mm wave decoupling patch array; the millimeter wave decoupling patch array is made up of millimeter wave patches, a rectangular slot, and a decoupling microstrip line, The millimeter wave decoupling patch array and the rectangle metal floor are connected to the lumped port for feeding. The rectangular metal floor is printed on the medium substrate's lower surface. The utility model reveals broadband and high-gain effects, which can meet the needs of 60GHz millimeter wave frequency channel and 5G low band applications.[ CN209948043U].
Here are several devices and techniques for phase shifters using switched transmission line loads. A phase shifter comprises, in certain implementations, a first port, a first controllable reflective load, a second port, a second controllable reflective load, and two coupled lines that are connected to each other electromagnetically. The two linked lines are a first conductive line that connects the first port to the first controllable reflective load, and a second conductive line that connects the second port to the second controllable reflective load. A switched transmission line load is present in at least one of the first and second controllable reflective loads. [US20220200560A1].
These provide baluns with integrated matching networks. A transmission line, a second pair of lines, and a first pair of coupled lines are included in some versions of the balun structure. Furthermore, a transmit line, a first line of a second pair of coupled lines, and a first line of a first pair of coupled lines connect the balun's first port to a reference voltage. Additionally, a second line of the first pair of coupled lines connects the balun's second port to a reference voltage, and a second line of the second pair of coupled lines connects the balun's third port to a reference voltage. [KR20220082757A]

Summary of Invention
For 5G applications, this paper suggests a revolutionary compact modified bow-tie array antenna design with beam steering characteristics. The entire physical dimensions of a single element antenna with a conventional FR4 substrate are 10 mm x 5.5 mm x 1.5 mm. We used eight components at an operating frequency of 18.35 GHz to create a linear phased array in order to comply with 5G specifications. Simulations based on FEM are used to validate the proposed design. The findings demonstrate the many benefits of this design, which include:
1) a large gain of 8 dBi 2) impedance matching; 3) good mutual coupling with an insertion loss of less than -20 dB 4) radiation pattern; and 5) beam steering over the frequency spectrum. a broader bandwidth of 3 GHz with a return loss of less than -10 dB.
Detailed description of the invention
Phased array antennas are used because they enable point-to-point (P-P) communication between the base station and remote portable devices. However, microstrip antennas are widely used in phased array system design because of their lower size, higher efficiency, and comparatively easy integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits. However, the scanning characteristic and antenna gain of the aforementioned design are outstanding throughout the whole operating range.After accounting for these constraints, this research proposes a new microstrip-fed phased array antenna design for the next 5G cellular communications. The antenna element that was chosen for this study is a modified bow-tied design, and each antenna has two radiators printed on both substrate sides. Based on the finite element method (FEM), it is constructed and simulated with ANSYS HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) software. It covers the frequency range of 16.5-19.5 GHz (16% FBW), where the antenna's beam steering characteristics, input impedance, and reflection coefficient were examined. A single design has a peak gain of 4 dB and an average radiation efficiency of 90%. Regardless of changing scanning angles, antenna gain significantly increased after employing phased array systems: 5.2 dBi, 6.2 dBi, and 8 dBi for 1x2, 1x4, and 1x8 array designs, respectively. A critical parameter, the separation between neighboring antenna elements, was studied and found to be approximately ?/2 distance in order to have a high gain, excellent mutual coupling, and scanning property. The antenna under investigation is both physically and electrically compact, simple to design and manufacture, and suitable for the necessary beam coverage in 5G communications.
Fig. 1 shows the circuit layout with precise geometric characteristics of the suggested improved bow-tie antenna. It is a compact and symmetrical architecture consisting of two radiators, one printed on the substrate's upper side and the other with the ground plane printed on its lower side. A triangle is the ideal shape for a bow-tie antenna; however, we increase the bandwidth of the suggested design by including a circular arc in one of the triangle's arms. With regard to the entrance angle, the remaining two triangle sides can be chosen from a range of 10 to 800.
Each radiator has four opening holes in total, as shown in Fig. 1, which lengthens the current flow and decreases the overall antenna size. There are a few minor design differences between the two radiating parts that may be seen. To match the impedance and increase bandwidth, the top radiator has two circular and two triangle slots etched out of it. The antenna design is printed on a 1.5 mm thick standard FR-4 epoxy substrate, which has a loss tangent of tand = 0.02 and a relative permittivity of er = 4.4.
These days, complex inkjet printing makes use of conductive ink to produce devices without the need for etching or repeated photolithographic mask design. For inkjet printing, a variety of substrates, including paper, PET film, textiles, fibers, etc., can be utilized with any conductive, resistive, or biological ink. The mechanical and electrical properties of the printed samples are influenced by the type and quality of ink as well as the substrate's surface characteristics. Fujifilm's Dimatix 2831 printer, which is available for purchase, is a popular tool for printing patterns on a range of materials in various printing conditions.

Ag Nanoparticle Inkjet Ink was acquired from Methode Electronics and used in this experiment. The following are the surface energy, density, and viscosity: 33 dyes/cm, 1.3 g/ml, and 9 cps, respectively. The printing electrical resistance of 25 m\/p is guaranteed by these ink qualities.
An overview of the newest antenna technologies for wearables, 5G networks, and the IOT has been given. When it comes to IoT-based wireless devices, flexible and rigid antennas face two distinct kinds of issues. The electrical performance of the printed inkjet ink, surface roughness, ink depositions, and flexible or reconfigurable behaviors in challenging environments are some of the difficulties with flexible antennas that are covered. We have made it clear that the features of inkjet printing, which lower conductivity, raise operating costs, and malfunction in challenging environments, are increasingly a cause for concern in the fabrication of flexible antennas. The majority of earlier research on flexible sensors and antennas focused more on the design of the devices themselves than on creating the best possible printing conditions for a specific substrate and ink. Though these strategies ought to be given top importance in order to advance this sector in many ways, particularly when taking time and cost optimization and conductive performance into account. However, designing an antenna with a wider bandwidth is the primary difficulty for 5G antennas with rigid substrates. By altering the antenna layout, we have placed greater emphasis on increasing bandwidth that can handle heavy traffic and speeding up communication networks. Optimized printing qualities for a set of various materials (paper, photoand silver) let makers and designers of inkjet-printed circuits or devices bridge the gap. Following several experimental repetitions and statistical data analysis, nanoparticles ink) were established. Create an effective Internet of Things (IoT) or wearable ultra-wide-band antenna and build one using our own designed, researched features so that its performance may be accurately measured. Examining and analyzing how bending properties affect resistance outcomes. Create a comparable UWB antenna on a stiff surface and observe any variations in operation or alterations to the antenna's electromagnetic characteristicsProvide a novel idea in order to keep up with the quickly progressing research and development on the next 5G wireless networks. Thus, an antenna is created and modified in order to assess key 5G antenna properties like mutual coupling, radiation pattern, bandwidth, and scanning quality. A surface tension of 28–36 dynes/cm and a viscosity of 10–12 cps are the optimal fluid characteristics.The ANSYS EM simulation program was used to construct the patterns sampled first. The files were saved as.DXF files, which were subsequently transformed to bitmap files by the ACE3000 V7 program and sent to the Dimatix application. The resolution, layers, bar width, drop spacing, and reference point were configured using the DMP's bitmap file uploader. In order to identify the best printing method, the drop spacing was adjusted between 5 and 20 µm. Poor print quality and conductivity come from extra ink forming uneven lines in the print due to overly close drop spacing. On the other hand, if the drop spacing is too great, the ejected drops will break at their connections. Visual inspection revealed that 15 µm was the ideal drop spacing for consistent print lines.
It focuses on designing flexible antennas using Kodak photo paper and inkjet printing technologies with silver nanoparticle ink. The antenna was printed on the paper using the optimum printing settings that we had designed. The design, development, and experiments of an ultra wide-band (UWB) monopole antenna that operates in the 3.2–30 GHz frequency range are covered in this chapter. The simulation and experimental results that comply with the UWB regulations set out by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and the adaptable nature of wearable or Internet of Things items are provided.
On a strong FR4 substrate, a second UWB monopole antenna with a frequency range of 4.0–40 GHz is installed. Based on simulation and experimental results, this chapter demonstrates the application of this microstrip feed design for multiservice wireless communications in six different bands.

We have built, analyzed, and simulated a new and modified bow-tie wideband microstrip 5G antenna with a bandwidth of 3 GHz. This includes phased array 5G antenna designs with two or more elements as well as single-element designs. It shows how the gain values of the array antenna can be increased in accordance with the requirements of the system or applications after increasing the number of array elements. Finally, beam steering characteristics, radiation pattern, gain, mutual coupling, impedance matching, bandwidth, and return loss are presented for the results.

Brief description of Drawing
Figure 1:Bow-tie 5G architecture, (a) top (b) bottom layer
Figure 2: 18.35 GHz frequency simulation of the H-field distribution
Figure 3: 18.35 GHz frequency simulation of the H-field distribution
Detailed description of the drawing

Figure 1: It features two radiators: one printed on the substrate's upper side, and the other with the ground plane printed on the substrate's opposite side. The arrangement is symmetrical and compact. While a triangle is the perfect shape for a bow-tie antenna, in order to increase the proposed design's bandwidth, we add a circular arc to one of the triangle's arms. The remaining two triangle sides can be selected between the range of 10-80 with respect to the opening angle.
Figure 2:The antenna's simulated H-field and E-field distribution at 18.35 GHz frequency is displayed in Figs. 3 and 4, which demonstrate how the majority of the current is focused toward the edge and tapered ends.
Figure 3:The simulated two-dimensional radiation patterns of the antenna design at a frequency of 18.35 G1Hz, namely in the f=00 and f=900 planes. In comparison to the copolarized readings, the cross-polarization values are lower. , Claims:The scope of the invention is defined by the following claims:

Claims:
1. The invention proposes a new compact modified bow-tie array antenna design with beam steering characteristics for 5G applications,
a) The overall dimensions of a single element antenna are 10 mm x 5.5 mm x 1.5 mm when the standard FR4 substrate is used.
b) A new compact modified bow-tie array antenna design is used and the antenna design exhibits beam steering characteristics.
c) A linear phased array with eight components operating at 18.35 GHz and the proposed design is validated by FEM-based simulations.

2. According to claim 1, a larger bandwidth of 3 GHz with a return loss of less than 10 dB, beam steering characteristics throughout the whole frequency range, impedance matching, strong mutual coupling, and an insertion loss of less than 20 dB. The design also has a high gain of 8 dBi.

3. As per claim 1, the performance, safety, and dependability of actual wireless devices is required in order for any designed antenna to meet the specifications set forth by various vendors, carriers, and regulatory agencies.