This invention relates to a compact tri-band antenna which is designed and analyzed
to achieve both transmission and reception of direct broadcast service (DBS) and fixed
satellite service (FSS) in Ku band.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
With the developments in satellite technology, the use of satellite antenna in various
applications like cellular communication, weather forecasting, TV broadcasting,
navigation, monitoring and surveillance etc. have exponentially increased. At earth
station, generally, a bulky and large parabolic reflector antenna is used for this task. Such
an antenna is not desirable due to space and environmental constraints. Also, the radio is
not static in one positionin most of the satellite applications. Therefore, a low profile
patch antenna is utilized for multi-band performance, miniature dimensions, robustness
against interference and cheap fabrication budget [1].
Conventionally, the antennas used in such applications were single-band antennas
i.e. operating at a single frequency. But, due to the proliferation in a number of possible
applications originating in a single system and space constraints, multiband antennas
have become a strong candidate for present and future Ku-band satellite communication
systems [2]. In the literature, many antennas have been proposed to fulfill the
requirement of multiband applications [1-3]. A lot of patch antennas have been designed
for Ku-band satellite applications such as dual-band antenna with single-layer and singlepatch for Ku-band satellite application, low profile patch antenna, and loaded slot patch
antenna for applications in Ku-band [4-10].
Fixed satellite services (FSS) and direct broadcast services (DBS) are two important
applications of satellite communication that are governed by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU). For this task, ITU has divided the globe into three
3
regions. For region 3, the frequency band requirements for FSSare: 14-14.5 GHz
(transmission) and 12.2-12.7 GHz (reception)and for DBS are 17.3 GHz – 17.8 GHz
(transmission) and11.7 GHz-12.2 GHz (reception).
Researchers around the world have worked on design, fabrication and optimization of
antennas for FSS and DBS according to ITU norms. In [11], a dual-band antenna with 3.4
– 3.6 GHz and 5.725 – 5.825 GHz for 5G and 5.8G Wi-Fi are achieved respectively. A
Spidron-Fractal antenna operating in the Ku band of 11.44-12.48 GHz and 13.47-14.39
GHz is proposed by Nguyen et al. in [12]. In [13], a triple-band parasitic array antenna
has been designed in order to optimize the total inductance of geometry for achieving C,
X and Ku bands.Mathew et al. [14] presented atri-band antenna using a circular disc
sector for UMTS, WiMAX and ISM band applications.
In [15],a X shaped patch antenna containing five rectangular slots is presented. The
design is proposed for frequency ranges of 15.104-15.632 GHz, 17.336-17.912 GHz, and
18.476-19.280 GHz. Naghar et al. in [16] have proposed an antenna for C (4.9-7 GHz), X
(7.92-11.08 GHz) and Ku (11.85-15.94 GHz) bands. This design comprises ofa modified
rectangular element with U-shaped slots along with the deformed ground plane. In [17],
the authors proposed a C, X, and Ku band hexagonal patch micro strip antenna using FR4
substrate. Partial ground planes along with unsymmetrical slots are used in the design.
In [18], a defected patch and ground-based antenna is proposed for 15.27-16.51 GHz. A
defected ground structure (DGS) based fractal antenna design is studied in [19].The
frequency range of operation is given to be 1-7 GHz. In [21], a three-dimensional
meandering probes based antenna is proposed for Ku band. The technology of a
multilayer printed circuit board is utilized in [21]. Deng et al. [22] proposed a reflect
array (RA) type antenna for Ku band applications. An aperture efficiency of 60% is
measured for the frequency bands of 12.0–14.9 GHz. Huang et al. [23] proposed a planar
patch antenna array having circular polarization. The proposed antenna is claimed to have
a bandwidth of 700 MHz from 11.55 to 12.25 GHz (Ku band). In [24], a 25 × 30 mm2
hexagonal-triangular fractal antenna is designed for 3–25.2 GHz. Using this design, a
4
gain of 3-9.8 dBi has been achieved [24]. The Ku band for FSS transmission and
reception as well as DBS reception is achieved for region 3 by [4]. The authors in [4]
claim that the dual-band with impedance bandwidth of 10% and 8% are achieved for
lower band and for the upper band respectively. Recently, in [7], the bands 11.69–13.24
GHz and 13.72–15.07 GHz are achieved by a patch antenna.
None of the prior art indicate above either alone or in combination with one
another disclose what the present invention has disclosed.
To summarize, only a few antenna designs are proposed for FSS and DBS to
achieve both transmission and reception completely. Moreover, most of the designs for
this purpose utilize multi-patch, multi-layered, aperture coupled or proximity coupled
structures. Practical implementation of these structures is very difficult because they face
alignment issues and the air gap between layers. Further, the height and weight of these
antennas (Multi-layered design with co-axial cable) are more than the patch antenna. This
is incompatible to use as a conformal surface antenna.In order to achieve this target, a triband antenna is analyzed which covers the frequency band for both transmission and
reception of DBS and FSS in Ku band and is compact in size.The design consists of
truncated E-slots, C-shaped slots and defected ground structure (DGS) slots. The
fabricated antenna resultsare compared with the simulated results obtained from the
proposed design and are found satisfactory for the radiation pattern, impedance
bandwidth, polarization, efficiency, gain and reflection coefficient. Moreover, the
proposed design can be used as an element in an array configuration to achieve high gain
in both transmission and reception modes of FSS and DBS. This gain can be further
enhanced using more refined and costly material like RT Duroid substrate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts, in a simplified
format, that are further described in the detailed description of the invention.
This summary is neither intended to identify key or essential inventive concepts of
the invention and nor is it intended for determining the scope of the invention.
5
The geometrical design of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Fig. 1
(a) shows the front view and the zoomed view of E slot is shown in Fig. 1 (b). Fig. 2
presents the back view of the proposed antenna. The description of dimensions (mm) of
the proposed antenna is listed in Table 1. The total dimensions of proposed design are
20×20 mm2
.The design is constructed with a 1.6 mm thick ( ) FR-4 substrate due to its
cost-effectiveness. The dielectric loss tangent and relative permittivity of used FR-4 are
0.025 and 4.3 respectively. The software tool used for simulation of the antenna design is
Ansoft HFSS.
Patch antenna acts as a resonant cavity therefore multimode are presentwith differentcutoff frequencies. But in the proposed design, the direction of E-field is towards the yplane.
So, length of the design is selectedto transmit TM0δ along with dominant mode TM01,
where the range of δ is from 1 to 3. In this mode, there is a half-wave change along the yaxis while there are no changes along the x-axes. Higher modes above the range of δ are
not desirable since they have a higher loss and the field pattern may change over the
transmission.
Initially in the proposed design, a truncated E-shaped slot is etched from the patch
which gives the frequency bands of 12.08 to 13.20 GHz and 13.96 to 15.05 GHz with a
resonant frequency of 12.65 GHz and 14.5 GHz respectively. For finer tuning, the eight
rectangular slots are used to attain the bands of 11.7 GHz to 12.7 GHz and 14 to 14.5
GHz. The patch design is further modified with two C-shaped corner truncated slots in
order to achieve transmit and receive mode of DBS. As a consequence, the third band of
16.93-17.5GHz is achieved by this step. But, this band requires finer tuning as the actual
band for DBS transmission is 17.3-17.8 GHz. Therefore, eight DGS slots are used in the
design to achieve all the bands of FSS and DBS (transmission and reception) with
enhanced bandwidth.Fig. 3 gives the final fabricated design of antenna.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing detailed description of embodiments is better understood when read
in conjunction with the attached drawings. For better understanding, each component is
6
represented by a specific number which is further illustrated as a reference number for the
components used with the figures.
Fig. 1: Proposed antenna design: (a) Front view and (b) Zoomed view of E slot
Fig. 2: Proposed antenna design: Back view
Fig. 3: Fabricated antenna (20×20 mm2
)
Fig. 4: Distribution of current across the proposed design at (a), (b) 12.25 GHz, (c),
(d) 14.16 GHz, and (e), (f) 17.50 GHz
Fig. 5: Reflection Co-efficient (S11 (dB)) v/s frequency (GHz) with E-Slot,
Truncated E slot, Slot1-Slot8 and C shaped truncated patch and ground.
Fig. 6: Reflection Co-efficient (S11 (dB)) v/s frequency (GHz) with DGS and Slot
9-Slot 16.
Fig. 7: Simulated and measured results of S11v/s frequency for the proposed design
Fig. 8: Gain and radiation pattern measurement setup
Fig. 9 Simulate and measured Co and Cross- polarization radiation patterns:(a) Eplane at 12.25 GHz (b) H-plane at 12.25 GHz (c) E-plane at 14.16 GHz (d) H-plane at
14.16 GHz (e) E-plane at 17.50 GHz (f) H-plane at 17.50 GHz
Fig. 10: Gain (dBi) v/s frequency (GHz) plot
Fig. 11: Radiation efficiency (%) v/s frequency (GHz) plot
Further, skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the drawings are illustrated
for simplicity and may not have necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the flow
charts illustrate the method in terms of the most prominent steps involved to help to
improve understanding of aspects of the present invention.
Furthermore, in terms of the construction of the device, one or more components of
the device may have been represented in the drawings by conventional symbols, and the
drawings may show only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the
embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the drawings with details that
7
will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of the
description herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention,
reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific
language will be used to describe the same.
It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is
thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and
such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being
contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention
relates. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the
same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skilled in the art to which this
invention belongs.
The system, methods, and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not
intended to be limiting.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
The simulated surface current distribution of proposed design can be visualized from Fig.
4. Fig. 4(a) and 4(b) gives the current distribution for 12.25 GHz, whereas, 4(c) and 4(d)
are for 14.16 GHz; 4(e) to 4(f) are for 17.50 GHz. The rainbow color spectrum shows the
intensity of current in ampere/meter. The Fig. 4(a), 4(c) and 4(e) show the surface current
distribution for the top view of the patch with truncated E-shaped slot, slot 1-8 and
truncated corners conversely; the Fig. 4 (b), 4(d) and 4(f) shows the surface current
distribution for the ground plane with slots 9 to 16 for clear understanding. By analyzing
Fig 4(a) and 4(b), it has been observed that the first resonant frequency of 12.25 GHz is
mainly due to the current concentration on the upper part of the E-shaped slot, slot 3 to
slot 5, slot 12 to slot 15. Whereas from Fig. 4(c) and 4(d), it has been noticed that the
resonant frequencies of 14.16 GHz is mainly due to the current concentrationon the lower
8
part of E-slot, left corner of the patch, slot 3, slot 4, slot 11, slot 12 and slot 16. Further,
the current concentration on the E-slot, slot 7, slot 12 and slot 16, Fig. 4(e) and 4(f), are
responsible for 17.50 GHz.
Table 1: Dimensions (in mm) of proposed design
Length Dimension Width Dimension Length Dimension Width Dimension
L1 20 W1 20 L11 12.8 W12 1
L2 10 W2 10 L12 5 W13 8.4
L3 5 W3 2 L13 6 W14 5
L4 0.5 W4 2 L14 0.8 W15 1
L5 0.5 W5 2.5 L15 3 W16 1.2
L6 3.5 W6 0.3 L16 2 W17 1
L7 1 W7 2 L17 3 W18 1
L8 5 W8 1 L18 1 W19 2.8
L9 2 W9 0.5 L19 0.6 W20 12
L10 2 W10 5 L20 2 H1 1.6
R1 1.3 W11 1
Parametric analysis
The following general equations have been utilized in order to computethe
preliminary measurements of design. The proposed design starts with operating
frequency , required permittivity εr, substrate thickness . Based on the transmission
line model, the length and width of the patch is calculated as [25-27]:

(1)
The effective length of the patch becomes

(2)
The effective length (
Leff
), for resonant frequency ( ), is given as
9

(3)
and

(4)
The resonance frequency corresponds to any TMmn mode is given as

(5)
Here, m and n are modes with respect to and respectively. For resonance, the
width is given as:

(6)
The are 10×10 mm2 which is λ0/2×λ0/2 mm where λ0 is the center wavelength.
Initially, we have obtained frequency bandswith central frequencies 13.85 and 15.55
GHz. This square patch is modified with symmetric E-shaped slot centered at the origin,
result in a shift in resonant frequency to 13.2 GHz and 15.6 GHz, which can be used for
transmitting and receiving mode of fixed satellite services. It has been observed that there
is a minor shift in upper resonant frequency. Therefore, the E-shaped slot is truncated to
achieve resonant frequency at 12.65 GHz and 14.5 GHz. This results in a significant
change in upper resonant frequency. But, unfortunately, the introduction of the E slot
requires fine-tuning in bandwidth which is thereafter enhanced using eight rectangular
slots on the patch of antenna design.
The insertion of slots 1-4 results in minor shifting of resonant frequency to 12.8 GHz and
14.5 GHz. Finally, fine-tuning is done by inserting slot 5-8 into the proposed structure in
order to achieve dual-frequency peaks at 12.5 GHz and 14.1 GHz.The result of reflection
10
coefficient (S11) v/s frequency with different configuration of proposed antenna design
like with rectangular patch and ground, E slot and ground, truncated E slot and ground,
truncated E slot with slot 1-4 and truncated E slot with slot 4-8 are given in Fig. 5. The
fact that two bands are achieved with truncated E slot and slot1 to slot8 can be visualized
from Fig. 5.
Further, in order to achieve transmit and receive mode of DBS, antenna design is
modified with C shaped corner truncated slots. As a consequence, three bands of 11.84-
12.79 GHz, 14.19- 15.05 GHz and 16.93-17.5 GHz are now achieved and results are
shown in Fig.5. The first band is found to be very close to DBS receive mode frequency
(11.7 GHz-12.2 GHz). Also, the third band is close to DBS transmit mode frequency
(17.3 GHz -17.8 GHz).
Lastly, in order to achieve desired DBS bands, defected ground structure (DGS)
technique is utilized. Slots 9, 10 and 11 are introduced in the ground plane resulting in the
generation of desired DBS receive band but with very poor S11. To overcome these
problem slots 12, 13, 14 and 15 are introduced. Finally, with slot 16, the exact desired
bands i.e. transmit and receive mode of DBS and FSS with better S11 and enhanced
bandwidth have been achieved. The plots of S11 (dB) as a function of frequency for the
cases of C shaped corner truncated patch with the ground, DGS with slot 9-10, DGS with
slot 11, DGS with slot 12-13, DGS with slot 14-15 and finally DGS with slot 16 are
shown in Fig. 6
Results and discussion
The results obtained from simulation are presented and compared with results of the
hardware prototype of the proposed design. For simulation, High Frequency Structure
Simulator (HFSS) is utilized to enhance different parameters of the antenna. The effect of
changing different slot dimensions on the performance of antenna is studied by varying
dimensions of one slot and keeping all other slot dimensions are constant. This resulted in
the allocation of optimal dimensions for a superlative performance of the proposed
design.
11
Fig. 7 shows the S11v/s frequency plots for both simulation and measured results.
Observations from Fig. 7 conclude that the proposed design works satisfactorily for the
bands 11.40-12.91 GHz, 13.86-14.53 and 17.20- 17.86 GHz formally introduced by ITU
for transmission and reception of DBS and FSS. Another important observation can be
made from Fig. 7 that the simulation results are in accordance with measured results
except in a few instances. The reason behind this ambiguity may be the fabrication loss,
connector loss and tolerance in dielectric constant. Further, the dependency of dielectric
constant (εr) on operational frequency is also a key factor that generally decreases with an
increase in frequency. The numerical values of three frequency bands obtained by
simulated and measured results are given in Table 2. Lower frequency (LF), upper
frequency (UF), resonant frequency (RF) and bandwidth (BW) are taken as parameters
for Table 2.
Table 2: Simulated and measured results of first, second and third band for DBS and FSS
Frequency
band
(GHz)
Simulated Results Measured Results
LF UF RF BW LF UF RF BW
First band 11.40 12.91 12.25 1.51 11.40 12.98 12.44 1.58
Second
band
13.86 14.53 14.16 0.67 14.21 14.86 14.5 0.65
Third
band
17.20 17.86 17.50 0.66 17.41 18.98 18.18 1.57
The measured results are calculated using the setup given in Fig. 8. Measurements were
performed inside an anechoic chamber situated in the research lab of Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India. Fig. 9 presents the radiation pattern of co and crosspolarization. The frequencies of 12.25 GHz, 14.16 GHz and 17.50 GHz are taken for
12
observation in Fig. 9 for both simulation and measured results. It can be noticed from Fig.
9 that the radiation patterns of co polarization are comparatively higher values than the
cross-polarization. Therefore, it can be noted that the radiation pattern of the proposed
antenna is almost broadside. For further improvement in radiation efficiency, a substrate
with low dielectric losses can be utilized.The slight difference between simulated and
measured results of Fig. 9 may be due to high mode excitation, the losses due to the
cable/connector and the manual positioning etc.
Fig. 10 shows the plot of simulated and measured results for gain v/s frequency. The
simulated values of gain vary from 3.18 to 6 dBi, 2.08 to 4 dBi and 2.10 to 3.70 dBi at
the frequency bands 11.40-12.98 GHz, 14.21-14.86 GHz and 17.41-18.98 GHz
respectively. On the other hand, the measured gain varies from 2.78 to 5.76 dBi, 1.70 to
3.48 dBi and 1.10 to 3.05 dBi at the frequency bands 11.40-12.98 GHz, 14.21-14.86 GHz
and 17.41-18.98 GHz respectively. For every reading, the Vector Network Analyzer
(VNA) was recalibrated in order to further enhance the precision of measured results.
The radiation efficiency (%) v/s frequency (GHz) plot is given in Fig. 11. It has been
observed from Fig. 11 that the simulated values of the efficiency vary from 53 to 70%, 54
to 67% dB and 67 to 69% at the frequency bands of 11.40-12.98 GHz, 14.21-14.86 GHz
and 17.41-18.98 GHz respectively. Conversely, the measured efficiency changes from 51
to 66%, 48 to 61% and 61 to 64% at the frequency bands of 11.40-12.98 GHz, 14.21-
14.86 GHz and 17.41-18.98 GHz respectively.
Table 3: Proposed antenna design as compared to previous published designs
(RF: Resonant Frequency, BW: Bandwidth)
Design RF of
1
st Band
(GHz)
RF of
2
nd
Band
(GHz)
RF of
3
rd
Band
(GHz)
BW
of 1
st
Band
BW
of 2
nd
Band
BW
of 3rd
Band
Patch
size
(mm2
)
Gain
(dBi)
Efficiency
(%)
Samsuzzaman
et al. (2013)
[15]
15.33 17.61 ---- 3.4 3.3 ---- 9.5×8 4.8-6.4 ----
13
Vijayvergiya
and Panigrahi
(2017) [4]
12.07 14.44 ---- 10.2 8.2 ---- 10.1×9.9 4.8-7.4 68-78
Saini and
Kumar (2019)
[7]
12.38 14.40 ---- 12.29 9.37 ---- 10×10 1.6-4.2 69-80
Sayed et al.
(2015) [10]
12.72 14.4 ---- 5.3 6.9 ---- 5.7×8 5-5.5 ----
Thi et al.
(2013) [12]
11.96 13.93 ---- 8.7 6.6 ---- 50×50 3.7-3.8 ----
Parikh et al.
(2012) [6]
11.95 14.25 ---- 4.2 3.6 ---- 9.4×7.1 5.7-7.2 ----
Proposed 12.25 14.16 17.50 12.70 4.48 8.63 10×10 2.08-6 53 to 70
Table 3 gives the comparison of different antenna designs given in literature with the
proposed designfor the same application of interest. The proposed design achieves the
three desired bands with the resonant frequencies of 12.25 GHz, 14.16 GHz and 17.50
GHz with the percentage impedance bandwidth of 12.70%, 4.48% and 8.63%
respectively. Moreover, the gain and efficiency are also found to be satisfactory.
Conclusion
In this work, a low profile, small size tri-band antenna has been designed and fabricated
for Ku band applications. The frequency bands required for thetransmission and reception
of DBS and FSS have been achieved using the proposed design. For this task, truncated E
shaped slot, eight rectangular slots, two C shaped slots in the patch and eight defected
ground structure (DGS) slots have been utilized.The results of the proposed antenna
design are verified by comparing them with fabricated antenna results. Certain key
parameters for satellite antennas likereflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth,
polarization, efficiency, gain and radiation pattern were taken for this analysis. The
antenna design presented in this manuscript lays the ground work for array antennas. It
can be used as an element in an array configuration to achieve enhanced gain suitable for
14
transmission and reception modes of FSS and DBS which can be taken as a future
endeavor for this study.This gain can be further enhanced using more refined material
like RT Duroid substrate in future studies. Also, the proposed antenna fulfills the
spectrum necessity of ITU region 3.
While specific language has been used to describe the present disclosure, any limitations
arising on account thereto, are not intended. As would be apparent to a person in the art,
various working modifications may be made to the method in order to implement the
inventive concept as taught herein.
The drawings and the foregoing description give examples of embodiments. Those
skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be
combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split
into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to
another embodiment.
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We Claim;
1. A compact tri-band antenna is designed and analyzed to achieve both transmission and
reception of direct broadcast service (DBS) and fixed satellite service (FSS) in Ku band.
2. The antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein said antenna comprises of of truncated E
shaped slot, eight rectangular slots, two C shaped slots in the patch and eight defected
ground structure (DGS) slots.
3. The antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein three frequency bands of 11.40-12.91
GHz, 13.86-14.53 GHz, and 17.20-17.86 GHz are achieved with impedance bandwidths
of 12.32 %, 4.73%, and 3.77 % respectively.
4. The antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein measured frequency bands of 11.40-12.98
GHz, 14.21-14.86 GHz and 17.41-18.98 GHz with the impedance bandwidth of 12.70%,
4.48 % and 8.63 % respectively are obtained.
5. The antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein for finer tuning, the eight rectangular slots
are used to attain the bands of 11.7 GHz to 12.7 GHz and 14 to 14.5 GHz;
wherein the patch design is further modified with two C-shaped corner truncated slots in
order to achieve transmit and receive mode of DBS; and as a consequence, the third band
of 16.93-17.5GHz is achieved by this step. wherein, this band requires finer tuning as the
actual band for DBS transmission is 17.3-17.8 GHz.
6. The antenna as claimed in claim 1, wherein eight DGS slots are used in the design to
achieve all the bands of FSS and DBS (transmission and reception) with enhanced
bandwidth.