APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TREATING A SUBSTRATE WITH SOLID PARTICLES

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus that employs a solid particulate material in the treatment of substrates, particularly a substrate which is or comprises a textile. The present disclosure further relates to a method for the treatment of substrates with solid particles using the apparatus. The present disclosure further relates to components of the apparatus, in particular to the elongate protrusions of the apparatus. The present disclosure particularly relates to an apparatus, components thereof (in particular the elongate protrusions) and a method suitable for cleaning of soiled substrates. The present disclosure further relates to a kit and method suitable for retrofitting or converting an apparatus into an apparatus according to the present disclosure.

Conventional methods for treating and cleaning of textiles and fabrics typically involve aqueous cleaning using large volumes of water. These methods generally involve aqueous submersion of fabrics followed by soil removal, aqueous soil suspension, and water rinsing. The use of solid particles to provide improvements in, and advantages over, these conventional methods is known in the art. For example PCT patent publication W02007/128962 discloses a method for cleaning a soiled substrate using a solid particulate material. Other PCT patent publications which have related disclosures of cleaning methods include: WO2012/056252; W02014/006424; WO2015/004444; WO2014/147390; WO2014/147391 ; WO2014/006425; WQ2012/035343; WO2012/167545; WO2011/098815; WO2011/064581 ; WO 2010/094959; and WO2014/147389. These disclosures teach apparatus and methods for treating or cleaning a substrate which offers several advantages over conventional methods including; improved treating/cleaning performance, reduced water consumption, reduced consumption of detergent and other treatment agents, and better low temperature treating/cleaning (and thus more energy efficient treating/cleaning). Other patent applications, for instance WO2014/167358, WO2014/167359, W02016/051189, WO/2016/055789 and WO2016/055788, teach the advantages provided by solid particles in other fields such as leather treatment and tanning.

It would be desirable to provide even better apparatus for treatment methods which involve the use of a solid particulate material. In particular, it would be desirable to improve the efficiency and reliability, to further reduce water consumption, to facilitate quieter operation, to improve fabric care, and/or to reduce the power consumption and costs (including capital costs and/or running costs) of the apparatus and the operation thereof. It would also be desirable to reduce the complexity of the apparatus and the number of moving components therein. Furthermore, it would also be desirable to retrofit a conventional apparatus so that it is suitable for operation with a solid particulate material.

The present Applicant’s pending PCT application PCT/GB2017/053815 discloses an apparatus in which solid particles are stored in a rotatable drum which further provides a plurality of dispensing flow path(s) for the solid particles to flow from the storage compartment(s) to the interior of the drum, and a plurality of collecting flow paths for the solid particles to flow from the interior of the drum to the storage compartment(s), such that the direction of flow between the storage compartment(s) and the interior of the drum is controlled by the direction of rotation of the drum.

It would be desirable to provide further improvements to the apparatus. The present inventors found that while the apparatus described in PCT/GB2017/053815 had a good rate of collection of solid particles from the interior of the drum, it is desirable to effect brief and intermittent counter-rotation of the drum (in the so-called dispensing direction) during the particle collection phase of the treatment cycle in which the particles are separated from the treated substrates and in which the drum is rotated in the so-called collecting direction so that particles are collected in the storage means. Said brief and intermittent counter-rotation was found to inhibit undesirable “roping” or tangling of the substrates in the interior of the drum. During said brief and intermittent counter-rotation of the drum at this stage of the treatment cycle, no collection of sold particles was being achieved and some particles were being dispensed back into the interior of the drum, which reduced the collection rate and extended the duration of the treatment cycle. It would be desirable to increase the collection rate, especially at the end of a treatment cycle when the solid particles are being separated from the treated substrate, and reduce the duration of the treatment cycle. It would be desirable to do so particularly when the axis of the rotatable drum is in the horizontal plane.

It is an object of the present invention to address one or more of the aforementioned problems.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for use in the treatment of substrates with a solid particulate material, said apparatus comprising a housing having mounted therein a rotatably mounted drum having an inner surface and an end wall, and access means for introducing said substrates into said drum, wherein

(a) said drum comprises storage means for storage of said solid particulate material;

(b) said drum has at least one elongate protrusion located on said inner surface of said drum wherein the elongate protrusion extends in a direction away from said end wall, wherein said elongate protrusion has an end proximal to the end wall and an end distal to the end wall;

(c) the or each elongate protrusion comprises a collecting aperture and a collecting flow path to facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of said drum to said storage means, wherein said collecting aperture defines the start of a collecting flow path, and wherein the same elongate protrusion further comprises a dispensing aperture and a dispensing flow path to facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from said storage means to the interior of said drum, wherein said dispensing aperture defines the end of a dispensing flow path;

(d) wherein said collecting aperture is disposed in a first side of said elongate protrusion, wherein said first side of said elongate protrusion is the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction; and

(e) wherein said flow of said solid particulate material from the storage means towards the interior of the drum is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in a dispensing direction and the flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of the drum towards the storage means is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in said collecting direction, wherein rotation in said dispensing direction is in the opposite rotational direction to rotation in said collecting direction,

characterised in that:

(f) said elongate protrusion exhibits one or more harvesting apertures disposed in a second side of said elongate protrusion, wherein the second side is defined as the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in said dispensing direction, wherein said harvesting aperture(s) are in fluid communication with a harvesting flow path, wherein said harvesting aperture(s) facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of said drum via said harvesting flow path to said storage means during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

The apparatus of the present invention advantageously allows collection of solid particulate material in both rotational directions of the drum, i.e. bidirectional collection. Thus, the apparatus provides improved collection efficiency of solid particulate material from the interior of the drum to the storage means. In particular, the apparatus allows an improvement in the overall rate of recovery of solid particulate material to the storage means towards the end of the treatment cycle, or generally any point in the cycle when most of the solid particulate material is already present in the storage means. Thus, the apparatus of the present invention advantageously reduces overall cycle time.

The apparatus of the present invention can avoid, and preferably does not comprise, a further storage means which is not attached to or integral with the drum (for instance a sump for storage of solid particulate material, such as a sump located beneath the drum). Similarly, the apparatus can avoid, and preferably does not comprise, a pump for circulating said solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum (i.e. from the storage means to the interior of the drum, and from the interior of the drum to the storage means). Preferably, the apparatus can dispense with, and preferably does not comprise, a pump for circulating said solid particulate material.

In addition, the amount of water used in the treatment of the substrates is reduced because water is not required to transport the solid particulate material around the apparatus. The apparatus and methods of the present invention therefore only require the water needed as the liquid medium in the treatment of the substrates, which provides a significant reduction in water consumption.

A further advantage of the storage means being located in the rotatable drum is that solid particulate material can be centrifugally dried, i.e. it can undergo one or more spin cycles to dry the particles. Centrifugal drying of the solid particulate material may be separate from or included in the operation of the apparatus to treat substrates. For instance, centrifugal drying may be effected concurrently with extraction step(s) for removing liquid medium, as described hereinbelow. Thus, the method described hereinbelow for treating a substrate optionally comprises the step of centrifugal drying of the solid particulate material. It will therefore be appreciated that an advantage of the present invention is the dry storage of the solid particulate material.

Preferably, the drum is configured to bias sold particulate material present inside the drum towards said collecting apertures during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction, and the drum is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards a dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction.

In a preferred embodiment, the dispensing flow path and/or the storage means are configured such that it takes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 or more rotations in the dispensing direction to begin to release the solid particulate material into the interior of said drum. This depends on the size of the drum and the apparatus, For larger drums, the number of rotations In the dispensing direction to begin to release solid particulate material into the interior of said drum may exceed 10 and possibly may exceed 20, although it is unlikely to exceed 30 rotations and more typically it is unlikely to exceed 25 rotations. Advantageously, this facilitates separation and untangling of substrates within the drum. This also facilitates controlled release of the solid particulate material during the treatment cycle, enabling more consistent exposure of the substrates to the sold particulate material, thereby providing excellent treatment performance and efficiency.

at will be appreciated that the rate of flow of the solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum may also be controlled, additionally or alternatively, by varying the rate of rotation of the drum and/or by intermittently rotating the drum, in either the dispensing or collecting direction. Similarly, the rate of flow of the solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum may be controlled, additionally or alternatively, by varying the direction of rotation of the drum. Thus, a given phase in the treatment cycle may comprise a number (n) of rotations in the collecting direction and further comprise a number (m) of rotations in the dispensing direction, where n and m are different and independently selected from integers or non-integers, thereby leading to a net increase or decrease in the amount of solid particulate material in the storage means and the interior of the drum.

The apparatus is preferably a front-loading apparatus, with the access means disposed in the front of the apparatus. Preferably the access means is or comprises a door. It will be appreciated that the drum has an opening at the opposite end of the drum to the end wall, suitably wherein the opening is aligned with the access means, and through which opening said substrates are introduced into said drum.

The rotatably mounted drum (also referred to herein as a rotatable drum) is preferably cylindrical, but other configurations are also envisaged, including for instance hexagonal drums.

Thus, the inner surface of the drum is preferably a cylindrical inner surface.

The inner surface of the drum is the surface of the inner wall(s) of the drum. The inner wall(s) of the drum is/are joined to the end wall of the drum at the juncture of the inner and end waits. Thus, the inner surface is the surface of the inner wall of the drum which is disposed around the rotational axis of the drum, i.e. substantially perpendicular to the end wall of the drum.

For a cylindrical drum, the axis of the cylindrical drum is preferably the rotational axis of the drum. More generally, the inner and end walls of the drum define a three-dimensional volume in which the end wall intersects the rotational axis of the drum, and preferably intersects said rotational axis in a substantially perpendicular manner, and wherein the inner wall(s) is/are disposed around the rotational axis, preferably wherein the inner walls are substantially parallel to the rotational axis.

The inner surface of the drum preferably comprises perforations which have dimensions smaller than the shortest linear dimension of the solid particulate material so as to permit passage of fluids into and out of said drum but to prevent egress of said solid particulate material (which is the opposite of many prior art apparatus, in which both fluids and solid particulate material exit the drum via perforations in its inner surface). Preferably the housing of the apparatus is a tub which surrounds said drum, preferably wherein said tub and said drum are substantially concentric, preferably wherein the walls of said tub are unperforated but having disposed therein one or more inlets and/or one or more outlets suitable for passage of a liquid medium and/or one or more treatment formulation(s) into and out of the tub. Thus, the tub is suitably water-tight, permitting ingress and egress of the liquid medium and other liquid components only through pipes or ducting components.

Preferably, the drum is disposed in the apparatus such that the axis of the drum is substantially horizontal. In a preferred embodiment, the drum is disposed in the apparatus such that the axis of the drum is substantially horizontal during at least part of the operation of the apparatus, and preferably during the whole of the operation of the apparatus. The improved collection rate of the apparatus of the present invention provides significant improvement in the collection efficiency for apparatus in which the axis of the drum is substantially horizontal during operation.

In an alternative embodiment, the apparatus and/or drum (and particularly the drum) is tilted or tillable, as is known in the art. In a tillable apparatus and/or drum, the axis of the drum to the horizontal plane can be varied before, during or after the treatment of the substrates in the apparatus, and preferably during the treatment or portion thereof, and particularly during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. Tilting may be effected by any suitable means, including for instance an air bag, hydraulic ram, pneumatic piston and/or electric motor. In this embodiment, the drum and/or apparatus is tiltable preferably such that the axis of the drum defines an angle a to the horizontal plane which is greater than 0 and less than about 10°. In this embodiment, the drum and/or apparatus is preferably configured to be tiltable such that the drum is inclined in a downwards direction from the front of the drum to the end wall of the drum during at least a part of said treatment, and particularly during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. Thus, the apparatus is suitably configured such that for at least a part of said treatment (particularly during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction) the axis of the drum is tilted such that it defines an angle a to the horizontal plane which is greater than 0 and less than about 10° and such that the drum is inclined in a downwards direction from the front of the drum to the end wall of the drum.

Advantageously, during operation of the apparatus of the present invention, neither the drum nor the tub allows ingress or egress of the solid particulate material, which is retained by the drum throughout the treatment cycle by which substrates are treated in the apparatus. In other words, the solid particulate material remains in the storage means and/or in the interior of the drum and/or in the flow paths between the storage means and the interior of the drum throughout the treatment cycle, thereby obviating the need for a pump to circulate the particulate material and thereby obviating the need for a further storage means (such as a sump) which is not attached to or integral with the drum.

The apparatus preferably comprises a seal between the access means and the tub such that, in use, liquid medium is not able to exit the tub. Preferably, said seal is a door seal, as is conventional in the art. The seal between the access means and the tub prevents water leakage from the apparatus. The apparatus preferably further comprises a seal which prevents egress of the solid particulate material from the drum at the periphery thereof, in order to prevent egress of solid particulate material into the tub or egress of solid particulate material from the apparatus at the periphery of the access means, and such a seal is preferably disposed as a seal between the access means and the drum. Typically, said seal is made from foam or rubber or some other resiliently flexible material.

The apparatus further comprises the typical components present in apparatus suitable for the treatment of substrates with solid particulate material, preferably in a liquid medium and/or in combination with one or more treatment formulation(s) as described in more detail hereinbelow. Thus, the apparatus preferably comprises at least one pump for circulation of the liquid medium, and associated ports and/or piping and/or ducting for transport of the liquid medium and/or one or more treatment formulation(s) into the apparatus, into the drum, out of the drum, and out of the apparatus. Preferably, the apparatus comprises a suitable drive means to effect rotation of the drum, and suitably a drive shaft to effect rotation of the drum. Preferably, the apparatus comprises heating means for heating the liquid medium. Preferably, the apparatus comprises mixing means to mix the liquid medium with one or more treatment formulation(s). The apparatus may further comprise one or more spray means to apply a liquid medium and/or one or more treatment formulation(s) into the interior of the drum and onto the substrate during the treatment thereof.

The apparatus typically further comprises an external casing, which surrounds the tub and drum.

It will be appreciated that the apparatus suitably further comprises a control means programmed with instructions for the operation of the apparatus according to at least one treatment cycle. The apparatus suitably further comprises a user interface for interfacing with the control means and/or apparatus.

The apparatus preferably comprises said solid particulate material.

Elongate protrusions

The elongate protrusion(s) located on the inner surface of the drum in the apparatus of the present invention are also known as “lifters”. Lifters are used in conventional apparatus, as well as in apparatus adapted for the treatment of substrates using sold particulate material, to encourage circulation and agitation of the contents (i.e. the substrate(s), treatment agents and solid particulate material) within the drum during rotation of the drum.

An elongate protrusion extends in a direction away from said end wall, and preferably extends from said end wall. An elongate protrusion therefore has an end proximal to the end wall and an end distal to the end wall. Typically, an elongate protrusion is disposed on the inner surface of the drum such the elongate dimension of the protrusion is essentially perpendicular to the direction of rotation of the drum.

The apparatus of the present invention preferably comprises a multiplicity of spaced apart elongate protrusion(s) affixed to the inner surface of the drum. The drum preferably has from 2 to 10, preferably 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and preferably 2, 3 or 4, and preferably 3 or 4, of said elongate protrusions. For domestic washing machines, 3 protrusions are most preferred. For commercial washing machines, 3 to 6 protrusions are most preferred. Where a plurality of elongate protrusions are located on the inner surface of the drum, all of the elongate protrusions typically have the same or substantially the same dimensions as each other. In alternative embodiments, a plurality of elongate protrusions may have elongate protrusions of differing dimensions, i.e, one or more elongate protrusions of a first size and/or shape, and one or more elongate protrusions of a second size and/or shape, etc.

The elongate dimension of an elongate protrusion may be rectilinear or curvilinear in shape, A drum may comprise both curvilinear and rectilinear elongate protrusions, but typically a drum comprises either curvilinear or rectilinear elongate protrusions.

An elongate protrusion has a base which is, or which faces and is juxtaposed with, the inner surface of the drum. The elongate protrusion preferably also has an apex which is defined herein as the region of the elongate protrusion which is closer (relative to the base of the elongate protrusion) to the rotational axis of the drum. An elongate protrusion preferably has a substantially triangular cross-section, and thus the apex of such an elongate protrusion is the region of the elongate protrusion which protrudes furthermost into the interior of the drum, i.e. in the direction of the rotational axis of the drum. The term “substantially triangular cross-section", as used herein, encompasses truncated triangular cross-sections in which the apex of the elongate protrusion has been rounded (i.e. having a smooth or curved surface) or has been flattened so as to provide a trapezoid cross-section. Thus, the term “substantially triangular cross-section", as used herein, encompasses cross-sections wherein the base of the elongate protrusion is relatively broader than the apex of the elongate protrusion, and wherein said apex may be rounded or flattened.

Optionally, an elongate protrusion may comprise one or more perforations which have dimensions smaller than the shortest linear dimension of the solid particulate material so as to permit passage of fluids through said perforations but to prevent passage of said solid particulate material through said perforations.

The elongate protrusions are configured to facilitate flow of solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum.

The flow of solid particulate material from the interior of the drum to the storage means is facilitated by apertures which are referred to herein as “collecting apertures” and “harvesting apertures". A “collecting aperture" is defined as an aperture which is disposed in the first side of said elongate protrusion, wherein the first side is the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction. Thus, the collecting apertures function to collect solid particulate material from the interior of the drum during rotation of the drum in said collecting direction. A “harvesting aperture" is an aperture in the second side of said elongate protrusion, wherein the second side is the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction. The harvesting apertures function to collect solid particulate material from the interior of the drum during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction. The harvesting apertures are in fluid communication with a harvesting flow path, which is also referred to herein as a “herringbone" flow path and described in further detail below.

The flow of solid particulate material from the storage means to the interior of the drum is facilitated by apertures which are referred to herein as “dispensing apertures”.

An elongate protrusion and/or dispensing flow path is preferably configured such that it dispenses solid particulate material from a dispensing aperture when the dispensing aperture is above the horizontal plane bisecting the axis of drum rotation, preferably such that the solid particulate material falls on to the substrate(s) present in the interior of the drum,

Preferred embodiments for the configuration of the collecting and dispensing apertures are described below as Embodiments A and B. The preferred configurations for the harvesting apertures and the herringbone flow paths are applicable to each of Embodiments A and B

In a first embodiment of the present invention, hereinafter referred to as Embodiment A, the elongate protrusions are characterised in that said collecting flow path and said dispensing flow path are partially but not completely coextensive.

Preferably, an elongate protrusion is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside said collecting flow path towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction, and preferably configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the dispensing flow path towards a dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction.

Preferably, an elongate protrusion is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards said dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction.

Preferably, the elongate dimension of said elongate protrusion is rectilinear in shape in Embodiment A.

Preferably, an elongate protrusion comprises a plurality of collecting apertures disposed in said first side of said elongate protrusion at a plurality of positions from the proximal end to the distal end thereof.

Preferably, said first side of the elongate protrusion is adapted to bias solid particulate material towards said collecting aperture(s).

For instance, in a preferred embodiment, said collecting aperture(s) have a funnel shape to increase the cross-sectional area at the entry to the collecting flow path and thereby increase the probability of entry of solid particulate material into the collecting flow path.

Additionally or alternatively, the region in said first side of the elongate protrusion between adjacent collecting apertures is angled towards a collecting aperture, thereby encouraging solid particulate material to enter the collecting aperture and collecting flow path during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

Optionally, an elongate protrusion may comprise a collecting groove along at least part of said first side of an elongate protrusion, wherein the collecting groove is configured to collect solid particulate material during rotation in a collecting direction, whereupon the solid particulate material is biased towards the collecting aperture(s) during further rotation in a collecting direction. Such a collecting groove is preferably disposed in the elongate protrusion along at least part of the edge of the elongate protrusion where it meets toe inner wall of the drum.

A collecting flow path is defined as a flow path of solid particulate material from a collecting aperture to the storage means. A collecting aperture defines the start of a collecting flow path. Sold particulate material enters the collecting flow path from the interior of toe drum via a collecting aperture. A collecting flow path is in fluid communication with the storage means. Optionally, a valve separates a collecting flow path and the storage means, but preferably there is no valve separating a collecting flow path and the storage means.

The collecting flow path preferably comprises a chain of open compartments located in the elongate protrusion and configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the collecting flow path towards said storage means during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

In a preferred embodiment, the collecting flow path comprises an Archimedean screw arrangement which is located in the elongate protrusion. As the drum is rotated in the collecting direction, the solid particulate material within the collecting flow path is urged by the internal surfaces of the Archimedean screw along the collecting flow path and towards the storage means. Thus, as a result only of the rotation of the drum, the solid particulate material may be conveyed from the collecting aperture and/or collecting flow path to the storage means.

Preferably, each screw pitch of said Archimedean screw arrangement is associated with a collecting aperture. Similarly, each open compartment in said chain of open compartments is associated with a collecting aperture.

In the preferred embodiment wherein an elongate protrusion has a plurality of collecting apertures, an elongate protrusion preferably comprises a plurality of collecting flow paths. Preferably, each of said collecting flow paths starts at one of said plurality of collecting apertures and then unites with the other collecting flow paths to form a single common collecting flow path in said elongate protrusion, wherein said single common collecting flow path is in fluid communication with said storage means. Preferably, said single common collecting flow path comprises a chain of open compartments or Archimedean screw arrangement as described hereinabove.

A dispensing aperture is preferably located in an elongate protrusion at its distal end or closer to its distal end than its proximal end. A dispensing aperture in an elongate protrusion may alternatively be located from about half way along toe elongate protrusion from toe proximal end thereof to the distal end thereof.

An elongate protrusion may have a plurality of dispensing apertures, which are suitably spaced along the length of the elongate protrusion from its proximal end to its distal end, and such embodiments promote more even distribution of the sold particulate material into the drum.

A dispensing flow path is defined as a flow path of solid particulate material from said storage means to a dispensing aperture. A dispensing aperture defines the end of a dispensing flow path. Solid particulate material exits a dispensing flow path and enters the interior of the drum via a dispensing aperture. A dispensing flow path is in fluid communication with the storage means, and preferably there is no valve between a dispensing flow path and the storage means.

The dispensing flow path preferably comprises a chain of open compartments located in the elongate protrusion and configured to bias solid particulate material present inside toe storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards said dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

In a preferred embodiment, the dispensing flow path comprises a chain of open compartments or an Archimedean screw arrangement which is located in the elongate protrusion. As the drum is rotated in the dispensing direction, toe solid particulate material within the dispensing flow path is urged by the internal surfaces of said chain of open compartments or Archimedean screw arrangement along the dispensing flow path and towards the dispensing aperture, and then into toe interior of the drum. Thus, as a result only of the rotation of the drum, the solid particulate material may be conveyed from the storage means back to the interior of the drum.

In the embodiment wherein an elongate protrusion has a plurality of dispensing apertures, an elongate protrusion preferably comprises a plurality of dispensing flow paths. Preferably, said plurality of dispensing flow paths starts at said storage means in the form of a shared single common dispensing flow path in said elongate protrusion and then divides into separate dispensing flow paths wherein each of said separate dispensing flow paths terminates in a dispensing aperture, wherein said single common dispensing flow path is in fluid communication with said storage means and each of said separate dispensing flow paths. Preferably, said single common dispensing flow path comprises a chain of open compartments or Archimedean screw arrangement as described hereinabove.

Thus, preferably movement of said solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum is actuated entirely by rotation of the drum. It will be appreciated that the term “actuated entirely by rotation of the drum” means that said movement of said particulate material is effected by the rotation of the drum and may also be affected by gravity. In particular, it will be appreciated that the term “actuated entirely by rotation of the drum” means that said movement of said solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum does not require a pump.

In the apparatus of Embodiment A of the present invention, a collecting flow path and a dispensing flow path are partially but not completely coextensive. In other words, a portion (but not the entirety) of a collecting flow path occupies the same space as a portion of a dispensing flow path. In particular, a portion (but not the entirety) of a collecting flow path and a portion of a dispensing flow path preferably share a common internal flow path within said elongate protrusion. Said common internal flow path is suitably configured to bias solid particulate material present inside said common internal flow path towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction and towards a dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction. Preferably, said common internal flow path is or comprises a chain of open compartments or an Archimedean screw arrangement as described hereinabove, and preferably an Archimedean screw arrangement, located in the elongate protrusion.

Preferably, the flow of solid particulate material within the common internal flow path describes a substantially helical path during rotation of the drum in each of the collecting and dispensing directions. Thus, during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction, solid particulate material is transferred towards the proximal end of the elongate protrusion in a substantially helical flow path within said chain of open compartments or Archimedean screw arrangement. Similarly, during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction, solid particulate material is transferred towards the distal end of the elongate protrusion in a substantially helical flow path within said chain of open compartments or Archimedean screw arrangement.

Thus, a collecting flow path preferably extends from a collecting aperture through said common internal flow path to the storage means. Preferably, a collecting flow path comprises a first portion which is in fluid communication with a collecting aperture and said common internal flow path. Said first portion of a collecting flow path is defined by a collecting aperture at one end of said first portion and a transferring aperture at the other end of said first portion wherein said transferring aperture facilitates the transfer of solid particulate material from said first portion to said common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction. Preferably, said first portion facilitates the flow of solid particulate material into said common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

In the preferred embodiment wherein an elongate protrusion has a plurality of collecting apertures, an elongate protrusion preferably comprises a plurality of collecting flow paths and each of said collecting flow paths in said elongate protrusion comprises a first portion as described hereinabove, wherein each of said first portions is in fluid

communication with said common internal flow path. Thus, said plurality of collecting flow paths comprises a plurality of first portions and further comprises a single second portion which is the common internal flow path as described above.

Preferably, said first portion of a collecting flow path is located within a wall of said Archimedean screw arrangement, or within a wall of one of said chain of open compartments.

Preferably, said first portion of a collecting flow path is equipped with a plurality of vanes (or baffles) which permit flow of solid particulate material from the collecting aperture to the transferring aperture but discourage flow of solid particulate present in said first portion back out of the collecting aperture. Said plurality of vanes preferably comprises a first series of vanes and a second series of vanes, wherein said first and second series of vanes are disposed along at least part of the length of said first portion of a collecting flow path, wherein said first series of vanes is disposed in an opposing and staggered arrangement with said second series of vanes. Thus, said first series of vanes is disposed on a first internal wall of said first portion of a collecting flow path, and said second series of vanes is disposed on second internal wall of said first portion of a collecting flow path, wherein said first and second internal walls face each other. The vanes of each series are advantageously angled away from an internal wall of said first portion in the direction of flow of solid particulate from the collecting aperture to the transferring aperture, thereby permitting flow of solid particulate material from the collecting aperture to the transferring aperture but discouraging flow in the opposite direction. The vanes of the first series are preferably angled away from the first internal wall by a substantially common angle relative to the first internal wall. The vanes of the second series are preferably angled away from the second internal wall by a substantially common angle relative to the second internal wall. The common angle of the first series of vanes is preferably substantially the same as the common angle of the second series of vanes. Preferably the vanes of said first and second series extend into said first portion of a collecting flow path by a distance which is sufficient to prevent linear flow (i.e. flow in a single straight line) of solid particulate material between the collecting and transferring apertures. Thus, the first series of vanes is advantageously configured in an interlocking but non-contacting arrangement with the second series of vanes. It will be appreciated that the term “interlocking”, as used herein, is not intended to imply any contact between the respective vanes, and not intended to imply any correspondence in shape or fit between opposing vanes. Said first and second series of vanes thereby provide a tortuous pathway from a collecting aperture to a transferring aperture which biases solid particulate material towards the common internal flow path during rotation of the drum. This configuration of a first portion of a collecting flow path may be used in association with any of the configurations of the common internal flow path described hereinbelow but it is of particular utility in association with the peripheral entry embodiments, and particularly in association with the third configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment.

Similarly, a dispensing flow path preferably extends from said storage means through said common internal flow path to a dispensing aperture. Preferably, a dispensing flow path comprises a first portion which is said common internal flow path and a second portion which is in fluid communication with a dispensing aperture and said common internal flow path.

In the embodiment wherein an elongate protrusion has a plurality of dispensing apertures, an elongate protrusion may comprise a plurality of dispensing flow paths, wherein each of said dispensing flow paths comprises a first portion which is the common internal flow path described hereinabove and further comprises a second portion which is in fluid communication with a dispensing aperture and said common internal flow path. Thus, said plurality of dispensing flow paths comprises a single first portion which is the common internal flow path as described above and further comprises a plurality of second portions as described above.

Preferably, said transferring aperture is configured such that rotation of the drum in either the collecting or dispensing direction biases solid particulate material which is present in said common internal flow path away from said transferring aperture.

Preferably, the dimensions of said transferring aperture are small enough to discourage flow of solid particulate material from said common internal flow path into said first portion of a collecting flow path. Preferably, the transferring aperture is located within said common internal flow path such that rotation of the drum in either the collecting or dispensing direction biases sold particulate material present in said common internal flow path away from the transferring aperture.

Preferably, the largest dimension of the transferring aperture is no more than 8 times, preferably no more than 7 times, preferably no more than 6 times, preferably no more than 5 times, the longest dimension of the solid particulate material. Preferably, the smallest dimension of the transferring aperture is at least 2 times, preferably at least 3 times, more preferably at least 4 times, the longest dimension of the solid particulate material.

The preferred configuration (including its location within the elongate protrusion and its dimensions) of a transferring aperture is such that it promotes flow from a collecting aperture and/or said first portion of a collecting flow path to the common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, and such that it minimises or prevents flow from the common internal flow path to a collecting aperture or said first portion of a collecting flow path during rotation of the drum in either of the collecting direction or the dispensing direction. In other words, the preferred configuration is such that the flow of solid particulate material through the transferring aperture is unidirectional which, as used herein, means that once solid particulate material has entered the common internal flow path it does not or is unlikely to exit the elongate protrusion via a transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in either the collecting direction or the dispensing direction.

There are a variety of ways that said elongate protrusion can be configured internally in order to achieve the preferred configuration for a common internal flow path, a collecting flow path, a dispensing flow path and particularly a transferring aperture

Preferably, a transferring aperture is associated with a deflector rib around at least part (and preferably all) of its periphery, wherein said deflector rib projects into the common internal flow path and biases solid particulate material away from the transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in either the collecting or dispensing direction. The distance by which a deflector rib projects into the common flow path may vary around the periphery of the transferring aperture. Preferably, a deflector rib projects a distance which is at least equal to the longest dimension of the solid particulate material, and preferably at least 2 times, preferably at least 3 times the longest dimension of the solid particulate material.

In a preferred embodiment, referred to herein as “central entry", solid particulate material flows from a collecting aperture into the common internal flow path such that said material arrives at a location which is approximately central within the common internal flow path. Thus, preferably, said transferring aperture is located approximately centrally within the common internal flow path.

In the central entry embodiment, said transferring aperture is preferably in a different plane to the plane of its associated collecting aperture, and is preferably substantially perpendicular, wherein the term “substantially perpendicular” in this context means that the planes defined by the cross-sectional area of the respective apertures make an angle with each other which is greater than 50°, preferably greater than 60°, preferably greater than 70°. In this embodiment, the plane defined by the cross-sectional area of the transferring aperture is preferably substantially parallel with the tangential plane of the base of the elongate protrusion in which it is located, i.e. the portion of said elongate protrusion which is juxtaposed with the inner wall of the drum, wherein the term “substantially parallel” in this context means that the respective planes make an angle with each other which is less than 30°, preferably less than 20°, preferably less than 10°, preferably less than 5°. In this embodiment, the cross-sectional area of the collecting aperture is preferably co-planar with the first side of the elongate protrusion in which it is located, i.e, the leading side of said elongate protrusion when the drum is rotated in a collecting direction. The preferred substantially perpendicular relationship of said planes assists in minimising or preventing flow of solid particulate material present in said common internal flow path to the interior of the drum during rotation of the drum, particularly during rotation in a dispensing direction.

In this central entry embodiment, preferably said first portion of a collecting flow path is partially disposed at the base of an elongate protrusion, preferably wherein said first portion extends along at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, and preferably no more than 70%, preferably no more than 60%, preferably no more than 50% of the base of the elongate protrusion. Said first portion of a collecting flow path may be characterised as having a first section, which is the section of said first portion nearest the collecting aperture, and a second portion which is the section of said first portion nearest the transferring aperture. Preferably, the first section of said first portion is disposed at the base of an elongate protrusion as described immediately above, and preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, preferably at least 80% of the length of said first portion is disposed at the base of an elongate protrusion in this way. Said first portion is preferably configured to bias the flow of solid particulate material towards the transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, for instance by having curved or inclined surfaces which extend from said first section of said first portion in a direction away from the base of said elongate protrusion and towards the centre of said common internal flow path, for instance wherein said inclined surfaces define an angle of at least 20°, preferably at least 30°, preferably at least 45° with the base of the elongate protrusion. Such curved or inclined surfaces may be present in the second section, or in said second section and said first section.

In this central entry embodiment, said second section of said first portion of a collecting flow path is preferably disposed at an angle b to said first section of said first portion, when viewed from a position which is normal to the base of the elongate protrusion, such that said second section directs the first portion of said collecting flow path towards the proximal end of the elongate protrusion, i.e. towards the end wall of the drum and towards the storage means. Preferably b is from about 100° to about 170°, preferably from about 120° to about 150°, and may vary with or depend upon, for instance, the size of the elongate protrusion and the pitch of the Archimedean screw. Such a configuration assists in the biasing of solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

In a further preferred embodiment, referred to herein as “peripheral entry", said transferring aperture is located at the periphery of the common internal flow path. In this embodiment, said deflector rib preferably comprises a first deflector rib portion which biases solid particulate material away from the transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in either the collecting or dispensing direction, and preferably said first deflector rib portion is located such that it is adapted particularly to bias sold particulate material away from the transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction. Said deflector rib preferably further comprises a second deflector rib portion which biases solid particulate material away from toe transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in either the collecting or dispensing direction, and preferably said second deflector rib portion is located such that it is adapted particularly to bias solid particulate material away tom toe transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in in the collecting direction. Preferably, said first deflector rib portion and/or said second deflector rib portion projects into the common internal flow path in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the internal wall of the common internal flow path. Preferably, said first deflector rib portion projects into the common internal flow path further than said second

deflector rib portion. Thus, solid particulate material which is following a peripheral trajectory inside the common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in either direction hits a deflector rib portion (and particularly said first or second deflector rib portion), whereupon its peripheral trajectory is perturbed such that the solid particulate material is deflected away from the transferring aperture, and away from the section of the periphery in which is disposed the transferring aperture, for instance towards the centre of the common internal flow path.

It will be appreciated that, in the peripheral entry embodiment, the transferring aperture is preferably disposed substantially tangentially to the internal wall of the common internal flow path, which is particularly applicable for a common internal flow path which is or comprises an Archimedean screw arrangement. Where the common internal flow path is or comprises a rectilinear chain of open of compartments, the transferring aperture in this embodiment is preferably disposed substantially co-planar with the internal wall of the common internal flow path.

In the peripheral entry embodiment, said first portion of a collecting flow path preferably follows part of the periphery of the common internal flow path until said first portion opens into the common internal flow path at the transferring aperture.

In the peripheral entry embodiment, toe transferring aperture may comprise vanes or louvres which extend across the cross-sectional area of said aperture, so that said transferring aperture becomes a plurality of slits. Such vanes or louvres preferably extend in substantially the same direction as the elongate protrusion and/or the axis of the drum wherein the term “substantially the same direction" in this context means that the vanes or louvres aperture make an angle with the axis of the drum which is less than 40°, preferably less than 30°, preferably less than 20°, preferably less than 10°, and preferably less than 5°. The plurality of slits are suitably wide enough to avoid blockage by solid particulate material and maintain flow, preferably wherein the narrowest dimension of a slit is at least 2 times, preferably at least 3 times, preferably at least 4 times the longest dimension of solid particulate material. The vanes or louvres advantageously improve the direction of entry of solid particulate material into the common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, and further minimise the possibility of entry of solid particulate material into said first portion of a collecting flow path during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

In a first configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment, said transferring aperture is located in the periphery of the common internal flow path at a position which is closer to the second side of the elongate protrusion than to the first side of the elongate protrusion, wherein the second side is the trailing side of the elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. Thus, in this first configuration, a transferring aperture is located at or near the side of the elongate protrusion which is opposite to the side where the collecting aperture is located. In this first configuration, said first portion of a collecting flow path is preferably disposed at the base of an elongate protrusion, i.e. the portion of an elongate protrusion which is juxtaposed with the inner wall of the drum, preferably wherein said first portion of a collecting flow path extends along at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, preferably at least 70% of toe base of the elongate protrusion.

In this first configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment, solid particulate material preferably enters the common internal flow path from the transferring aperture in a direction (A) which is substantially opposite to the direction (B) in which solid particulate material enters the collecting aperture from the interior of the drum, wherein directions (A) and (B) are relative to each other in the context of the structure of the elongate protrusion rather than in the context of the absolute position of the elongate protrusion in space (which of course changes during rotation of the drum). It will be appreciated that, at the point of entry of solid particulate material into the collecting aperture, direction (B) is opposite to the collecting direction.

In this first configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment, a transferring aperture and its associated collecting aperture are preferably substantially parallel, wherein the term “substantially parallel" in this context means that the planes defined by the cross-sectional area of the respective apertures make an angle with each other which is less than 40°, preferably less than 30°, preferably less than 20°, preferably less than 10°.

In a second configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment, said transferring aperture is located in the periphery of the common internal flow path at a position which is closer to the first side of the elongate protrusion than to the second side of the elongate protrusion, wherein the second side is the trailing side of the elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. Thus, in this second configuration, a transferring aperture is located at or near the side of the elongate profusion where the collecting aperture is located. In this second configuration, said first portion of a collecting flow path is preferably disposed along the first side of an elongate protrusion, preferably wherein said first portion of a collecting flow path extends along at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, preferably at least 50% of the first side of the elongate protrusion.

In this second configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment, said first portion of a collecting flow path is S-shaped. Thus, solid particulate material preferably enters the common internal flow path from the transferring aperture in a direction (A) which is in substantially the same direction (B) in which sold particulate material enters the collecting aperture from the interior of the drum wherein, as for the first configuration, directions (A) and (B) are relative to each other in the context of the structure of the elongate protrusion rather than in the context of the absolute position of the elongate protrusion in space (which of course changes during rotation of the change). It will be appreciated that, as for the first configuration, at the point of entry of sold particulate material into the collecting aperture, direction (B) is opposite to the collecting direction.

In this second configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment, a transferring aperture and its associated collecting aperture are preferably substantially parallel, as for the first configuration.

This second configuration is particularly advantageous since the more convoluted first portion of the collecting path further minimises the possibility of egress of solid particulate material from a collecting aperture during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

In a third configuration of the peripheral entry embodiment, a transferring aperture is located at the periphery of the common internal flow path at a position in the periphery of the common internal flow path which is relatively more distal to the inner surface of the drum and relatively more proximal to the rotational axis of the drum. Preferably, said transferring aperture is located at the periphery of the common internal flow path at the position in the periphery of the common internal flow path which is most distal to the inner surface of the drum and most proximal to the rotational axis of the drum. Thus, in this configuration, the transferring aperture is preferably located approximately equidistant between the first and second sides of the elongate protrusion. In other words, the transferring aperture in this configuration is preferably located at the periphery of the common internal flow path which is nearest the apex of the elongate protrusion and nearest the rotational axis of the drum. This third configuration is particularly advantageous since it allows both centrifugal force and gravity to assist entry of the solid particulate material into the common internal flow path.

In the third configuration, a transferring aperture is preferably associated with a deflector rib around at least part (and preferably all) of its periphery, as described hereinabove. Preferably, said deflector rib comprises a first deflector rib portion which biases solid particulate material away from the transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction, and further comprises a second deflector rib portion which biases solid particulate material away from the transferring aperture during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction. Thus, solid particulate material which is following a peripheral trajectory inside the common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in either direction hits a deflector rib portion, whereupon its peripheral trajectory is perturbed such that the solid particulate material is deflected away from the transferring aperture, and away from the section of the periphery in which is disposed the transferring aperture, for instance towards the centre of the common internal flow path. Preferably, said first and second deflector rib portions project into the common internal flow path such that each deflector rib portion presents a deflecting surface which is continuous with, but angled relative to, the internal peripheral wall of the common internal flow path such that the angle of the deflecting surface relative to said internal peripheral wall is greater than 90° and typically no more than about 150° (preferably from about 100 to about 130°). Preferably, said first and second deflector rib portions project into the common internal flow path by art approximately similar distance to each other.

In this third configuration, a transferring aperture is preferably defined by a slot in the internal wall of the common internal flow path wherein said slot extends between opposing internal surfaces of said Archimedean screw arrangement or drain of open compartments. In this preferred embodiment, the transferring aperture is preferably associated with first and second deflector rib portions which extend between opposing internal surfaces of said Archimedean screw arrangement or chain of open compartments and in a direction which is substantially parallel with the elongate dimension of the elongate protrusion.

In this third configuration, the core of the Archimedean screw may be disposed centrally or eccentrically. In an eccentric arrangement, the core is disposed closer to the periphery of the common internal flow path proximal to the inner wall than the periphery of the common internal flow path proximal to the rotational axis of the drum. An eccentric arrangement advantageously improves the balance of Archimedean screw.

Particularly in the peripheral entry embodiment, and especially in the third configuration thereof described hereinabove, the collecting aperture may be a slot which extends along at least a part and preferably all of said first side of said elongate protrusion. Such a collecting aperture is preferably disposed in said first side of said elongate protrusion at the base of said elongate protrusion, i.e. the portion of an elongate protrusion which is juxtaposed with the inner wall of the drum. Such a collecting aperture is in fluid communication with a plurality of collecting flow paths, each of which has a first flow portion as defined hereinabove which is in fluid communication with the common internal flow path via a transferring aperture as defined hereinabove. Such a collecting aperture advantageously maximises the collection rate of solid particulate material from the interior of the drum.

Where the collecting aperture is a slot, a series of vertical guide ribs is preferably disposed in front of said slot, thereby defining a series of collecting channels which are in fluid communication with the interior of the drum and said slot. It will be appreciated that the term “in front of in this context means that the vertical guide ribs are disposed between the slot and the interior of the drum. Said vertical guide ribs suitably extend in a direction substantially parallel to the collecting and dispensing directions defined herein. Said vertical guide ribs suitably extend substantially perpendicularly from the inner wall of the drum to the first side of the elongate protrusion. Said vertical guide ribs are suitably planar. Said vertical guide ribs are preferably shaped so that the leading edge of each rib (i.e. the leading edge of the rib when the drum is rotated in a collecting direction) is angled away from the inner surface of the drum and towards the apex of the elongate protrusion (i.e. the portion of the elongate protrusion which is proximal to the rotational axis of the drum). The vertical guide ribs assist in the capture and transfer of solid particulate material from the interior of the drum to the collecting aperture.

In a further embodiment of the internal configuration of said elongate protrusion, referred to herein as the "double helix embodiment”, said common internal flow path and said first portion of a collecting flow path are arranged as a double

helical Archimedean screw, or as a first chain and second chain of open compartments, as described hereinabove, and are preferably as a double helical Archimedean screw. In this embodiment, the common internal flow path is in helical juxtaposition with said first portions of said collecting paths along the elongate protrusion. Similarly, said first chain of open compartments is in substantially helical juxtaposition with said second chain of open compartments. The common internal flow path preferably occupies more of the internal volume of the elongate protrusion relative to said first portions of said collecting paths, and preferably at least 1 .5 times more, preferably at least 2.0 times more, preferably at least 2.5 times more, preferably not more than 4.0 times more, preferably not more than 3,0 times more volume than the total volume of said first portions of said collecting paths. Preferably, the common internal flow path occupies at least 55%, preferably at least 60%, preferably not more than 90%, preferably not more than 80%, preferably not more than 75% of the internal volume of the elongate protrusion. In this embodiment, solid particulate material flows from a collecting aperture into the common internal flow path such that said material arrives at a location which is approximately central within the common internal flow path. Thus, preferably, said transferring aperture is located approximately centrally within the common internal flow path.

Preferably, the common internal flow path is constituted by the walls of a series of separate modular sections, preferably wherein each of said modular sections comprises a collecting aperture, a first portion of a collecting flow path and a transferring aperture as defined hereinabove, wherein said series of separate modular sections, when joined together, form at least some of the boundary walls of the common internal flow path. Preferably, said modular sections form the internal walls of the elongate protrusion, i.e. the walls of the common internal flow path, rather than the outer walls of the elongate protrusion which contact the substrates in the interior of the drum. A modular arrangement has the advantage of easier and more economic manufacturing, for instance by injection moulding. Preferably the modular sections in this embodiment are joined together linearly, preferably by means of a tie-bar which extends from the first to the last modular section. The assembly comprising the tie-bar and joined modular sections are suitably covered by the outer skin of the elongate protrusion (typically a stainless steel outer skin), which extends from the proximal end to the distal end thereof. Thus, the tie bar is suitably located within the elongate protrusion, preferably within the lobe of an elongate protrusion which is most remote from the inner surface of the drum, or juxtaposed with the trailing edge of the elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction.

Said Archimedean screw may be motorised but preferably the inner surfaces of the Archimedean screw are static, relative to the inner wall of the drum, i.e. the inner surfaces of the Archimedean screw preferably do not rotate independently of the rotation of the drum.

The inner surfaces of the Archimedean screw suitably have a conventional circular and/or smooth arrangement. Alternatively or additionally, the Archimedean screw is rectilinear, having stepped surfaces along at least a part of its length. Similarly, while the cross-section of an Archimedean screw is suitably circular, other cross-sections are envisaged, and particularly multi-lobal cross-sections, such as tri-lobal or quadri-lobal. A tri-lobal cross-section is of particular utility because the elongate protrusions within which the Archimedean screw is disposed are typically triangular in cross-section; hence a tri-lobal cross-section for the Archimedean screw makes the best possible use of the space available inside the elongate protrusion. Rectilinear arrangements are of particular utility because the elongate protrusion may be manufactured in multiple pieces and assembled together to form the flow paths discussed hereinabove in the elongate protrusion. Suitable manufacturing processes include injection moulding.

In another preferred embodiment, referred to herein as the paternoster configuration, said chain of open compartments located in the elongate protrusion are formed by a first series of inclined vanes substantially parallel to each other and a second series of inclined vanes substantially parallel to each other, wherein said first and second series are disposed along at least part of the length of the interior of the elongate protrusion, wherein said first series of vanes are disposed in a facing arrangement to said second series of vanes, wherein said first series of vanes are not parallel to said second series of vanes, and wherein the compartments and vanes are configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards a dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction, and configured to bias solid particulate material present inside a collecting flow path towards said storage means during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

In a further preferred embodiment, said chain of open compartments, or said common internal flow path, is formed by opposing and offset saw-tooth surfaces configured to bias sold particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards said dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction, and configured to bias sold particulate material present inside a collecting flow path towards said storage means during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

In a second embodiment of the present invention, hereinafter referred to as Embodiment B, the elongate protrusion comprises a dispensing flow path and a collecting flow which are different flow paths, as described in the present applicant’s co-pending PCT/GB/2017/053815 application.

In Embodiment B, said collecting aperture is preferably located in said elongate protrusion at its proximal end. Optionally, the elongate protrusion may comprise a collecting groove along at least part of said first side thereof, wherein the collecting groove is configured to collect sold particulate material during rotation in a collecting direction, whereupon the sold particulate material is biased towards the collecting aperture during further rotation in a collecting direction. Such a collecting groove is preferably disposed in the elongate protrusion along at least part of the edge of the elongate protrusion where it meets the inner wall of the drum.

In Embodiment B, the elongate protrusion(s) and/or the drum are preferably configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the drum towards the collecting low path, and particularly towards the end wall, during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

In a preferred arrangement of Embodiment B, the elongate dimension of said elongate protrusion is curvilinear and configured to bias said solid particulate material towards said collecting aperture located in the elongate protrusion at its proximal end during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. A curvilinear elongate protrusion which has a spiral or helical geometry is preferred. It will be appreciated that the term “spiral or helical spiral” geometry” refers to a three dimensional spiral curve which also encompasses an arc of a complete spiral or helical spiral curve. The use of curvilinear elongate protrusions are of particular utility for apparatus in which the axis of the drum is substantially horizontal during operation of the apparatus.

In a further preferred arrangement of Embodiment B, the elongate dimension of said elongate protrusion is rectilinear. In this arrangement, preferably the apparatus and/or drum is tilted or tillable, as described hereinabove, such that the bias which encourages solid particulate material present inside the drum towards the collecting flow path, and particularly towards the end wall, during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction is provided in part by the tilt of the drum

In Embodiment B, the elongate protrusions may be configured to bias solid particulate material towards a collecting flow path and/or the end wall during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction in ways which are additional or alternative to those described above.

Thus, in one preferred configuration of Embodiment B, hereinafter referred to as the “flow-under” configuration, an elongate protrusion is disposed on the inner surface of the drum such that one or more angled channels are present between the underside of the elongate protrusion and the inner surface of the drum, or are present through an elongate protrusion at one or more position(s) where the elongate protrusion meets the inner surface of the drum so that one boundary wall of the angled channel presents a surface which is continuous with the inner surface of the drum, The angled channels allow solid particulate material to low underneath or through the elongate protrusion such that during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, the exit point of an angled channel is closer to the end-wall of the drum than the entry point of that angled channel. The entry point of an angled channel is located on a first side of an elongate protrusion and the exit point of an angled channel is located on the opposite, second side of an elongate protrusion. During rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, solid particulate material is biased towards an entry point in the first side of a first elongate protrusion, passes through the angled channel, and exits from the exit point in the angled channel on the second side of the first elongate protrusion. In so doing, the solid particulate material becomes closer to the end-wall of the drum and, hence, closer to the collecting pathway present in the next elongate protrusion which said solid particulate material contacts on its trajectory inside the drum during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, i.e. a second elongate protrusion which is spaced apart from the first elongate protrusion on the inner surface of the drum, thereby improving the collecting efficiency of the solid particulate material. One or more angled channels may be associated with each elongate protrusion, and where a plurality of angled channels are associated with a single elongate protrusion, they may be disposed along all or part of the length of the elongate protrusion, The angled channel is preferably disposed underneath or in the elongate protrusion such that the channel defines an angle with the back-wall of the drum of at least about 10°, preferably at least about 20°, preferably at least about 30°, and no more than about 80°, preferably no more than 70°, preferably no more than about 60°, typically no more than about 50°, Preferably, the angle of the channel is defined herein as a straight line between the entry point and the exit point of the channel. The pathway of the channel may have a rectilinear or curvilinear configuration, and for instance may be straight or curved, and is typically straight. Where the pathway is curved, the channel preferably curves towards the end-wall of the drum. The flow-under embodiment may be used where the rotational axis of the drum is substantially horizontal, tilted or liable during operation of the apparatus, but is of particular utility for apparatus in which the rotational axis of the drum is substantially horizontal.

In Embodiment B, the drum, and particularly the inner surface thereof, may be configured to bias solid particulate material towards the collecting flow path and/or the end wall during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction in ways additional or alternative to those described above. In particular, the inner surface of the drum may be textured or contoured, for instance by virtue of guiding elements affixed thereto or formed integrally therewith, in order to increase the bias of solid particulate material towards the collecting flow path and/or the end-wall of the drum during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. Such guiding elements are intended, and adapted, to encourage flow of solid particulate material towards the end-wall of the drum and are hence differentiated from the elongate protrusions or lifters, the primary purpose of which is to encourage agitation of the substrates to be treated with the sold particulate material and any treatment agents and/or liquid medium. Accordingly, guiding elements are significantly smaller in depth than elongate protrusions, wherein “depth” refers to the maximum height above or below the inner surface of the drum. Thus, guiding elements which are proud of the inner surface of the drum extend into the interior of the drum much less than elongate protrusions. Preferably, the depth of a guiding element is defined with reference to the longest dimension of the solid particulate material, and preferably the depth of a guiding element has a dimension which is at least as large as the longest dimension of the solid particulate material, preferably at least twice, and preferably no more than about 5 times, preferably no more than about 4 times, the size of the longest dimension of the solid particulate material. Preferably, the depth of a guiding element is no more than 90%, preferably no more than 80%, preferably no more than 70%, preferably no more than 60%, preferably no more than 50%, preferably no more than

40%, preferably no more than 30%, preferably no more than 20% of the depth of an elongate protrusion, and preferably at least 1 %, preferably at least 5% of the depth of an elongate protrusion.

One useful embodiment of a guiding element comprises one or more ribs which are disposed on the inner surface of the drum. In a further useful embodiment, a guiding element comprises one or more grooves which are disposed in the inner surface of the drum. Said one or more rib(s) and/or said one or more groove(s) are preferably disposed between adjacent elongate protrusions. Advantageously, the ribs or grooves are angled in a manner which directs solid particulate material away from the front of the drum (and away from a first elongate protrusion) and towards the end-wall of the drum (and towards a second elongate protrusion spaced apart from said first elongate protrusion) during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. The ribs or grooves may extend across the inner surface for the whole or part of the distance between adjacent elongate protrusions, but typically the ribs or grooves extend across the inner surface for only part of the distance between adjacent elongate protrusions, and typically from about 5% to about 95%, or from about 10% to about 80%, of the distance between adjacent elongate protrusions. Thus, the ribs or grooves bias the solid particulate material towards the end wall during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. The ribs or grooves are disposed at an angle to the end walls, and at an angle to the elongate protrusions, wherein said angle is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the end wail or to an elongate protrusion. In particular, the ribs or grooves are disposed such that the leading end of a rib or groove during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction is closer to the front of the drum than the trailing end of said rib or groove during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. A rib or groove preferably defines an angle with the end wall of the drum of at least about 10°, preferably at least about 20°, preferably at least about 30°, and no more than about 80°, preferably no more than 70°, preferably no more than about 60°, typically no more than about 50°. Preferably, the angle of the rib or groove is defined herein as a straight line between the start of the rib or groove and the end of the rib or groove. The ribs or grooves on or in the inner surface of the drum may define a straight or curved pathway. It will be appreciated that the inner surface of a cylindrical drum is curved, and so reference herein to a “straight pathway” will be understood as a pathway which follows the curvature of the surface of the drum in a linear manner between two points on said curved inner surface of the drum, and reference herein to a “curved pathway" will be understood as a pathway which follows the curvature of the inner surface of the drum and which is also curved in a further dimension across the inner surface of the drum. Where the pathway is a curved pathway, the rib or groove preferably curves towards the end-wall of the drum. A combination of rib(s) and groove(s) may be used. A plurality of ribs and/or a plurality of grooves may be disposed across an area of the inner surface of the drum which is bounded by the front of the drum and the end-wall of the drum and across an area of the inner surface of the drum which is at least partially bounded by adjacent elongate protrusions. It is preferred that the ribs disclosed in this embodiment are either unperforated or contain no perforations therein which are as big as any dimension of the solid particulate material.

In the aforementioned rib embodiment, the profile of the rib is preferably configured to retain solid particulate material during the biasing thereof towards the end-wall of the drum. Thus, it is preferred that the edge of the rib which is the leading edge during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction comprises a collecting groove which runs at least partially along the length of the rib, and preferably along substantially the whole length of the rib.

A further useful embodiment of a guiding element is a perforated diverting rib disposed on the inner surface of the drum, preferably between adjacent elongate protrusions. A perforated diverting rib is preferably disposed on the inner surface of the drum such that it extends in a direction away from the end-wail of the drum and towards the front of the drum. In other words, a perforated diverting rib generally extends in a direction which is substantially parallel with the rotational axis of the drum and/or substantially parallel with the elongate protrusions. A perforated diverting rib is defined by a first edge which is the leading edge during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, and a second edge which is the trailing edge during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. Each of the first and second edges has one or more apertures therein. The perforated diverting rib comprises a plurality of angled channels which connect the aperture(s) on the first edge with the aperture(s) on the second edge. Where the perforated diverting rib meets the inner surface of the drum, the aperture(s) and angled channels are preferably disposed such that one boundary wall of the angled channel (i.e. the base of the channel) presents a surface which is continuous with the inner surface of the drum. These angled channels work on the same principle as the angled channels of the “flow-under” configuration described hereinabove. The exit point from an angled channel at the second edge of the rib is closer to the end-wall of the drum than the entry point into that angled channel at the first edge of the rib, thereby allowing solid particulate material to flow through the perforated diverting rib so that during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction the solid particulate material is biased towards the end-wall of the drum, thereby improving the collecting efficiency of the solid particulate material. The plurality of angled channels may be disposed along all or part of the length of a perforated diverting rib. The angled channel preferably defines an angle with the back-wall of the drum of at least about 10°, preferably at least about 20°, preferably at least about 30°, and no more than about 80°, preferably no more than 70°, preferably no more than about 60°, typically no more than about 50°. Preferably, the angle of a channel is defined herein as a straight line between the entry point and the exit point of that channel. The pathway of a channel may have a rectilinear or curvilinear configuration, and for instance may be straight or curved, and is typically straight. Where the pathway is curved, the channel preferably curves towards the end-wall of the drum. A perforated diverting rib may be used where the rotational axis of the drum is substantially horizontal, tilted or tiltable during operation of the apparatus, but is of particular utility for apparatus in which the rotational axis of the drum is substantially horizontal.

In Embodiment B, another configuration of the inner surface of the rotatably mounted drum to bias solid particle material towards the end wall of the drum is as follows. Thus, in a preferred configuration of Embodiment B, the inner surface of the drum is inclined such that the surface of the drum defines an angle A’ to the horizontal plane which is greater than 0 and less than about 20°, preferably at least about 1°, preferably at least about 5°, preferably from 1 to 20°, preferably from 1 to 10°, preferably from 5 to 10°. In this configuration, the inner surface of the drum is inclined in a downwards direction from the front of the drum to the end wall of the drum. Thus, the inner surface of the drum defines a frusto-conical surface. The frusto-conical surface thus has a diameter at the front of the apparatus which is smaller than the diameter thereof at the end wall of the drum. It will be appreciated that this configuration is of particular utility wherein the drum is disposed in the apparatus such that the rotational axis of the drum is substantially horizontal, for instance wherein the drum and/or apparatus is not tilted or tiltable. Thus, this configuration biases solid particulate material towards said collecting low path which comprises said collecting aperture located in said elongate protrusion at its proximal end. In this frusto-conical surface configuration, the inner surface of the drum is preferably configured to define at least one collecting channel in the inner surface at the juncture of the inner surface and the end-wall of the drum. Said collecting channel extends at least partially around the perimeter of the end-wall of the drum, and at least partially between each elongate protrusion. The collecting channel extends along the juncture of the inner surface and the end-wall of the drum to the collecting aperture, and is thus configured to bias solid particulate material towards the collecting aperture during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. Said at least one collecting channel advantageously improves the collection efficiency of solid particulate material during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction. A frusto-conical inner surface may be assembled inside the drum and/or is able to be retrofited to an existing drum, particularly where the apparatus comprises a drum in which the rotational axis is fixed in the horizontal plane. Thus, a conventional apparatus which is not suitable or adapted for the treatment of substrates using a solid particulate material may be converted into an apparatus which is suitable for the treatment of substrates using a solid particulate material. Such a frusto-conical surface is preferably provided as a plurality of inserts which may be disposed on the existing surface (typically a cylindrical surface) of the drum of the conventional apparatus. Such a frusto-conical surface is suitably used in combination with the retrofittable storage means and elongate protrusions described herein, and would typically be provided as a non-integral element thereto in order to allow the components to be introduced into the drum without dissembling the whole apparatus.

In Embodiment B, said dispensing aperture is preferably located in said elongate protrusion as described herein for Embodiment A. A plurality of dispensing apertures may be present in the elongate protrusion, as described for Embodiment A.

The dispensing flow path of Embodiment B is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards the dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction. Preferably, the dispensing flow path comprises a chain of open compartments or an Archimedean screw arrangement located in the elongate protrusion and configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards said dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction. The configuration of the chain of open compartments or Archimedean screw arrangement is preferably as described hereinabove for the configuration of the dispensing flow path or common internal flow path of Embodiment A. It will be appreciated, however, that in Embodiment B the dispensing flow path is distinct and different from the collecting flow path as noted above, i.e. there is no common internal flow path in Embodiment B.

In a further configuration of the dispensing flow path of Embodiment B, and particularly where the apparatus comprises curvilinear (such as spiral or helical) elongate protrusions, the dispensing flow path may simply be a hollow cavity inside the elongate protrusion. However, this embodiment is less preferred.

In the apparatus of Embodiment B, at least a portion of the collecting flow path may be juxtaposed with at least a portion of the dispensing flow path, wherein said juxtaposed portions are separated by a deflector wall which helps to prevent egress of said solid particulate material from said storage means to the interior of said drum via said collecting flow path and/or which assists in biasing the particles from said storage means towards the dispensing path.

In the apparatus of Embodiment B, the collecting flow path preferably comprises a valve, preferably a one-way flap valve, to prevent egress of said solid particulate materia! from said storage means to the interior of said drum via said collecting flow path. Advantageously, such a valve helps ensure the storage means is lied as efficiently as possible. The flap valve may be biased with a spring, and/or be mechanically controlled with a cam, and/or be gravity-operated and comprise therein a sufficient weight, in order to prevent egress of solid particulate material from said storage means to the interior of said drum via said collecting flow path.

Thus, just as for Embodiment A, movement of solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum in Embodiment B is preferably actuated entirely by rotation of the drum.

The configurations of the harvesting apertures and the associated harvesting (or herringbone) flow path will now be described. The configuration is referred to as the “Herringbone” arrangement. As noted above, these configurations are applicable to both Embodiments A and B.

Preferably, said elongate protrusion comprises a plurality of said harvesting apertures disposed in said second side of said elongate protrusion. The harvesting apertures may be located at multiple positions along the second side of said elongate protrusion from the proximal end to the distal end thereof.

As described above, said harvesting aperture(s) are in fluid communication with the storage means via said harvesting flow path. Said harvesting flow path is configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction and preferably also in a collecting direction. Said harvesting flow path is configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means particularly during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction. Thus, said harvesting flow path is configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in either direction once the solid particulate material is present in the harvesting flow path, which is of particular utility for rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

Preferably said harvesting flow path defines a tortuous flow path from the harvesting aperture(s) to the storage means.

It will be appreciated that the harvesting flow path is distinct from and different to the collecting flow path and the dispensing flow path.

Said harvesting flow path may be located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion, or may be located in or on the second side of said elongate protrusion.

Where the harvesting flow path is located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion then, in the context of Embodiment A above, said harvesting flow path is located closer to the inner wall of the drum than the collecting flow path, the dispensing flow path and the common internal flow path, and, in the context of Embodiment B above, said harvesting flow path Is located closer to the inner wall of the drum than the dispensing flow path.

Said harvesting flow path is preferably located within an elongate cavity located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion, or in or on the second side of said elongate protrusion, wherein said elongate cavity has a flat, plate-like shape having a length, width and depth, wherein the elongate dimension (or length) of said cavity is disposed along at least a part of the elongate dimension of the elongate protrusion. The elongate cavity suitably follows the shape and contours of the elongate protrusion, and may be rectilinear and/or curvilinear. It will be appreciated that the length, width and depth of the elongate cavity are substantially orthogonal to each other. The width dimension of said elongate cavity is disposed along at least a part of the width of the base of said elongate protrusion, or along at least a part of the width of the second side of said elongate protrusion, depending on the location of the harvesting flow path in or on the elongate protrusion. The depth dimension of the elongate cavity is substantially normal to the base of said elongate protrusion, or the second side of said elongate protrusion, depending on the location of the harvesting flow path in or on the elongate protrusion.

It will be appreciated that said elongate cavity has a first edge and a second edge, wherein the first and second edges are on opposite edges of the width dimension of the cavity. Said harvesting aperture(s) are disposed in the first edge.

In the configurations where a harvesting flow path is either located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion, or located in or on the second side of said elongate protrusion, then said second edge does not contain harvesting apertures.

Thus, wherein said harvesting flow path is located in or on base othfe said elongate protrusion, the first edge of the elongate cavity (i.e. the edge in which is disposed harvesting aperture(s)) is located at the second side of the elongate protrusion.

Similarly, wherein said harvesting flow path is located in or on the second side of said elongate protrusion, the first edge of the elongate cavity (i.e. the edge in which is disposed harvesting aperture(s)) is located at the juncture of the second side of said elongate protrusion with the inner wall of the drum.

Preferably, the harvesting flow path comprises a drain of open compartments. Thus, preferably said harvesting aperture(s) is/are in fluid communication with the storage means via a chain of open compartments configured to bias sold particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum. Said chain of open compartments is

configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction and preferably also in a collecting direction. Thus, said chain of open compartments is configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in either direction once the solid particulate material is present in the harvesting flow path, which finds particular utility in the present invention during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction. Said chain of open compartments preferably forms at least a part of the harvesting (or herringbone) flow path.

It will be appreciated that said chain of open compartments is located in the elongate cavity described hereinabove.

Said chain of open compartments of the harvesting flow path is formed by a first series of vanes and a second series of vanes, wherein said first and second series of vanes are disposed along at least part of the length of the elongate protrusion. Preferably, the first series of vanes is disposed within the elongate cavity such that said first series is located at or along the interior of said first edge of said elongate cavity, and said second series of vanes is disposed within the elongate cavity such said second series is located at or along the interior of said second edge of said elongate cavity. It will be appreciated that each of the varies of said first and second series extend laterally into and across a part of the width dimension of the elongate cavity, and advantageously do so in a manner such that the harvesting flow path from the harvesting aperture(s) to the storage means is a tortuous flow path which biases solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum.

Said first series of vanes are preferably disposed in an opposing and staggered arrangement with said second series of vanes, in a manner to provide a tortuous flow path from the harvesting aperture(s) to the storage means which biases solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum. Thus, preferably, at least some of the first series of vanes extend laterally from the interior of said first edge into and across a part of the width dimension of the elongate cavity to a position X1, and at least some of the second series of vanes extend laterally from the interior of said second edge into and across a part of the width dimension of the elongate cavity to a position X2, wherein position X1 is closer to the interior of the second edge than position X2 and/or (and preferably and) wherein position X2 is closer to the interior of the first edge than position X1, wherein the distant» of positions X1 and X2 to the interior of the relevant edge is measured in a direction normal to the interior of said edge. Thus, said first and second series of vanes arranged in this manner along the length of the elongate cavity define a series of positions comprising positions X11, X21, X12, X22, X13, X23, ... X1n and X2m, where n and m are integers, which defines a non-linear and tortuous pathway configured to bias sold particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum. Thus, preferably the first and second series of vanes define a set of positions X1 and X2 which altemate along the length of the elongate cavity, In other words, the vanes of the first series may be described as dove-tailing with the vanes of the second series. Thus, the first series of vanes is advantageously configured in an interlocking but non-contacting arrangement with the second series of vanes. It will be appreciated the term “interlocking”, as used herein, is not intended to imply any contact between the respective vanes, and not intended to imply any correspondence in shape or fit between opposing vanes. Nevertheless, at the start of a harvesting flow path, i.e. the end of the harvesting flow path which is closer to the distal end of the elongate protrusion, the first vane of the first series optionally contacts the first vane of the second series in order to provide an end to the harvesting flow path.

One or more additional vane(s) of one or both of the first and second series may be interspersed in this alternating patern, optionally wherein said additional vane(s) of a given series extend laterally into the width dimension of the elongate cavity to a position Y1 or Y2 which is closer to the edge from which the vane extends than position X1 or X2 respectively.

Thus, the first series of vanes are preferably disposed in an interlocking but non-contacting arrangement with the second series of vanes along the length of the harvesting flow path, in a manner to provide a tortuous flow path from the harvesting aperture(s) to the storage means which biases solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum.

In the harvesting flow path, preferably the vanes of the second series are substantially parallel to each other. Preferably, consecutive vanes of said second series are arranged in a U-shape, wherein each U-shape has a distal wall closer to the distal end of the elongate protrusion and a proximal wall closer to the proximal end of the elongate protrusion. Thus, said second series of vanes preferably defines a series of adjoining U-shapes comprising a first U-shape and a second U-shape and optionally one or more subsequent U-shape(s), wherein said first U-shape is closer to the distal end of the elongate protrusion than said second adjoining U-shape, preferably wherein a proximal wall of said first U-shape is the same wall as the distal wall of said adjoining second U-shape. Thus, for instance, the proximal wall of the first U-shape which is nearest the distal end of the elongate protrusion is preferably the same wall as the distal wall of the adjacent, second U-shape which is nearer the proximal end of the elongate protrusion. Thus, a series of n U-shapes may be generated by a series of (n*1) vanes.

Preferably, said second series of vanes of the harvesting flow path defines a series of inclined adjoining U-shapes wherein the incline of the distal and proximal walls of said U-shape is towards the distal end of the elongate protrusion. As used herein, the term “incline of the distal and proximal walls” refers to the direction of the incline of said wall starting from the base of the U-shape.

Preferably, the mouth of said U-shape of said second series of vanes in the harvesting flow path faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion (i.e. towards the interior of said elongate cavity), and preferably towards a harvesting aperture or towards the side of the harvesting flow path in which the harvesting apertures are located (i.e. towards the interior of said first edge of said elongate cavity).

Wherein said chain of open compartments of the harvesting flow path is located in or on the base of the elongate protrusion, the second series of vanes is preferably disposed adjacent the first side of the elongate protrusion or closer to said first side than said first series of vanes, preferably such that the base of said U-shape is or is juxtaposed with the interior surface of the first side of the elongate protrusion. Thus, the mouth of said U-shape of said second series of vanes preferably faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion (i.e. towards the interior of said elongate cavity) and in the direction of rotation of the drum during rotation in a dispensing direction.

Wherein said chain of open compartments of the harvesting flow path is located in or on the second side of the elongate protrusion, the second series of vanes is preferably disposed adjacent the apex of the elongate protrusion or closer to said apex than said first series of vanes. Thus, the mouth of said U-shape of the second series of vanes preferably faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion (i.e. towards the interior of said elongate cavity) and towards the inner surface of the drum. Thus, for an elongate protrusion having a substantially triangular cross-section, the mouth of said U-shape of the second series of vanes in a harvesting flow path disposed on the second side of said elongate protrusion is angled downwards towards the inner surface of the drum.

CLAIMS

1. An apparatus for use in the treatment of substrates with a solid particulate material, said apparatus comprising a housing having mounted therein a rotatably mounted drum having an inner surface and an end wall, and access means for introducing said substrates into said drum, wherein

(a) said drum comprises storage means for storage of said solid particulate material;

(b) said drum has at least one elongate protrusion located on said inner surface of said drum wherein the elongate protrusion extends in a direction away from said end wall, wherein said elongate protrusion has an end proximal to the end wall and an end distal to the end wall;

(c) the or each elongate protrusion comprises a collecting aperture and a collecting flow path to facilitate low of said solid particulate material from the interior of said drum to said storage means, wherein said collecting aperture defines the start of a collecting flow path, and wherein the same elongate protrusion further comprises a dispensing aperture and a dispensing flow path to facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from said storage means to the interior of said drum, wherein said dispensing aperture defines the end of a dispensing flow path;

(d) wherein said collecting aperture is disposed in a first side of said elongate protrusion, wherein said first side of said elongate protrusion is the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction; and

(e) wherein said flow of said solid particulate material from the storage means towards the interior of the drum is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in a dispensing direction and the flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of the drum towards the storage means is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in said collecting direction, wherein rotation in said dispensing direction is in the opposite rotational direction to rotation in said collecting direction,

characterised in that:

(f) said elongate protrusion exhibits one or more harvesting apertures disposed in a second side of said elongate protrusion, wherein the second side is defined as the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in said dispensing direction, wherein said harvesting aperture(s) are in fluid communication with a harvesting flow path, wherein said harvesting aperture(s) facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of said drum via said harvesting flow path to said storage means during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said elongate protrusion comprises a plurality of said harvesting apertures.

3. An apparatus according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said harvesting flow path is located in or on the base of the elongate protrusion, or wherein said harvesting flow path is located in or on the second side of the elongate protrusion.

4. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said harvesting flow path is configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction and preferably also in a collecting direction.

5. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said harvesting flow path is located within an elongate cavity located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion, or in or on the second side of said elongate protrusion, wherein said elongate cavity has a flat, plate-like shape having a length, width and depth, wherein the length dimension of said cavity is disposed along at least a part of the elongate dimension of the elongate protrusion, wherein the width dimension of said cavity is disposed along at least a part of the width of the base of said elongate protrusion, or along at least a part of the width of the second side of said elongate protrusion, depending on the location of the harvesting flow path in or on the elongate protrusion, and wherein the depth dimension of said cavity is substantially normal to the base of said elongate protrusion, or the second side of said elongate protrusion, depending on the location of the harvesting flow path in or on the elongate protrusion, and wherein said cavity has a first edge and a second edge, wherein said first and second edges are on opposite edges of the width dimension of the cavity, wherein said harvesting aperture(s) are disposed in the first edge, such that wherein said harvesting flow path is located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion the first edge of the elongate cavity is located at the second side of the elongate protrusion, and wherein said harvesting flow path is located in or on the second side of said elongate protrusion, the first edge of the elongate cavity is located at the juncture of the second side of said elongate protrusion with the inner wall of the drum.

6. An apparatus according to any preceding data wherein said harvesting flow path comprises a chain of open compartments in fluid communication with the storage means.

7. An apparatus according to claim 6, said chain of open compartments is formed by a first series of vanes and a second series of vanes, wherein said first and second series of vanes are disposed along at least part of the length of the elongate protrusion, wherein said first series of vanes are disposed in an opposing and staggered arrangement with said second series of vanes in a manner to provide a tortuous pathway from the harvesting apertures to the storage means which biases solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum.

8. An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the vanes of the second series are substantially parallel to each other.

9. An apparatus according to claim 7 or 8 wherein consecutive vanes of said second series are arranged in a U- shape, wherein each U-shape has a distal wall closer to the distal end of the elongate protrusion and a proximal wall closer to the proximal end of the elongate protrusion, such that said second series of vanes defines a series of adjoining U-shapes comprising a first U-shape and a second U-shape and optionally one or more subsequent U-shape(s), wherein said first U-shape is closer to the distal end of the elongate protrusion than said second adjoining U-shape, preferably wherein a proximal wall of said first U-shape is the same wall as the distal wall of said adjoining second U-shape.

10. An apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 9 wherein said second series of vanes defines a series of inclined adjoining U-shapes wherein the incline of the distal and proximal walls of said U-shape is towards the distal end of the elongate protrusion.

11. An apparatus according to claim 9 or 10 wherein the mouth of said U-shape faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion, and preferably faces towards a harvesting aperture or faces towards the side of the harvesting flow path in which the harvesting apertures are located.

12. An apparatus according to any of claims 9 to 11 wherein said chain of open compartments is located in or on the base of the elongate protrusion and the second series of vanes is disposed adjacent the first side of the elongate protrusion or closer to said first side than said first series of vanes, preferably such that the base of said U-shape is or is juxtaposed with the interior surface of the first side of the elongate protrusion, such that the mouth of the U-shape faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion and in the direction of rotation of the drum during rotation in a dispensing direction.

13. An apparatus according to any of claims 9 to 11 wherein said chain of open compartments is located in or on the second side of the elongate protrusion and the second series of vanes is disposed adjacent an apex of the elongate protrusion or closer to said apex than said first series of vanes, preferably such that the mouth of said U-shape faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion and towards the inner surface of the drum.

14. An apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 13 wherein the vanes of the first series are arranged in a series of U-shapes wherein each U-shape has a distal wall closer to the distal end of the elongate protrusion and a proximal wall closer to the proximal end of the elongate protrusion.

15. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said first series of vanes defines a series of U-shapes wherein at least one and preferably each pair of adjacent U-shapes do not adjoin each other, and wherein at least one and preferably each pair of adjacent U-shapes are interrupted by a harvesting aperture in the second side of the elongate protrusion.

16. An apparatus according to claim 14 or 15 wherein a plurality of harvesting apertures in the second side of the elongate protrusion provides multiple entry points into the chain of open compartments.

17. An apparatus according to claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the mouth of said U-shape faces inwardly towards the Interior of the elongate protrusion and away from a harvesting aperture.

18. An apparatus according to any of claims 14 to 17 wherein a U-shape defined by the vanes of the first series comprises a distal wall which is inclined towards the distal end of the elongate protrusion and a proximal wall which is inclined towards the proximal end of the elongate protrusion.

19. An apparatus according to any of claims 14 to 18 wherein said chain of open compartments is located in or on the base of the elongate protrusion and the first series of vanes is disposed adjacent the second side of the elongate protrusion or closer to said second side than said second series of vanes, preferably such that the base of said U-shape is or is juxtaposed with the interior surface of the second side of the elongate protrusion, such that the mouth of the U-shape faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion and in the opposite direction to the rotational direction of the drum during rotation in a dispensing direction.

20. An apparatus according to any of claims 14 to 18 wherein said chain of open compartments is located in or on the second side of the elongate protrusion and the first series of vanes is disposed adjacent the inner surface of the drum or closer to said inner surface than said second series of vanes, preferably such that the mouth of said U-shape faces inwardly towards the interior of the elongate protrusion and towards the apex of the elongate protrusion.

21. An apparatus according to any of claims 9 to 20 wherein the series of U-shapes defined by the first series of vanes are disposed in an opposing and staggered arrangement with the series of U-shapes defined by the second series of vanes in a manner to provide a tortuous harvesting flow path from the harvesting aperture(s) to the storage means which biases solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum.

22. An apparatus according to any of claims 9 to 21 wherein said harvesting aperture(s) is/are in fluid communication with the storage means via said harvesting flow path comprising a chain of open compartments configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in at least a dispensing direction, and wherein the apparatus is configured such that:

(i) during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction solid particulate material enters a harvesting aperture and passes into one of the open compartments in said chain of open compartments, preferably into a U-shape formed by the second series of vanes,

(ii) wherein upon further rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction said solid particulate material is transferred into an opposing and staggered U-shape formed by the first series of vanes wherein said opposing and staggered U-shape is closer to the proximal end of the elongate protrusion than said U-shape formed by the second series of vanes from which the sold particulate material was transferred, and

(iii) wherein upon further rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction said solid particulate is transferred into a further U-shape formed by the second series of vanes wherein said further U-shape formed by the second series of vanes is closer to the proximal end of the elongate protrusion than said U-shape formed by the first series of vanes from which the solid particulate material was transferred,

thereby biasing said sold particulate material towards the storage means.

23. An apparatus according to any preceding claim which is configured to:

(i) dispense sold particulate material into the interior of the drum during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction at a dispensing rate defined by RD, and

(ii) harvest solid particulate material from the interior of the drum via the harvesting aperture(s) into the elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction at a harvesting rate defined by RH, wherein the net rate of introduction (NRI) of sold particulate material into the drum during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction is given by NRI = RD - RH,

and wherein the apparatus is configured such that NRI is positive,

and preferably wherein RH is no more than about 50%, preferably no more than about 40%, preferably no more than about 30%, preferably no more than about 20%, of RD.

24. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the harvesting flow path comprises a valve, preferably a one-way flap valve, to prevent egress of solid particulate material from the storage means back into the harvesting flow path during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

25. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said dispensing aperture is located in said elongate protrusion at its distal end or closer to its distal end than its proximal end, or from at least about half way along said elongate protrusion from the proximal end to the distal end thereof, or wherein the or each elongate protrusion has a plurality of dispensing apertures spaced along the length of said elongate protrusion from its proximal end to its distal end.

26 An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the or each elongate protrusion is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards said dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction.

27. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the drum is configured to bias sold particulate material present inside the drum towards said collecting aperture(s) during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction, and the drum is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards said dispensing aperture(s) during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction.

28. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the or each elongate protrusion is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside said collecting flow path towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction.

29. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said collecting flow path and said dispensing flow path are partially but not completely coextensive.

30. An apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the or each elongate protrusion comprises a plurality of collecting apertures disposed in said first side of said elongate protrusion at a plurality of positions from the proximal end to the distal end thereof.

31. An apparatus according to claim 29 or 30 wherein a portion of said collecting flow path and a portion of said dispensing flow path share a common internal flow path within the or each elongate protrusion.

32. An apparatus according to claim 31 wherein said common internal flow path is configured to bias solid particulate material present inside said common internal flow path towards the storage means during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction and towards said dispensing aperture(s) during rotation of the drum in the dispensing direction.

33. An apparatus according to claim 31 or 32 wherein said common internal flow path is or comprises an

Archimedean screw arrangement located in the or each elongate protrusion.

34. An apparatus according to claim 33 wherein the surfaces of said Archimedean screw arrangement are rectilinear or curvilinear or a combination thereof.

35. An apparatus according to any one of claims 31 to 34 wherein said collecting flow path comprises a first portion which is in fluid communication with said collecting aperture and said common internal flow path.

36. An apparatus according to claim 35 wherein said first portion of said collecting flow path is defined by said collecting aperture at one end of said portion and a transferring aperture at the other end of said portion wherein said transferring aperture facilitates the transfer of solid particulate material from said first portion to said common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in the collecting direction.

37. An apparatus according to claim 36 wherein said transferring aperture is configured such that rotation of the drum in either the collecting or dispensing direction biases solid particulate material which is present in said common internal flow path away tom said transferring aperture.

38. An apparatus according to claim 36 or 37 wherein said transferring aperture is located approximately centrally within the common internal flow path.

39. An apparatus according to any of claims 36 to 38 wherein said first portion of a collecting flow path is equipped with a plurality of vanes which permit flow of solid particulate material from the collecting aperture to the transferring aperture but discourage flow of solid particulate present in said first portion back out of the

collecting aperture, preferably wherein said plurality of vanes comprises a first series of vanes and a second series of vanes wherein said first and second series of vanes are disposed along at least part of the length of said first portion of a collecting flow path, wherein said first series of vanes is disposed in an opposing and staggered arrangement with said second series of vanes, preferably wherein the vanes of each of the first and second series are angled away from an internal wall of said first portion in the direction of flow of solid particulate from the collecting aperture to the transferring aperture thereby permitting flow of solid particulate material from the collecting aperture to the transferring aperture but discouraging flow in the opposite direction.

40. An apparatus according to any of claims 35 to 39 wherein said first portion of said collecting flow path is located within a wall of the Archimedean screw arrangement as defined in claims 33 or 34.

41. An apparatus according to any one of claims 31 to 40 wherein the or each elongate protrusion comprises a plurality of collecting apertures wherein each collecting aperture is in fluid communication with said common internal flow path via a plurality of collecting flow paths each of which has a first portion in fluid communication with said collecting aperture and said common internal flow path, such that each of said first portions facilitates the flow of solid particulate material into said common internal flow path during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

42. An apparatus according to any of claims 31 to 41 wherein the common internal flow path is constituted by the walls of a series of separate modular sections wherein each of said modular sections comprises a collecting aperture, a first portion of a collecting flow path and a transferring aperture as defined in any of claims 36 to 39, wherein said series of separate modular sections, when joined together, form at least some of the boundary walls of the common internal flow path.

43. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 28 wherein the elongate protrusion comprises a dispensing flow path and a collecting flow which are different flow paths.

44. An apparatus according to claim 43 wherein said elongate protrusion(s) and/or said drum are configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the drum towards the end wall of the drum during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

45. An apparatus according to claim 43 or 44 wherein said collecting aperture is located in said elongate protrusion at its proximal end.

46. An apparatus according to claim 45 wherein the elongate protrusion comprises a collecting groove along at least part of said first side thereof, wherein the collecting groove is configured to collect solid particulate material during rotation in a collecting direction, whereupon the solid particulate material is biased towards the collecting aperture during further rotation in a collecting direction, preferably wherein said collecting groove is disposed in the elongate protrusion along at least part of the edge of the elongate protrusion where it meets the inner wall of the drum.

47. An apparatus according to any of claims 43 to 46 wherein an elongate protrusion is disposed on the inner surface of the drum such that one or more angled channels are present between the underside of the elongate protrusion and the inner surface of the drum, or are present through an elongate protrusion at one or more position(s) where the elongate protrusion meets the inner surface of the drum so that one boundary wall of the angled channel presents a surface which is continuous with the inner surface of the drum, wherein said

angled channel(s) is/are configured to allow solid particulate material to flow underneath or through the elongate protrusion such that during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction the exit point of an angled channel is closer to the end-wail of the drum than the entry point of that angled channel, and wherein the entry point of an angled channel is located on said first side of an elongate protrusion and the exit point of an angled channel is located on the opposite, second side of an elongate protrusion.

48. An apparatus according to any of claims 43 to 47 wherein the inner surface of the drum is textured or contoured with one or more guiding elements affixed thereto or formed integrally therewith to bias sold particulate material towards the end-wall of the drum during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

49. An apparatus according to claim 48 wherein said guiding element comprises one or more ribs and/or one or more grooves which are disposed on or in the inner surface of the drum between adjacent elongate protrusions such that said rib(s) and/or groove(s) are angled in a manner which directs solid particulate material away from a first elongate protrusion and the front of the drum and towards the adjacent elongate protrusion and the end-wall of the drum during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

50. An apparatus according to claim 49 wherein the guiding element is a rib having a profile configured to retain solid particulate material during the biasing thereof towards the end-wall of the drum, preferably wherein the edge of the rib which is the leading edge during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction comprises a collecting groove which runs at least partially along the length of the rib.

51. An apparatus according to any of claims 48 to 50 wherein the guiding element is a perforated diverting rib disposed on the inner surface of the drum between adjacent elongate protrusions such that said perforated diverting rib extends in a direction away from the end-wall of the drum and towards the front of the drum, wherein the perforated diverting rib has a first edge which is the leading edge during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction and a second edge which is the trailing edge during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, wherein each of the first and second edges has one or more apertures therein, and wherein the perforated diverting rib comprises a plurality of angled channels which connect the aperture(s) on the first edge with the aperture(s) on the second edge, and wherein the exit point from an angled channel at the second edge of the rib is closer to the end-wall of the drum than the entry point into that angled channel at the first edge of the rib, thereby allowing solid particulate material to flow through the perforated diverting rib so that during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction the solid particulate material is biased towards the end-wall of the drum.

52. An apparatus according to any of claims 43 to 51 wherein the inner surface of the rotatably mounted drum is configured to bias solid particle material towards the end wall of the drum wherein said inner surface defines a frusto-conical surface such that the inner surface of the drum is inclined in a downwards direction from the front of the drum to the end wall of the drum,

53. An apparatus according to claim 52 wherein the inner surface of the drum is configured to define at least one collecting channel in said inner surface at the juncture of the inner surface and the end-wall of the drum, wherein the collecting channel extends along the juncture of the inner surface and the end-wall of the drum to the collecting aperture, and is thus configured to bias solid particulate material towards the collecting aperture during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction.

54. An apparatus according to any of claims 43 to 53 wherein the dispensing flow path comprises a chain of open compartments or an Archimedean screw arrangement located in the elongate protrusion and configured to bias solid particulate material present inside the storage means and/or dispensing flow path towards said dispensing aperture during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

55. An apparatus according to any of claims 43 to 54 wherein said collecting flow path comprises a valve, preferably a one-way flap valve, to prevent egress of said solid particulate material from said storage means to the interior of said drum via said collecting flow path.

56. An apparatus according to any of claims 43 to 55 wherein the harvesting flow path is located in or on the second side of said elongate protrusion, and wherein the elongate protrusion comprises one or more additional collecting aperture(s) disposed in a first side thereof at one or more position(s) from the proximal end to the distal end thereof, wherein said additional collecting aperture(s) is/are in fluid communication with an additional collecting flow path which in turn is in fluid communication with the storage means, preferably wherein said additional collecting flow path is located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion and is configured to bias solid particulate material towards the storage means during rotation of the drum, particularly during rotation of the drum In a collecting direction.

57. An apparatus according to claim 56 wherein said additional collecting flow path is a chain of open compartments which is located in or on the base of said elongate protrusion, wherein said chain of open compartments is formed by a first series of vanes and a second series of vanes, wherein said first and second series of vanes are disposed along at least part of the length of the elongate protrusion, wherein said first series of vanes are disposed in an opposing and staggered arrangement with said second series of vanes in a manner to provide a tortuous additional collecting flow path from the additional collecting apertures to the storage means.

58. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein movement of said solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum is actuated entirely by rotation of the drum.

59. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the storage means is or comprises at least one cavity located in the end wall of the drum.

60. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the storage means comprises multiple compartments, for instance, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 compartments, particularly wherein said multiple compartments are arranged so as to retain balance of the drum during rotation.

61. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the storage means comprises multiple compartments located in the end wall of the drum, wherein each of the compartments is defined by a cavity bound by a first wall and a second wall which each extend outwards from the rotational axis of the drum towards and preferably to the inner wall of the drum, preferably wherein each compartment is associated with a single elongate protrusion comprising said collecting low path and said dispensing flow path.

62. An apparatus according to claim 61 wherein each compartment is in fluid communication with its adjacent compartment or compartments such that solid particulate material, as well as any liquid medium, is able to pass from one compartment directly into an adjacent compartment during rotation of the drum.

63. An apparatus according to claim 62 wherein fluid communication between adjacent compartments is effected by a communicating aperture in the wall between adjacent compartments, preferably wherein a communicating aperture exhibits a smallest dimension which is at least 4 times greater than the longest dimension of the solid particulate material, and preferably wherein the largest dimension of the communicating aperture is no greater than 50% of the longest dimension of a wall between adjacent compartments, and preferably wherein said communicating aperture is located in a wall between adjacent compartments at a point that is closer to the mid-point of said wall between adjacent compartments than to either the rotational axis of the drum or the inner wall of the drum.

64. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the storage means further comprises one or more perforations which have dimensions smaller than the shortest linear dimension of the solid particulate material so as to permit passage of fluids through said perforations into and out of the storage means, particularly out of or into the interior of said drum respectively, but to prevent egress of said solid particulate material through said perforations.

65. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the dispensing flow path is configured such that it dispenses solid particulate material from a dispensing aperture therein when the dispensing aperture is above the horizontal plane bisecting the axis of drum rotation.

66. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the dimensions of said dispensing flow path, said collecting flow path and said harvesting flow path are such that they have no internal dimension which is less than 2 times, more preferably less than 3 times, the longest dimension of the solid particulate material.

67. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the storage means and the or each elongate protrusion can be assembled inside the drum, and/or are able to be retrofitted to an existing drum, and/or are removable and replaceable such that the solid particulate material contained therein may be replaced with fresh solid particulate material.

68. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the inner surface of said drum comprises perforations which have dimensions smaller than the shortest linear dimension of the solid particulate material so as to permit passage of fluids into and out of said drum but to prevent egress of said solid particulate material.

69. An apparatus according to claim 68 wherein said housing is a tub which surrounds said drum, preferably wherein said tub and said drum are substantially concentric, preferably wherein the walls of said tub are unperforated but having disposed therein one or more inlets and/or one or more outlets suitable for passage of a liquid medium and/or one or more treatment agents into and out of the tub.

70. An apparatus according to any preceding claim further comprising a seal between the access means and the tub.

71. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said drum has an opening at the opposite end of the drum to the end wall through which said substrates are introduced into said drum.

72. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the dispensing flow path and/or the storage means are configured such that it takes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 16 rotations in the dispensing direction to begin to release the sold particulate material into the interior of said drum.

73. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the apparatus does not comprise a further storage means which is not attached to or integral with the drum, and/or wherein the apparatus does not comprise a pump for circulating said solid particulate material between the storage means and the interior of the drum.

74. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the apparatus does not comprise a pump for circulating said solid particulate material.

75. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the drum comprises two, three, four, five or six elongate protrusions

76. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said treatment of substrates with solid particulate material is in the presence of a liquid medium and/or one of more treatment formulation(s).

77. An apparatus according to any preceding claim which comprises said sold particulate material.

78. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the particles of the solid particulate material have (i) an average mass of from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg; and/or (ii) an average volume in the range of from about 5 to about 500 mm3; and/or (iii) an average surface area of from 10 mm2 to 500 mm2 per particle; and/or (iv) an average particle size of from 1 mm to 50 mm, preferably from 2 to 20mm, preferably from 5mm to 10mm; and/or (v) and average density of at least about 1 g/cm3 or at least about 1.4 g/cm3.

79. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the particles of the solid particulate comprise a polymer, preferably wherein the polymer is or comprises a polyalkylene, a polyamide, a polyester or a polyurethane, preferably a polyalkylene, polyester or polyamide, preferably a polyamide selected from nylon 6 or nylon 6,6 or a polyalkylene selected from polypropylene, and preferably a polyamide or a polyamide selected from nylon 6 or nylon 6,6.

80. An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the particles of the solid particulate material are spheroidal or ellipsoidal or a mixture thereof.

81 An apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the rotatable drum is cylindrical

82. A method of treating a substrate, the method comprising agitating the substrate in an apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 81 with solid particulate material.

83. A method according to claim 82 wherein the solid particulate material is re-used in further treatment procedures according to the method.

84. A method according to claim 82 or 83 wherein the method is a method for treating multiple batches, wherein a batch comprises at least one substrate, the method comprising agitating a first batch with solid particulate material, wherein said method further comprises the steps of:

(a) collecting said solid particulate material in the storage means;

(b) agitating a second batch comprising at least one substrate with solid particulate material collected from step (a); and

(c) optionally repeating steps (a) and (b) for subsequent batch(es) comprising at least one substrate.

85. A method according to any of claims 82 to 84 wherein the method comprises agitating the substrate with sold particulate material and a liquid medium, preferably wherein the liquid medium is aqueous.

86. A method according to any of claims 82 to 85 wherein the method comprises agitating the substrate with said solid particulate material and a treatment formulation.

87. A method according to any of claims 82 to 86 wherein the substrate is or comprises a textile.

88. A method according to claim 87 wherein the treating of said substrate is cleaning, coloration, bleaching, abrading or ageing, or other textile or garment finishing process.

89. A method according to claim 88 for cleaning a substrate wherein the substrate is a soiled substrate,

90. A method according to any of claims 82 to 86 wherein the substrate is or comprises an animal skin substrate.

91. A method according to claim 90 wherein the treating of an animal skin substrate is a tannery process.

92. An elongate protrusion wherein said elongate protrusion is as defined in any of claims 1 to 26, 28 to 47, 54 to 57, 65 to 67 or 72.

93. A kit for converting an apparatus which is not suitable for use in the treatment of substrates using a solid particulate material into an apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 81 which is suitable for use in the treatment of substrates using a solid particulate material, wherein the apparatus comprises a housing having mounted therein a rotatably mounted drum having an inner surface and an end wall and which further comprises access means for introducing said substrates into said drum, and wherein said kit comprises:

(a) solid particulate material;

(b) storage means for storage of said solid particulate material; and

(c) at least one elongate protrusion suitable for locating on said inner surface of said drum such that the or each elongate protrusion extends in a direction away from said end wall, wherein said elongate protrusion has an end proximal to the end wall and an end distal to the end wall, wherein said elongate protrusion comprises a collecting aperture and a collecting flow path to facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of said drum to said storage means, wherein said collecting aperture defines the start of a collecting flow path, and wherein the same elongate protrusion further comprises a dispensing aperture and a dispensing flow path to facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from said storage means to the interior of said drum, wherein said dispensing aperture defines the end of a dispensing flow path, wherein said collecting aperture is disposed in a first side of said elongate protrusion, wherein said first side of said elongate protrusion is the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, and wherein said flow of said solid particulate material from the storage means towards the interior of the drum is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in a dispensing direction and the flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of the drum towards the storage means is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in said collecting direction, wherein rotation in said dispensing direction is in the opposite rotational direction to rotation in said collecting direction,

wherein said kit is adapted to allow affixing of said storage means and said elongate protrusion(s) to one or more interior surface(s) of the drum, characterised in that said elongate protrusion exhibits one or more harvesting apertures disposed in a second side of said elongate protrusion, wherein the second side is defined as the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in said dispensing direction, wherein said harvesting aperture(s) facilitate flow of said solid particulate material tom the interior of said drum to said storage means during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.

94. A method of constructing an apparatus as defined in any of claims 1 to 81 which is suitable for use in the treatment of substrates using a solid particulate material, the method comprising retrofitting a staring apparatus which is not suitable for use in the treatment of substrates using a sold particulate material and which comprises a housing having mounted therein a rotatably mounted drum having an inner surface and an end wall and which further comprises access means for introducing said substrates into said drum, wherein said retrofitting comprises the steps of:

(i) providing solid particulate material, providing one or more storage means for storage of solid particulate material, and providing at least one elongate protrusion(s); and

(ii) affixing said storage means and said elongate protrusion(s) to one or more interior surface(s) of the drum,

wherein said at least one elongate protrusion is suitable for locating on said inner surface of said drum such that the or each elongate protrusion extends in a direction away from said end wall, wherein said elongate protrusion has an end proximal to the end wall and an end distal to the end wall, wherein said elongate protrusion comprises a collecting aperture and a collecting flow path to facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of said drum to said storage means, wherein said collecting aperture defines the start of a collecting flow path, and wherein the same elongate protrusion further comprises a dispensing aperture and a dispensing flow path to facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from said storage means to the interior of said drum, wherein said dispensing aperture defines the end of a dispensing flow path, wherein said collecting aperture is disposed in a first side of said elongate protrusion, wherein said first side of said elongate protrusion is the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in a collecting direction, and wherein said flow of said solid particulate material from the storage means towards the interior of the drum is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in a dispensing direction and the flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of the drum towards the storage means is facilitated by the rotation of said drum in said collecting direction, wherein rotation in said dispensing direction is in the opposite rotational direction to rotation in said collecting direction,

characterised in that said elongate protrusion exhibits one or more harvesting apertures disposed in a second side of said elongate protrusion, wherein the second side is defined as the leading side of said elongate protrusion during rotation of the drum in said dispensing direction, wherein said harvesting aperture(s) facilitate flow of said solid particulate material from the interior of said drum to said storage means during rotation of the drum in a dispensing direction.