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Coding Using Matrix Based Intra Prediction And Secondary Transforms

Abstract: There are disclosed techniques for matrix-based predicting a block of a picture efficiently. An embodiment relates to an apparatus for decoding a predetermined block (18) of a picture using intra-prediction, configured to select (602), based on the data stream, a predetermined intra prediction mode (604) out of a plurality (600) of intra-prediction modes which comprises a first set (508) of intra-prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode (506) and angular prediction modes (500), and a second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) according to each of which a matrix-vector product (512) between a vector (514) derived from reference samples (17) in a neighbourhood of the predetermined block and a prediction matrix (516) associated with the respective matrix-based intra-prediction mode is used to obtain a prediction vector (518), on the basis of which samples of the predetermined block are predicted. The apparatus is configured to derive a prediction signal (606) for the predetermined block using the predetermined intra-prediction mode and select (608) a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode so that the subset (610) is nonempty in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510). Additionally the apparatus is configured to derive (614), from the data stream, a transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18), which is related to a spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block via a transform (T) defined by a concatenation of a primary transform (Tp) and a predetermined secondary transform (Ts) out of the subset (610) of secondary transforms applied onto a subset (622) of coefficients (620) of the primary transform, in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the first set (508) of intraprediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra-prediction mode being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510). The apparatus is configured to reconstruct (624) the predetermined block using the prediction signal and the prediction residual for the predetermined block (18).

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Patent Information

Application #
Filing Date
23 December 2021
Publication Number
23/2022
Publication Type
INA
Invention Field
ELECTRONICS
Status
Email
Parent Application
Patent Number
Legal Status
Grant Date
2025-02-11
Renewal Date

Applicants

FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FÖRDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V.
Hansastraße 27c 80686 München

Inventors

1. PFAFF, Jonathan
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
2. HINZ, Tobias
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
3. HELLE, Philipp
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
4. MERKLE, Philipp
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
5. STALLENBERGER, Björn
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
6. SCHÄFER, Michael
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
7. BROSS, Benjamin
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
8. WINKEN, Martin
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
9. SIEKMANN, Mischa
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
10. SCHWARZ, Heiko
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
11. MARPE, Detlev
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin
12. WIEGAND, Thomas
c/o Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, HHI Einsteinufer 37 10587 Berlin

Specification

Coding using matrix based intra-prediction and secondary transforms Description The present application concerns the field of matrix based intra-prediction and secondary transforms. For the conventional intra prediction modes like the Planar mode, the DC mode and the angular modes, non-separable secondary transform (LFNST) is a tool used to transform the prediction residuals corresponding to these intra prediction modes. Here, a set S of transform sets is given such that each conventional intra prediction mode is associated with one of these transform sets. Then, at the decoder, it can be extracted from the bitstream whether on a given block LFNST is to be applied. If this is the case, one transform set out of the set S is given, depending on the intra prediction mode used on the current block, and, if this transform set consist of more than one transform, it can be extracted from the bitstream which transform T out of this set is to be used. Then, at the decoder, the transform T is applied as a secondary transform, meaning that it is applied to a subset of the residual transform coefficients of a separable primary transform. But the aforementioned secondary transforms are a priori only defined for the conventional intra prediction modes. Therefore, it is desired to provide concepts for rendering picture coding and/or video coding more efficient to support secondary transforms for matrix based intra-prediction (MIP), i.e. block-based intra-prediction. This is achieved by the subject matter of the independent claims of the present application. Further embodiments according to the invention are defined by the subject matter of the dependent claims of the present application. Summary of the Invention In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, the inventors of the present application realized that one problem encountered when trying to associate secondary transforms with matrix-based intra prediction modes stems from the fact that a provision of specific secondary transforms for each MIP mode may be too costly in terms of the memory requirement to additionally store extra transforms. According to the first aspect of the present application, this difficulty is overcome by selecting a subset of one or more secondary transforms out of a set of secondary transforms comprising transforms associated with matrix-based intra prediction modes and non-matrix-based intra prediction modes. The secondary transforms in the set of secondary transforms may be defined for one or more prediction modes, which reduces a needed memory capacity for the set of secondary transforms. T ransforms defined for planar intra-prediction modes and/or transforms defined for DC intra-prediction modes may also be selectable for matrix-based intra prediction modes. With the specific selection of the subset of secondary transforms for a matrix-based intra prediction mode it is possible to increase a coding efficiency, although a bit stream and thus a signalization cost may be increased due to additional syntax elements needed for blocks associated with matrix-based intra prediction modes to indicate a usage of a secondary transform. Accordingly, in accordance with a first aspect of the present application, an apparatus, i.e. a decoder, for decoding a predetermined block of a picture using intra-prediction, is configured to select, based on the data stream, a predetermined intra prediction mode out of a plurality of intra-prediction modes which comprises a first set of intra-prediction modes and a second set of matrix-based intra-prediction modes. The first set of intra-prediction modes comprises a DC intra prediction mode and angular prediction modes and optionally a planar intra prediction mode. If a matrix-based intra-prediction mode out of the second set is selected as the predetermined intra prediction mode, the decoder is configured to use a matrix-vector product between a vector derived from reference samples in a neighbourhood of the predetermined block and use a prediction matrix associated with the respective matrix-based intra-prediction mode to obtain a prediction vector, on the basis of which the decoder is configured to predict samples of the predetermined block. The decoder is configured to derive a prediction signal for the predetermined block using the predetermined intra-prediction mode and select a subset of one or more secondary transforms out of a set of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode so that the subset is nonempty in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the first set of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the second set of matrix-based intra-prediction modes. The first set and the second set define intra-prediction modes, for which a secondary transform is available. Thus for the predetermined intra-prediction mode selected out of the first set or out of the second set, the decoder is configured to select the subset of one or more secondary transforms out of the set of secondary transforms specifically associated with the selected predetermined intra-prediction mode. Additionally, the decoder is configured to derive, from the data stream, a transformed version of a prediction residual for the predetermined block, which is related to a spatial domain version of the prediction residual of the predetermined block via a transform defined by a concatenation of a primary transform and a predetermined secondary transform out of the subset of secondary transforms applied onto a subset of coefficients of the primary transform, in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the first set of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the second set of matrix-based intra-prediction modes. The primary transform, for example, is set by default and the predetermined secondary transform, for example, is selected out of the subset of secondary transforms by the decoder. The decoder may be configured to select the predetermined secondary transform out of the subset of secondary transforms by deriving a secondary-transform-indicating syntax element from the data stream. The decoder is configured to reconstruct the predetermined block using the prediction signal and the prediction residual for the predetermined block. In accordance with a first aspect of the present application, parallel to the decoder an apparatus, i.e. an encoder, for encoding a predetermined block of a picture using intra-prediction, is configured to select a predetermined intra prediction mode out of a plurality of intra-prediction modes which comprises a first set of intra-prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode and angular prediction modes and optionally a planar intra prediction mode, and a second set of matrix-based intra-prediction modes according to each of which a matrix-vector product between a vector derived from reference samples in a neighbourhood of the predetermined block and a prediction matrix associated with the respective matrix-based intra-prediction mode is used to obtain a prediction vector, on the basis of which samples of the predetermined block are predicted. The encoder is configured to signal the predetermined intra prediction mode in the data stream and derive a prediction signal for the predetermined block using the predetermined intra-prediction mode. Additionally, the encoder is configured to select a subset of one or more secondary transforms out of a set of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode so that the subset is nonempty in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the first set of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the second set of matrix-based intra-prediction modes. The encoder is configured to encode, into the data stream, a transformed version of a prediction residual for the predetermined block, which is related to a spatial domain version of the prediction residual of the predetermined block via a transform defined by a concatenation of a primary transform and a predetermined secondary transform out of the subset of secondary transforms applied onto a subset of coefficients of the primary transform, in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the first set of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode being contained in the second set of matrix-based intra-prediction modes. The predetermined block is reconstructable using the prediction signal and the prediction residual for the predetermined block. According to an embodiment, the decoder/encoder is configured to select the subset of one or more secondary transforms out of the set of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode so that each secondary transform of the set of secondary transforms is contained in the subset of one or more secondary transforms selected for at least one of the intra-prediction modes within the first and second sets. For one or more intra-prediction modes within the first set or within the second set, the respective selected subset may comprise all secondary transforms of the set of secondary transforms. According to an embodiment, the decoder/encoder is configured to select a subset of one or more secondary transforms out of a set of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode so that each secondary transform of each subset of secondary transforms selected for any matrix-based intra-prediction mode is contained by a subset of secondary transforms selected for at least one intra-prediction mode within the first set not belonging to the angular prediction modes. A subset selected for a matrix-based intra-prediction mode may contain secondary transforms associated with one or more non-angular intra-prediction modes within the first set, like the DC intra prediction mode and/or the planar intra prediction mode. Thus the secondary transforms out of the set of secondary transforms can be part of more than one subset of one or more secondary transforms. No additional secondary transforms only usable for blocks with the predetermined intra-prediction mode being a matrix-based intra-prediction mode have to be contained in the set of secondary transforms. For a predetermined block with the predetermined intra-prediction mode being a matrix-based intra-prediction mode, the decoder/encoder is configured to select the same secondary transforms out of the set of secondary transforms as for the predetermined intra-prediction mode being a non-angular prediction mode out of the first set. A subset selected for a matrix-based intra-prediction mode may be equal to a subset selected for an intra-prediction mode within the first set not belonging to the angular prediction modes or may contain some secondary transforms of a subset selected for an intra-prediction mode within the first set not belonging to the angular prediction modes or may contain some or all secondary transforms of two or more subsets selected for intra-prediction modes within the first set not belonging to the angular prediction modes. Methods for encoding or decoding are based on the same considerations as the above-described apparatuses for encoding or decoding. The methods can, by the way, be completed with all features and functionalities, which are also described with regard to the apparatuses for encoding or decoding. Brief Description of the Drawings The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the following description, various embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which: Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of an encoding into a data stream; Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of an encoder; Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of a reconstruction of a picture; Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a decoder; Fig. 5 shows schematic diagram of a prediction of a block for encoding and/or decoding, according to an embodiment; Fig. 6 shows a matrix operation for a prediction of a block for encoding and/or decoding according to an embodiment; Fig. 7.1 shows a prediction of a block with a reduced sample value vector according to an embodiment; Fig. 7.2 shows a prediction of a block using an interpolation of samples according to an embodiment; Fig. 7.3 shows a prediction of a block with a reduced sample value vector, wherein only some boundary samples are averaged, according to an embodiment; Fig. 7.4 shows a prediction of a block with a reduced sample value vector, wherein groups of four boundary samples are averaged, according to an embodiment; Fig. 8 shows matrix operations performed by an apparatus according to an embodiment; Fig. 9a-c show detailed matrix operations performed by an apparatus according to an embodiment; Fig. 10 shows detailed matrix operations performed by an apparatus using offset and scaling parameters, according to an embodiment; Fig. 11 shows detailed matrix operations performed by an apparatus using offset and scaling paramoVrs. according to a different embodiment; Fig. 12 shows a schematic diagram with details of an intra-prediction of a predetermined block using a prediction mode out of a most probable mode list, according to an embodiment; Fig. 13 shows a schematic diagram of a decoding of a predetermined block using a secondary transform, according to an embodiment; Fig. 14 shows a schematic diagram of an application of a primary transform and a secondary transform, according toan embodiment; Fig. 15 shows a schematic diagram of a selection of a subset of secondary transforms, according to an embodiment; Fig. 16 shows a schematic diagram of a predetermined block with a non-zero transform domain area, according to an embodiment; Fig. 17 shows a block diagram of a method for decoding a predetermined block according to an embodiment; Fig. 18 shows a block diagram of a method for encoding a predetermined block according to an embodiment; and Figs. 19a to19d show a syntax element portion of a data stream. Detailed Description of the Embodiments Equal or equivalent elements or elements with equal or equivalent functionality are denoted in the following description by equal or equivalent reference numerals even if occurring in different figures. In the following description, a plurality of details is set forth to provide a more throughout explanation of embodiments of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form rather than in detail in order to avoid obscuring embodiments of the present invention. In addition, features of the different embodiments described herein after may be combined with each other, unless specifically noted otherwise. 1 Introduction In the following, different inventive examples, embodiments and aspects will be described. At least some of these examples, embodiments and aspects refer, inter alia, to methods and/or apparatus for video coding and/or for performing intra Predictions e.g. using linear or affine transforms with neighbouring sample reduction and/or for optimizing video delivery (e.g., broadcast, streaming, file playback, etc.), e.g., for video applications and/or for virtual reality applications. Further, examples, embodiments and aspects may refer to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) or successors. Also, further embodiments, examples and aspects will be defined by the enclosed claims. It should be noted that any embodiments, examples and aspects as defined by the claims can be supplemented by any of the details (features and functionalities) described in the following chapters. Also, the embodiments, examples and aspects described in the following chapters can be used individually, and can also be supplemented by any of the features in another chapter, or by any feature included in the claims. Also, it should be noted that individual, examples, embodiments and aspects described herein can be used individually or in combination. Thus, details can be added to each of said individual aspects without adding details to another one of said examples, embodiments and aspects. It should also be noted that the present disclosure describes, explicitly or implicitly, features of decoding and/or encoding system and/or method. Moreover, features and functionalities disclosed herein relating to a method can also be used in an apparatus. Furthermore, any features and functionalities disclosed herein with respect to an apparatus can also be used in a corresponding method. In other words, the methods disclosed herein can be supplemented by any of the features and functionalities described with respect to the apparatuses. Also, any of the features and functionalities described herein can be implemented in hardware or in software, or using a combination of hardware and software, as will be described in the section "implementation alternatives”. Moreover, any of the features described in parentheses (“(...)” or “[...]”) may be considered as optional in some examples, embodiments, or aspects. 2 Encoders, decoders In the following, various examples are described which may assist in achieving a more effective compression when using block-based prediction. Some examples achieve high compression efficiency by spending a set of intra-prediction modes. The latter ones may be added to other intra-prediction modes heuristically designed, for instance, or may be provided exclusively. And even other examples make use of both of the just-discussed specialties. As a vibration of these embodiments it may be, however, that intra prediction is turned into an inter prediction by using reference samples in another picture instead. In order to ease the understanding of the following examples of the present application, the description starts with a presentation of possible encoders and decoders fitting thereto into which the subsequently outlined examples of the present application could be built. Fig. 1 shows an apparatus for block-wise encoding a picture 10 into a datastream 12. The apparatus is indicated using reference sign 14 and may be a still picture encoder or a video encoder. In other words, picture 10 may be a current picture out of a video 16 when the encoder 14 is configured to encode video 16 including picture 10 into datastream 12, or encoder 14 may encode picture 10 into datastream 12 exclusively. As mentioned, encoder 14 performs the encoding in a block-wise manner or block-base. To this, encoder 14 subdivides picture 10 into blocks, units of which encoder 14 encodes picture 10 into datastream 12. Examples of possible subdivisions of picture 10 into blocks 18 are set out in more detail below. Generally, the subdivision may end-up into blocks 18 of constant size such as an array of blocks arranged in rows and columns or into blocks 18 of different block sizes such as by use of a hierarchical multi-tree subdivisioning with starting the multi-tree subdivisioning from the whole picture area of picture 10 or from a pre-partitioning of picture 10 into an array of tree blocks wherein these examples shall not be treated as excluding other possible ways of subdivisioning picture 10 into blocks 18. Further, encoder 14 is a predictive encoder configured to predictively encode picture 10 into datastream 12. For a certain block 18 this means that encoder 14 determines a prediction signal for block 18 and encodes the prediction residual, i.e. the prediction error at which the prediction signal deviates from the actual picture content within block 18, into datastream 12. Encoder 14 may support different prediction modes so as to derive the prediction signal for a certain block 18. The prediction modes, which are of importance in the following examples, are intra-prediction modes according to which the inner of block 18 is predicted spatially from neighboring, already encoded samples of picture 10. The encoding of picture 10 into datastream 12 and, accordingly, the corresponding decoding procedure, may be based on a certain coding order 20 defined among blocks 18. For instance, the coding order 20 may traverse blocks 18 in a raster scan order such as row-wise from top to bottom with traversing each row from left to right, for instance. In case of hierarchical multi-tree based subdivisioning, raster scan ordering may be applied within each hierarchy level, wherein a depth-first traversal order may be applied, i.e. leaf nodes within a block of a certain hierarchy level may precede blocks of the same hierarchy level having the same parent block according to coding order 20. Depending on the coding order 20, neighboring, already encoded samples of a block 18 may be located usually at one or more sides of block 18. In case of the examples presented herein, for instance, neighboring, already encoded samples of a block 18 are located to the top of, and to the left of block 18. Intra-prediction modes may not be the only ones supported by encoder 14. In case of encoder 14 being a video encoder, for instance, encoder 14 may also support inter-prediction modes according to which a block 18 is temporarily predicted from a previously encoded picture of video 16. Such an inter-prediction mode may be a motion-compensated prediction mode according to which a motion vector is signaled for such a block 18 indicating a relative spatial offset of the portion from which the prediction signal of block 18 is to be derived as a copy. Additionally or alternatively, other non-intra-prediction modes may be available as well such as inter-prediction modes in case of encoder 14 being a multi-view encoder, or non-predictive modes according to which the inner of block 18 is coded as is, i.e. without any prediction. Before starting with focusing the description of the present application onto intra-prediction modes, a more specific example for a possible block-based encoder, i.e. for a possible implementation of encoder 14, as described with respect to Fig. 2 with then presenting two corresponding examples for a decoder fitting to Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. Fig. 2 shows a possible implementation of encoder 14 of Fig. 1, namely one where the encoder is configured to use transform coding for encoding the prediction residual although this is nearly an example and the present application is not restricted to that sort of prediction residual coding. According to Fig. 2, encoder 14 comprises a subtractor 22 configured to subtract from the inbound signal, i.e. picture 10 or, on a block basis, current block 18, the corresponding prediction signal 24 so as to obtain the prediction residual signal 26 which is then encoded by a prediction residual encoder 28 into a datastream 12. The prediction residual encoder 28 is composed of a lossy encoding stage 28a and a lossless encoding stage 28b. The lossy stage 28a imaeiyes the prediction residual signal 26 and comprises a quantizer 30 which quantizes the examples of the prediction residual signal 26. As already mentioned above, the present example uses transform coding of the prediction residual signal 26 and accordingly, the lossy encoding stage 28a comprises a transform stage 32 connected between subtractor 22 and quantizer 30 so as to transform such a spectrally decomposed prediction residual 26 with a quantization of quantizer 30 taking place on the transformed coefficients where presenting the residual signal 26. The transform may be a DCT, DST, FFT, Hadamard transform or the like. The transformed and quantized prediction residual signal 34 is then subject to lossless coding by the lossless encoding stage 28b which is an entropy coder entropy coding quantized prediction residual signal 34 into datastream 12. Encoder 14 further comprises the prediction residual signal reconstruction stage 36 connected to the output of quantizer 30 so as to reconstruct from the transformed and quantized prediction residual signal 34 the prediction residual signal in a manner also available at the decoder, i.e. taking the coding loss is quantizer 30 into account. To this end, the prediction residual reconstruction stage 36 comprises a dequantizer 38 which perform the inverse of the quantization of quantizer 30, followed by an inverse transformer 40 which performs the inverse transformation relative to the transformation performed by transformer 32 such as the inverse of the spectral decomposition such as the inverse to any of the above-mentioned specific transformation examples. Encoder 14 comprises an adder 42 which adds the reconstructed prediction residual signal as output by inverse transformer 40 and the prediction signal 24 so as to output a reconstructed signal, i.e. reconstructed samples. This output is fed into a predictor 44 of encoder 14 which then determines the prediction signal 24 based thereon. It is predictor 44 which supports all the prediction modes already discussed above with respect to Fig. 1. Fig. 2 also illustrates that in case of encoder 14 being a video encoder, encoder 14 may also comprise an in-loop filter 46 with filters completely reconstructed pictures which, after having been filtered, form reference pictures for predictor 44 with respect to inter-predicted block. As already mentioned above, encoder 14 operates block-based. For the subsequent description, the block bases of interest is the one subdividing picture 10 into blocks for which the intra-prediction mode is selected out of a set or plurality of intra-prediction modes supported by predictor 44 or encoder 14, respectively, and the selected intra-prediction mode performed individually. Other sorts of blocks into which picture 10 is subdivided may, however, exist as well. For instance, the above-mentioned decision whether picture 10 is inter-coded or intra-coded may be done at a granularity or in units of blocks deviating from blocks 18. For instance, the inter/intra mode decision may be performed at a level of coding blocks into which picture 10 is subdivided, and each coding block is subdivided into prediction blocks. Prediction blocks with encoding blocks for which it has been decided that intra-prediction is used, are each subdivided to an intra-prediction mode decision. To this, for each of these prediction blocks, it is decided as to which supported intra-prediction mode should be used for the respective prediction block. These prediction blocks will form blocks 18 which are of interest here. Prediction blocks within coding blocks associated with inter-prediction would be treated differently by predictor 44. They would be inter-predicted from reference pictures by determining a motion vector and copying the prediction signal for this block from a location in the reference picture pointed to by the motion vector. Another block subdivisioning pertains the subdivisioning into transform blocks at units of which the transformations by transformer 32 and inverse transformer 40 are performed. Transformed blocks may, for instance, be the result of further subdivisioning coding blocks. Naturally, the examples set out herein should not be treated as being limiting and other examples exist as well. For the sake of completeness only, it is noted that the subdivisioning into coding blocks may, for instance, use multi-tree subdivisioning, and prediction blocks and/or transform blocks may be obtained by further subdividing coding blocks using multi-tree subdivisioning, as well. A decoder 54 oir apparatus for block-wise decoding fitting to the encoder 14 of Fig. 1 is depicted in Fig. 3. This decoder 54 does the opposite of encoder 14, i.e. it decodes from datastream 12 picture 10 in a block-wise manner and supports, to this end, a plurality of intra-prediction modes. The decoder 54 may comprise a residual provider 156, for example. All the other possibilities discussed above with respect to Fig. 1 are valid for the decoder 54, too. To this, decoder 54 may be a still picture decoder or a video decoder and all the prediction modes and prediction possibilities are supported by decoder 54 as well. The difference between encoder 14 and decoder 54 lies, primarily, in the fact that encoder 14 chooses or selects coding decisions according to some optimization such as, for instance, in order to minimize some cost function which may depend on coding rate and/or coding distortion. One of these coding options or coding parameters may involve a selection of the intra-prediction mode to be used for a current block 18 among available or supported intra-prediction modes. The selected intra-prediction mode may then be signaled by encoder 14 for current block 18 within datastream 12 with decoder 54 redoing the selection using this signalization in datastream 12 for block 18. Likewise, the subdivisioning of picture 10 into block , 18 may be subject to optimization within encoder 14 and corresponding subdivision information may be conveyed within datastream 12 with decoder 54 recovering the subdivision of picture 10 into blocks 18 on the basis of the subdivision information. Summarizing the above, decoder 54 may be a predictive decoder operating on a block-basis and besides intra-prediction modes, decoder 54 may support other prediction modes such as inter-prediction modes in case of, for instance, decoder 54 being a video decoder. In decoding, decoder 54 may also use the coding order 20 discussed with respect to Fig. 1 and as this coding order 20 is obeyed both at encoder 14 and decoder 54, the same neighboring samples are available for a current block 18 both at encoder 14 and decoder 54. Accordingly, in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, the description of the mode of operation of encoder 14 shall also apply to decoder 54 as far the subdivision of picture 10 into blocks is concerned, for instance, as far as prediction is concerned and as far as the coding of the prediction residual is concerned. Differences lie in the fact that encoder 14 chooses, by optimization, some coding options or coding parameters and signals within, or inserts into, datastream 12 the coding parameters which are then derived from the datastream 12 by decoder 54 so as to redo the prediction, subdivision and so forth. Fig. 4 shows a possible implementation of the decoder 54 of Fig. 3, namely one fitting to the implementation of encoder 14 of Fig. 1 as shown in Fig. 2. As many elements of the encoder 54 of Fig. 4 are the same as those occurring in the corresponding encoder of Fig. 2, the same reference signs, provided with an apostrophe, are used in Fig. 4 in order to indicate these elements. In particular, adder 42', optional in-loop filter 46' and predictor 44' are connected into a prediction loop in the same manner that they are in encoder of Fig. 2. The reconstructed, i.e. dequantized and retransformed prediction residual signal applied to adder 42' is derived by a sequence of entropy decoder 56 which inverses the entropy encoding of entropy encoder 28b, followed by the residual signal reconstruction stage 36' which is composed of dequantizer 38' and inverse transformer 40' just as it is the case on encoding side. The decoder's output is the reconstruction of picture 10. The reconstruction of picture 10 may be available directly at the output of adder 42' or, alternatively, at the output of in-loop filter 46'. Some post-filter may be arranged at the decoder's output in order to subject the reconstruction of picture 10 to some post-filtering in order to improve the picture quality, but this option is not depicted in Fig. 4. Again, with respect to Fig. 4 the description brought forward above with respect to Fig. 2 shall be valid for Fig. 4 as well with the exception that merely the encoder performs the optimization tasks and the associated decisions with respect to coding options. However, all the description with respect to block-subdivisioning, prediction, dequantization and retransforming is also valid for the decoder 54 of Fig. 4. 3 ALWIP (Affine Linear Weighted Intra Predictor) Some non-limiting examples regarding ALWIP are herewith discussed, even if ALWIP is not always necessary to embody the techniques discussed here. The present application is concerned, inter alia, with an improved block-based prediction mode concept for block-wise picture coding such as usable in a video codec such as HEVC or any successor of HEVC. The prediction mode may be an intra prediction mode, but theoretically the concepts described herein may be transferred onto inter prediction modes as well where the reference samples are part of another picture. A block-based prediction concept allowing for an efficient implementation such as a hardware friendly implementation is sought. This object is achieved by the subject-matter of the independent claims of the present application. Intra-prediction modes are widely used in picture and video coding. In video coding, intra-prediction modes compete with other prediction modes such as inter-prediction modes such as motion-compensated prediction modes. In intra-prediction modes, a current block is predicted on the basis of neighboring samples, i.e. samples already encoded as far as the encoder side is concerned, and already decoded as far as the decoder side is concerned. Neighboring sample values are extrapolated into the current block so as to form a prediction signal for the current block with the prediction residual being transmitted in the datastream for the current block. The better the prediction signal is, the lower the prediction residual is and, accordingly, a lower number of bits is necessary to code the prediction residual. In order to be effective, several aspects should be taken into account in order to form an effective frame work for intra-prediction in a block-wise picture coding environment. For instance, the larger the number of intra-prediction modes supported by the codec, the larger the side information rate consumption is in order to signal the selection to the decoder. On the other hand, the set of supported intra-prediction modes should be able to provide a good prediction signal, i.e. a prediction signal resulting in a low prediction residual. In the following, there is disclosed - as a comparison embodiment or basis example - an apparatus (encoder or decoder) for block-wise decoding a picture from a data stream, the apparatus supporting at least one intra-prediction mode according to which the intra-prediction signal for a block of a predetermined size of the picture is determined by applying a first template of samples which neighbours the current block onto an affine linear predictor which, in the sequel, shall be called Affine Linear Weighted Intra Predictor (ALWIP). The apparatus may have at least one of the following properties (the same may apply to a method or to another technique, e.g. implemented in a non-transitory storage unit storing instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to implement the method and/or to operate as the apparatus): 3.1 Predictors may be complementary to other predictors The intra-prediction modes which might form the subject of the implementational improvements described further below may be complementary to other intra prediction modes of the codec. Thus, they may be complementary to the DC-, Planar-, or Angular-Prediction modes defined in the HEVC codec resp. the JEM reference software. The latter three types of intra-prediction modes shall be called conventional intra prediction modes from now on. Thus, for a given block in intra mode, a flag needs to be parsed by the decoder which indicates whether one of the intra-prediction modes supported by the apparatus is to be used or not. 3.2 More than one proposed prediction modes The apparatus may contain more than one ALWIP mode. Thus, in case that the decoder knows that one of the ALWIP modes supported by the apparatus is to be used, the decoder needs to parse additional information that indicates which of the ALWIP modes supported by the apparatus is to be used. The signalization of the mode supported may have the property that the coding of some ALWIP modes may require less bins than other ALWIP modes. Which of these modes require less bins and which modes require more bins may either depend on information that can be extracted from the already decoded bitstream or may be fixed in advance. 4 Some aspects Fig. 2 shows the decoder 54 for decoding a picture from a data stream 12. The decoder 54 may be configured to decode a predetermined block 18 of the picture. In particular, the predictor 44 may be configured for mapping a set of P neighboring samples neighboring the predetermined block 18 using a linear or affine linear transformation [e.g., ALWIP] onto a set of Q predicted values for samples of the predetermined block. As shown in Fig. 5, a predetermined block 18 comprises Q values to be predicted (which, at the end of the operations, will be “predicted values”). If the block 18 has M row and N columns, Q=M-N. The Q values of the block 18 may be in the spatial domain (e.g., pixels) or in the transform domain (e.g., DCT, Discrete Wavelet Transform, etc.). The Q values of the block 18 may be predicted on the basis of P values taken from the neighboring blocks 17a-17c, which are in general adjacent to the block 18. The P values of the neighboring blocks 17a-17c may be in the closest positions (e.g., adjacent) to the block 18. The P values of the neighboring blocks 17a-17c have already been processed and predicted. The P values are indicated as values in portions 17’a-17’c, to distinguish them from the blocks they are part of (in some examples, 17’b is not used). As shown in Fig. 6, in order to perform the prediction, it is possible to operate with a first vector 17P with P entries (each entry being associated to a particular position in the neighboring portions 17’a-17’c), a second vector 18Q with Q entries (each entry being associated with a particular position in the block 18), and a mapping matrix 17M (each row being associated to a particular position in the block 18, each column being associated to a particular position in the neighboring portions 17’a-17’c). The mapping matrix 17M therefore performs the prediction of the P values of the neighboring portions 17’a-17’c into values of the block 18 according to a predetermined mode. The entries in the mapping matrix 17M may be therefore understood as weighting factors. In the following passages, we will refer to the neighboring portions of the boundary using the signs 17a-17c instead of 17’a-17’c. In the art there are known several conventional modes, such as DC mode, planar mode and 65 directional prediction modes. There may be known, for example, 67 modes. However, it has been noted that it is also possible to make use of different modes, which are here called linear or affine linear transformations. The linear or affine linear transformation comprises P•Q weighting factors, among which at least ¼ P•Q weighting factors are non-zero weighting values, which comprise, for each of the Q predicted values, a series of P weighting factors relating to the respective predicted value. The series, when being arranged one below the other according to a raster scan order among the samples of the predetermined block, form an envelope which is omnidirectionally non-linear. It is possible to map the P positions of the neighboring values 17’a-17’c (template), the Q positions of the neighboring samples 17’a-17’c, and at the values of the P*Q weighting factors of the matrix 17M. A plane is an example of the envelope of the series for a DC transformation (which is a plane for the DC transformation). The envelope is evidently planar and therefore is excluded by the definition of the linear or affine linear transformation (ALWIP). Another example is a matrix resulting in an emulation of an angular mode: an envelope would be excluded from the ALWIP definition and would, frankly speaking, look like a hill leading obliquely from top to bottom along a direction in the P/Q plane. The planar mode and the 65 directional prediction modes would have different envelopes, which would however be linear in at least one direction, namely all directions for the exemplified DC, for example, and the hill direction for an angular mode, for example. To the contrary, the envelope of the linear or affine transformation will not be omnidirectionally linear. It has been understood that such kind of transformation may be optimal, in some situations, for performing the prediction for the block 18. It has been noted that it is preferable that at least ¼ of the weighting factors are different from zero (he., at least the 25% of the P*Q weighting factors are different from 0). The weighting factors may be unrelated with each other according to any regular mapping rule. Hence, a matrix 17M may be such that the values of its entries have no apparent recognizable relationship. For example, the weighting factors cannot be described by any analytical or differential function. In examples, an ALWIP transformation is such that a mean of maxima of cross correlations between a first series of weighting factors relating to the respective predicted value, and a second series of weighting factors relating to predicted values other than the respective predicted value, or a reversed version of the latter series, whatever leads to a higher maximum, may be lower than a predetermined threshold (e.g., 0.2 or 0.3 or 0.35 or 0.1, e.g., a threshold in a range between 0.05 and 0.035). For example, for each couple (ii,i2) of rows of the ALWIP matrix 17M, a cross correlation may be calculated by multiplying the P values of the i1th row with by the P values of the 12th row. For each obtained cross correlation, the maximum value may be obtained. Hence, a mean (average) may be obtained for the whole matrix 17M (i.e. the maxima of the cross correlations in all combinations are averaged). After that, the threshold may be e.g., 0.2 or 0.3 or 0.35 or 0.1, e.g., a threshold in a range between 0.05 and 0.035. The P neighboring samples of blocks 17a-17c may be located along a one-dimensional path extending along a border (e.g., 18c, 18a) of the predetermined block 18. For each of the Q predicted values of the predetermined block 18, the series of P weighting factors relating to the respective predicted value may be ordered in a manner traversing the one-dimensional path in a predetermined direction (e.g., from left to right, from top to down, etc.). In examples, the ALWIP matrix 17M may be non-diagonal or non-block diagonal. An example of ALWIP matrix 17M for predicting a 4x4 block 18 from 4 already predicted neighboring samples may be: (Here, {37, 59, 77, 28} is the first row; {32, 92, 85, 25} is the second row; and {61, 32, 54, 100} is the 16th row of the matrix 17M.) Matrix 17M has dimension 16x4 and includes 64 weighting factors (as a consequence of 16*4=64). This is because matrix 17M has dimension QxP, where Q=M*N, which is the number of samples of the block 18 to be predicted (block (18) is a 4x4 block), and P is the number of samples of the already predicted samples. Here, M=4, N=4, Q=16 (as a consequence of M*N=4*4=16), P=4. The matrix is non-diagonal and non-block diagonal, and is not described by a particular rule. As can be seen, less than ¼ of the weighting factors are 0 (in the case of the matrix shown above, one weighting factor out of sixty-four is zero). The envelope formed by these values, when arranged one below the other one according to a raster scan order, form an envelope which is omnidirectionally non-linear. Even if the explanation above is mainly discussed with reference to a decoder (e.g., the decoder 54), the same may be performed at the encoder (e.g., encoder 14). In some examples, for each block size (in the set of block sizes), the ALWIP transformations of intra-prediction modes within the second set of intra-prediction modes for the respective block size are mutually different. In addition, or alternatively, a cardinality of the second set of intra- prediction modes for the block sizes in the set of block sizes may coincide, but the associated linear or affine linear transformations of intra-prediction modes within the second set of intra- prediction modes for different block sizes may be non-transferable onto each other by scaling. In some examples the ALWIP transformations may be defined in such a way that they have "nothing to share” with conventional transformations (e.g., the ALWIP transformations may have “nothing” to share with the corresponding conventional transformations, even though they have been mapped via one of the mappings above). In examples, ALWIP modes are used for both luma components and chroma components, but in other examples ALWIP modes are used for luma components but are not used for chroma components. 5 Affine Linear weighted intra prediction modes with encoder speedup (e.g., Test CE3- 1.2.1) 5.1 Description of a method or apparatus Affine linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) modes tested in CE3-1.2.1 may be the same as proposed in JVET-L0199under test CE3-2.2.2, except for the following changes: • Harmonization with multiple reference line (MRL) intra prediction, especially encoder estimation and signaling, i.e. MRL is not combined with ALWIP and transmitting an MRL index is restricted to non-ALWIP blocks. • Subsampling now mandatory for all blocks W×H ≥ 32×32 (was optional for 32×32 before); therefore, the additional test at the encoder and sending the subsampling flag has been removed. • ALWIP for 64×N and N×64 blocks (with N ≤ 32) has been added by downsampling to 32×N and N×32, respectively, and applying the corresponding ALWIP modes. Moreover, test CE3-1.2.1 includes the following encoder optimizations for ALWIP: • Combined mode estimation: conventional and ALWIP modes use a shared Hadamard candidate list for full RD estimation, i.e. the ALWIP mode candidates are added to the same list as the conventional (and MRL) mode candidates based on the Hadamard cost. • EMT intra fast and PB intra fast are supported for the combined mode list, with additional optimizations for reducing the number of full RD checks. • Only MPMs of available left and above blocks are added to the list for full RD estimation for ALWIP, following the same approach as for conventional modes. 5.2 Complexity assessment In Test CE3-1.2.1, excluding computations invoking the Discrete Cosine Transform, at most 12 multiplications per sample were needed to generate the prediction signals. Moreover, a total number of 136 492 parameters, each in 16 bits, were required. This corresponds to 0.273 Megabyte of memory. 5.3 Experimental results Evaluation of the test was performed according to the common test condition JVET-J1010 [2], for the intra-only (Al) and random-access (RA) configurations with the VTM software version 3.0.1. The corresponding simulations were conducted on an Intel Xeon cluster (e5-2697A v4, AVX2 on, turbo boost off) with Linux OS and GCC 7.2.1 compiler. Table 1. Result of CE3-1.2.1 for VTM RI configuration Table 2. Result of CE3-1.2.1 for VTM RA configuration 5.4 Linear Weighted Intra Prediction with complexity reduction (e.g. Test CE3- 1.2.2) The technique tested in CE2 is related to “Affine Linear Intra predictions” described in JVET-L0199 [1], but simplifies it in terms of memory requirements and computational complexity: • There may be only three different sets of prediction matrices (e.g. S0, S1, S2, see also below) and bias vectors (e.g. for providing offset values) covering all block shapes. As a consequence, the number of paramters is reduced to 14400 10-bit values, which is less memory than stored in a 128 × 128 CTU . • The input and output size of the predictors is further reduced. Moreover, instead of transforming the boundary via DCT, averaging or downsampling may be performed to the boundary samples and the generation of the prediction signal may use linear interpolation instead of the inverse DCT. Consequently, a maximum of four multiplications per sample may be necessary for generating the prediction signal. 6. Examples It is here discussed how to perform some predictions (e.g., as shown in Fig. 6) with ALWIP predictions. In principle, with reference to Fig. 6, in order to obtain the Q=M*N values of a MxN block 18 to be predicted, multiplications of the Q*P samples of the QxP ALWIP prediction matrix 17M by the P samples of the Px1 neighboring vector 17P should be performed. Hence, in general, in order to obtain each of the Q=M*N values of the MxN block 18 to be predicted, at least P=M+N value multiplications are necessary. These multiplications have extremely unwanted effects. The dimension P of the boundary vector 17P is in general dependent on the number M+N of boundary samples (bins or pixels) 17a, 17c neighbouring (e.g. adjacent to) the MxN block 18 to be predicted. This means that, if the size of block 18 to be predicted is large, the number M+N of boundary pixels (17a, 17c) is accordingly large, hence increasing the dimension P=M+N of the Px1 boundary vector 17P, and the length of each row of the QxP ALWIP prediction matrix 17M, and accordingly, also the numbers of multiplications necessary (in general terms, Q=M*N=W*H, where W (Width) is another symbol for N and H (Height) is another symbol for M; P, in the case that the boundary vector is only formed by one row and/or one column of samples, is P=M+N=H+W). This problem is, in general, exacerbated by the fact that in microprocessor-based systems (or other digital processing systems), multiplications are, in general, power-consuming operations. It may be imagined that a large number of multiplications carried for an extremely high number of samples for a large number of blocks causes a waste of computational power, which is in general unwanted. Accordingly, it would be preferable to reduce the number Q*P of multiplications necessary for predicting the MxN block 18. It has been understood that it is possible to somehow reduce the computational power necessary for each intra-prediction of each block 18 to be predicted by intelligently choosing operations alternative to multiplications and which are easier to be processed. In particular, with reference to Figs. 7.1-7.4, it has been understood that an encoder or decoder may predict a predetermined block (e.g. 18) of the picture using a plurality of neighbouring samples (e.g. 17a, 17c), by reducing (e.g. at step 811), (e.g., by averaging or downsampling), the plurality of neighbouring samples (e.g. 17a, 17c) to obtain a reduced set of samples values lower, in number of samples, than compared to the plurality of neighbouring samples, subjecting (e.g. at step 812) the reduced set of sample values to a linear or affine linear transformation to obtain predicted values for predetermined samples of the predetermined block. In some cases, the decoder or encoder may also derive, e.g. by interpolation, prediction values for further samples of the predetermined block on the basis of the predicted values for the predetermined samples and the plurality of neighboring samples. Accordingly, an upsampling strategy may be obtained. In examples, it is possible to perform (e.g. at step 811) some averages on the samples of the boundary 17, so as to arrive at a reduced set 102 (Figs. 7.1-7.4) of samples with a reduced number of samples (at least one of the samples of the reduced number of samples 102 may be the average of two samples of the original boundary samples, or a selection of the original boundary samples). For example, if the original boundary has P=M+N samples, the reduced set of samples may have Pred=Mred+Nred, with at least one of Mred1. In some cases, n=m (e.g., in Figs. 7.2 and 7.3, where the samples 104, 118’, 118”, directly obtained by ALWIP at 812 and indicated with grey squares, are alternated, along rows and columns, to the samples 108, 108’ subsequently obtained at step 813). Along at least one of the rows (17c) and columns (17a), it may be possible to perform the determining the support values e.g. by downsampling or averaging (122), for each support value, a group (120) of neighbouring samples within the plurality of neighbouring samples which includes the neighbouring sample (118) for which the respective support value is determined. Hence, in Fig. 7.4, at step 813 it is possible to obtain the value of sample 119 by using the values of the predetermined sample 118”’ (previously obtained at step 812) and the neighbouring sample 118 as support values. The plurality of neighbouring samples may extend one-dimensionally along two sides of the predetermined block (18). It may be possible to perform the reduction (811) by grouping the plurality of neighbouring samples (17) into groups (110) of one or more consecutive neighbouring samples and performing a downsampling or an averaging on each of the group (110) of one or more neighbouring samples which has two or more than two neighbouring samples. In examples, the linear or affine linear transformation may comprise Pred*Qred or Pred*Q weighting factors with Pred being the number of sample values (102) within the reduced set of sample values and Qred or Q is the number predetermined samples within the predetermined block (18). At least ¼ Pred*Qred or ¼ Pred*Q weighting factors are non-zero weighting values. The Pred*Qred or P red*Q weighting factors may comprise, for each of the Q or Qred predetermined samples, a series of Pred weighting factors relating to the respective predetermined sample, wherein the series, when being arranged one below the other according to a raster scan order among the predetermined samples of the predetermined block (18), form an envelope which is omnidirectionally non-linear. The Pred*Q or Pred*Qred weighting factors may be unrelated to each other via any regular mapping rule. A mean of maxima of cross correlations between a first series of weighting factors relating to the respective predetermined sample, and a second series of weighting factors relating to predetermined samples other than the respective predetermined sample, or a reversed version of the latter series, whatever leads to a higher maximum, is lower than a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may 0.3 [or in some cases 0.2 or 0.1]. The Pred neighbouring samples (17) may be located along a one-dimensional path extending along two sides of the predetermined block (18) and, for each of the Q or Qred predetermined samples, the series of Pred weighting factors relating to the respective predetermined sample are ordered in a manner traversing the one-dimensional path in a predetermined direction. 6.1 Description of a method and apparatus For predicting the samples of a rectangular block of width W (also indicated with N) and height H (also indicated with M), Affine-linear weighted intra prediction (ALWIP) may take one line of H reconstructed neighbouring boundary samples left of the block and one line of W reconstructed neighbouring boundary samples above the block as input. If the reconstructed samples are unavailable, they may be generated as it is done in the conventional intra prediction. A generation of the prediction signal (e.g., the values for the complete block 18) may be based on at least some of the following three steps: 1. Out of the boundary samples 17, samples 102 (e.g., four samples in the case of W=H=4 and/or eight samples in other case) may be extracted by averaging or downsampling (e.g., step 811). 2. A matrix vector multiplication, followed by addition of an offset, may be carried out with the averaged samples (or the samples remaining from downsampling) as an input. The result may be a reduced prediction signal on a subsampled set of samples in the original block (e.g., step 812). 3. The prediction signal at the remaining position may be generated, e.g. by upsampling, from the prediction signal on the subsampled set, e.g., by linear interpolation (e.g., step 813). Thanks to steps 1.(811) and/or 3. (813), the total number of multiplications needed in the computation of the matrix-vector product may be such that it is always smaller or equal than 4 * W * H. Moreover, the averaging operations on the boundary and the linear interpolation of the reduced prediction signal are carried out by solely using additions and bit-shifts. In other words, in examples at most four multiplications per sample are needed for the ALWIP modes. In some examples, the matrices (e.g., 17M) and offset vectors (e.g., bk) needed to generate the prediction signal may be taken from sets (e.g., three sets), e.g., S0, S1,S2, of matrices which may be stored, for example, in storage unit(s) of the decoder and of the encoder. In some examples, the set S0 may comprise (e.g., consist of) n0 (e.g., n0= 16 or n0=18 or another number) matrices i ∈{0,...,n0-1} each of which may have 16 rows and 4 columns and 18 offset vectors i ∈{0,...,n0-1} each of size 16 to perform the technique according to Fig. 7.1. Matrices and offset vectors of this set are used for blocks 18 of size 4 × 4. Once the boundary vector has been reduced to a Pred=4 vector (as for step 811 of Fig. 7.1), it is possible to map the Pred=4 samples of the reduced set of samples 102 directly into the Q=16 samples of the 4x4 block 18 to be predicted. In some examples, the set S1 may comprise (e.g., consist of) m (e.g., n1=8 or n1=18 or another number) matrices i ∈{0,...,n1-1}, each of which may have 16 rows and 8 columns and 18 offset vectors i ∈{0,...,n1-1} each of size 16 to perform the technique according to Fig. 7.2 or 7.3. Matrices and offset vectors of this set Si may be used for blocks of sizes 4 × 8, 4×16, 4x32, 4x64, 16x4, 32x4, 64x4, 8× 4 and 8× 8. Additionally, it may also be used for blocks of size WxH with max (W, H) > 4 and min(W, H) = 4, i.e. for blocks of size 4×16 or 16×4, 4×32 or 32×4 and 4x64 or 64x4. The 16x8 matrix refers to the reduced version of the block 18, which is a 4x4 block, as obtained in Figs. 7.2 and 7.3. Additionally or alternatively, the set S2 may comprise (e.g., consists of) n2 (e.g., n2= 6 or n2=18 or another number) matrices i ∈{0,...,n2-1}, each of which may have 64 rows and 8 columns and of 18 offset vectors i ∈{0,...,n2-1} of size 64. The 64x8 matrix refers to the reduced version of the block 18, which is an 8x8 block, e.g. as obtained in Fig. 7.4. Matrices and offset vectors of this set may be used for blocks of sizes 8 × 16, 8 × 32, 8 × 64, 16 × 8, 16 × 16, 16 × 32, 16 × 64, 32 × 8, 32 × 16, 32 × 32, 32 × 64, 64 × 8, 64 × 16, 64 × 32, 64 × 64. Matrices and offset vectors of that set or parts of these matrices and offset vectors may be used for all other block-shapes. 6.2 Averaging or downsampling of the boundary Here, features are provided regarding step 811. As explained above, the boundary samples (17a, 17c) may be averaged and/or downsampled (e.g., from P samples to Pred

18, it is possible to mode ≥ n0, n1, n2, which are the number of matrixes for each set of matrixes S0, S1, S2, respectively). Further, the sets may have different numbers of matrixes each (for example, it may be that S0 has 16 matrixes S1 has eight matrixes, and S2 has six matrixes). The mode and transposed information are not necessarily stored and/or transmitted as one combined mode index ‘mode’: in some examples there is the possibility of signalling explicitly as a transposed flag and the matrix index (0-15 for S0, 0-7 for S1 and 0-5 for S2). In some cases, the combination of the transposed flag and matrix index may be interpreted as a set index. For example, there may be one bit operating as transposed flag, and some bits indicating the matrix index, collectively indicated as “set index”. 5.4 Generation of the reduced prediction signal by matrix vector multiplication Here, features are provided regarding step 812. Out of the reduced input vector bdryred (boundary vector 17P) one may generate a reduced prediction signal predred . The latter signal may be a signal on the downsampled block of with Wred and height Hred. Here, Wred and Hred may be defined as: Wred = 4, Hred = 4; if ma x(W, H) ≤ 8, Wred = min(W, 8), Hred = min(W, 8) ; else. The reduced prediction signal predred may be computed by calculating a matrix vector-product and adding an offset: predred = A · bdryred + b. Here, A is a matrix (e.g., prediction matrix 17M) that may have Wred * Hred rows and 4 columns if W=H=4 and 8 columns in all other cases and b is a vector that may be of size Wred * Hred. If W = H = 4, then A may have 4 columns and 16 rows and thus 4 multiplications per sample may be needed in that case to compute predred. In all other cases, A may have 8 columns and one may verify that in these cases one has 8 * Wred * Hred < 4 * W * H, i.e. also in these cases, at most 4 multiplications per sample are needed to compute predred. The matrix A and the vector h may be taken from one of the sets S0, S1,S2 as follows, One defines an index idx = idx(W,H) by setting idx(W, H) = 0, if W = H = 4, idx(W, H) = 1, if max(WA H) = 8 and idx(W,H) = 2 in all other cases. Moreover, one may put m = mode, if mode < 18 and m = mode - 17, else. Then, if idx ≤ 1 or idx = 2 and min(W, H ) > 4, one may put and In the acse that idx=2 and min(W, H) = 4, one lets A be the matrix that arises by leaving out every row of that, in the case W=4, corresponds to an odd x-coordinate in the downsampled block, or, in the case H=4, corresponds to an odd y-coordinate in the downsampled block. If mode ≥ 18, one replaces the reduced prediction signal by its transposed signal. In alternative examples, different strategies may be carried out. For example, instead of reducing the size of a larger matrix (“leave out”), a smaller matrix of S1 (idx=1) with Wred=4 and Hred=4 is used. I.e., such blocks are now assigned to S1 sad of S2. Other strategies may be carried out. In other examples, the mode index ‘mode’ is not necessarily in the range 0 to 35 (other ranges may be defined). Further, it is not necessary that each of the three sets So, S1, S2 has 18 matrices (hence, instead of expressions like mode < 18, it is possible to mode < n0, n1, n2, which are the number of matrixes for each set of matrixes S0, S1, S2, respectively). Further, the sets may have different numbers of matrixes each (for example, it may be that S0 has 16 matrixes Si has eight matrixes, and S2 has six matrixes). 6.4 Liner interpolation to generate the final prediction Here, features are provided regarding step 812. Interpolation of the subsampled prediction signal, on large blocks a second version of the averaged boundary may be needed. Namely, if mm(W, H) > 8 and W ³ H, one writes W= 8 * 2l , and for 0 ≤ i ≤ 8 defines If min(W, H) > 8 and H > W, one defines analogously. In addition or alternative, it is possible to have a “hard downsampling”, in which the is equal to Also, can be defined analogously. At the sample positions that were left out in the generation of predred, the final prediction signal may arise by linear interpolation from predred (e.g., step 813 in examples of Figs. 7.2-7.4). This linear interpolation may be unnecessary, in some examples, if W = H = 4 (e.g., example of Fig. 7.1). The linear interpolation may be given as follows (other examples are notwithstanding possible). It is assumed that W ≥ H. Then, if H > Hred, a vertical upsampling of predred may be performed. In that case, predred may be extended by one line to the top as follows. If W = 8, predred may have width Wred = 4 and may be extended to the top by the averaged boundary signal e.g. as defined above. If W > 8, predred is of width Wred = 8 and it is extended to the top by the averaged boundary signal e.g. as defined above. One may write predred [x][-1] for the first line of predred. Then the signal on a block of width Wred and height 2 * Hred may be given as where 0 ≤ x < Wred and 0 ≤ y < Hred. The latter process may be carried out k times until 2k * Hred = H. Thus, if H = 8 or H = 16, it may be carried out at most once. If H = 32, it may be carried out twice. If H = 64, it may be carried out three times. Next, a horizontal upsampling operation may be applied to the result of the vertical upsampling. The latter upsampling operation may use the full boundary left of the prediction signal. Finally, if H > W, one may proceed analogously by first upsampling in the horizontal direction (if required) and then in the vertical direction. This is an example of an interpolation using reduced boundary samples for the first interpolation (horizontally or vertically) and original boundary samples for the second interpolation (vertically or horizontally). Depending on the block size, only the second or no interpolation is required. If both horizontal and vertical interpolation is required, the order depends on the width and height of the block. However, different techniques may be implemented: for example, original boundary samples may be used for both the first and the second interpolation and the order may be fixed, e.g. first horizontal then vertical (in other cases, first vertical then horizontal). Hence, the interpolation order (horizontal/vertical) and the use of reduced/original boundary samples may be varied. 6.5 Illustration of an -example of the entire ALWIP process The entire process of averaging, matiix-veclor-rnultiplicalion and linear interpolation is illustrated for different shapes in Figs. 7.1-7.4. Note, that the remaining shapes are treated as in one of the depicted cases. 1. Given a 4 × 4 block, ALWIP may take two averages along each axis of the boundary by using the technique of Fig. 7.1. The resulting four input samples enter the matrix-vector- multiplication. The matrices are taken from the set S0. After adding an offset, this may yield the 16 final prediction samples. Linear interpolation is not necessary for generating the prediction signal. Thus, a total of (4 * 16)/(4 * 4) = 4 multiplications per sample are performed. See, for example, Fig. 7.1. 2. Given an 8 × 8 block, ALWIP may take four averages along each axis of the boundary. The resulting eight input samples enter the matrix-vector-multiplication, by using the technique of Fig. 7.2. The matrices are taken from the set S1. This yields 16 samples on the odd positions of the prediction block. Thus, a total of (8 * 16)/(8 * 8) = 2 multiplications per sample are performed. After adding an offset, these samples may be interpolated, e.g., vertically by using the top boundary and, e.g. horizontally by using the left boundary. See, for example, Fig. 7.2. 3. Given an 8 × 4 block, ALWIP may take four averages along the horizontal axis of the boundary and the four original boundary values on the left boundary by using the technique of Fig. 7.3. The resulting eight input samples enter the matrix-vector- multiplication. The matrices are taken from the set 5\. This yields 16 samples on the odd horizontal and each vertical positions of the prediction block. Thus, a total of (8 * 16)/(8 * 4) = 4 multiplications per sample are performed. After adding an offset, these samples are interpolated horizontally by using the left boundary, for example. See, for example, Fig. 7.3. The transposed case is treated accordingly. 4. Given a 16 × 16 block, ALWIP may take four averages along each axis of the boundary. The resulting eight input samples enter the matrix-vector-multiplication by using the technique of Fig. 7.2. The matrices are taken from the set S2. This yields 64 samples on the odd positions of the prediction block. Thus, a total of (8 * 64)/(16 * 16) = 2 multiplications per sample are performed. After adding an offset, these samples are interpolated vertically by using the top boundary and horizontally by using the left boundary, for example. See, for example, Fig. 7.2. See, for example, Fig. 7.4. For larger shapes, the procedure may be essentially the same and it is easy to check that the number of multiplications per sample is less than two. For W*8 blocks, only horizontal interpolation is necessary as the samples are given at the odd horizontal and each vertical positions. Thus, at most (8 * 64)/(16 * 8) = 4 multiplications per sample are performed in these cases. Finally for W*4 blocks with W>8, let Ak be the matrix that arises by leaving out every row that correspond to an odd entry along the horizontal axis of the downsampled block. Thus, the output size may be 32 and again, only horizontal interpolation remains to be performed. At most (8 * 32)/(16 * 4) = 4 multiplications per sample may be performed. The transposed cases may be treated accordingly. 6.6 Number of parameters needed and complexity assessment The parameters needed for all possible proposed intra prediction modes may be comprised by the matrices and offset vectors belonging to the sets S0, S1,52. All matrix-coefficients and offset vectors may be stored as 10-bit values. Thus, according to the above description, a total number of 14400 parameters, each in 10-bit precision, may be needed for the proposed method. This corresponds to 0,018 Megabyte of memory. It is pointed out that currently, a CTU of size 128 × 128 in the standard 4:2:0 chroma-subsampling consists of 24576 values, each in 10 bit. Thus, the memory requirement of the proposed intra-prediction tool does not exceed the memory requirement of the current picture referencing tool that was adopted at the last meeting. Also, it is pointed out that the conventional intra prediction modes require four multiplications per sample due to the PDPC tool or the 4-tap interpolation filters for the angular prediction modes with fractional angle positions. Thus, in terms of operational complexity the proposed method does not exceed the conventional intra prediction modes. 6.7 Signafization of the proposed intra prediction modes For luma blocks, 35 ALW IIP modes are proposed, lor example, (other numbers of modes may be used). For each Coding Unit (CU) in intra mode, a flag indicating if an ALW IP mode is to be applied on the corresponding Prediction Unit (PU) or not is sent in the bitstream. The signalization of the latter index may be harmonized with MRL in the same way as for the first CIE test. If an ALWIP mode is to be applied, the index predmode of the ALWIP mode may be signaled using an MPM-list with 3 MPMS. Here, the derivation of the MPMs may be performed using the intra-modes of the above and the left PU as follows. There may be tables, e.g. three fixed tables map_angular_to_alwipidx, idx ∈ {0,1,2} that may assign to each conventional intra prediction mode predmode Anguiar an ALWIP mode predmode ALWIP = map_angular_to_alwipidx [predmodeAngular]. For each PU of width W and height H one defines and index idx(PU) = idx(W,H ) ∈ {0,1,2} that indicates from which of the three sets the ALWIP-parameters are to be taken as in section 4 above. If the above Prediction Unit PUabove is available, belongs to the same CTU as the current PU and is in intra mode, if idx(PU) = idx(PUabove ) and if ALWIP is applied on PUabove with ALWIP-mode one puts If the above PU is available, belongs to the same CTU as the current PU and is in intra mode and if a conventional intra prediction mode is applied on the above PU, one puts In all other cases, one puts which means that this mode is unavailable. In the same way but without the restriction that the left PU needs to belong to the same CTU as the current PU, one derives a mode Finally, three fixed default lists lisiidx, idx ∈ {0,1,2} are provided, each of which contains three distinct ALWIP modes. Out of the default list listidx(PU ) and the modes and one constructs three distinct MPMs by substituting -1 by default values as well as eliminating repetitions. The herein described embodiments are not limited by the above described Signalization of the proposed intra prediction modes. According to an alternative embodiment, no MPMs and/or mapping tables are used for MIP (ALWIP). 6.8 Adapted MPM-list derivation for conventional luma and chroma intra-prediction modes The proposed ALWIP-modes may be harmonized with the MPM-based coding of the conventional intra-prediction modes as follows. The luma and chroma MPM-list derivation processes for the conventional intra-prediction modes may use fixed tables map_alwip-to_angularidx , idx ∈ {0,1,2}, mapping an ALWIP-mode predmodeALWlP on a given PU to one of the conventional intra-prediction modes predmodeAngular = map_alwip_to_angularidx(PU) [predmodeALWIP], For the luma MPM-list derivation, whenever a neighboring luma block is encountered which uses an ALWIP-mode predmodeALWIP, this block may be treated as if it was using the conventional intra-prediction mode predmodeAngular. For the chroma MPM-list derivation, whenever the current luma block uses an LWIP-mode, the same mapping may be used to translate the ALWIP-mode to a conventional intra prediction mode. It is clear, that the ALWIP-modes can be harmonized with the conventional intra-prediction modes also without the usage of MPMs and/or mapping tables. It is, for example, possible that for the chroma block, whenever the current luma block uses an ALWIP-mode, the ALWIP-mode is mapped to a planar-intra prediction mode. 7. Implementation efficient embodiments Let’s briefly summarize the above examples as they might form a basis for further extending the embodiments described herein below. For predicting a predetermined block 18 of the picture 10, using a plurality of neighbouring samples 17a,c is used. A reduction 100, by averaging, of the plurality of neighbouring samples has been done to obtain a reduced set 102 of samples values lower, in number of samples, than compared to the plurality of neighbouring samples. This reduction is optional in the embodiments herein and yields the so called sample value vector mentioned in the following. The reduced set of sample values is the subject to a linear or affine linear transformation 19 to obtain predicted values for predetermined samples 104 of the predetermined block. It is this transformation, later on indicated using matrix A and offset vector b which has been obtained by machine learning (ML) and should be implementation efficiently preformed. 2By interpolation, prediction values for further samples 108 of the predetermined block are derived on the basis of the predicted values for the predetermined samples and the plurality of neighbouring samples. It should be said that, theoretically, the outcome of the affine/linear transformation could be associated with non-full-pel sample positions of block 18 so that all samples of block 18 might be obtained by interpolation in accordance with an alternative embodiment. No interpolation might be necessary at all, too. The plurality of neighbouring samples might extend one-dimensionally along two sides of the predetermined block, the predetermined samples are arranged in rows and columns and, along at least one of the rows and columns, wherein the predetermined samples may be positioned at every nth position from a sample (112) of the predetermined sample adjoining the two sides of the predetermined block. Based on the plurality of neighbouring samples, for each of the at least one of the rows and the columns, a support value for one (118) of the plurality of neighbouring positions might be determined, which is aligned to the respective one of the at least one of the rows and the columns, and by interpolation, the prediction values for the further samples 108 of the predetermined block might be derived on the basis of the predicted values for the predetermined samples and the support values for the neighbouring samples aligned to the at least one of rows and columns. The predetermined samples may be positioned at every nth position from the sample 112 of the predetermined sample which adjoins the two sides of the predetermined block along the rows and the predetermined samples may be positioned at every mth position from the sample 112 of the predetermined sample which adjoins the two sides of the predetermined block along the columns, wherein n,m>1. It might be that n=m. Along at least one of the rows and column, the determination of the support values may be done by averaging (122), for each support value, a group 120 of neighbouring samples within the plurality of neighbouring samples which includes the neighbouring sample 118 for which the respective support value is determined. The plurality of neighbouring samples may extend one-dimensionally along two sides of the predetermined block and the reduction may be done by grouping the plurality of neighbouring samples into groups 110 of one or more consecutive neighbouring samples and performing an averaging on each of the group of one or more neighbouring samples which has more than two neighbouring samples. For the predetermined block, a prediction residual might be transmitted in the data stream. It might be derived therefrom at the decoder and the predetermined block be reconstructed using the prediction residual and the predicted values for the predetermined samples. At the encoder, the prediction residual is encoded into the data stream at the encoder. The picture might be subdivided into a plurality of blocks of different block sizes, which plurality comprises the predetermined block., Then, it might be that the linear or affine linear transformation for block 18 is selected depending on a width W and height H of the predetermined block such that the linear or affine linear transformation selected for the predetermined block is selected out of a first set of linear or affine linear transformations as long as the width W and height H of the predetermined block are within a first set of width/height pairs and a second set of linear or affine linear transformations as long as the width W and height H of the predetermined block are within a second set of width/height pairs which is disjoint to the first set of width/height pairs. Again, later on it gets clear that the affine/linear transformations are represented by way of other parameters, namely weights of C and, optionally, offset and scale parameters. Decoder and encoder may be configured to subdivide the picture into a plurality of blocks of different block sizes, which comprises the predetermined block, and to select the linear or affine linear transformation depending on a width W and height H of the predetermined block such that the linear or affine linear transformation selected for the predetermined block is selected out of a first set of linear or affine linear transformations as long as the width W and height H of the predetermined block are within a first set of width/height pairs, a second set of linear or affine linear transformations as long as the width W and height H of the predetermined block are within a second set of width/height pairs which is disjoint to the first set of width/height pairs, and a third set of linear or affine linear transformations as long as the width W and height H of the predetermined block are within a third set of one or more width/height pairs, which is disjoint to the first and second sets of width/height pairs. The third set of one or more width/height pairs merely comprises one width/height pair, W’, H’, and each linear or affine linear transformation within first set of linear or affine linear transformations is for transforming N’ sample values to W’*H’ predicted values for an W’xH’ array of sample positions. Each of the first and second sets of width/height pairs may comprise a first width/height pairs Wp,Hp with Wp being unequal to Hp and a second width/height pair Wq,Hq with Hq=Wp and Wq = Hp. Each of the first and second sets of width/height pairs may additionally comprise a third width/height pairs WP,HP with Wp being equal to Hp and Hp > Hq. For the predetermined block, a set index might be transmitted in the data stream, which indicates which linear or affine linear transformation to be selected for block 18 out of a predetermined set of linear or affine linear transformations. The plurality of neighbouring samples may extend one-dimensionally along two sides of the predetermined block and the reduction may be done by, for a first subset of the plurality of neighbouring samples, which adjoin a first side of the predetermined block, grouping the first subset into first groups 110 of one or more consecutive neighbouring samples and, for a second subset of the plurality of neighbouring samples, which adjoin a second side of the predetermined block, grouping the second subset into second groups 110 of one or more consecutive neighbouring samples and performing an averaging on each of the first and second groups of one or more neighbouring samples which has more than two neighbouring samples, so as to obtain first sample values from the first groups and second sample values for the second groups. Then, the linear or affine linear transformation may be selected depending on the set index out of a predetermined set of linear or affine linear transformations such that two different states of the set index result into a selection of one of the linear or affine linear transformations of the predetermined set of linear or affine linear transformations, the reduced set of sample values may be subject to the predetermined linear or affine linear transformation in case of the set index assuming a first of the two different states in form of a first vector to yield an output vector of predicted values, and distribute the predicted values of the output vector along a first scan order onto the predetermined samples of the predetermined block and in case of the set index assuming a second of the two different states in form of a second vector, the first and second vectors differing so that components populated by one of the first sample values in the first vector are populated by one of the second sample values in the second vector, and components populated by one of the second sample values in the first vector are populated by one of the first sample values in the second vector, so as to yield an output vector of predicted values, and distribute the predicted values of the output vector along a second scan order onto the predetermined samples of the predetermined block which is transposed relative to the first scan order. Each linear or affine linear transformation within first set of linear or affine linear transformations may be for transforming N1 sample values to w1*h1 predicted values for an wixhi array of sample positions and each linear or affine linear transformation within second set of linear or affine linear transformations is for transforming N2 sample values to w2*h2 predicted values for an W2xh2 array of sample positions, wherein for a first predetermined one of the first set of width/height pairs, wi may exceed the width of the first perdetermined width/height pair or h1 may exceed the height of the first predetermined width/height pair, and for a second predetermined one of the first set of width/height pairs neither w1 may exceed the width of the second predetermined width/height pair nor hi exceeds the height of the second predetermined width/height pair. The reducing (100), by averaging, the plurality of neighbouring samples to obtain the reduced set (102) of samples values might then be done so that the reduced set 102 of samples values has N1 sample values if the predetermined block is of the first predetermined width/height pair and if the predetermined block is of the second predetermined width/height pair, and the subjecting the reduced set of sample values to the selected linear or affine linear transformation might be performed by using only a first sub-portion of the selected linear or affine linear transformation which is related to a subsampling of the wixhi array of sample positions along width dimension if w1 exceeds the width of the one width/height pair, or along height dimension if hi exceeds the height of the one width/height pair if the predetermined block is of the first predetermined width/height pair, and the selected linear or affine linear transformation completely if the predetermined block Is of the second predetermined width/height pair. Each linear or affine linear transformation within first set of linear or affine linear transformations may be for transforming N1 sample values to w1*h1 predicted values for an w1xh1 array of sample positions with Wi=hi and each linear or affine linear transformation within second set of linear or affine linear transformations is for transforming N2 sample values to w2*h2 predicted values for an w2xh2 array of sample positions with w2=h2. All of the above described embodiments are merely illustrative in that they may form the basis for the embodiment described herein below. That is, above concepts and details shall serve to understand the following embodiments and shall serve as a reservoir of possible extensions and amendments of the embodiments described herein below. In particular, many of the above described details are optional such as the averaging of neighboring samples, the fact the neighboring samples are used as reference samples and so forth. More generally, the embodiments described herein assume that a prediction signal on a rectangular block is generated out of already reconstructed samples such as an intra prediction signal on a rectangular block is generated out of neighboring, already reconstructed samples left and above the block. The generation of the prediction signal is based on the following steps. 1. Out of the reference samples, called boundary sample now without, however, excluding the possibility of transferring the description to reference samples positioned elsewhere, samples may be extracted by averaging. Here, the averaging is carried out either for both the boundary samples left and above the block or only for the boundary samples on one of the two sides. If no averaging is carried out on a side, the samples on that side are kept unchanged. 2. A matrix vector multiplication, optionally followed by addition of an offset, is carried out where the input vector of the matrix vector multiplication is either the concatenation of the averaged boundary samples left of the block and the original boundary samples above the block if averaging was applied only on the left side, or the concatenation of the original boundary samples left of the block and the averaged boundary samples above the block if averaging was applied only on the above side or the concatenation of the averaged boundary samples left of the block and the averaged boundary samples above the block if averaging was applied on both sides of the block. Again, alternatives would exist, such as ones where averaging isn't used at all. 3. The result of the matrix vector multiplication and the optional offset addition may optoinally be a reduced prediction signal on a subsampled set of samples in the original block. The prediction signal at the remaining positions may be generated from the prediction signal on the subsampled set by linear interpolation. The computation of the matrix vector product in Step 2 should preferably be carried out in integer arithmetic. Thus, if x = (x1, ..., x„) denotes me input for the matrix vector product, i.e. x denotes the concatenation of the (averaged) boundary samples left and above the block, then out of x, the (reduced) prediction signal computed in Step 2 has should be computed using only bit shifts, the addition of offset vectors, and multiplications with integers. Ideally, the prediction signal in Step 2 would be given as Ax + b where b is an offset vector that might be zero and where A is derived by some machine-learning based training algorithm. However, such a training algorithm usually only results in a matrix A = Afloat that is given in floating point precision. Thus, one is faced with the problem to specify integer operations in the aforementioned sense such that the expression Afloatx is well approximated using these integer operations. Here, it is important to mention that these integer operations are not necessarily chosen such that they approximate the expression Afloatx assuming a uniform distribution of the vector x but typically take into account that the input vectors x for which the expression Afloatx is to be approximated are (averaged) boundary samples from natural video signals where one can expect some correlations between the components xi of x. Fig. 8 shows an improved ALWIP-prediction. Samples of a predetermined block can be predicted based on a first matrix-vector product between a matrix A 1100 derived by some machine-learning based training algorithm and a sample value vector x 400. Optionally an offset b 1110 can be added. To achieve an integer approximation or a fixed-point approximation of this first matrix-vector product, the sample value vector can undergo an invertible linear transformation 403 to determine a further vector 402. A second matrix-vector product between a further matrix B 1200 and the further vector 402 can equal the result of the first matrix-vector product. Because of the features of the further vector 402 the second matrix-vector product can be integer approximated by a matrix-vector product 404 between a predetermined prediction matrix C 405 and the further vector 402 plus a further offset 408. The further vector 402 and the further offset 408 can consist of integer or fixed-point values. All components of the further offset are, for example, the same. The predetermined prediction matrix 405 can be a quantized matrix or a matrix to be quantized. The result of the matrix-vector product 404 between the predetermined prediction matrix 405 and the further vector 402 can be understood as a prediction vector 406. In the following more details regarding this integer approximation are provided. Possible Solution according to an example I: Subtracting and adding mean values One possible incorporation of an integer approximation of an expression Afloatx useable in a scenario above, is to replace the i0-th component i.e. a predetermined component 1500, of x, i.e. the sample value vector 400, by the mean value mean (x), i.e. a predetermined value 1400, of the components of x and to subtract this mean value from all other components. In other words, the invertible linear transform 403, as shown in Fig. 9a, is defined such that a predetermined component 1500 of the further vector 402 becomes a, and each of other components of the further vector 402, except the predetermined component 1500, equal a corresponding component of the sample value vector 400 minus a, wherein a is a predetermined value 1400 which is, for example, an average, such as an arithmetic mean or weighted average, of components of the sample value vector 400. This operation on the input is given by an invertible transform T 403 that has an obvious integer implementation in particular if the dimension n of x is a power of two. Since Afloat = (AfloatT-1)T, if one does such a transformation on the input x, one has to find an integral approximation of the matrix vector product By, where B = (AfloatT-1) and y = Tx. Since the matrix-vector product Afloatx represents a prediction on a rectangular block, i.e. a predetermined block, and since x 400 is comprised by (e.g., averaged) boundary samples of that block, one should expect that in the case where all sample values of x are equal, i.e. where xi = mean(x) for ali i, each sample value in the prediction signal Afloatx should be close to mean(x) or be exactly equal to mean(x). This means that one should expect that the i0-th column, i.e. the column corresponding to the predetermined component, of B is very close or equal to a column that consist only of ones. Thus, if M(i0), i.e. an integer matrix 1300, is the matrix whose i0th column consists of ones and all of whose other columns are zero, writing By = Cy + M(i0)y with C = B - M(i0), one should expect that the i0-th column 412 of C, i.e. the predetermined prediction matrix 405, has rather small entries or is zero, as shown in Fig. 9b. Moreover, since the components of x are correlated, one can expect that for each i ≠ i0, the i-th component yi = xi - mean(x) of y often has a much smaller absolute value than the i-th component of x. Since the matrix M(i0) 1300 is an integer matrix, an integer approximation of By is achieved if an integer approximation of Cy is given and, by the above arguments, one can expect that the quantization error that arises by quantizing each entry of C 405 in a suitable way should only marginally impact the error in the resulting quantization of By resp. of Afloatx. The predetermined value 1400 is not necessarily the mean value mean (x). The herein described integer approximation of the expression Afloatx can also be achieved with the following alternative definitions of the predetermined value 1400: In another possible incorporation of an integer approximation of an expression Afloatx, the i0-th component of x remains unaltered and the same value is subtracted from all other components. That is, and for each i ≠ i0. In other words, the predetermined value 1400 can be a component of the sample value vector 400 corresponding to the predetermined component 1500. Alternatively, the predetermined value 1400 is a default value or a value signaled in a data stream into which a picture is coded. The predetermined value 1400 equals, for example, 2bitdepth-1. In this case, the further vector 402 can be defined by y0=2bitdepth-1 and yi=xi-x0 for i>0. Alternatively, the predetermined component 1500 becomes a constant minus the predetermined value 1400. The constant equals, for example, 2bitdepth-1. According to an embodiment, the predetermined component 1500 of the further vector y 402 equals 2bitdepth-1 minus a component of the sample value vector 400 corresponding to the predetermined component 1500 and all other components of the further vector 402 equal the corresponding component of the sample value vector 400 minus the component of the sample value vector 400 corresponding to the predetermined component 1500. It is, for example, advantageous if the predetermined value 1400 has a small deviation from prediction values of samples of the predetermined block. According to an embodiment, the apparatus 1000 is configured to comprise a plurality of invertible linear transforms 403, each of which is associated with one component of the further vector 402. Furthermore, the apparatus is, for example, configured to select the predetermined component 1500 out of the components of the sample value vector 400 and use the invertible linear transform 403 out of the plurality of invertible linear transforms which is associated with the predetermined component 1500 as the predetermined invertible linear transform. This is, for example, due to different positions of the i0th row, i.e. a row of the invertible linear transform 403 corresponding to the predetermined component, dependent on a position of the predetermined component in the further vector. If, for example, the first component, i.e. y1, of the further vector 402 is the predetermined component, the ioth row would replace the first row of the invertible linear transform. Claims 1. Apparatus (54) for decoding a predetermined block (18) of a picture (10) using intra-prediction, configured to Select (602), based on the data stream (12), a predetermined intra prediction mode (604) out of a plurality (600) of intra-prediction modes which comprises a first set (508) of intra-prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode (506) and angular prediction modes (500), and a second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) according to each of which a matrix-vector product (512) between a vector (514) derived from reference samples (17) in a neighbourhood of the predetermined block (18) and a prediction matrix (516) associated with the respective matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) is used to obtain a prediction vector (518), on the basis of which samples of the predetermined block (18) are predicted, derive a prediction signal (606) for the predetermined block (18) using the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604), select (608) a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that the subset (610) is nonempty in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction mode derive (614), from the data stream (12), a transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18), which is related to a spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) via a transform (T) defined by a concatenation of a primary transform (Ts) and a predetermined secondary transform (Ts) out of the subset (610) of secondary transforms applied onto a subset (622) of coeffient (620) of the primary transform, in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510), reconstruct (624) the predetermined block (18) using the prediction signal (606) and the prediction residual for the predetermined block (18). 2. Apparatus (54) of claim 1, configured to select a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that each secondary transform of the s secondary transforms is contained in the subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms selected for at least one of the intra-prediction modes within the first (508) and second (520) sets. 3. Apparatus (54) of claim 1 or 2, configured to select a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that each secondary transform of each subset (610) of secondary transforms selected for any matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) is contained by a subset (610) of secondary transforms selected for at least one intra-prediction mode within the first set (508) not belonging to the angular prediction modes (500). 4. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 3, configured to select a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that an intersection between a first union (611matrix) of subsets (610) of secondary transforms selected for the matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) and a second union (611angular) of subsets (610) of secondary transforms selected for all angular intra-prediction modes (500) is empty. 5. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 4, configured to if the subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms contains more than one secondary transform, select the predetermined secondary transform (Ts) out of the subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms depending on a secondary-transform-indicating syntax element transmitted in the data stream (12) for the predetermined block (18). 6. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 5, configured to Infer that the transform via which the transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18) is related to the spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) is the primary transform if dimensions of the predetermined block (18) meet a predetermined criterion wherein the apparatus (54) renders available the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) for the selection (602) of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) irrespective of the dimensions of the predetermined block (18) meeting the predetermined criterion. 7. Apparatus (54) of claim 6, wherein the predetermined criterion is met if the dimensions fall below a predetermined threshold. 8. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 7, configured to read a non-zero zone indication transmitted in the data stream (12) for the respective predetermined block (18) which indicates a non-zero transform domain area (623) within the transformed version (616) wherein all non-zero coefficients are located exclusively, and decode the coefficients within the non-zero transform domain area (623) from the data stream (12), Infer that the transform via which the transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18) is related to the spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) is the primary transform depending on an extension and/or position of the non-zero transform domain area (623) meeting a first predetermined criterion and/or a number of non-zero coefficients within the non-zero transform domain area (623) meeting a second predetermined criterion. 9. Apparatus (54) of claim 8, wherein the first predetermined criterion is such that same is met if the non-zero transform domain area (623) does not exclusively cover the subset (622) of coefficients (620) of the primary transform onto which the secondary transform is applied by the concatenation. 10. Apparatus (54) of claim 8 or 9, wherein the second predetermined criterion is such that same is met if the number of non-zero coefficients within the non-zero transform domain area (623) falls below a predetermined threshold. 11. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the primary transform is a separable 2D transform and the secondary transform is a non-separable 2d transform. 12. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 11, configured to derive a set-selective syntax element (522) from the data stream (12) which indicates whether the predetermined block (18) is to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra- prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode (506) and angular prediction modes (500), if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, form a list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra- prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted, derive a MPM list index (534) from the data stream (12) which points into the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes onto the predetermined intra- prediction mode (604), if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is not to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, derive a further index (540; 546) from the data stream (12) which indicates the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) out of the second set (520) of matrix- based intra-prediction modes (510). 13. Apparatus (54) of claim 12, configured to if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, derive an MPM syntax element (532) from the data stream (12) which indicates whether the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the first set (508) of intra- prediction modes is within the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes or not, if the MPM syntax element (532) indicates that the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes is within the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted, the derivation of the MPM list index (534) from the data stream (12) which points to a predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, if the MPM syntax element (532) from the data stream (12) indicates that the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes is not within the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, derive a further list index (536) from the data stream (12) which indicates the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) out of the first set (508) of intra- prediction modes. 14. Apparatus (54) of claim 1 or 13, configured to if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is not to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, derive Ί tnpher MPM syntax element (538) from the data strean (12) which indicates whether the predetermined matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) is within a list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) or not, if the further MPM syntax element (538) indicates that the predetermined matrix- based intra-prediction mode (510) of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra- prediction modes (510) is within a list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra- prediction modes (510), form the list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra-prediction mode on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted, deriving a further MPM list index (540) from the data stream (12) which points into the list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) onto the predetermined matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) of, if the further MPM syntax element (538) indicates that the predetermined matrix- based intra-prediction mode (510) of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra- prediction mode (510) is not within a list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra- prediction mode derive an even further list index (546) from the data stream (12) which indicates the predetermined matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) out of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510). 15. Apparatus (54) of claim 13 or 14, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that the list (528) is populated with the DC intra-prediction mode (506) only in case of, for each of the neighboring blocks, the respective neighbouring block predicted using any of at least one non- angular intra-prediction modes (504, 506) with the first set (508), which comprise the DC intra-prediction mode (506), or predicted using any of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) which, by way of a mapping from the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) onto the intra-prediction modes within the first set (508), which is used for the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, is mapped onto any of the at least one non-angular intra-prediction modes. 16. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 13 to 15, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that, in case of, for each of the neighboring blocks, the respective neighbouring block predicted using any of at least one non-angular intra-prediction modes (504, 506) with the first set (508), which comprise the DC intra-prediction mode (506), or predicted using any of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) which, by way of a mapping from the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) onto the intra-prediction modes within the first set (508), which is used for the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, is mapped onto any of the at least one non-angular intra-prediction modes, the DC intra-prediction mode (506) is positioned before any angular intra-prediction mode (500) in the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes. 17. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes further comprises a planar intra-prediction mode (504). 18. Apparatus (54) of claim 13 or 14, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that the list (528) is populated with the planar intra-prediction mode (504) in a manner independent from the intra-prediction modes using which the neighboring blocks are predicted. 19. Apparatus (54) of claim 18, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that the planar intra-prediction mode (504) is positioned at a first position of the list (528) of most-probable intra-prediction modes independent from the intra-prediction modes using which the neighboring blocks are predicted. 20. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 19, configured to form a sample value vector (400) out of the plurality of reference samples (17), derive from the sample value vector (400) the vector (514) so that the sample value vector (400) is mapped by a predetermined invertible linear transform (403) onto the vector 21. Apparatus (54) of claim 20, wherein the invertible linear transform (403) is defined such that a predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) becomes a, and each of other components of the vector (514, 402), except the predetermined component (1500), equal a corresponding component of the sample value vector (400) minus a, wherein a is a predetermined value (1400). 22. Apparatus (54) of claim 21, wherein the predetermined value (1400) is one of an average, such as an arithmetic mean or weighted average, of components of the sample value vector (400), a default value, a value signalled in a data stream (12) into which the picture (10) is coded, and a component of the sample value vector (400) corresponding to the predetermined component (1500). 23. Apparatus (54) of claim 20, wherein the invertible linear transform (403) is defined such that a predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) becomes a, and each of other components of the vector (514, 402) , except the predetermined component (1500), equal a corresponding component of the sample value vector (400) minus a, wherein a is an arithmetic mean of components of the sample value vector (400). 24. Apparatus (54) of claim 20, wherein the invertible linear transform (403) is defined such that a predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) becomes a, and each of other components of the vector (514, 402), except the predetermined component (1500), equal a corresponding component of the sample value vector (400) minus a, wherein a is a component of the sample value vector (400) corresponding to the predetermined component (1500), wherein the apparatus (54) is configured to comprise a plurality of invertible linear transforms (403), each of which is associated with one component of the vector (514, 402), select the predetermined component (1500) out of the components of the sample value vector (400) and use the invertible linear transform (403) out of the plurality of invertible linear transforms (403) which is associated with the predetermined component (1500) as the predetermined invertible linear transform (403). 25. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 21 to 24, wherein matrix components of the prediction matrix (516) within a column (412) of the prediction matrix (516) which corresponds to the predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) are all zero and the apparatus (54) is configured to compute the matrix-vector product (512) by performing multiplications by computing a matrix vector product (407) between a reduced prediction matrix (405) resulting from the prediction matrix (516) by leaving away the column (412) and a further vector (410) resulting from the vector (514, 402) by leaving away the predetermined component (1500). 26. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 21 to 25, configured to, in predicting the samples of the predetermined block (18) on the basis of the prediction vector (518), compute for each component of the prediction vector (518) a sum of the respective component and a. 27. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 21 to 26, wherein a matrix, which results from summing each matrix component of the prediction matrix (516) within a column (412) of the prediction matrix (516), which corresponds to the predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402), with one, times the invertible linear transform (403) corresponds to a quantized version of a machine learning prediction matrix (1100). 28. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 20 to 27, configured to form (100) the sample value vector (400) out of the plurality of reference samples (17) by, for each component of the sample value vector (400), adopting one reference sample of the plurality of reference samples (17) as the respective component of the sample value vector (400), and/or averaging two or more components of the sample value vector (400) to obtain the respective component of the sample value vector (400). 29. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 28, wherein the plurality of reference samples (17) are arranged within the picture (10) alongside an outer edge of the predetermined block (18). 30. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 29, configured to compute the matrix-vector product (512) using fixed point arithmetic operations. 31. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 30, configured to compute the matrix-vector product (512) without floating point arithmetic operations. 32. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 31, configured to store a fixed point number representation of the prediction matrix (516). 33. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 21 to 32, configured to represent the prediction matrix (516) using prediction parameters and to compute the matrix-vector product (512) by performing multiplications and summations on the components of the vector (514, 402) and the prediction parameters and intermediate results resulting therefrom, wherein absolute values of the prediction parameters are representable by an n-bit fixed point number representation with n being equal to or lower than 14, or, alternatively, 10, or, alternatively, 8. 34. Apparatus (54) of claim 33, wherein the prediction parameters comprise weights each of which is associated with a corresponding matrix component of the prediction matrix (516). 35. Apparatus (54) of claim 34, wherein the prediction parameters further comprise one or more scaling factors each of which is associated with one or more corresponding matrix components of the prediction matrix (516) for scaling the weight associated with the one or more corresponding matrix component of the prediction matrix (516), and/or. one or more offsets each of which is associated with one or more corresponding matrix components of the prediction matrix (516) for offsetting the weight associated with the one or more corresponding matrix component of the prediction matrix (516). 36. Apparatus (54) of any of claims 1 to 35, configured to, in predicting the samples of the predetermined block (18) on the basis of the prediction vector (518), use interpolation to compute at least one sample position of the predetermined block (18) based on the prediction vector (518) each component of which is associated with a corresponding position within the predetermined block (18). 37. Apparatus (14) for encoding a predetermined block (18) of a picture (10) using intra-prediction, configured to Select (602) a predetermined intra prediction mode (604) out of a plurality (600) of intra-prediction modes which comprises a first set (508) of intra-prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode (506) and angular prediction modes (500), and a second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) according to each of which a matrix-vector product (512) between a vector (514) derived from reference samples (17) in a neighbourhood of the predetermined block (18) and a prediction matrix (516) associated with the respective matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) is used to obtain a prediction vector (518), on the basis of which samples of the predetermined block (18) are predicted, signal the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) in the data stream (12); derive a prediction signal (606) for the predetermined block (18) using the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604), select (608) a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that the subset (610) is nonempty in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510), encode (614), into the data stream (12), a transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18), which is related to a spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) via a transform (T) defined by a concatenation of a primary transform (Tp) and a predetermined secondary transform (Ts) out of the subset (610) of secondary transforms applied onto a subset (622) of coefficients (620) of the primary transform, in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510), wherein the predetermined block (18) is reconstructable (624) using the prediction signal (606) and the prediction residual for the predetermined block (18). 38. Apparatus (14) of claim 37, configured to select a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that each secondary transform of the set (612) of secondary transforms is contained in the subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms selected for at least one of the intra-prediction modes within the first (508) and second (520) sets. 39. Apparatus (14) of claim 37 or 38, configured to select a subsets (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that each secondary transform of each subset (610) of secondary transforms selected for any matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) is contained by a subset (610) of secondary transforms selected for at least one intra-prediction mode within the first set (508) not belonging to the angular prediction modes (500). 40. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 39, configured to select a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that an intersection between a first union (611matrix) of subsets (610) of secondary transforms selected for the matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) and a second union (611angular) of subsets (610) of secondary transforms selected for all angular intra-prediction modes (500) is empty. 41. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 40, configured to if the subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms contains more than one secondary transform, select the predetermined secondary transform (Is) out of the subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms depending on a secondary-transform-indicating syntax element transmitted in the data stream (12) for the predetermined block (18). 42. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 41, configured such that the transform via which the transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18) is related to the spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) is to be inferred to be the primary transform if dimensions of the predetermined block (18) meet a predetermined criterion wherein the apparatus (14) renders available the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) for the selection (602) of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) irrespective of the dimensions of the predetermined block (18) meeting the predetermined criterion. 43. Apparatus (14) of claim 42, wherein the predetermined criterion is met if the dimensions fall below a predetermined threshold. 44. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 43, configured to transmit a non-zero zone indication in the data stream (12) for the respective predetermined block (18) which indicates a non-zero transform domain area (623) within the transformed version (616) wherein all non-zero coefficients are located exclusively, and encode the coefficients within the non-zero transform domain area (623) into the data stream (12), wherein the transform via which the transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18) is related to the spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) is to be inferred to be the primary transform depending on an extension and/or position of the non-zero transform domain area (623) meeting a first predetermined criterion and/or a number of non-zero coefficients within the non-zero transform domain area (623) meeting a second predetermined criterion. 45. Apparatus (14) of claim 44, wherein the first predetermined criterion is such that same is met if the non-zero transform domain area (623) does not exclusively cover the subset (622) of coefficients (620) of the primary transform onto which the secondary transform is applied by the concatenation. 46. Apparatus (14) of claim 44 or 45, wherein the second predetermined criterion is such that same is met if the number of non-zero coefficients within the non-zero transform domain area (623) falls below a predetermined threshold. 47. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 46, wherein the primary transform is a separable 2D transform and the secondary transform is a non-separable 2d transform. 48. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 47, configured to signal a set-selective syntax element (522) in the data stream (12) which indicates whether the predetermined block (18) is to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode (506) and angular prediction modes (500), if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, form a list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra- prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted, signal a MPM list index (534) in the data stream (12) which points into the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes onto the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604), if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is not to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, signal a further index (540; 546) in the data stream (12) which indicates the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) out of the second set (520) of matrix- based intra-prediction modes (510). 49. Apparatus (14) of claim 48, configured to if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, signal an MPM syntax element (532) in the data stream (12) which indicates whether the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes is within the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes or not, if the MPM syntax element (532) indicates that the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes is within the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted, the signalling of the MPM list index (534) in the data stream (12) which points to a predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, if the MPM syntax element (532) from the data stream (12) indicates that the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes is not within the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, signal a further list index (536) in the data stream (12) which indicates the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604) out of the first set (508) of intra- prediction modes. 50. Apparatus (14) of claim 37 or 49, configured to if the set-selective syntax element (522) indicates that the predetermined block (18) is not to be predicted using one of the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes, signal a further MPM syntax element (538) in the data stream (12) which indicates whether the predetermined matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) is within a list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) or not, if the further MPM syntax element (538) indicates that the predetermined matrix- based intra-prediction mode (510) of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra- prediction modes (510) is within a list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra- prediction modes (510), form the list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted, signal a further MPM list index (540) in the data stream (12) which points into the list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) onto the predetermined matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) of, if the further MPM syntax element (538) indicates that the predetermined matrix- based intra-prediction mode (510) of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra- prediction modes (510) is not within a list (542) of most probable matrix-based intra- prediction modes (510), signal an even further list index (546) in the data stream (12) which indicates the predetermined matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) out of the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) 51. Apparatus (14) of claim 49 or 50, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that the list (528) is populated with the DC intra-prediction mode (506) only in case of, for each of the neighboring blocks, the respective neighbouring block predicted using any of at least one non-angular intra-prediction modes (504, 506) with the first set (508), which comprise the DC intra-prediction mode (506), or predicted using any of matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) which, by way of a mapping from the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) onto the intra-prediction modes within the first set (508), which is used for the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, is mapped onto any of the at least one non-angular intra-prediction modes. 52. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 49 to 51, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that, in case of, for each of the neighboring blocks, the respective neighbouring block predicted using any of at least one non-angular intra-prediction modes (504, 506) with the first set (508), which comprise the DC intra-prediction mode (506), or predicted using any of matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) which, by way of a mapping from the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) onto the intra-prediction modes within the first set (508), which is used for the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes, is mapped onto any of the at least one non-angular intra-prediction modes, the DC intra-prediction mode (506) is positioned before any angular intra-prediction mode (500) in the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes. 53. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 52, wherein the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes further comprises a planar intra-prediction mode (504). 54. Apparatus (14) of claim 49 or 50, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that the list (528) is populated with the planar intra-prediction mode (504) in a manner independent from the intra-prediction modes using which the neighboring blocks are predicted. 55. Apparatus (14) of claim 54, configured to perform the formation of the list (528) of most probable intra-prediction modes on the basis of intra-prediction modes using which neighbouring blocks (524, 526) neighbouring the predetermined block (18) are predicted such that the planar intra-prediction mode (504) is positioned at a first position of the list (528) of most-probable intra-prediction modes independent from the intra-prediction modes using which the neighboring blocks are predicted. 56. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 55, configured to form a sample value vector (400) out of the plurality of reference samples (17), derive from the sample value vector (400) the vector (514, 402) so that the sample value vector (400) is mapped by a predetermined invertible linear transform (403) onto the vector (514, 402). 57. Apparatus (14) of claim 56, wherein the invertible linear transform (403) is defined such that a predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) becomes a, and each of other components of the vector (514, 402), except the predetermined component (1500), equal a corresponding component of the sample value vector (400) minus a, wherein a is a predetermined value (1400). 58. Apparatus (14) of claim 57, wherein the predetermined value (1400) is one of an average, such as an arithmetic mean or weighted average, of components of the sample value vector (400), a default value, a value signalled in a data stream (12) into which the picture (10) is coded, and a component of the sample value vector (400) corresponding to the predetermined component (1500). 59. Apparatus (14) of claim 56, wherein the invertible linear transform (403) is defined such that a predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) becomes a, and each of other components of the vector (514, 402) , except the predetermined component (1500), equal a corresponding component of the sample value vector (400) minus a, wherein a is an arithmetic mean of components of the sample value vector (400). 60. Apparatus (14) of claim 56, wherein the invertible linear transform (403) is defined such that a predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) becomes a, and each of other components of the vector (514, 402), except the predetermined component (1500), equal a corresponding component of the sample value vector (400) minus a, wherein a is a component of the sample value vector (400) corresponding to the predetermined component (1500), wherein the apparatus (14) is configured to comprise a plurality of invertible linear transforms (403), each of which is associated with one component of the vector (514, 402), select the predetermined component (1500) out of the components of the sample value vector (400) and use the invertible linear transform (403) out of the plurality of invertible linear transforms (403) which is associated with the predetermined component (1500) as the predetermined invertible linear transform (403). 61. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 57 to 60, wherein matrix components of the prediction matrix (516) within a column (412) of the prediction matrix (516) which corresponds to the predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402) are all zero and the apparatus (14) is configured to compute the matrix-vector product (512) by performing multiplications by computing a matrix vector product (407) between a reduced prediction matrix (405) resulting from the prediction matrix (516) by leaving away the column (412) and a further vector (410) resulting from the vector (514, 402) by leaving away the predetermined component (1500). 62. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 57 to 61, configured to, in predicting the samples of the predetermined block (18) on the basis of the prediction vector (518) compute for each component of the prediction vector (518) a sum of the respective component and a. 63. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 57 to 62, wherein a matrix, which results from summing each matrix component of the prediction matrix (516) within a column (412) of the prediction matrix (516), which corresponds to the predetermined component (1500) of the vector (514, 402), with one, times the invertible linear transform (403) corresponds to a quantized version of a machine learning prediction matrix (1100). 64. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 56 to 63, configured to form (100) the sample value vector (400) out of the plurality of reference samples (17) by, for each component of the sample value vector (400), adopting one reference sample of the plurality of reference samples (17) as the respective component of the sample value vector (400), and/or averaging two or more components of the sample value vector (400) to obtain the respective component of the sample value vector (400). 65. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 64, wherein the plurality of reference samples (17) are arranged within the picture (10) alongside an outer edge of the predetermined block (18). 66. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 65, configured to compute the matrix-vector product (512) using fixed point arithmetic operations. 67. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 66, configured to compute the matrix-vector product (512) without floating point arithmetic operations. 68. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 67, configured to store a fixed point number representation of the prediction matrix (516). 69. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 57 to 68, configured to represent the prediction matrix (516) using prediction parameters and to compute the matrix-vector product (512) by performing multiplications and summations on the components of the vector (514, 402) and the prediction parameters and intermediate results resulting therefrom, wherein absolute values of the prediction parameters are representable by an n-bit fixed point number representation with n being equal to or lower than 14, or, alternatively, 10, or, alternatively, 8. 70. Apparatus (14) of claim 69, wherein the prediction parameters comprise weights each of which is associated with a corresponding matrix component of the prediction matrix (516). 71. Apparatus (14) of claim 70, wherein the prediction parameters further comprise one or more scaling factors each of which is associated with one or more corresponding matrix components of the prediction matrix (516) for scaling the weight associated with the one or more corresponding matrix component of the prediction matrix (516), and/or. one or more offsets each of which is associated with one or more corresponding matrix components of the prediction matrix (516) for offsetting the weight associated with the one or more corresponding matrix component of the prediction matix (516). 72. Apparatus (14) of any of claims 37 to 71, configured to, in predicting the samples of the predetermined block (18) on the basis of the prediction vector (518), use interpolation to compute at least one sample position of the predetermined block (18) based on the prediction vector (518) each component of which is associated with a corresponding position within the predetermined block (18). 73. Method (6000) for decoding a predetermined block (18) of a picture (10) using intra-prediction, comprising: Selecting (602), based on the data stream (12), a predetermined intra prediction mode (604) out of a plurality (600) of intra-prediction modes which comprises a first set (508) of intra-prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode (506) and angular prediction modes (500), and a second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) according to each of which a matrix-vector product (512) between a vector (514) derived from reference samples (17) in a neighbourhood of the predetermined block (18) and a prediction matrixx (516) associated with the respective matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) is used to obtain a prediction vector (518), on the basis of which samples of the predetermined block (18) a predicted, deriving a prediction signal (606) for the predetermined block (18) using the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604), selecting (608) a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that the subset (610) is nonempty in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510), deriving (614), from the data stream (12), a transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18), which is related to a spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) via a transform (T) defined by a concatenation of a primary transform (Tp) and a predetermined secondary transform (Ts) out of the subset (610) of secondary transforms applied onto a subset (622) of coefficients (620) of the primary transform, in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510), reconstructing (624) the predetermined block (18) using the prediction signal (606) and the prediction residual for the predetermined block (18). 74. Method (7000) for encoding a predetermined block (18) of a picture (10) using intra-prediction, comprising: Selecting (602) a predetermined intra prediction mode (604) out of a plurality (600) of intra-prediction modes which comprises a first set (508) of intra-prediction modes comprising a DC intra prediction mode (506) and angular prediction modes (500), and a second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510) according to each of which a matrix-vector product (512) between a vector (514) derived from reference samples (17) in a neighbourhood of the predetermined block (18) and a prediction matrix (516) associated with the respective matrix-based intra-prediction mode (510) is used to obtain a prediction vector (518), on the basis of which samples of the predetermined block (18) are predicted, signaling the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) in the data stream (12); deriving a prediction signal (606) for the predetermined block (18) using the predetermined intra-prediction mode (604), selecting (608) a subset (610) of one or more secondary transforms out of a set (612) of secondary transforms in a manner dependent on the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) so that the subset (610) is nonempty in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510), encoding (614), into the data stream (12), a transformed version (616) of a prediction residual for the predetermined block (18), which is related to a spatial domain version (618) of the prediction residual of the predetermined block (18) via a transform (T) defined by a concatenation of a primary transform (Tp) and a predetermined secondary transform (Ts) out of the subset (610) of secondary transforms applied onto a subset (622) of coefficients (620) of the primary transform, in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the first set (508) of intra-prediction modes and in case of the predetermined intra prediction mode (604) being contained in the second set (520) of matrix-based intra-prediction modes (510), wherein the predetermined block (18) is reconstructable (624) using the prediction signal (606) and the prediction residual for the predetermined block (18). 75. Data stream (12) having a picture (10) encoded thereinto using a method (7000) of claim 74 76. Computer program having a program code for performing, when running on a computer, a method of any of claims 37 or 74.

Documents

Application Documents

# Name Date
1 202137060154.pdf 2021-12-23
2 202137060154-STATEMENT OF UNDERTAKING (FORM 3) [23-12-2021(online)].pdf 2021-12-23
3 202137060154-FORM 1 [23-12-2021(online)].pdf 2021-12-23
4 202137060154-FIGURE OF ABSTRACT [23-12-2021(online)].pdf 2021-12-23
5 202137060154-DRAWINGS [23-12-2021(online)].pdf 2021-12-23
6 202137060154-DECLARATION OF INVENTORSHIP (FORM 5) [23-12-2021(online)].pdf 2021-12-23
7 202137060154-COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [23-12-2021(online)].pdf 2021-12-23
8 202137060154-FORM 18 [28-12-2021(online)].pdf 2021-12-28
9 202137060154-FORM-26 [06-01-2022(online)].pdf 2022-01-06
10 202137060154-POA [03-03-2022(online)].pdf 2022-03-03
11 202137060154-FORM 13 [03-03-2022(online)].pdf 2022-03-03
12 202137060154-AMENDED DOCUMENTS [03-03-2022(online)].pdf 2022-03-03
13 202137060154-Proof of Right [12-03-2022(online)].pdf 2022-03-12
14 202137060154-FORM 3 [12-03-2022(online)].pdf 2022-03-12
15 202137060154-FER.pdf 2022-06-20
16 202137060154-FORM 3 [04-08-2022(online)].pdf 2022-08-04
17 202137060154-OTHERS [08-12-2022(online)].pdf 2022-12-08
18 202137060154-FER_SER_REPLY [08-12-2022(online)].pdf 2022-12-08
19 202137060154-DRAWING [08-12-2022(online)].pdf 2022-12-08
20 202137060154-COMPLETE SPECIFICATION [08-12-2022(online)].pdf 2022-12-08
21 202137060154-CLAIMS [08-12-2022(online)].pdf 2022-12-08
22 202137060154-FORM 3 [03-02-2023(online)].pdf 2023-02-03
23 202137060154-FORM 3 [01-08-2023(online)].pdf 2023-08-01
24 202137060154-FORM 3 [20-01-2024(online)].pdf 2024-01-20
25 202137060154-US(14)-HearingNotice-(HearingDate-13-09-2024).pdf 2024-08-09
26 202137060154-REQUEST FOR ADJOURNMENT OF HEARING UNDER RULE 129A [10-09-2024(online)].pdf 2024-09-10
27 202137060154-US(14)-ExtendedHearingNotice-(HearingDate-14-10-2024)-1300.pdf 2024-09-13
28 202137060154-Correspondence to notify the Controller [07-10-2024(online)].pdf 2024-10-07
29 202137060154-FORM-26 [08-10-2024(online)].pdf 2024-10-08
30 202137060154-Written submissions and relevant documents [24-10-2024(online)].pdf 2024-10-24
31 202137060154-PatentCertificate11-02-2025.pdf 2025-02-11
32 202137060154-IntimationOfGrant11-02-2025.pdf 2025-02-11

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