Sign In to Follow Application
View All Documents & Correspondence

Anti Inflammatory Agents

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of preventing or treating inflammatory diseases using sulfonamide analogs of 3 aminolactam compounds each with aromatic "tail groups". Compounds as defined by formulae (I) and (I) and the medical uses of the compounds are described herein.

Get Free WhatsApp Updates!
Notices, Deadlines & Correspondence

Patent Information

Application #
Filing Date
26 November 2012
Publication Number
36/2014
Publication Type
INA
Invention Field
CHEMICAL
Status
Email
Parent Application

Applicants

CAMBRIDGE ENTERPRISE LIMITED
The Old Schools Trinity Lane Cambridge CB2 1TN
BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM INTERNATIONAL GMBH
Binger Strasse 173 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein

Inventors

1. GRAINGER David John
Department of Medicine Cambridge University Box 157 Addenbrookes Hospital Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QQ
2. FOX David John
Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL

Specification

Anti-inflammatory agents The invention relates to aryl substituted 3-aminolactam derivatives and their use in preventing or treating inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is an important component of physiological host defence. Increasingly, however, it is clear that temporally or spatially inappropriate inflammatory responses play a part in a wide range of diseases, including those with an obvious leukocyte component (such as autoimmune diseases, asthma or atherosclerosis) but also in diseases that have not traditionally been considered to involve leukocytes (such as osteoporosis or Alzheimer's disease). The chemokines are a large family of signalling molecules with homology to interleukin-8 which have been implicated in regulating leukocyte trafficking both in physiological and pathological conditions. With more than fifty ligands and twenty receptors involved in chemokine signalling, the system has the requisite information density to address leukocytes through the complex immune regulatory processes from the bone marrow, to the periphery, then back through secondary lymphoid organs. However, this complexity of the chemokine system has at first hindered pharmacological approaches to modulating inflammatory responses through chemokine receptor blockade. It has proved difficult to determine which chemokine receptor(s) should be inhibited to produce therapeutic benefit in a given inflammatory disease. More recently, a family of agents which block signalling by a wide range of chemokines simultaneously has been described (see Reckless et al, Biochem J. (1 99) 340: 803-81 1). The first such agent, a peptide termed "Peptide 3", was found to inhibit leukocyte migration induced by 5 different chemokines, while leaving migration in response to other chemoattractants (such as fMLP or TGF-beta) unaltered. This peptide, and its analogs such as NR58-3.14.3 (i.e. c(DCys-DGln-DIle- DTrp-DLys-DGln-DLys-DPro-DAsp-DLeu-DCys)-NH 2 [SEQ ID NO: 1]), are collectively termed "Broad Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitors" (BSCIs). Grainger et al. (2003, Biochem. Pharm. 65: 1027-1034) have subsequently shown BSCIs to have potentially useful anti-inflammatory activity in a range of animal models of diseases. Interestingly, simultaneous blockade of multiple chemokines is not apparently associated with acute or chronic toxicity, suggesting this approach may be a useful strategy for developing new anti-inflammatory medications with similar benefits to steroids but with reduced side-effects. This beneficial risk:benefit profile most likely results from the unexpected mechanism of action of these compounds (see International Patent Appl. No. PCT/GB2010/000354 in the name of Cambridge Enterprise Limited filed 28 February 2010, and International Patent Appl. No. PCT/GB201 0/000342 in the name of Cambridge Enterprise Limited filed 26 February 2010). However, peptides and peptoid derivatives such as NR58-3.14.3, may not be optimal for use in vivo. They are quite expensive to synthesise and have relatively unfavourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. For example, NR58- 3.14.3 is not orally bioavailable and is cleared from blood plasma with a half-life period of less than 30 minutes after intravenous injection. Two parallel strategies have been adopted to identify novel preparations that retain the anti-inflammatory properties of peptide 3 and NR58-3.14.3, but have improved characteristics for use as pharmaceuticals. Firstly, a series of peptide analogs have been developed, some of which have longer plasma half-lives than NR58-3.14.3 and which are considerably cheaper to synthesise (see for example WO2009/017620). Secondly, a detailed structure: activity analysis of the peptides has been carried out to identify the key pharmacophores and design small non-peptidic structures which retain the beneficial properties of the original peptide. This second approach yielded several structurally distinct series of compounds that retained the anti-inflammatory properties of the peptides, including 16-amino and 16- aminoalkyl derivatives of the alkaloid yohimbine, as well as a range of N-substituted 3-aminoglutarimides, identified from a small combinatorial library (see Fox t al, 2002, J Med Chem 45: 360-370; WO 99/12968 and WO 00/42071). All of these compounds are broad-spectrum chemokine inhibitors that retain selectivity over nonchemokine chemoattractants, and a number of them have been shown to block acute inflammation in vivo. The most potent and selective of the above-mentioned aminoglutarimides was (S)-3- (undec-lO-enoyl)-aminoglutarimide (NR58,4), which inhibited chemokine-induced migration in vitro with an ED50 of 5n . This compound was orders of magnitude more potent than 3-aminoglutarimides with more complex acyl side chains (such as benzoyl or tert-butyloxo (Boc) groups). As a result, subsequent studies of aminoglutarimide and aminolactam BSCIs have focussed almost exclusively on compounds with simple linear and branched alkyl side chains. However, further studies revealed that the aminoglutarimide ring was susceptible to enzymatic ring opening in serum. Consequently, for some applications (for example, where the inflammation under treatment is chronic, such as in autoimmune diseases) these compounds may not have optimal properties, and a more stable compound with similar anti-inflammatory properties may be superior. As an approach to identifying such stable analogs, various derivatives of (S)- 3- (undec- 10-enoyl)-aminoglutarimide have been tested for their stability in serum. One derivative, the 6-deoxo analog (S)-3-(undec-10-enoyl)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, is completely stable in human serum for at least 7 days at 37°C, but has considerably reduced potency compared with the parental molecule. One such family of stable, broad spectrum chemokine inhibitors (BSCIs) are the 3- amino caprolactams, with a seven-membered monolactam ring (see, for example, WO2005/053702 and WO2006/016152). However, further useful anti-inflammatory compounds have also been generated from other 3-aminolactams with different ring size (see for example WO2006/134385). Other modifications to the lactam ring, including introduction of heteroatoms and bicyclolactam ring systems, also yield compounds with BSCI activity (see, for example, WO2006/018609 and WO2006/085096). In general, these earlier studies have demonstrated that the BSCI activity is conferred on the molecule by the cyclic "head group" (a 3-amino lactam or imide) and defined, to an extent, the structural limitations for activity (for example, bulky substituents on the ring nitrogen are detrimental for activity, but variations in ring size have little impact). To be active as a BSCI, this "head group" must have an acyl "tail group" attached. Compounds with a 3-amino group, either free or N-alkyl substituted, bearing a positive charge at physiological pH are completely inactive as BSCIs. Previous disclosures have shown that this "tail group" can be linked to the "head group" through simple amide, sulfonamide, urea or carbamate linkers. While the structure of the "head" group and linker are critical for BSCI activity, it has been shown that a wide variety of "tail groups" can be selected with out affecting the primary pharmacology of the compound, at least in vitro. As a result, modification of the "tail group" has been extensively used to optimise the physical and pharmaceutical properties of the compounds. Changes in the structure of the "tail group" can, for example, change the primary route of metabolism or excretion, modify the pharmacokinetics or oral bioavailability, and thus act as the primary determinant of the ADME properties of a selected compound. Although the universe of possible "tail groups" known to retain BSCI activity for suitable aminolactam "head groups" is very large, some "tail groups" have been described as preferred. In some cases, structural features of the "tail group" have been identified which increase the potency of BSCI activity of the aminolactam compound. The most obvious such example is the introduction of 2',2' disubstitution, with a tetrahedral sp3 arrangement at the 2' carbon centre in the tail group (the so-called "key carbon"), which confers a 10-fold increase in potency as a BSCI, at least in vitro, compared to a related compound lacking 2'2'-disubstitution. For example, 2'2'- dimethyldodecenanoyl-3-aminocaprolactam is 10-fold more potent as a BSCI in the MCP-1 induced THP-1 cell migration than assay than dodecanoyl-3- aminocaprolactam (as disclosed previously in WO2005/053702), or indeed any other related compound with a linear alkyl "tail group". The increased potency for branched alkyl "tail groups" is restricted to branching at the 2' position - 3'3'- dimethyldodecanoyl-3-aminocaprolactam is no more potent than the linear alkyl analogs. In other cases, structural features of the "tail group" have been identified which are associated with improved ADME properties. For example, the pivoyl "tail group" of 2'2'-dimethylpropanoyl-3-aminovalerolactam contributes to the unexpected, and particularly favourable, pharmaceutical properties of this molecule (as disclosed previously in WO2009/0 16390). In particular, the pivoyl group is resistant to metabolism, and therefore contributes to the unusually prolonged biological half-life of this compound. In marked contrast, other possible "tail groups" have generally been less preferred. For example, compounds with a planar (sp2) carbon centre at the 2' position (such as dodec-2',3 '-enoyl-3-aminocaprolactam) have markedly lower potency as BSCIs than compounds with corresponding saturated alkyl "tail groups". Similarly, the data from the original library of glutarimides suggested that aromatic rings at the 2-position were also substantially less active (Fox et al, 2002, J Med Chem 45: 360-370). Taken together, these two findings have led to the reasonable assumption that aminolactams with aromatic "tail groups", such as benzoyl or substituted benzoyl, would not be useful as BSCIs. As a result, previous disclosures of compounds with BSCI activity have all excluded such aromatic "tail groups". The present invention discloses a series of sulfonamide analogs of 3-aminolactam compounds, each with aromatic "tail groups", as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and medical uses of the compounds and compositions such as for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Surprisingly, all of the compounds as set out below have substantial BSCI activity (greater than either 2', 3'- unsaturated acyl 3-aminolactams or benzoylaminoglutarimides). In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound of general formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of an inflammatory disorder: (I) wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4; k is an integer from 0 to 5, representing the number of groups substituting C2, C , C4, C5 and/or C of the benzyl ring; and X are linear or branched groups substituting the benzyl ring independently selected from any one of the group consisting of: alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, carboxy, and halogen. The carbon atom at position 3 of the lactam ring is asymmetric and consequently, the compounds according to the present invention have at least two possible enantiomeric forms, that is, the "R" and "S" configurations. The present invention encompasses each of the two enantiomeric forms and all combinations of these forms, including the racemic "RS" mixtures. With a view to simplicity, when no specific configuration is shown in the structural formula, it should be understood that each of the two enantiomeric forms and their mixtures are represented. Also provided according to the invention is a compound of formula ( ), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of an inflammatory disorder: ) wherein n, k and X are defined as above. Compounds (F), having the (S)-configuration at the stereocentre, are 5-1 00 fold more potent as a BSCIs than the (R)-enantiomer of the same compound. The invention additionally provides the use of a compound of general formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disorder: (I) wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4; k is an integer from 0 to 5, representing the number of groups substituting C2, C3, C , C5 and/or C of the benzyl ring; and X are linear or branched groups substituting the benzyl ring independently selected from any one of the group consisting of: alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, carboxy, and halogen. Also provided according to the invention is the use of a compound of formula (P), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disorder: ( ) wherein n, k and X are defined as for general formula (I) above. Certain compounds have been found to be novel per se. Thus, in another aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound of general formula (I): (I) wherein n, k and X are as defined for (I) above, with the proviso that: when n = 3, then at least one of C2-C6 on the benzyl ring is substituted with a group other than halogen, Ci-C7 alkyl, or -C7 haloalkyl; and when n = 1, 2 or 3, then C2 or C on the benzyl ring are other than hydrogen or fluorine, or C3 on the benzyl ring is other than hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or -C6 haloalkyl, or C4 on the benzyl ring is other than hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C alkyl, C -C6 alkoxy, C - C6 haloalkyl, amino, aminoalkyl or aminodialkyl, or C5 on the benzyl ring is other than hydrogen or halogen; and provided that the compound is neither of the group consisting of: 3-(2'- carboxybenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, and (R)-3-(4'- methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam. For the avoidance of doubt, it is noted that according to the invention the compounds of general formula (I) do not include the compounds 3-(4'- methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, 3-(4 - chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, 3-(4'-bromobenzenesulfonylamino)- caprolactam, (R)-3-(4'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, 3-(4'- chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, and 3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)- caprolactam. Also encompassed by the invention is a compound of formula ( ) ( ) wherein n, k and X are defined as for general formula (I) above, provided that the compound is none of the group consisting of: (S)-3-(4 - methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3 -(4'- methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, (S)-3 -(4'-bromobenzenesulfonylamino)- caprolactam, and (S)-3-(4'-chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam. WO2005/042489 teaches sulphonamide compounds of formula 9.0 (page 91) as intermediates for the preparation in "Scheme 3" of N-substituted benzenesulfonamides that are stated to be for use in treating cognitive disorders. Overlap with these intermediate compounds is hereby disclaimed from the present invention. US2007/0037789 teaches fluoro substituted 2-oxo-azepan denvates as g -secretase inhibitors. Intermediate compounds such as according to formula IV in Scheme 1 (see paragraph [0085]) are used in the synthesis of those derivates. Overlap with the intermediate compounds is hereby disclaimed from the present invention. WO2006/005486 teaches sulphonamide derivates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or common cancers. Intermediate compounds such as according to formula IV (see page 12) are used in the synthesis of those derivates. Overlap with the intermediate compounds is hereby disclaimed from the present invention. WO2007/0038669 teaches diarylamine-containing compounds and their use as modulators of c-kit receptors. Various intermediate compounds are used in the synthesis of the diarylamine-containing compounds. Any overlap of the intermediate compounds is hereby disclaimed from the present invention. The prior art also discloses specific compounds, for example: 3-(2'-carboxybenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one is disclosed in Gombar et al. (1991) Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 10: 306- 332; - 3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one is disclosed in Gut & Rudinger ( 1963) Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 28: 2953-2968; (S)- 3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one is disclosed in Maguire et al. (1990) J. Organic Chem. 55: 948-955; - 3-(4'-bromobenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam (in (S)- and (R)- forms, and with unspecified stereochemistry) and (S)-3-(4'-chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)- caprolactam are disclosed in Parker et al. (2007) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17: 5790-5795; 3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam is disclosed in WO2004/033455; and - (R)-3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam is disclosed in DE41 17507. However, none of the above prior art compounds have been shown to have BSCI activity, or to be useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. As a result, compounds disclosed in the prior art documents mentioned herein in no way teach or suggest our unexpected finding that the class of sulfonamide analogs of arylsubstituted aminolactams as defined herein have useful BSCI activity, and the prior art compounds are hereby disclaimed. In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active ingredient, a compound per se as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or carrier. By pharmaceutically acceptable salt is meant in particular the addition salts of inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, phosphate, diphosphate and nitrate or of organic acids such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, lactate, methanesulphonate, p-toluenesulphonate, palmoate and stearate. Also within the scope of the present invention, when they can be used, are the salts formed from bases such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. For other examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, reference can be made to "Salt selection for basic drugs" (1986) Int. J. Pharm. 33: 201-217. The pharmaceutical composition can be in the form of a solid, for example powders, granules, tablets, gelatin capsules, liposomes or suppositories. Appropriate solid supports can be, for example, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine and wax. Other appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or carriers will be known to those skilled in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can also be presented in liquid form, for example, solutions, emulsions, suspensions or syrups. Appropriate liquid supports can be, for example, water, organic solvents such as glycerol or glycols, as well as their mixtures, in varying proportions, in water. Exemplar compounds according to general formula (I) and formula (G ) for medical uses according to the invention may be selected from the group consisting of: (S)-3-(3'-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(4'-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(2'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(3'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(4'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one [also known as (S)-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide or (S)-3 -(4 - trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)piperidin -2-one], (S)-3-(2 ',4'-difluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3-(2',5 '-difluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3-(2',6 '-difluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3-(3 ',4'-difluoroben2enesulfonylamino )-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(3 ,5'-difiuoroben2enesulfonylamino )-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-2-Fluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin -3-yl)benzenesulfonamide [also known as (S)-3-(2'- fluoroben2enesulfonylamino )-tetrahydropyridin-2-one], (S)-3-(4'-Ethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan -2-one, (S)-3-(4'-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan -2-one, (S)-3 -(4'-tert-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan -2-one, (S)-3 -(4'-t rt-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3 -(4'-Octylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan -2-one, and (S)-3-(4'-Octylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Exemplar per se compounds of the invention according to general formula (I) and/or exemplar compounds according to general formula (G ) for medical uses according to the invention may be selected from the group consisting of: (R)-3-(4'-Ethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (R)-3 -(4'-t rt-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (R)-3-(4'-Octylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Exemplar per se compounds of the invention according to general formula (I) and formula (G ) may be selected from the group consisting of: (S)-3 -(3'-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3-(4'-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3-(2 '-trifiuoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3-(3 '-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin -2-one, (S)-3-(4'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(2',4'-difluorobenzenesulfonylaniino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(2',5'-difluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(2',6'-difluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(3' 4'-difluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(3',5'-difluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-2-Fluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide, (S)-3-(4'-Ethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan-2-one, (S)-3-(4'-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan-2-one, (S)-3-(4'-tert-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan-2-one, (S)-3-(4'-tert-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3-(4'-Octylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan-2-one, and (S)-3-(4'-Octylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. An exemplar compound according to general formula (I) or ( ) for medical uses according to the invention is (S)-3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An exemplar compound per se or for medical use according to formula (F) is (S)-3- (4'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. According to the invention, inflammatory disorders (which term is used herein interchangeably with "inflammatory disease") intended to be prevented or treated by the compounds of formula (I) or (F), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments containing them as active ingredients, include notably: autoimmune diseases, for example such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease; vascular disorders including stroke, coronary artery diseases, myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, atherosclerosis or vasculitis, e. g., Behcet's syndrome, giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease; - asthma, and related respiratory disorders such as allergic rhinitis and COPD; - organ transplant rejection and/or delayed graft or organ function, e.g. in renal transplant patients; - psoriasis; - skin wounds and other fibrotic disorders including hypertrophic scarring (keloid formation), adhesion formations following general or gynaecological surgery, lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis (including alcoholic liver disease) or kidney fibrosis, whether idiopathic or as a consequence of an underlying disease such as diabetes (diabetic nephropathy); or allergies. The inflammatory disorder may be selected from the group consisting of autoimmune diseases, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, a disorder characterised by an elevated TNF-a level, psoriasis, allergies, multiple sclerosis, fibrosis (including diabetic nephropathy), and formation of adhesions. The above clinical indications fall under the general definition of inflammatory disorders or disorders characterized by elevated TNFa levels. In one aspect of the invention, merely in order to circumvent any potentially conflicting prior art (for example as noted above), the term inflammatory disorder may exclude cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and/or memory loss. Compounds of formula (I) or (G ) are particularly useful for local delivery, and also for the preparation of medicaments for local delivery, including creams and ointments for topical delivery, powders, aerosols or emulsions for inhaled delivery, and solutions or emulsions for injection. Pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more excipients suitable for such local delivery are therefore envisaged, and subsequently claimed. Also provided according to the invention is a method of treatment, amelioration or prophylaxis of the symptoms of an inflammatory disease (including an adverse inflammatory reaction to any agent) by the administration to a patient of an anti¬ inflammatory amount of a compound, pharmaceutical composition or medicament as defined herein. Administration of a compound, composition or medicament according to the invention can be carried out by topical, oral, parenteral route, by intramuscular injection, etc. The administration dose envisaged for a compound, composition or medicament according to the invention is comprised between 0.1 g and 10 g depending on the formulation and route of administration used. The invention further encompasses a library consisting of elements all of which have structures according to the formula (I) or (G ), and hence which all have anti¬ inflammatory activity, useful for screening compounds for novel or improved properties in a particular assay of anti-inflammatory activity. The invention includes compounds, compositions and uses thereof as defined, wherein the compound is in hydrated or solvated form. Unless specified otherwise, compounds of the invention include tautomers, resolved enantiomers, resolved diastereomers, racemic mixtures, solvates, metabolites, salts and prodrugs thereof, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs. In any of the compounds according to formula (I) or ( ) described above (per se and/or for medical use), n may be 2. Alternatively, n may be 3. X may be haloalkyl, for example trifluoromethyl. An exemplar group of compounds per se and/or for medical use according to any aspect of the invention is selected from among compounds according to formula (I) or (F) where X is halogen or haloakyl and where k is between 1 and 3. For example, X may be fluoro or fluoroalkyl (such as trifluoromethyl) and k may be between 1 and 3. In particular, where permissible according to the formulae herein, the benzyl ring may be monosubstituted with a group X as defined above (i.e. k = 1). For example, the benzyl ring may be monosubstituted with an alkyl (such as other than para-methyl), haloalkyl (such as trifluoromethyl, for example para-trifluoromethyl [i.e. 4'- trifluoromethyl]). The benzyl ring may be monosubstituted with a halogen. The benzyl ring may be monosubstituted with ortho-carboxy (i.e. 2'-carboxy). In one aspect, the above features for k=l apply when n=2. According to the invention, the compounds of general formula (I) or ( ) can be prepared using the processes described hereafter. DEFINITIONS The term "about" refers to an interval around the considered value. As used in this patent application, "about X" means an interval from X minus 10% of X to X plus 10% of X, and preferably an interval from X minus 5% of X to X plus 5% of X. The use of a numerical range in this description is intended unambiguously to include within the scope of the invention all individual integers within the range and all the combinations of upper and lower limit numbers within the broadest scope of the given range. Hence, for example, the range of 0.lmg to 1Og specified in respect of (inter alia) a dose of a compound or composition of the invention to be used is intended to include all doses between O.lmg and lOg and all sub-ranges of each combination of upper and lower numbers, whether exemplified explicitly or not. As used herein, the term "comprising" is to be read as meaning or encompassing both comprising and consisting of. Consequently, where the invention relates to a "pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient" a compound, this terminology is intended to cover both compositions in which other active ingredients may be present and also compositions which consist only of one active ingredient as defined. The term "alkyl" or "alkyl group" as used herein refers to a saturated linear or branched- chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical, for example of one to twenty carbon atoms, one to twelve carbon atoms, one to six carbon atoms, one to four carbon atoms, or as otherwise specified herein. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH 3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n- butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2- methyl-1 -propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH 3) ), 2-butyl (s- Bu, s-butyl, - CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n- pentyl, - CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH )CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (- CH(CH 2CH3)2)5 2-methyl-2-butyl (-C(CHs) 2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (- CH(CH3)CH(CH 3)2), 3- methyl-1 -butyl (-CH2CH2CH(CH )2) 2-methyl-l -butyl (- CH2CH(CH 3)CH2CH3), 1- hexyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-hexyl (- CH(CH 3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (- CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (- C(CHs)2CH2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2- pentyl (-CH(CH )CH(CH 3)CH2CH3), 4-methyl-2- pentyl (-CH(CH 3)CH2CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (-C(CH 3)(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-3- pentyl (- CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH 3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH 3)2CH(CH3)2), 3,3- dimethylsbutyl (-CH(CH 3)C(CH )3, 1-heptyl, and 1-octyl. The term "haloalkyl" or "haloalkyl group" as used herein refers to an alkyl group (as defined above) except that one or more or all of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced by a halogen, which replacement can be at any site on the alkyl, including the end. Examples include, but are not limited to, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH2F5 CH2CHF , CH CF , CHFCF3, CF2CF , C¾C1, CHC12, CC1 , CH2CH2C1, CH2CHC12, CH2CC1 , CHC1CC13, and CC1 CC13. The term "halogen" (which may be abbreviated to "halo") or "halogen group" as used herein includes fluorine (F), bromine (Br), chlorine (CI), and iodine (I). The term "hydroxy" or "hydroxy group" denotes the group "-OH". The term "hydroxyalkyl" or "hydroxyalkyl group" as used herein refers to an alkyl group (as defined above) except wherein one or more or all of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced by an hydroxy group, which replacement can be at any site on the alkyl, including the end. The term "alkoxy" or "alkoxy group" denotes an alkyl group as defined above attached via a divalent oxygen atom to the rest of the molecule. Examples include but are not limited to methoxy (-OCH 3), ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tertbutoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy. The term "amino" or "amino group" denotes the group "-NH " . The term "aminoalkyl" or "aminoalkyl group" refers to an amino group in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an alkyl group as defined above. The term "aminodialkyl" or "aminodialkyl group" refers to an amino group in which both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an alkyl group as defined above. The alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom may be different or the same. The term "carboxy" or "carboxy group" denotes the group "-C(0)OH". The term "benzyl ring" (also known as a "phenyl group") refers to a 6 carbon aryl group in compounds of general formulae (I) and (I ' ) shown above. For the purposes of the general formulae of the present invention, numbering to locate the carbon atoms C2-C6 within the benzyl ring is in a clockwise direction from C which is linked to the 3-aminolactam group. However, numbering of ring carbons with respect to one or more substituent groups on the benzyl ring for specific compounds follows the IUPAC rule that the second substituent in a clockwise or counter clockwise direction is afforded the lower possible location number. Where two or more substituents are present in a specific compound, the IUPAC rule is that they are listed in alphabetical order. Location numbers on the ring are assigned according to the IUPAC rule to the substituents so that they have the lowest possible number (starting from C which is linked to the 3-aminolactam group), counting in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. As would be understood by a person skilled in the art, where there are fewer than 5 groups substituting the benzyl ring in compounds of general formulae (I) and ( ), i.e., where k=0, 1 2, 3 or 4, the or each unsubstituted position is occupied by a hydrogen atom. Unless otherwise defined, all the technical and scientific terms used here have the same meaning as that usually understood by an ordinary specialist in the field to which this invention belongs. Similarly, all the publications, patent applications, all the patents and all other references mentioned here are incorporated by way of reference (where legally permissible). Preparation of the compounds of general formula (I) or ( ) Typically, such compounds are made by coupling the "tail group" in the form of a suitably activated acid (such as an acid chloride) with the appropriate 3-aminolactam. Methods for the preparation of 3-aminolactams with 5, 6, 7 and 8 membered rings, encompassing all the compounds claimed herein, have been extensively described in the literature. For example, we have provided suitable methods for the preparation of 6-membered aminolactams from ornithine (see WO2009/016390) and 7-membered aminolactams from lysine (see WO2005/053702), as well as methods for 5- and 8- membered aminolactams (see WO2006/1 343 85). We have described in particular detail various synthesis routes to the 6-membered aminolactam, including processes suitable for scaling up the manufacture to Kg quantities (WO2009/016390). Various other methods for the synthesis of 3-aminolactams of various ring sizes have also been described in the literature (see for example Pellegata et al., 1 78, Synthesis 614-616 and Boyle et al. , 1979, J Org Chem 44:4841-4847), and any suitable method for the preparation of the aminolactam "head group" may be employed in accordance with the method of the present invention. In the second step, the 3-aminolactam product is reacted with an appropriate sulfonyl chloride, for example as previously described for 7-ring aminolactams (Fox et al, 2005, J Med Chem 48: 867-74) but using a sulfonyl chloride (RS(0 2)C1) instead of a carboxylic acid derived acid chloride (RC(O)Cl). This reaction may be carried out, for example, in chloroform or dichloromethane. The most preferred reaction solvent is dichloromethane, and is preferably carried out in the presence of a base, for example Na2C0 3 or triethylamine (e.g. by a method similar to that described in WO 2006/005486 or Parker et al. (2007) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17: 5790-5795). The above reaction may be carried out at ambient temperature (about 25 °C) or more generally at a temperature between 20 and 50 °C. The two reactions may be carried out independently, with separation and purification of the 3-aminolactam between the reactions, or alternatively, the reactions may be performed in a single vessel without purification of the 3-aminolactam prior to its derivatisation with sulfonyl chloride. As noted previously (see WO2009/016390) care must be exercised during the acylation reaction when preparing an enantiomerically pure compound, according to formula (G ) by acylating an enantiomerically pure 3-aminolactam. In particular, the base, such as sodium carbonate, must be added slowly continually monitoring the pH of the reaction vessel to ensure that the pH of the reaction remains below pH 9.0 throughout. Excess basicity, for example due to rapid or excessive addition of sodium carbonate, increases the racemisation of the 3-aminolactam and yields enantiomerically impure product. The following examples are presented in order to illustrate the above procedures and should in no way be considered to limit the scope of the invention. FIGURES Fig. 1 shows the chemical structure of various examples of compounds according to the invention and reference examples; and Fig. 2 is a graph showing the results of a murine sub-lethal endotoxemia test. In the graph, column A shows data from a control group (1% CMC lOml/kg p.o.), column B shows data from a group treated with lOmg/kg p.o. thalidomide, column C shows data from a group treated with lOmg/kg p.o. (S)-3-(4'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)- tetrahydropyridin-2-one (a compound according to one embodiment of the present invention - see also Example 4 below) and column D shows data from a group treated with lmg/kg p.o. of the somatotaxin (S)-3-(adamantane-l-carbonyl) aminocaprolactam (see WO2006/0161 52). The y-axis shows levels of TNF-a in pg l. EXAMPLES In the following examples, Ή -NMR and , C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX 400 MHz fourier transform machine and 1 F-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX 300. Chemical shifts are given in ppm and coupling constants, J, are given in Hz to the nearest 0.5. IR spectra were recorded on an Avatar 320. HRMS data was gained via an Esquire 2000. [O ] D values were recorded on an optical activity AA 1000 polarimeter set at 598 nm (Sodium D line). The samples were made using spectroscopic grade MeOH. Reference Example 1: 3-(4 ,-MethylbenzenesuIfonylamino)tetrahydropyridin -2- one: 3-aminotetrahydropyridin-2-one hydrochloride (10 mmol), K2C0 3 (30 mmol) and 4- methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (10 mmol) were reacted according to the above procedure to give the product ( 1.64 g, 69%): Vmax/cm 1 3224, 1658 (secondary CONH, lactam), 1598, 1494 (aromatic ring), 1324, 1161 (S0 2-N), 814, 802 (pam-disubstituted benzene). NMR: dH (400MHz, CDC1 3) 7.77 (2H, d, J 8.5, ortho-U), 7.29 (2H, d, J 8.0, meta- H), 5.79 (1H, br d, J 1.0, C H7-S0 2NH), 5.56 ( 1H, br s, CON H-CH 2), 3.49-3.42 (1H, , CH-CO), 3.31-3.24 (2H, m, CH2NH), 2.53-2.45 (1H, m, lactam CH2) , 2.40 (3H, s, CH3) , 1.97-1.88 (1H, , lactam CH2), 1.88-1.68 (2H, m, lactam CH2) . 1 C NMR: C (100MHz, CDC1 3) 172.2 (lactam C=0), 142.2 (ipso-C), 136.2 (para-C), 129.7 (aromatic CH), 127.3 (aromatic CH), 53.3 (CH-CO), 42.0 (C¾-NH), 29.6 (lactam CH2) , 28.6 (lactam CH2) , 27.9 (lactam CH2), 21.5 (CH 3). HRMS (+ESI) C ,2H 1 N20 3S + Na+ : calcd 291.0774; found 291.0777. Reference Example 2: 3-(4'-Methylbeiuenesulfonylainino)azepan-2-one: 3-aminoazepan-2-one hydrochloride (10 mmol), K2C0 3 (30 mmol) and 4- methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (10 mmol) were reacted according to the above procedure to give the product ( .70 g, 67%): ma 1 3393, 1658 (secondary CONH, lactam), 1598, 1496 (aromatic ring), 1324, 1164 (S0 2-N), 818, 802 (para-disubstituted benzene). NMR: dH (400MHz, CDC13) 7.70 (2H, d, J 8.5, ortho-H), 7.25 (2H, d, J 8.0, et - H), 6.22-6.03 (2H, , NH), 3.79 (1H, ddd, J 11.0, 5.0, 2.0, CH-CO), 3.19-3.10 (1H, , CH2NH), 3.08-2.98 (1H, m, CH2NH), 2.38 (3H, s, CH ), 2.14-2.08 (1H, , lactam CH2), 2.03-1.93 (1H, , lactam CH2), 1.82-1.71 (1H, , lactam CH2), 1.70-1.54 (2H, m, lactam CH2), 1.38-1.25 (1H, m, lactam CH2). 1 C NMR: c (100MHz, CDCI3) 174.5 (lactam C=0), 143.6 (ipso-C), 137.2 (para-C), 129.9 (aromatic CH), 127.2 (aromatic CH), 55.6 (CH-CO), 42.4 (CH2-NH), 33.6 (lactam CH2), 28.9 (lactam CH2), 28.2 (lactam CH2), 21.7 (CH3) . HRMS (+ESI) C, Hi8N20 3S + Na+: calcd 305.0930; 305.0938. With respect to the examples below, the general procedure for the synthesis of 3- sulfonylamino-2-oxopiperidines was: potassium carbonate (3 mmol) and (5)-3-amino- 2-oxopiperidine hydrochloride (1.5 mmol) were dissolved in water (5 ml) and the solution was cooled to 0 °C, and a solution of substituted benzenesulfonyl chloride ( 1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 16 hours, and then the reaction was extracted with dichloromethane or chloroform. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and reduced in vacuo to give a solid. This solid was redissolved in a minimum amount of dichloromethane and crystallised by addition of petroleum ether 40-60 °C. The solid product was isolated by filtration and dried over potassium pentoxide. Example 1: (S )-4-Fluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 0.196 g white fine powder (48 %). mp 153-156 °C; [a] 4 D +30.35 (c 0.1, MeOH); v max/cm 1656, 1650 (C=0, amide), 1493 (N-H, amide), 1329 (C-F), 1158 (-S0 2-). Anal. (C Hi3FN 20 3S) C, H, N: calcd C 48.52, H 4.81, N 10.29; found C 48.13, H 4.74, N 10.18. 1H-NMR dH 1H-NMR dH. 7.90 (2H, dd, J 9 and 5, ArH2 and ArH 6), 7.17 (2H, t, J 8.5, ArH3 and ArH 5), 5.82 (2H, NH CH and NH CH2), 3.48 (IH, dd, J 11 and 6, CH NH), 3.31-3.25 (2H, m, GH2NH), 2.48-2.41 (IH, , CH 2CH), 1.99-1.88 (2H, m, CH2CH2NH), 1.87-1.66 ( H, , CH CH). 1 C-NMR C 169.74 (CHCONH), 165.1 (d, J 255, ArC4), 135.2 (d, J 3, CS0 2), 130.1 (d, J 9, ArC2/6), 116.4 (d, J 23, ArC3/5), 53.3 (CHNH), 41.9 (CH2NH), 28.6 (CH2CHNH), 20.8 (CH CH2NH). l FNMR F-105.1. HRMS (+ESI) C H13FN20 3SNa: calcd 295.0523; found 295.0517. Example 2: (5)-3-Fluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidiii-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 0.2 1 g off-white fine powder (53 %). mp 159-160 °C; [a] +29.80 (c 0.1, MeOH); ma /cm- 1669, 1644 (C=0, amide), 1552 (N-H, amide), 1303 (C-F), 1158 (-SO ) . Anal. (C H i3FN20 3S) C, H, N: calcd C 48.52, H 4.81, N 10.29; found C 48.10, H 4.71, N 10.05. 1H-NMR d H 7.69 (IH, dt, J 8 and 1, cH ) , 7.60 (IH, dt, J 8 and 2.5, ArH 5), 7.49 (IH, td, J 8 and 6, ArH4), 7.26 (IH, tdd, J 8, 2.5 and 1, ArH 6), 5.89 (IH, s, NHCH), 5.69 (IH, s, NH C¾), 3.52 (IH, dd, J 11 and 6, CH NH), 3.32-3.27 (2H, m, CH 2NH), 2.51-2.44 (IH, m, CH2CH), 1.98-1.89 (2H, m, CH CH2NH), 1.87-1.67 (IH, m, CH CH). 1 C-N R C 169.1 (CHCONH), 162.4 (d, J 250, ArC3), 141.2 (d, J 7, CS0 2), 130.9 (AiC5), 123.0 (ArC6), 120.1 (d, J 2 , ArC4), 114.8 (d, J 24, ArC2), 53.4 (CHNH), 41.9 ( H2NH), 28.6 (C 2CHNH), 20.7 ( H2CH2NH). 1 F-NMR F -109.4. HRMS (+ESI) CnH 13FN20 3SNa: calcd 295.0523; found 295.0535. Example 3 : (S)-2-Fluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)beiizenesuIfonamide 0.197 g white powder (48 %). mp 180-183 °C; [c D +35.80 (c 0.1, MeOH); c 1 1659, 1647 (C=0, amide), 1474 (N-H, amide), 1332 (C-F), 1157 (-S0 2-). Anal. (C,iH 13FN20 S.l/6 H20 ) C, H, N: calcd C 47.99, H 4.88, N 10.18; found C 47.94, H 4.76, N 10.01. -NMR dH 7.87 (1H, td, J 7.5 and 2, ArH4), 7.56 ( 1H, dddd, J 8, 7, 5 and 2, ArH3), 7.21 (2H, , J 7.5 and 1, ArH5 and AxH6), 6.05 ( 1H, s, NHCH), 5.84 (1H, s, NHCH2), 3.58 (1H, dt, J 10.5 and 6, CHNH), 3.29-3.24 (2H, m, CH2NH), 2.51- 2.43 (1H, m, CH2CH), 1.98-1.89 (2H, m, CH2CH2NH), 1.88-1.69 (1H, , CH2CH). 1 C-NMR C 169.6 (CHCONH), 159.2 (d, J 256, ArC2), 135.2 (d, J 9, ArC4), 130.6 (ArC5), 127.2 (d, J 14, CS0 ), 124.2 (d, J 4, ArC6), 117.2 (d, J 21, ArC3), 53.7 (CHNH), 41.9 (CH2NH), 28.9 (CH2CHNH), 20.9 (CH2CH2NH). 1 F-NMR F -108.5. HRMS (+ESI) C Hi3FN20 SNa: calcd 295.0523; found 295.0516. Example 4: (S)-N-(2-Oxopiperidin-3-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonamide 0.222 g off-white fine powder (46 %). mp 181-183 °C; [a] D +21.15 (c 0.1, MeOH); ma c 1669, 1644 (C=0, amide), 1552 (N-H, amide), 1303 (C-F), 1158 (-S0 2-). Anal. (Ci 2Hi3F3N20 S) C, H, N: calcd C 44.72, H 4.07, N 8.69; found C 44.39, H 3.98, N 8.54. -NMR dH. 8.03 (2H, d, J 8, ArH2 and ArH6), 7.76 (2H, d, J 8, ArH3 and ArH5), 5.99 ( 1H, s, NHCH), 5.85 (IH, s, NHCH2), 3.53 (IH, dd, J 11 and 6, CHNH), 3.31-3.26 (2H, m, CH2NH), 2.49-2.42 (IH, , CH2CH), 1.99-1.91 (2H, , CH2CH2NH), 1.89-1.67 (IH, , CH2CH). 1 C-NMR C 169.5 (CHCONH), 142.9 (CS0 2), 134.5 (q, J 32, ArC4), 127.9 (ArC2/6), 126.3 (q, J 4, ArC3/5), 123.3 (q, J 270, CF3), 53.4 (CHNH), 41.9 (CH2NH), 28. 7 (CH2CHNH), 20.8 (CH2CH2NH). , FNMR F -63.1. HRMS (+ESI) Ci2Hi3F N20 3SNa: calcd 345.0491; found 345.0478. Example 5: (S)-N-(2-Oxopiperidin-3-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 0.156 g off-white needle crystals (32 %). mp 158-160 °C; [a] D +22.90 (c 0.1, eOH); v m c 1632, 1614 (C=0, amide), 1496 (N-H, amide), 1362 (C-F), 138 (- SO2-). Anal. (Ci2H13F3N20 3S) C, H, N: calcd C 44.72, H 4.07, N 8.69; found C 44.56, H 3.93, N 8.63. 1H-NMR dH -NMR dH. 8.17 (IH, s, ArH2), 8.09 ( 1H, d, J 8, ArH6), 7.82 ( 1H, d, J 8, ArH4), 7.66 ( 1H, t, J 7.5, ArH5), 5.97 ( 1H, s, NHCH), 5.83 (IH, s, NHCH2), 3.55 (IH, dd, J 10.5 and 6, CHNH), 3.32-3.26 (2H, m, CH2NH), 2.49-2.41 (IH, m, CH2CH), 1.98-1.89 (2H, , CH2CH2NH), 1.87-1.67 (IH, m, CH CH). 13CNMR c 169.6 (CHCONH), 140.7 (CS0 2), 131.7 (q, J 34, ArC3), 130.5 (ArC5), 129.9 (ArC6), 129.4 (q, J 3, ArC2), 124.5 (q, J 3, ArC4), 123.2 (q, J 272.5, CF3), 53.4 (CHNH), 41.9 (CH2NH), 28.7 (CH2CHNH), 20.8 (CH2CH2NH). 19F-NMR F -62.7. HRMS (+ESI) C 2Hi3F3N20 3SNa: calcd 345.0491; found 345.0480. Example 6: (S)-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 0.191 g off-white fine powder (40 %). mp 161-163 °C; [a] D +36.70 (c 0.1, MeOH); vma /cm l 1669, 1644 (C=0, amide), 1552 (N-H, amide), 1303 (C-F), 1158 (-S0 2-). Anal. (C12H13F3N2O3S) C, H, N: calcd C 44.72, H 4.07, N 8.69; found C 44.51, H 3.89, N 8.62. -NMR dH. 7.74 (1H, td, J 9 and 3.5, ArH6), 7.42 ( H, dt, J 9and 4, ArH3), 7.22-7.15 (2H, m, ArH4 and ArH5), 6.78 ( H, d, J 5, NHCH), 6.08 (1H, s, NHCH2), 4.42 (1H, dt, J 11 and 6, CHNH), 3.35 (2H, td, J 6 and 2, CH2NH), 2.73 (1H, dq, J 13 and 6, CH2CH), 1.99-1.91 (2H, m, CH2CH2NH), 1.59 (1H, dq, J 12 and 8, CH2CH). , C-NMR e 169.9 (CHCONH), 138.1 (CS0 2), 132.8 (ArC5), 132.2 (ArC6), 131.1 (ArC4), 128.7 (q, J 6, ArC3), 128.1 (q, J 34, ArC2), 122.9 (q, J 273, CF3), 53.7 (CHNH), 41.9 (C¾NH), 28.9 (CH2CHNH), 20.9 (CH2CH2NH). 1 F-NMR F -57.9. HRMS (+ESI) calcd 345.0491; found 345.0502. Example 7: (S)-2,4-difluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 0.193 g off-white fine powder (44 %). mp 162-163 °C; [ ] D +31.55 (c 0.1, MeOH); v c 1679, 1655 ( O, amide), 1475 (N-H, amide), 1342 (C-F), 1160 (-S0 2-). Anal. (CnHi 2F2N20 3S) C, H, N: calcd C 45.51, H 4.17, N 9.65; found C 45.37, H 4.14, N 9.38. 1H-NMR dH· 7.94 (1H, td, J 8.5 and 6, ArH3), 6.9 ( 1H, m, ArH5 and ArH6), 6.09 ( 1H, s, NHCH), 6.03 (1H, s, NHCH2), 3.65 (1H, dt, J 11 and 5.5, CHNH), 3.35-3.29 (2H, , CH2NH), 2.52-2.45 (1H, , CH2CH), 2.03-1.95 (2H, , CH2CH2NH), 1.92-1.75 (1H, m, CH2CH). 1 C-NMR C 169.7 (CHCONH), 165.9 (dd, J 260 and 11.5, ArC2), 160.1 (dd , J 258 and 13, ArC4), 131.9 (d, J 10.5, ArC6), 123.9 (dd, J 1 .5 and 3.5, CS0 2), 111.6 (dd, J 22 and 4, ArC5), 105.8 (t, J 20, ArC3), 53.6 (CHNH), 41.9 (CH2NH), 28.9 (CH2CHNH), 20.9 (CH2CH2NH). F-NMR F -100.5 (d, J 12), -103.3 (d, J 12). HRMS (+ESI) calcd 313.0429; found 313.0440. Example 8: (S)-2,5-difluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 0.234 g white fine powder (54 %). mp 183-185 °C; [a] 2 D +26.30 (c 0.1, MeOH); max cm 1 1692, 1635 (C=0, amide), 1576 (N-H, amide), 1352 (C-F), 1166 (-S0 2-). Anal. (CnHi2F 2N203S) C, H, N: calcd C 45.51, H 4.17, N 9.65; found C 45.35, H 4.1 1, N 9.42. 1H-NMR dH. 7.64 (1H, ddd, J 7, 5 and 3, ArH6), 7.26 (2H, tq, J 8 and 4, ArH3 and ArH4), 5.91 (2H, s, NHCH and NHCH2), 3.69 (1H, dt, J 11.5 and 6, CHNH), 3.36-3.31 (2H, m, CH2NH), 2.55-2.47 (1H, , CH2CH), 2.04-1.95 (2H, , CH2CH2NH), 1.94-1.76 (1H, m, CH2CH). 1 C-N R C 171.3 (CHCONH), 169.5 (CCONH), 157.7 (dd, J 248 and 2, ArC5), 155.3 (dd, J 252 and 2, ArC2), 128.6 (dd, J 26 and 6, CS0 2), 121.5 (dd, J 26 and 8, ArC3), 118.5 (dd, J 23.5 and 8.5, ArC4), 117.0 (d, J 28, ArC6), 53.7 (CHNH), 41.9 (CH2NH), 28.9 (CH2CHNH), 20.9 (CH2CH2NH). 1 F-NMR F - 114.6 (d, J 18), - 115.9 (d. J 19). HRMS (+ESI) C H12F2N20 3SNa: calcd 313.0429; found 313.0418. Example 9: (S)-2,6-difluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 0.173 g white coarse powder (40 %). mp 152-153 °C; [a] +15.95 (c 0.1, MeOH); max m- 1659, 1621 (C=0, amide), 1493 (N-H, amide), 1326 (C-F), 1161 (-S0 -). Anal. (C Hi2F2N20 3S) C, H, N: calcd C 45.51, H 4.17, N 9.65; found C 45.18, H 4.10, N 9.20. -NMR H. 7.54 (1H, qt, J 8.5 and 6, ArH4), 7.06 (2H, t, J 8.5, ArH3 and ArH5), 6.25 (1H, s, NHCH), 5.93 (1H, s, NHCH2), 3.79 (1H, dd, J 11.5 and 6, CHNH), 3.36-3.31 (2H, m, CH2NH), 2.60-2.55 (1H, m, CH2CH), 2.04-1.97 (2H, , CH2CH2NH), 1.87 (1H, qd, J 12 and 4, CH2CH). 1 C-NMR C 169.7 (CHCONH), 159.8 (dd, J 260 and 4, ArC2 and ArC6), 134.5 (t, J 11, ArC4), 17.4 (t, J 16, CS0 2), 113.0 (dd, J 23 and 4, ArC3 and ArC5), 53.8 (CHNH), 41.8 (CH2NH), 28.9 (CH2CHNH), 20.9 (CH2CH2NH). 1 F-NMR F -107.5. HRMS (+ESI) C Hi2F2N20 SNa: calcd 313.0429; found 313.0417. Example 10: (S)-3,4-difluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 0.200 g white fine powder (46 %). p 153-155 °C; [a] +25.60 (c 0.1, MeOH); Vn cm 1 1656, 1603 (C=0, amide), 1501 (N-H, amide), 1331 (C-F), 1160 (-S0 -). Anal. (C H12F2N20 S) C, H, N: calcd C 45.51, H 4.17, N 9.65; found C 45.39, H 4.1 1, N 9.49. -NMR dH. 7.79 (IH, dq, J 7 and 2, ArH5), 7.73 ( H, t, J 8.5, ArH6), 7.34 ( 1H, q, J 8.5, ArH2), 6.00 (2H, s, NHCH and NHCH2), 3.59 (IH, dd, J 11 and 6, CHNH), 3.36-3.32 (2H, m, CH2NH), 2.52-2.45 (IH, m, CH2CH), 2.03-1.97 (2H, m, CH2CH2NH), 1.83 (IH, qd, J 12 and 4, CH2CH). 1 C-NMR C 169.6 (CHCONH), 153.2 (dd, J 256 and 11, ArC3), 150.1 (dd, J 256 and 12, ArC4), 136.1 (t, J 4, CS0 2), 124.4 (q, J 3.5, ArC6), 118.2 (d, J 18, ArC5), 117.4 (d, J 22, ArC2), 53.4 (CHNH), 41.9 (CH2NH), 28.7 (CH2CHNH), 20.8 (CH2CH2NH). 1 F-NMR F -129.3 (d, J 18), - 133.5 (d. J 19). HRMS (+ESI) C Hi2F N20 3SNa: calcd 313.0429; found 313.0417. Example 11: (S)-3,5-difluoro-N-(2-oxopiperidin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide 0.193 g off-white fine powder (44 %). mp 170-174 °C; [o ] D +21.10 (c 0.1, MeOH); vma /cm l 1658, 1604 (CO, amide), 1491 (N-H, amide), 1332 (C-F), 1163 (-S0 2-). Anal. (CiiH 12F2N20 3S) C, H, N: calcd C 45.51, H 4.17, N 9.65; found C 45.42, H 4.12, N 9.41. -NMR dH· 7.49 (1H, ddt, J 11, 6.5 and 2.5, ArH4), 7.05 (2H, tt, J 8.5 and 2, ArH2 and ArH6), 6.09 (2H, s, NHCH and NHCH2), 3.64 (1H, dd, J 11.5 and 6, CH H), 3.36-3.32 (2H, , CH2NH), 2.52-2.45 (1H, m, CH2CH), 2.04-1.96 (2H, m, CH2CH2NH), 1.84 (1H, qd, J 12 and 6, CH2CH). 1 C-NMR C 169.6 (CHCONH), 162.8 (dd, J 252 and 13, ArC3 and ArC5), 142.8 (t, J 8.5, CS0 2), 110.9 (dd, J 2 1 and 7, ArC2 and ArC6), 108.5 (t, J 25, ArC4), 53.5 (CHNH), 41.9 ( H2NH), 28.6 (CH2CHNH), 20.8 (CH2CH2NH). 1 F-NMR F -105.4. HRMS (+ESI) C H1 F2N20 3SNa: calcd 313.0429; found 313.0431. Example 12: (S)-3-(4'-Ethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan-2-one (5)-3-amino-azepan-2-one hydrochloride (0.55 g, 3.34 mmoles) was dissolved in ¾ 0 (20 mL) and cooled to 0°C. 4-Ethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (5 mmoles) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added and triethylarnine (1.3 mL, 9 mmoles) and the reaction was stirred over night. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane and washed with pH 2 buffer (3 20 mL) and reduced in vacuo. The product was purified by silica column chromatography (petroleum ethenethyl acetate 75:25 to 0:100) to give the product as a white solid 0.17 g (19 %); dH (400 MHz, CDC13) 7.72 (d, 2H, J 8, CH-C-Et), 7.28 (d, 2H, J 8, CH-C-SO2), 6.40 (br.t, 1H, J 6, NH-C1), 6.18 (d, 1H, J 5, NH-CH), 3.83-3.74 (m, 1H, CH-C4), 3.19-3.1 1 (m, 1H, HI), 3.03 (ddd, 1H, J 16, 11.5, 5.5, HI), 2.08 (q, 2H, J 8, H5), 2.15-2.09 (m, 1H, H4), 2.0-1.95 ( , 1H, H2), 1.80- 1.77 (m, 1H, H3), 1.66-1.52 (m, 2H, H3 & H4), 1.37-1.26 (m, lH, H2) and 1.23 (t, 3H, J 8, H6); c (100 MHz, CDC13) 174.4 (C=0), 149.5 (C-Et), 137.2 (C-S0 2), 126.2 (CH phenyl), 55.4 (CH-NH), 42.2 (CI), 33.4 (C4), 28.8 (C5), 28.6 (C2), 28.0 (C3) and 15.1 (C6); ESI /z 100 %, 319.1 (MNa+) and 58 %, 614.6 (M2Na+) ; HR ESI m/z (C 4H2oN20 3SNa+ requires 319.1087) found 319.1085; [a] 25 D (c = 0.235, CHC13) +128.79. Example 13: (R)-3-(4'-Ethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one 2 (i?)-3-amino-Y-lactam (4 mmoles) was dissolved in H20 (20 mL) and cooled to 0°C. 4- Ethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (4 mmoles) in dichloromethane (25 mL) was added and triethylamine (1.7 mL, 12 mmoles) and the reaction was stirred over night. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane and washed with pH 2 buffer (3 x 20 mL) and reduced in vacuo. The product was purified by silica column chromatography (petroleum ether.ethyl acetate:methanol 75:25:0 to 0:90:10) to give the product as a white solid 0.25 g (21 %); C (100 MHz, CDC1 ) 170.0 (C=0), 149.7 (C-Et), 136.2 ( - S0 ), 129.1, 128.6, 127.5 (CH phenyl), 55.3 (CH-NH), 41.9 (CI), 28.8 (C3), 28.5 (C4), 20.8 (C2) and 15.1 (C5); ESI mix 100 %, 305.1 (MNa^ and 56 %, 586.7 (M2Na+) ; HR ESI m/z (Ci 3Hi N20 3SH+ requires 283.1 111) found 283.1 114; Example 14: (S)-3-(4'-Butylbenzenesulfonylamino)-azepan-2-one (S)-3-amino-azepan-2-one hydrochloride (1.15 g, 7 mmoles) was dissolved in H20 (20 mL) and cooled to 0°C. 4-Butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (7 mmoles) in dichloromethane (30 mL) was added and triethylamine (2.95 mL, 2 1 mmoles) and the reaction was stirred over night. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane and washed with pH 2 buffer (3 20 mL) and reduced in vacuo. The product was purified by silica column chromatography (petroleum ethenethyl acetate 75:25 to 0:100) to give the product as a white solid. dH (400 MHz, CDC13) 7.76 (d, 2H, J 8, CH-CBu), 7.31 (d, 2H, J 7.5, CH-C-S0 2), 6.76 (br.t, 1H, J 6, NH-C1), 6.28 (d, 1H, J 5, NH-CH), 3.85 (ddd, 1H, J 11, 5, 2, CH-C4), 3.24-3.16 (m, 1H, HI), 3.06 (ddd, 1H, J 15, 12, 5, HI), 2.68 (t, 2H, J 8, H5), 2.18-2.11 (m, 1H, H4), 2.03-1.93 (m, 1H, H3), 1.84-1.73 (m, 1H, H2), 1.69-1 .55 (m, 4H, H3, H4 & H6), 1.38 (sextet, 2H, J 7.5, H7), 1.36-1 .25 (m, 1H, H2) and 0.95 (t, 3H, J 7.5, H8);6C (100 MHz, CDC13) 175.6 (C=0), 148.3 (CBu), 137.1 (C-S0 2), 129.1, 127.0 (CH phenyl), 55.3 (CH-NH), 42.1 (CI), 35.5 (C4), 33.3 (C5), 33.1 (C3), 28.6 (C6), 28.0 (C7), 22.3 (C2) and 13.9 (C8); ESI m/z 100 %, 670.6 (M2Na+), 86 %, 347.1 (MNa+) and 43 %, 325.1 (MH+). Example 15: (S)-3-(4'-rei i-ButyIbenzenesulfonyIamino)-azepan-2-one ((S)-3-amino-azepan-2-one hydrochloride (2.35 g, 9.1 8 mmoles) was dissolved in H20 (20 mL) and cooled to 0°C. 4- Butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.92 g, 8.25) in THF (40 mL) was added and triethylamine (3.5 mL, 25 mmoles) and the reaction was stirred over night. The THF was removed in vacuo and the product was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with pH 2 buffer (3 20 mL) and reduced in vacuo. The product was purified by silica column chromatography (petroleum etherrethyl acetate 50:50:0 to 0:80:20) to give the product as a white solid 0.67 g (25 ); mp 189-190 0 C; dH (400 MHz, CDCI3) 7.74 (d, 2H, J 8.5, CH-C- Bu), 7.47 (d, 2H, J 8.5, CH-C-SO2), 6.27 (br.t, 1H, J 6.5, NH-C1), 6.19 (d, 1H, J 4.5, NH-CH), 3.88-3.81 (m, 1H, CH-C4), 3.21-3.12 ( , 1H, HI), 3.05 (ddd, 1H, J 14.5, 11.5, 5, HI), 2.19-2.13 ( , 1H, H4), 2.02-1.96 (m, 1H, H3), 1.81-1.74 (m, 1H, H2), 1.71-1.54 (m, 2H, H3 & H4), 1.33-1.29 (m, 1H, H2) and 1.31 (s, 3H, C(CH3) 3); C (100 MHz, CDC1 ) 175.5 (C=0), 156.4 (CC( CH 3)3), 137.0 (C-C=0), 126.8, 126.1 (CH phenyl), 55.4 (CH-NH), 42.3 (CI), 35.2 (C(CH 3) ), 33.5 (C4), 31.1 (C(CH )3) and 28.7 (C2), 28.0 (C3); v 3219 (NH indole), 2968 (C-H), 1668 (amide C=0), 1594 (aromatic), 1361 (S0 2) and 1159 (S0 2); ESI m/z 100 %, 347.1 (MNa+) and 26 %, 670.6 (M2Na+); HR ESI m/z (C,6H 4N 20 3SH+ requires 325.1580) found 325.1580; [

Documents

Application Documents

# Name Date
1 10252-delnp-2012-Claims.pdf 2013-08-20
1 10252-DELNP-2012.pdf 2012-12-04
2 10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence-others.pdf 2013-08-20
2 10252-delnp-2012-10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence Others-(03-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-03
3 10252-delnp-2012-Form-1.pdf 2013-08-20
3 10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence-Others-(17-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-17
4 10252-delnp-2012-Form-2.pdf 2013-08-20
4 10252-delnp-2012-GPA-(21-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-21
5 10252-delnp-2012-Form-3.pdf 2013-08-20
5 10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence Others-(21-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-21
6 10252-delnp-2012-Form-5.pdf 2013-08-20
6 10252-delnp-2012-Form-3-(23-05-2013).pdf 2013-05-23
7 10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence Others-(23-05-2013).pdf 2013-05-23
8 10252-delnp-2012-Form-5.pdf 2013-08-20
8 10252-delnp-2012-Form-3-(23-05-2013).pdf 2013-05-23
9 10252-delnp-2012-Form-3.pdf 2013-08-20
9 10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence Others-(21-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-21
10 10252-delnp-2012-Form-2.pdf 2013-08-20
10 10252-delnp-2012-GPA-(21-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-21
11 10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence-Others-(17-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-17
11 10252-delnp-2012-Form-1.pdf 2013-08-20
12 10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence-others.pdf 2013-08-20
12 10252-delnp-2012-10252-delnp-2012-Correspondence Others-(03-01-2013).pdf 2013-01-03
13 10252-DELNP-2012.pdf 2012-12-04
13 10252-delnp-2012-Claims.pdf 2013-08-20