DESC:4. DESCRIPTION
Technical Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a device for pretreating lignocellulosic or other organic feed in a biogas production process by using hydrodynamic cavitation. More specially, the device relates to pre-processing of the feed using hydrodynamic cavitation phenomenon for subsequent bacterial decomposition giving in higher yields of biogas during the anaerobic digestion process.

Background of the Invention

Traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels and oil are diminishing rapidly, highlighting the urgency to explore alternative energy sources. Biogas, an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy option, presents itself as a viable substitute for conventional sources. Various methods can be employed to produce biogas, with one promising approach involving the utilization of waste lignocellulosic biomass, including agricultural residues. Also, different types of animal waste can be treated to effectively reduce the in organized emission of methane and replace a part of fossil fuel. In fact, livestock manure has to be pretreated due to the characteristic of low biodegradability caused by high lignocellulose fiber content, and the pretreatment step can effectively improve the energy recovery rate.

Commercial production of biogas from lignocellulosic biomass includes anaerobic digestion as the commonly employed approach. This biological process typically encompasses four stages, where organic matter is broken down by a variety of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, resulting in biogas production. Initially, extracellular enzymes, produced by hydrolytic microbes, decompose complex organic polymers into simple soluble monomers. This step leads to the hydrolysis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates into amino acids, long-chain fatty acids, and sugars, respectively. Following this, fermentative bacteria convert these smaller molecules into a mixture of volatile fatty acids and minor by-products like alcohol. In the third stage, acetogenic bacteria transform volatile fatty acids into acetate, carbon dioxide, and/or hydrogen, which act as direct substrates for methanogenesis, the final step in biogas production. Methanogenesis is often regarded as the step that limits the rate of anaerobic digestion, primarily due to the relatively slow growth rate of methanogens. However, in the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass, hydrolysis is more frequently identified as the limiting factor, particularly when utilizing refractory biomass such as waste residues.

Lignocellulosic biomass primarily comprises three types of polymers: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose, the carbohydrate components, become fermentable after undergoing hydrolysis. This characteristic renders lignocellulosic biomass an appropriate feedstock for biogas production. But, the inherent characteristics of native lignocellulosic biomass, make it resistant to biodegradation. In layman term, pre-treating biomass improves the digestion process, but the range depends on the feedstock and the pre-treatment. Existing pre-treatment processes are energy intensive, have less methane yield and high H2S generation.

EP3613708A1 discloses a process and a plant for biological methanation, wherein the process comprises the steps of providing a biomass and providing H2 and CO2, disintegrating the biomass by hydrodynamic cavitation and obtaining a disintegrated biomass and performing anaerobic digestion of the disintegrated biomass in an anaerobic digester and obtaining biogas and a digestate, and said process is during the disintegration step, the biomass is mixed with at least H2 and CO2 by hydrodynamic cavitation.

US9777292B2 discloses processes for increasing biogas yield and reducing volatile solids in bio-solid sludge. The bio-solid sludge is passed through a controlled flow, hydrodynamic cavitation apparatus and further subjected to anaerobic digestion. The bio-solid sludge can be treated with hydrodynamic cavitation prior to or after the sludge is exposed to a thermal hydrolysis step to hydrolyze the sludge.

US20160177253A1 discloses method for preparation of substrate for using in anaerobic digestion of organic waste is being implemented in a substrate pretreatment system. The method comprising: loading of a substrate into the substrate pretreatment system, mixing the substrate with liquid; heating the substrate and liquid to a pre-determined processing temperature; exposing the mixture to radiation; transferring the processed substrate to a bioreactor, during the heating. The method further comprises degassing the mixture using vacuum extraction; and circulating the mixture past an ultrasonic hydrodynamic radiator.

The aim of the present invention is to address these challenges and increase the biomethane yield. In this regard, the idea lies in designing a hydrodynamic cavitation-based intensification system. Hydrodynamic cavitation involves the formation and rapid collapse of bubbles in a liquid medium, generating intense pressure and temperature conditions. When applied to biomass pre-treatment, the collapse of cavitation bubbles releases a significant amount of energy. This energy serves to disrupt the complex structure of lignin, facilitating its dissolution within the biomass matrix. By effectively breaking down lignin barriers, hydrodynamic cavitation makes the biomass more accessible to microbial activity during subsequent stages of anaerobic digestion. This increased accessibility potentially leads to higher yields of biogas, as more organic matter becomes available for microbial fermentation and methane production.

It can maximize the substrate flow by homogenizing and reducing the particle size thereby increasing the available surface area for subsequent bacterial decomposition giving in higher yields of biogas during the anaerobic digestion. The plan of action lies in designing, implementing and retrofitting Cavi-digestor to existing biogas generation facility for biomethane production with enhanced gas productivity.
Therefore, the present invention provides pretreating lignocellulose in a biogas production process by using hydrodynamic cavitation. This device lies in designing a hydrodynamic cavitation based intensification system which can maximize the substrate flow by homogenizing and reducing the particle size thereby increasing the available surface area for subsequent bacterial decomposition giving in higher yields of biogas during the anaerobic digestion.

Brief Summary of the Invention

The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding to the reader. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure, and it does not identify key/critical elements of the invention or delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed herein in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

It is a primary object of the invention to construct a device for pretreating lignocellulose that utilizes rotating hydrodynamic cavitation technology in the biogas production process.

It is yet another object of the invention to break the long fibrous structure of biomass into small fragments resulting in availability of surface area in releasing large magnitude of energy.

It is yet another object of the invention to generate energy from agro waste and reducing stubble burning.

According to an aspect of the present invention, a retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device used in biogas generation is disclosed. The device comprises of a stator-rotor assembly grooved with multiple indentations.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the rotating shaft is installed in the stator, one end of the rotating shaft extends out of the stator, the rotor is located in a cavity of the stator, the rotor is grooved with multiple indentations and the indentations are used to increase the cavitation effect.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the rotating hydrodynamic cavitation technology innovatively drives the rotor through the high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft on the rotor efficiently generate cavitation bubbles and the cavitation bubbles collapse and release huge amount of energy in biomass.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the collapse of the cavities in the case of hydrodynamic cavitation, results in release of large magnitudes of energy which helps to break the long fibrous structure of the biomass into small fragments, increasing the surface area resulting in dissolution of lignin in biomass making it more suitable for subsequent bacterial decomposition possibly giving in higher yields of biogas during the anaerobic digestion process.

The rotor, with a diameter of 200 mm and a diameter-to-height ratio of 1, is enclosed within a cylinder measuring 350 mm in diameter. The separation between the stator and rotor remains constant at 10 mm.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the length of the rotor is 200 mm and the length of the shaft is 740mm.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the rotor is a solid cylinder grooved with multiple indentations. The number of indentations in rotor are 224 having an indentation diameter of 12 mm and pitch of 21 mm with each indentation depth of 12 mm for enhanced cavitation effect inside the reactor during processing of the biomass.

Further objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The invention will be further understood from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with an appended drawing, in which:

Fig. 1 illustrates the block diagram of the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 illustrates the front and side view of the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 3 illustrates the bottom view of the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 4 illustrates the oriental view of the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 5 illustrates the rotor with just one array of indentations grooved on the surface, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention

Detailed Description of the Invention

It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

The use of “including”, “comprising” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items. Further, the use of terms “first”, “second”, and “third”, and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device used in biogas generation is disclosed. The device comprises of a stator-rotor assembly grooved with multiple indentations.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the rotating shaft is installed in the stator, one end of the rotating shaft extends out of the stator. The rotor is located in a cavity of the stator and installed on the rotating shaft and the rotor is a solid cylinder grooved with multiple indentations increasing the cavitation effect.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the rotating hydrodynamic cavitation technology, innovatively drives the rotor through the high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft on the rotor efficiently generate cavitation bubbles and the cavitation bubbles collapse and release huge amount of energy.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the collapse of the cavities in the case of hydrodynamic cavitation, results in release of large magnitudes of energy which helps to break the long fibrous structure of the biomass into small fragments, increases the surface area resulting in dissolution of lignin in biomass and make it more suitable for subsequent bacterial decomposition possibly giving in higher yields of biogas during the anaerobic digestion process.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the rotor, with a diameter of 200 mm and a diameter-to-height ratio of 1, is enclosed within a cylinder measuring 350 mm in diameter. The separation between the stator and rotor remains constant at 10 mm.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the length of the rotor is 200 mm and the length of the shaft is 740mm.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the rotor is a solid cylinder grooved with multiple indentations. The number of indentations in rotor are 224 having an indentation diameter of 12 mm and pitch of 21 mm with each indentation depth of 12 mm for enhanced cavitation effect inside the reactor during processing of the biomass.

Referring to the figures 1-4, the retrofit table hydrodynamic cavitation device is depicted through said series of figures, each providing a detailed view of its design and components according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Fig 1 illustrates the block diagram that offers an overview of the device's structure and functionality. It outlines the key components and their interconnections, providing a high-level understanding of how the device operates. Illustrates the diagram of the retrofit table hydrodynamic cavitation device. The device comprises a stator, a rotor grooved with indentations, shaft.

A rotating shaft is installed in the stator, one end of the rotating shaft extends out of the stator, the rotor is located in a cavity of the stator and installed on the rotating shaft, the rotor is a solid cylinder grooved with multiple indentations, the indentations are increasing the cavitation effect. The rotating hydrodynamic cavitation technology, innovatively drives the rotor through the high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft on the rotor efficiently generate cavitation bubbles and the cavitation bubbles collapse and release huge amount of energy in biomass. A retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device for pre-treating lignocellulose and other organic feed in the biogas production process, comprising of a stator assembly, a rotor assembly installed in the stator, the rotor having multiple indentations that increase the cavitation effect, a rotating shaft connected to the rotor and extending out of the stator.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, wherein the high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft generates cavitation bubbles that collapse and release energy in the biomass, breaking its long fibrous structure into small fragments and increasing its surface area for subsequent bacterial decomposition, resulting in higher yields of biogas during anaerobic digestion.

Fig. 2: illustrates both front and side views of the cavitation device, offering a more detailed visualization of its physical appearance. It showcases the stator, rotor, shaft, and other essential parts from different angles, allowing engineers and users to better understand the device's configuration and layout. Illustrates the diagram of the retrofit table hydrodynamic cavitation device. The device comprises a stator, a rotor grooved with indentations, shaft. The rotating shaft is installed in the stator, one end of the rotating shaft extends out of the stator, the rotor is located in a cavity of the stator and installed on the rotating shaft, the rotor is a solid cylinder grooved with multiple indentations, and the indentations are increasing the cavitation effect.

Fig. 3 illustrates the bottom view provides additional insight into the device's structure, focusing on the lower section. This perspective highlights any features or components that may be critical for installation, maintenance, or operation from below. The rotating hydrodynamic cavitation technology, innovatively drives the rotor through the high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft on the rotor efficiently generate cavitation bubbles and the cavitation bubbles collapse and release huge amount of energy in biomass.
Fig. 4 illustrates the oriental view (assuming it's meant to be "overall" or "angular" view) gives a comprehensive perspective of the entire device, showing how all components come together in a cohesive manner. This view aids in understanding the spatial relationships between different parts and their overall arrangement within the device.

Fig. 5 illustrates zooms in on the rotor, specifically focusing on the surface featuring an array of indentations. It provides a closer look at the design details of the rotor, showcasing how the indentations are grooved onto the surface. This view allows for a deeper understanding of how the rotor's structure contributes to the generation of cavitation bubbles and the efficient breakdown of biomass.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the collapse of the cavities in the case of hydrodynamic cavitation, results in release of large magnitudes of energy which helps to break the long fibrous structure of the biomass into small fragments, increases the surface area resulting in dissolution of lignin in biomass and make it more suitable for subsequent bacterial decomposition possibly giving in higher yields of biogas during the anaerobic digestion process.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the retro fittable hydrodynamic cavitation device is depicted through a series of figures, each providing a detailed view of its design and components according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention all Together, these figures offer a visual representation of the retrofit table hydrodynamic cavitation device, providing engineers, researchers, and users with valuable insights into its design, functionality, and potential applications. These visual aids are crucial for understanding the device's intricacies and optimizing its performance for various biomass treatment and other relevant processes.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the retrofit table hydrodynamic cavitation device offers several advantages and applications beyond biomass treatment. The design efficiently utilizes the high-speed rotation of the rotor to generate cavitation bubbles. This process harnesses the energy from the collapsing bubbles to break down biomass, increasing energy efficiency compared to traditional methods.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention moreover, the device is versatile and can potentially be adapted for other applications requiring efficient cavitation, such as wastewater treatment, emulsification processes, and chemical reactions where increased surface area is beneficial.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention its environmental sustainability is noteworthy as well. By promoting the breakdown of biomass into smaller fragments and facilitating the dissolution of lignin, the device contributes to the production of biogas during anaerobic digestion. This can be part of a sustainable waste management strategy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the scalability of the device is advantageous. Depending on the scale of operation, it can be tailored to suit various capacities, from small-scale operations suitable for household or community-level biogas production to larger industrial applications. Its ability to enhance biogas yield is another key benefit.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the increased surface area resulting from the breakdown of biomass facilitates bacterial decomposition during anaerobic digestion, leading to higher yields of biogas and maximizing energy output from organic waste materials.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention Furthermore, the device offers cost-effectiveness. Retrofitting existing systems with this device can potentially be a cost-effective solution for upgrading anaerobic digestion facilities or integrating biomass treatment processes into existing infrastructure. Its efficient breakdown of biomass may also reduce the need for extensive pretreatment processes, saving time and resources in biogas production facilities.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the device's design, particularly the grooved rotor with multiple indentations, allows for fine-tuning of cavitation effects to optimize biomass breakdown and biogas production rates, enhancing overall process efficiency.

The diameter details of a retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device shown below:
Parameters Description Value (mm)
a Rotor length 200
b Rotor outer diameter 200
c Shaft length 740
d Indentation pitch 21
e Indentation diameter 12
f Drive fixing arrangement 30
g shaft space between drive and cavitator 115
h Shaft outer diameter 35
i Indentation depth 12
j Gap between stator and rotor 10
n Number of indentations 224
A Shell length 240
B Shell outer diameter 232

The applications of the cavi- digestor as pre-treatment are
• Increased biogas production,
• Ability to digest high lignin feed stocks-utilize straw,
• Increase in biomethane yield,
• Add value to secondary sludges and biosolids to be used as fertilizer,
• Acceleration of hydrolysis & the anaerobic digestion process,
• Improved energy conservation offered by the mixing due to reduced viscosity,
• Reduction in H2S generation level

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention discloses a retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device used in biogas generation. The device comprises a stator assembly, a rotor assembly grooved with multiple indentations, and a rotating shaft installed in the stator.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the cavitation device of dimensions rotor length (a), rotor outer diameter (b), shaft length (c), indentation pitch (d), indentation diameter (e), drive fixing arrangement (f), inner space of drive and cavitator (g), shaft outer diameter (h), indentation depth (i), gap between stator and rotor (j), number of indentations (n).

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the rotating hydrodynamic cavitation technology efficiently generates cavitation bubbles that collapse and release a huge amount of energy in biomass, breaking the long fibrous structure of the biomass into small fragments and increasing the surface area.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention this makes the lignin in the biomass more suitable for subsequent bacterial decomposition, resulting in higher yields of biogas during the anaerobic digestion process. The device is designed to reduce agro waste and stubble burning and generate energy from them.

RESULTS:

Study on Rice Straw
Sl. No. Parameters Untreated Cavitated
1. Dry matter (%) 82 82
2. CH4 in biogas (%) 69 69
3. length of test (days) 30 30
4. Methane per tonne of dry matter (m3) 365.01 542.06
5. Biogas per tonne of dry matter (m3) 529 785.6

Study on Vegetable Waste
Sl. No. Parameters Untreated Cavitated
1. Dry matter (%) 20 20
2. CH4 in biogas (%) 64 64
3. length of test (days) 30 30
4. Methane per tonne of dry matter (m3) 346.5 450.9
5. Biogas per tonne of dry matter (m3) 541.41 704.54

Study on Wheat Straw
Sl. No. Parameters Untreated Cavitated
1. Dry matter (%) 85 85
2. CH4 in biogas (%) 62.63 62.63
3. length of test (days) 30 30
4. Methane per tonne of dry matter (m3) 322.67 440.5
5. Biogas per tonne of dry matter (m3) 515.21 703.4

Study on Poultry Manure
Sl. No. Parameters Untreated Cavitated
1. Dry matter (%) 25 25
2. CH4 in biogas (%) 61.2 61.2
3. length of test (days) 30 30
4. Methane per tonne of dry matter (m3) 215.5 294.12
5. Biogas per tonne of dry matter (m3) 352.25 480.6

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device, embodies specific dimensions and structural features tailored for efficient biomass treatment. With a rotor diameter of 200 mm and a diameter-to-height ratio of 1, enclosed within a 350 mm diameter cylinder, the device maintains a consistent 10 mm separation between the stator and rotor. This configuration optimizes cavitation effects while accommodating the processing of biomass materials effectively. The rotor, measuring 200 mm in length, features a solid cylinder design grooved with 224 indentations. These indentations, each with a diameter of 12 mm, a pitch of 21 mm, and a depth of 12 mm, enhance cavitation within the reactor, crucial for biomass breakdown during processing.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention in conjunction with the device, a system for biogas production is outlined, leveraging the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device as a key component. This system includes connections to a biomass source for pretreatment and an anaerobic digestion unit for biogas production. Notably, the biomass source comprises agro waste or stubble, vegetable wastes, or food wastes, reflecting the versatility of the system in handling various organic materials for energy generation. Additionally, a gas storage and utilization unit is integrated into the system, enabling efficient storage and utilization of the produced biogas, enhancing overall energy sustainability.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention a method for pretreating lignocellulose within the biogas production process using the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device is delineated. Beginning with the provision of a biomass sample, the method involves subjecting the sample to the device's high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft. This action generates cavitation bubbles within the biomass, leading to the collapse and release of energy.

In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention consequently, the biomass's long fibrous structure is fragmented into smaller fragments, significantly increasing its surface area for subsequent bacterial decomposition. As a result, higher yields of biogas are achieved during anaerobic digestion, underscoring the efficacy of the cavitation device in optimizing biomass pretreatment processes for enhanced energy production.
In accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention the integration of the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device into biogas production systems offers a promising approach to sustainable energy generation, leveraging innovative technologies for efficient biomass treatment and conversion.

The features and functions described above, along with potential alternatives, may be combined into various simulation systems or applications. Numerous unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements may be made by those skilled in the art, each of which is intended to fall within the scope of the disclosed embodiments.

The exemplary embodiments described herein are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in any sense. Variations in the arrangement of the structure are possible and fall within the scope of the invention, as indicated by the appended claims. All changes falling within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be encompassed by them.
,CLAIMS:1. A retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device for pretreating lignocellulose and other organic feed in the biogas production process, comprising:
a stator assembly;
a rotor assembly installed in the stator, the rotor having multiple indentations that increase the cavitation effect;
a rotating shaft connected to the rotor and extending out of the stator;
wherein the high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft generates cavitation bubbles that collapse and release energy in the biomass, breaking its long fibrous structure into small fragments and increasing its surface area for subsequent bacterial decomposition, resulting in higher yields of biogas during anaerobic digestion.

2. The retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diameter of the rotor is 200 mm and a diameter-to-height ratio of 1, is enclosed within a cylinder measuring 350 mm in diameter wherein the separation between the stator and rotor remains constant at 10 mm. The length of the rotor is 200 mm and the length of the shaft is 740mm.

3. The device as claimed in claim 1, the rotor is a solid cylinder grooved with multiple indentations. The number of indentations in rotor are 224 having an indentation diameter of 12 mm and pitch of 21 mm with each indentation depth of 12 mm for enhanced cavitation effect inside the reactor during processing of the biomass.

4. A system for biogas production using a retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device, comprising:
a retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device;
a biomass source connected to the device for pretreatment;
an anaerobic digestion unit connected to the device for biogas production.

5. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the biomass source is agro waste or stubble, vegetable wastes or food wastes.

6. The system as claimed in claim 4, further comprising a gas storage and utilization unit connected to the anaerobic digestion unit for storing and utilizing the produced biogas.

7. A method for pretreating lignocellulose in the biogas production process using a retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device, comprising:
providing a biomass sample;
subjecting the biomass sample to the retrofittable hydrodynamic cavitation device of claim 1, wherein the high-speed rotation of the rotating shaft generates cavitation bubbles that collapse and release energy in the biomass, breaking its long fibrous structure into small fragments and increasing its surface area for subsequent bacterial decomposition, resulting in higher yields of biogas during anaerobic digestion.

8. The method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising subjecting the pretreated biomass sample to anaerobic digestion to produce biogas.

6. DATE AND SIGNATURE

Dated this 20th of March 2023
Signature

Mr. Srinivas Maddipati
(IN/PA 3124)
Agent for applicant