Claims:Claims
1.Biodiesel is comprising a blend of Moringa and Soap nut seed oil with the catalyst and other additives, wherein the additives selected are in various combinations thereof.
2.The Biodiesel of claim 1, where the catalyst Sodium hydroxide is used for trans etherification of fatty acids in the presence of methanol.
3.The Biodiesel of claim 1, where in the additives used are poly lactic acid and poly acrylic acid.
4.The Biodiesel of claim 1, where in the poly lactic acid acted as antioxidant.
5.The biodiesel of claim 1, where in the poly acrylic acid acted as oil dispersant.
6.The Biodiesel of claim 1, wherein blend comprising of moringa 35% and soap nut 65% with 2% Poly lactic acid and poly acrylic acid.
7.The process for making biodiesel is extract the Moringa and Soap nut seed oil by using Soxhlet extractor.The extraction was executed in a water bath for 8-9 h with 300 mL of n-hexane. After extraction, the solvent was distilled off under vacuum in a rotary drum desiccator. Then the oil was distilled off using simple distillation to recover solvent from the oil. Trigycerides are transesterified in the presence of alkaline (1gm NaOH) catalyst at 600c for 2hrs with excess methanol by continuous stirring. The mixture is allowed to settle. The lower glycerol layer and upper methyl ester layer is formed which was further purified as a pure Biodiesel.
8. Eco-friendly, more biodegradable, non-toxic higher flash point Biofuel obtained by this process.
, Description:Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a system and process for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), commonly referred to as “Biodiesel”, obtained from a mixture of seed oils of soap nut(65%) and moringa(35%) composition which includes triglycerides, protein or other matter in some organic form containing sufficient fatty acids to be converted into biodiesel. In particular, the invention relates to a process for the transesterification of triglycerides in the presence of a high-performing and reusable catalyst in which methanol and waste oil, for example yellow or brown grease, are converted to a mixture of products such as Biodiesel and impurities.
Background of the invention
In recent years energy demand increased due to the limited source of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is a fuel derived from biologically sourced fatty acids such as fatty acid glycerides or fatty acid esters from lipid containing plant material, microbes or animals. It is a mono-alkyl ester derived from the processing of organic oils like vegetable oils and alcohols. Processing is typically carried out by an esterification reaction mechanism and is normally performed in an excess of alcohol to maximize conversion. Esterification may occur directly between a fatty acid and an alcohol, or via transesterification, such as between an ester and an alcohol. While vegetable oils and alcohols are the most common reactants in the esterification process, any source of fatty acid, such as free fatty acids, soaps, esters, lipids, glycerides, amides and monohydric alcohols may also be esterified, as well as be employed in various combinations as reagents in the esterification reaction. Biodiesel, also known as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), is produced through a transesterification process where waste oil and methanol are reacted in the presence of a catalyst; this reaction is described in FIG. 1.(US20100166620 Stephanie Marie Gurski").The transesterification of oils to form esters, particularly methyl esters, has received considerable attention as an environmentally-friendly way. Biodiesel is a nontoxic and biodegradable fuel that can be used in conventional diesel engines. As a fuel, biodiesel is a renewable alternative to standard petroleum-based diesel fuels. Typically, biodiesel is produced from oils and sources of free fatty acids such as, for example, vegetable oil, animal fat and waste type greases. In general, the form of biodiesel yields via a trans esterification process can depend on the types of alcohols or solvents employed. For example, often methanol is employed in a transesterification process to obtain a fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel. The advantages with this process are the rapid transesterification reaction and cheap cost of the catalyst. Diesel engines operated on biodiesel have lower emissions of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and air toxics than when operated on petroleum-based diesel fuel. In the present study soap nut (Sapindus mukorossi) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) a seed oil is used for the production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by using a new catalyst. The soap nut tree can be used for multiple applications such as rural building construction and oil and sugar process, and agricultural implements would help community forestry to produce more seeds as potential sources for the biodiesel feedstock. Among others, the plant grows very well in deep loamy soils and leached soils so cultivation of soap nut in such soil avoids potential soil erosion. Soap nut is a fruit of the soap nut tree generally found in tropical and sub-tropical climate areas in various parts of the world including Asia, America and Europe. Two different species (Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus trifoliatus) are widely available in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and many other countries (Arjun et al., 2008). The oil from soap nut has been considered as a non-edible oil having a significant potential for biodiesel production from the material which otherwise is a waste material. Chemical analysis of the soapnut fruit has revealed that its most important chemical constituents include saponins, kaempferol, sapindoside A and B, oleic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic and eicosenoic acids, ß-sitosterol, glycerides as well as quercetin. The main aim of this study is utilisation of renewable natural sources for the production of biodiesel, hence lowering the production cost of biodiesel as well as reducing environmental issues. In the present investigation we have used Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) or drumstick is a member of Moringaceae, and it is grown extensively in many Southeast Asian countries particularly in Thailand, India, Philippines and Pakistan (Fuglie, 2001). It has long been known as a food plant in Thai cuisine and as an ingredient of Indian traditional medicine (Wutythamawech, 1997; Mishra et al., 2011).Moringa has so many medicinal values such as anti-inflammatory and anti hepatotoxic activities, anti-helmic,analgesic, dyspepsia and in the management of heart diseases, and ulcers. Moringa contains various active constituents mainly hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols, esters and phenols. The composition of the extract comprises; 9-Octadecenoic acid (20.89%), L-(+) - Ascorbic acid- 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (19.66%), 14–methyl-8-Hexadecenal (8.11%), 4- hydroxyl-4-methyl-2-pentanone (7.01%), 3-ethyl-2, 4-dimethyl pentane (6.14%) and phytol (4.25%) as themajor chemical constituents. The seed oil is the good source for the biodiesel. Attempts have been made to stabilize biofuels by adding various additives such as synthetic phenolic antioxidants. However, many biofuels with such additives are still only stable for about 30 days or less. Additive addition also may increase the cost of the fuel, making it less attractive compared with conventional petroleum-based fuels, or create other concerns, such for engine performance or emissions (US8591605B2, Manoranjan Misra et.al). The inventors of the present invention have endeavored to develop a formulation of biodiesel with the good stable characters.

Objectives of the invention
• To formulate biodiesel from natural sources.
• To formulate biodiesel with less toxic effluents and to get a pollution free environment.
• To stabilize the product (Bio-diesel) for long time by adding different additives.
• To optimize the concentrations of adding additives.
• To provide the testing parameters for the formulated product (Biodiesel) such as viscosity, density, conductivity, acid value, saponification value, Flash point, Ash point, Specific gravity and moisture content.
• Produced Biodiesel is to be characterized by 1H NMR and qualitatively analyzed by Gas chromatography.
Summary of the invention
Accordingly the present invention relates to the processing of pollution free ecofriendly fuel i.e. Biodiesel from natural sources.
In another aspect, the disclosure describes procedure of preparation of Biodiesel with less toxic effluents and they need not require any additional expenditure.
The subject matter described in this specification can be embodied that fatty acid rich blended seed oil of Moringa and Soap nut along with some other additives.
In another aspect, the disclosure describe the evaluation of Biodiesel for its stability, flammability, viscosity and antimicrobial property.
In another aspect, the disclosure describe the procedure of preparation of Biodiesel by trans esterification of soap nut and moringa seed oil along with other additives.
The advantages of Biodiesel are, they can reduce exhaust emissions of CO, CO2, HCS, and volatile organic compounds. Due to containing high oxygen, biodiesel is biodegradable through antioxidants and contributes it to burn more fully, whereas petroleum has essentially none.
Nonetheless, the physicochemical properties of pure biodiesel fuel may cause some operability problems from the lower fuel quality than the traditional diesel, such as lower cetane index, higher viscosity, higher density and extremely higher flash point for palm biodiesel fuel.
The lower cetane index affects the decrease of particulate at high load of automobile.
Moreover, higher density and viscosity of biodiesel can affect the volatility and poorer atomization of the fuel spray and, subsequently less accurate operation of the fuel injectors. Additives mixed in biodiesel fuel blends act as combined antioxidants and as dispersants.
Several works have succeeded in the synthesis of additive formulations based on bio-solution for biodiesel oil blends, for example, mixing 4-Nonyl phenoxy acetic acid (NPAA: C17 H27O3), ethers based (ETBE: C6H14O and TAEE: C7H16O etc.), ethanol based (C2H5OH) or glycerol based (C3H8O3) in palm biodiesel. In addition, the commercial multi-functional fuel additives have been claimed that they can enhance the combustion performance and also reduce exhaust gas after being dosed in commercial biodiesel fuel. However, perfective oil additives have not been found. Improvements of additive blends for increasing palm biodiesel quality are always needed. This work is concerned with fuel quality improvements of the modified palm methyl-ester fuel by adding the commercial copolymer material as a fuel additive because of its reaction at low temperature with higher oxygen composition, based a block copolymer of 2-ethy-hexylmethacrylate and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate. In addition, the testes of comparative engine performances were conducted on a diesel engine without modifying under using the different additive levels in the various fractions of palm biodiesel blends in standard diesel fuel. The bio-polymer additive is used in the proportions of 0.1 g, 0.2 g, and 0.4 g by 2.5 liters of tested fuels.

Brief description of drawings
1. Bio-diesel of Soapnut and Moringa seed fatty acids flammability after (A) 0 day, (B) 30 days (C) 60 days.
2. 1H NMR and Gas chromatography analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

Detailed description of the invention
The present disclosure provides a biodiesel from two fatty acid rich seed oil such as soap nut and moringa with other additives. The Biodiesel which can be formulated by direct mixing of soapnut and moringa seed oils with other additives. The term blend here in shall refer to combining by use of solvents. These Biodiesels can securely and normally biodegradable and they release toxic free effluents. They are highly ecofriendly and these Biodiesel and added substances can regularly be produced from various renewable natural sources. These sources can be incorporating, for instance, plant, animal and mineral sources. Biodiesel has many advantages and it can contribute to both solving global warming and energy problems. These Biodiesel are stable for long time with high flammability and less toxicity. The main advantage of Biodiesel is that they can be easily prepared from available fatty acid rich plant, animal and mineral sources. However present invention is to improve the quality and stability of Biodiesel by adding different natural polymeric antioxidants and oil dispersants like polylactic acid, polyacrylic acid, fish oils etc.,
Suitable fatty acid rich seed oils i.e. soap nut (65%) and moringa (35%) are used in accordance with the present invention.
Suitable anti- oxidants used in accordance with the present invention is poly lactic acid.
Suitable oil dispersents are used in accordance with the present invention is poly acrylic acid.
Table 1: Compositions of Biodiesel
Composition Purpose of use Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Moringa seeds. Triglycerides rich oil. 2 g 4 g 8 g
Soapnut seeds. Triglycerides rich oil. 5 g 10 g 20 g
NaOH As an alkaline catalyst 1 gm 2 gm 4 gm
n-hexane Solvent for oil extraction 300 ml 600 ml 1200 ml
Methanol transesterification 40 ml 80 ml 160 ml
Polylactic acid Antioxidant 1.5 mg 3 mg 6 mg
Poly acrylic acid dispersant 1.5 mg 3 mg 6 mg

The present invention also provides process for the preparation of Biodiesel comprising of Moringa and soap nut seed oil and one or two rate controlling polymers comprises the following steps:
1. Moringa and Soap nut seed oil extraction:
After removal of the seed coat, the seed of moringa and soap nut were crushed and flaked in an oven at 100°C for 1 hour. After flaking the seeds (~10g) in each batch of M.oleifera and Sapindus Mukorossi were then fed into a Soxhelt extractor fitted with a 500 mL round-bottom flask and a condenser. The extraction was executed in a water bath for 8-9 h with 300 mL of n-hexane. After extraction, the solvent was distilled off under vacuum in a rotary drum dessicator. The experiments were done in triplicates at different weights (5 g, 10 g and 20 gms) of the Moringa oleifera and soapnut seeds. The weight of extracted oil was determined at 30 minutes interval. Then the oil was distilled off using simple distillation to recover solvent from the oil. The oil extracted oil was stored in a plastic container for further use.
2. Transesterification:
Transesterification also called alcoholysis, is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol. This process is widely used to reduce the viscosity of triglycerides.

Trigycerides are transesterified in the presence of alkaline (1gm NaOH) catalyst at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 600c with an excess of methanol by continuous stirring for two hours. The mixture at the end of the experiment allowed to settle. The lower glycerol layer is drawn off and the upper methyl ester layer is washed to remove entrained glycerol and is then processed furtherly. The excess methanol is recovered by distillation and sent to rectifying column for purification and recycled.
The above prepared biodiesel is evaluated by the determination percentage of oil, Density, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value, Iodine value and refractive index of the extracted oil were carried out according to the standard AOCS methods (AOCS, 1989).
Percentage of oil (%): The crude and the refined oil were weighed separately and their percentage yield was calculated on dry matter basis as shown in equation. % oil yield = Weight of the oil/ Weight of the sample on dry matter basis. The percentage yield value 98.0 in the present invention.
Iodine value (IV): can be used to quantify the number of double bonds, a major cause of instability. The position and number of double bonds per molecule are important factors in the stability of biodiesel. The esterification efficiency along with free acids, glycerols, and partially transesterified oils are also important variables to determine the stability of the biodiesel. The result showed that the Iodine value 65-135 for the biodiesel in this disclosure.
Density and specific gravity: Lower value of the specific gravity of the final product is an indication of completion of the reaction and the removal of the glycerin. The specific gravity of the product decreases sharply decrease upto 2hrs of the reaction time using 30:1; molar ratio and upto 4h reaction using 45:1.An empty washed and dried beaker was weighed on the top load weighing balance. The weight of the beaker was recorded. Exactly 50 ml of each of the oil sample were measured and pour into the beaker and weighed. The weights of the 50 ml of the biofuel were recorded. The procedure was repeated with water and the weight of 50 ml of water was obtained. The density and the specific gravity were calculated thus; Density of the oil = Weight of the oil sample/ Volume of the oil sample; Specific gravity of the oil = Weight of the oil sample/ Weight of equal volume of water. The specific gravity of the Biofuel is 0.84-0.89.
Viscosity: A clean, dried viscometer with a flow time above 200 seconds for the fluid to be tested was selected. The viscosity meter was charged with each of the samples by inverting the tube’s thinner arm into the liquid samples and suction force was drawn up to the upper timing mark of the viscometer, after which the instrument was turned to its normal vertical position. The viscometer was placed into a holder and inserted to a constant temperature bath set at 40°C the suction force was then applied to the thinner arm to draw the samples slightly above the upper timing mark. The afflux time by timing the flow of the samples as it flow freely from the upper timing mark to the lower timing mark was recorded .the kinematic viscosity of the testing biodiesel 3.1-3.3.
Refractive Index: Refractometer was used in this determination. Few drops of the samples were transferred into the glass slide of the refractometer. Water at 40°C was circulated round the glass slide to keep its temperature uniform. Through the eyepiece of the refractometer, the dark portion viewed was adjusted to be in line with the intersection of the cross. At no parallax error, the pointer on the scale pointed to the refractive index. This was repeated and the mean value noted and recorded as the refractive index. The refractive index of the biodiesel 1.466 and the value may be fall within ASTM specification (1.476-1.479).
Saponification Value: 2 g of the samples were weighed separately in 250 ml conical flasks. 50 ml of ethanolic potassium hydroxide was added into the conical flasks containing the oil samples with thorough stirring. The resulting mixtures were boiled until the oil dissolves. Three drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added and titrated against 0.1N of KOH solution while shaking constantly until a faint pink persist for 30s: The saponification value of the biodiesel 52 in this disclosure.
Acid Value: 1g of the crude and refined oil was weighed separately in 250 ml conical flasks. 5 ml of isopropyl alcohol was added into the conical flasks containing the oil samples with thorough stirring. Three drop of phenolphthalein indicator was added and titrated against 0.1N of KOH solution while shaking constantly until a faint pink persist for 30 sec. The end point was recorded and the acid value was calculated. The acid value found to be 0.56.
Table 2: Summary of characterization of Biodiesel

Trial

% of oil
Density (g/cm3)
viscosity at 400c(m2/s)
specific gravity
(400c)
Acid value (mg NaOH
g-1of oil) Saponification
value (mg KOH
g-1of oil) Iodine value
(g I2 / 100 g of oil) Refractive
index at 400c
Trial 1 96 0.9 3.3 0.86 0.56 50.0 1.345 1.445
Trial 2 98 0.8 3.1 0.84 0.58 52.2 1.265 1.466
Trial 3 98 0.9 3.2 0.89 0.56 53.3 1.269 1.342

Other implementations
In the present disclosure several implementations have been described. However, several modifications can be made without departing from span of the present disclosure. Consequently, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. For example, while Moringa oil has been used to prepare biodiesel and other materials e.g., Sunflower, Jatropa, Neem seeds can also be used. Still other implementations are within the following claims.