Description:FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT, 1970
(39 OF 1970)
&
THE PATENTS RULES, 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See section 10 and rule 13)
1. Title of the invention: “Compact planar nature inspired antenna for ultra-wideband microwave imaging based breast cancer detection”
2. Applicant:
NAME NATIONALITY ADDRESS
1. Marwadi University INDIAN Marwadi University, Rajkot-Morbi Highway, At Gauridad, Rajkot – 360003, Gujarat, India
2. Tapan Nahar Assistant Professor, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot-Morbi Highway, At Gauridad, Rajkot – 360003, Gujarat, India and Research scholar, Manipal University Jaipur.
3. Sanyog Rawat
Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Rajasthan 30581
3. Preamble to the description
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed:

Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to an electronic antenna and biomedical field for microwave imaging. More specifically, the present invention relates to Compact planar nature inspired antenna for ultra-wideband microwave imaging-based breast cancer detection.
Background of the Invention:

Recently, X-ray, ultrasound imaging, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been widely used for the detection of breast cancer. These classical techniques suffers from the low sensitivity, low to moderate level of accuracy, and detection inefficiency of breast cancer in wide age group at early stage due to low contrast. Therefore, it is required to develop cost-effective, simple, light-weight, and user-friendly technologies for the early diagnosis of breast cancer.
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) microwave imaging-based Radio frequency identification is used in monitoring systems and medical designs which consists of the antennae as a measuring tool. Moreover, the development of compact, low cost, high gain, wideband, low SAR (Specific absorption rate), low side lobe levels and low profile antenna is a major concern. In this connection, a compact antenna have been used for as an alternative because of their easy installation and compatibility with the wearable sensors. Among all other antennas, microstrip antenna is most suitable candidate because of its simplicity, low-cost, lightweight, and less expensive fabrication.
AU2020102000A4 discloses the low radiation wearable microstrip antennas for embedded skin patch applications which are mounted explicitly on a circuit board with low-cost, light weight and simple to manufacture. The micro strip antenna comprises of a very thin copper sheet mounted between a ground plane and di-electric surface. Microstrip antennas are designed by high-frequency structure simulator via Finite Element Method that overcomes the electromagnetic field magnitudes and deployment phase of microstrip patch antenna. The emitting component and the transmission line are positioned on the di-electric material using photo-etching process. Typically, the patch or micro-strip is preferred to be triangular, circular or rectangular shape material since for ease of assessment and manufacturing. The alteration of the radiator and feeding stimulates the integration of the antenna and the skin surface to discharge electromagnetic radiation at a specified intensity and duration to a section of the tissue surface penetrated by the skin. The microstrip antenna generates the broad radiation pattern and with low radiation emission and narrow spectrum analysis.
IN202241074656 discloses a system for determining cancer in a sample tissue and a method. The system comprises a device. The device comprises a multi-bandwidth antenna, a radiation module, a detection module, a simulator module. The two identical electrically parasitically coupled multi-bandwidth antennas include a first antenna and a second antenna. The distance between the first antenna and the second antenna is 0.5 mm (equivalent to 0.005?) configured to provide polarization diversity that result in impedance bandwidth. The radiation module configured to determine a radiation pattern for coaxial feeding plane. The polarization diversity is presented with a reference to the gain patterns detected when Port – 1 and Port – 2 are individually excited at plurality of frequencies to achieve the desired results.
IN202211024046 discloses compact elliptical-patch antenna for early detection of breast cancer with high mammographic density. The antenna has an dimension of the width of 45mm, length of 35 mm, substrate thickness of 0.8, ellipse major axis of 18mm. The dimension ratio is kept 1.95. The compact Elliptical-Patch Antenna provides a wide practical fractional bandwidth of more than 156%, and a significant performance factor of the proposed antenna is its ability to provide a sufficient gain level for short-distance communication.
As per the cited prior arts, miniaturization of antenna leads to the decrease in the performance parameter like such as gain stability, efficiency and bandwidth. Hence, the present invention relates to the development of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) with the size of 18×19×1.6 mm3 which consists of a low-cost FR4 (Flame retardant 4) substrate and planar geometry. The developed design is inspired by the sneezewort plant available in nature with the parameters like size, bandwidth, gain, gain variations, and efficiency of 0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?, 55.96%, 2.1 dB, 1.91 dB, and 65.6% respectively.
Furthermore, the proposed invention is built on a commercially available low cost FR4 dielectric substrate with a dimension of just 1.8×1.9×0.16cm3, making it highly cost effective.

Object of the Invention:
The main objective of present invention is compact planar nature inspired antenna for ultra-wideband microwave imaging-based breast cancer detection.
Another objective of the present invention is to achieve ultra-wide bandwidth for wide range of microwave imaging.
Yet another objective of the present invention is to maintain less than 3 dB variation in gain of antenna.

Yet another objective of the present invention is to achieve good impedance matching and small return loss.
Yet another objective of the present invention is to detect malignant tissue from microwave imaging system in which the design UWB antenna is integrated.
Yet another objective of the present invention provides non-ionizing radiation, cheap cost, portability, non-invasive, comfortable installation, non-panic, higher accuracy, good sensitivity and patient safety.
Yet another objective of the present invention is proposed antenna is able to detect tumor of 0.1 mm radius in which shows the good sensitivity of this method.
Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide size, bandwidth, gain, gain variations, and efficiency of 0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?, 55.96%, 2.1 dBi, 1.91 dB, and 65.6% respectively.
Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide planar geometry, lightweight bulky, and low-profile structure that can be easily installed for measurements and manufactured at low cost.

Summary of the Invention:
The present invention relates to an electronic antenna and biomedical field for microwave imaging. More specifically, the present invention relates to Compact planar nature inspired antenna for ultra-wideband microwave imaging-based breast cancer detection.
The present invention relates to a design and development of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) microwave imaging resonates between 3.16 and 5.41 GHz and provides 56.96 percent bandwidth at 3.95 GHz which offers a clear distinction between normal and malignant tissue electrical properties based on simulation results calculated in CST (computer simulation technology) microwave studio simulation tool.
Brief Description of drawings:

Figure 1 shows the structure of sneezewort plant
Figure 2 shows Geometry of nature-inspired antenna (a) Front view design (b) Back view design
Figure 3 shows Geometry of fabricated nature-inspired antenna (a) Prototype front view (b) prototype back view
Figure 4 shows simulated Electric field distribution of nature inspired antenna (a) at 3.5 GHz (b) at 4.7 GHz
Figure 5 shows the simulated Reflection coefficient (S11) versus frequency plot for breast in presence or absence of tumor
Figure 6 shows the simulated SAR of antenna placed 25 mm above breast phantom without tumor
Figure 7 shows simulated SAR of antenna placed 25 mm above breast phantom with tumor of 0.1 mm radius at breast phantom’s center
Detailed Description of the Invention:
Various aspects of the present application will be described in detail in connection with the accompanying drawings, in order to provide a better understanding of the present invention. The present invention relates to an electronic antenna and biomedical field for microwave imaging. More specifically, the present invention relates to Compact planar nature inspired antenna for ultra-wideband microwave imaging-based breast cancer detection.
The sensing antenna proposed in the present invention as shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b) has below unique features:
- Shape of radiating patches
- Nature inspired feeding structure
- Design of ground plane and parasitic conductive layer
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) microwave imaging which offers a clear distinction between normal and malignant tissue electrical properties. Advantages of this technique is non-ionizing radiation, cheap cost, portability, non-invasive, comfortable installation, non-panic, higher accuracy, good sensitivity and patient safety. The proposed antenna is able to detect tumor of 0.1 mm radius in CST simulation with breast phantom which shows the good sensitivity of this method.
They need antennas with high radiation performance, which classic antenna designs cannot provide and traditional antenna design are ineffective. As a result, nature-inspired solutions for antenna synthesis have emerged as an alternative to traditional approaches. Nature-inspired approaches are reliable and capable of providing global solutions. Plants, trees, and flowers capture the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy (light) because of their orientation, geometries, and seed dispersal in the Fibonacci pattern. The present invented antenna design is inspired by the sneezewort plant available in nature. The feeding structure is based on a Fibonacci pattern and the shape of radiating patch is inspired by the leaf structure. Design optimization has been done to design an antenna in a compact size and achieve ultra-wide bandwidth with stable gain. The proposed antenna provides size, bandwidth, gain, gain variations, and efficiency of 0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?, 55.96%, 2.1 dBi, 1.91 dB, and 65.6% respectively. Along with these performance parameters, the proposed antenna provides planar geometry, lightweight bulky, and low-profile structure that can be easily installed for measurements and manufactured at low cost. It should be noted that the recommended antenna has a dimension of 0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?.
Table 1: Performance of proposed nature inspired antenna
Work Size Single or Multi-layer Freq. range Impedance Bandwidth
(S11<10) Max. gain
(dB)
Proposed nature inspired antenna
(Simulated) 18*19*1.6
(0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?) Single 3.16-5.42 57.21(3.95GHz) 2.1
Proposed nature inspired antenna
(Measured) 18*19*1.6
(0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?) Single 2.8-5.5 69.23(3.9GHz) 1.338

The Sensing antenna as shown in figure 2 which consists of:
(1) Leaf shaped Radiating patch
(2) Nature inspired array feeding structure
(3) Dielectric substrate FR4
(4) Ground plane
(5) Parasitic coupled conductive copper layer in ground
According to the literature, the nature-inspired design gave good antenna performance. Natural plant and tree structures are used to inspire microwave and antenna design studies. Natural vegetation arranges its leaves and stems such that sun rays (electromagnetic waves) are captured as effectively as possible for photosynthesis. Nature-inspired antenna designs are efficient. The pattern used to build the branches is the Fibonacci sequence. A well-known example of such a plant is sneezewort (Achillea Ptarmica). The number of branches and leaves in the sneezewort plant follows the Fibonacci sequence at each stage. If the starting number of branches is 1 and 2 at stages 1 and 2, the number of branches at stage 3 equals the sum of the previous two stages, which is 1+2=3. The figure 1 depicts this concept and the following equation can be used to construct the Fibonacci sequence:
Fn=Fn-1 + Fn-2; n= 2, 3, 4…
Similarly, leaves are also following the Fibonacci sequence where F0=F1=1 than F2=F1+F0=2 similarly F3=F2+F1=2+1=3. The figure shows that the number of branches and leaves at each level is the sum of the number of branches and leaves in the previous two phases.
The breadth of new arms may be estimated using the golden ratio at each level. If the starting width is W1, and the new arm widths are W2 and W3, W2 may be found by dividing W1 by the golden ratio (1.618), and W3 is obtained by subtracting W2 from W1.
W2=W1/1.618; W3=W1-W2
A similar technique is used for subsequent branches. It is challenging to build antenna array feeding networks because losses increase with each level due to poor impedance matching. The feed network was inspired by the sneezewort plant's branching, as seen in figure 2. The leaves are not used at all stages because they emit undesired radiation. The starting branch width for branching is W1 (3.05 mm), which is a 50 ohm microstrip line width for an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.025, and a thickness of 1.6 mm. In the final stage, the leaf forms are essentially identical, however, some leaves in the center are narrower to maintain separation. Since FR4 substrate is readily accessible at a low cost, it was chosen. New arm widths are calculated by dividing the main stem width by the golden ratio and then subtracting the main arm and first arm widths (W2=3.05/1.618=1.9 and W3=3.05-1.9=1.14). A similar concept is used at higher levels. A slot was excavated from the ground to provide wideband performance in the sub-6 GHz region. The shape of a compact nature-inspired antenna is seen in Figure 2.
The recommended nature-inspired antenna resonates between 3.16 and 5.41 GHz and provides 56.96 percent bandwidth at 3.95 GHz. Reflection coefficient (S11) is -48 dB at the resonant frequency, suggesting good impedance matching and negligible return loss. The highest gain of the array at 5.4 GHz is 2.09 dB. The gain at 3.5 and 4.6 GHz is 1 dB and 1.35 dB, respectively. The gain changes by less than 3 dB across the operational bands. Total efficiency and radiation efficiency are both better than 60% in the operating band. The highest radiation efficiency and overall efficiency are respectively 66.9 percent and 65.6 percent. The radiation pattern at Phi=0 is partially omnidirectional, but the pattern at Phi=90 is almost bidirectional. At 3.5 GHz, the maximum gain is 1.008 dBi. At Phi=0 and Phi=90 degrees, the half power beamwidths are 307 and 107.6 degrees, respectively. At Phi=0 and Phi=90 degrees, the major lobes directions are 177 and 154 degrees, respectively. At 4.7 GHz, the maximum gain is 1.371 dBi. At Phi=0 and Phi=90 degrees, the half power beamwidths are 193.1 and 135.3 degrees, respectively. At Phi=0 and Phi=90 degrees, the major lobes directions are 179 and 159 degrees, respectively.
Figures 4 (a) and (b) illustrate the simulated electric field distribution at 3.5 and 4.7 GHz. It should be noted that maximum electric field density is obtained at the leaves and backside ground plane.
Main embodiment of the present invention, a Compact planar nature inspired antenna for ultra-wideband microwave imaging based breast cancer detection comprising of:
(a) Leaf shaped Radiating patch;
(b) Nature inspired array feeding structure;
(c) Dielectric substrate Flame retardant 4;
(d) Ground plane; and
(e) Parasitic coupled conductive copper layer in ground;
Wherein said antenna is nature-inspired from sneezewort plant to detect tumor of 0.1 mm radius in simulation results which shows the good sensitivity.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the leaf shaped radiating patches excited by sneezewort plant inspired feeding structure is used.
Another embodiment of the present invention, size, bandwidth, gain, gain variations, and efficiency of said antenna is 0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?, 55.96%, 2.1 dBi, 1.91 dB, and 65.6% respectively.
Another embodiment of the present invention, said antenna maintains less than 3 dB variation in gain of antenna.
Another embodiment of the present invention, 50 ohm microstrip line width for an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.025, and a thickness of 1.6 mm.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the dimensions of the dielectric substrate FR4 is 1.8×1.9×0.16cm3.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the bandwidth of frequency 3.16-5.41 GHz, antenna reflection coefficient is below -10 dB from a frequency range of 3.16-5.41 GHz.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the highest gain of the array at 5.4 GHz is 2.09 dB and the gain at 3.5 and 4.6 GHz is 1 dB and 1.35 dB, respectively.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the highest radiation efficiency and overall efficiency are 66.9 % and 65.6 % respectively.
Another embodiment of the present invention, said antenna having ringing free impulse response makes antenna suitable for primitive breast cancer detection.
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) microwave imaging which offers a clear distinction between normal and malignant tissue electrical properties. Since cancerous tissue contains more water and blood than normal tissue, dispersion by cancerous tissue is greater. Advantages of this technique is non-ionizing radiation, cheap cost, portability, non-invasive, comfortable installation, non-panic, higher accuracy, good sensitivity and patient safety.
The detection procedure will be repeated at various frequencies by looking at the antenna characteristics for healthy breasts and sick breasts due to the UWB frequency range of the antenna. To obtain an accurate estimate, estimations regarding the presence, size, and location of tumours at various frequencies can be compared and matched. In this way, tumour detection accuracy and effectiveness can be enhanced.
Table 2: DIELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BREAST PHANTOM LAYERS AND TUMOR
Tissue Electrical permittivity (er) Electrical Conductance
(S/m) Density
(Kg/m3)
(?) Thickness
(mm)
Skin Layer 36.7 2.34 1109 4
Fat 4.84 0.262 911 26
Tumor(malignant) 54.9 4 1058 -

In the present invention, a UWB antenna of 18×19×1.6 mm is disclosed which consists of a low-cost FR4 substrate and planar geometry. Moreover, the Antenna design is inspired by the sneezewort plant available in nature. Design optimization has been done to design an antenna in a compact size and achieve ultra-wide bandwidth with stable gain. The developed antenna provides size, bandwidth, gain, gain variations, and efficiency of 0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?, 55.96%, 2.1 dB, 1.91 dB, and 65.6% respectively. The developed antenna provides planar geometry, lightweight bulky, and low profile structure that can be easily installed for measurements and manufactured at low cost.
The developed antenna works in the 3.16 to 5.42 GHz frequency range which may pass through the human body, it may function differently in terms of SAR (Specific absorption rate) and reflection coefficient depending on the dielectric properties of a malignant tumour. The detection procedure is repeated at various frequencies by looking at the antenna characteristics for healthy breasts and sick breasts due to the UWB frequency range of the antenna. To obtain an accurate estimate, estimations regarding the presence, size, and location of tumours at various frequencies may be compared and matched. In this way, tumour detection accuracy and effectiveness may be enhanced. A breast phantom model with a tumour of 0.1 mm radius has been created and placed in the CST simulation environment. It demonstrates considerable changes in the reflection coefficient and SAR for the tumour radius of 0.1 mm, according to the data for healthy and sick breasts, showing that the sensitivity of the suggested antenna satisfies the requirements. , Claims:We claim,
1. A Compact planar nature inspired antenna for ultra-wideband microwave imaging based breast cancer detection comprising of:
(a) Leaf shaped Radiating patch;
(b) Nature inspired array feeding structure;
(c) Dielectric substrate Flame retardant 4;
(d) Ground plane; and
(e) Parasitic coupled conductive copper layer in ground;
Wherein said antenna is nature-inspired from sneezewort plant to detect tumor of 0.1 mm radius in simulation results which shows the good sensitivity.
2. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the leaf shaped radiating patches excited by sneezewort plant inspired feeding structure is used.
3. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein size, bandwidth, gain, gain variations, and efficiency of said antenna is 0.18?×0.2 ?×0.016?, 55.96%, 2.1 dBi, 1.91 dB, and 65.6% respectively.
4. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein said antenna maintains less than 3 dB variation in gain of antenna.
5. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein 50 ohm microstrip line width for an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.025, and a thickness of 1.6 mm.
6. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dimensions of the dielectric substrate FR4 is 1.8×1.9×0.16cm3.
7. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bandwidth of frequency 3.16-5.41 GHz, antenna reflection coefficient is below -10 dB from a frequency range of 3.16-5.41 GHz.
8. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the highest gain of the array at 5.4 GHz is 2.09 dB and the gain at 3.5 and 4.6 GHz is 1 dB and 1.35 dB, respectively.
9. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein the highest radiation efficiency and overall efficiency are 66.9 % and 65.6 % respectively.
10. The compact planar nature inspired antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein said antenna having ringing free impulse response makes antenna suitable for primitive breast cancer detection.

Dated 25th Apr, 2023

Chothani Pritibahen Bipinbhai
Reg. No.: IN/PA-3148
For and on behalf of the applicant