Claims:We Claim:
1. Compatibilizing carrier liquid mediafor compatible incorporation of water based pigment concentrate into solvent borne formulations comprising: Ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio of 65:35 and 80:20 respectively.

2. Compatibilizing carrier liquid media as claimed in claim 1 wherein said ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative is reaction product of ethoxylated secondary alcohol of chain length C12-C14 and C10-C16 alkylated benzene sulfonic acid neutralized with C3 secondary amine giving a pH of around 7.

3. Compatibilizing carrier liquid media as claimed in claim 1 wherein said volatile cyclic amine is cyclic amino ether with purity of minimum 99% and vapor pressure more than 6 mmHg.
4. Compatibilizing carrier liquid media as claimed in claim 1-3 wherein the said carrier media is compatible for selective incorporation with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints together as a composition or in in-situ mixing with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints prior to or while tinting of solvent borne paints.

5. Compatibilizing carrier liquid media as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 4 having deliver compatibility dosage less than 40mL/Liter of tinted paint.

6. Compatibilizing carrier liquid media as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 5 favoring compatible mixing with universal/WBpigment concentrates and retain gloss, drying time and other mechanical properties viz. scratch hardness, flexibility etc.

7. Compatibilizing carrier liquid media as claimed in anyone of claims 1 to 6 enabling selectively;
(i) tinting of Glossy as well as Matt product;
(ii) deliver shades in high gloss enamels, satin enamels for entire color gamut without any exclusion;
(iii) compatibility with resin free pigment concentrates;
(iv) wide range of solvent based products and all bases of different PVCs;
(v) deliver compatibility in wide range of solvent based products including long and medium oil alkyds, alkyd as well as acrylic based polyurethanes, epoxy, aldehyde-ketone etc.

8. Solvent borne formulation comprising water based pigment and a compatibilizing carrier liquid media including ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio of 65:35 and 80:20 respectively.

9. A kit for solvent based formulations comprising:
solvent borne paint;
compatibilizing carrier liquid media comprising: ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio of 65:35 and 80:20 respectively including a water based pigment concentrate.

10. A Kit as described in claim 9 having compatibilizing carrier liquid media comprises ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio 65:35 and 80:20 respectively.

11. A Kit as described in claim 9 and 10 having compatibilizing carrier liquid media deliver compatibility with a dose of the said carrier <40 mL/L of the tinted coating.
12. A Kit as described in claim 9-11 wherein the said compatibilizing carrier liquid media is compatible for selective incorporation with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints together as a composition or in in-situ mixing with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints prior to or while tinting of solvent borne paints.

13. A kit as described in claims 9-12 having compatibilizing carrier liquid media enabling selectively
(i) tinting of Glossy as well as Matt product;
(ii) deliver shades in enamels, satin enamels for entire color gamut without any exclusion;
(iii) compatibility with resin free pigment concentrates;
(iv) wide range of solvent based products with different TiO2 content;
(v) deliver compatibility in wide range of solvent based products including long and medium oil alkyds, alkyd as well as acrylic based polyurethane, epoxy aldehyde-ketone etc.

14. Method of producing solvent borne formulation having water based pigment incorporated comprising:
a. mixing together glycol (2-10), biocide (0.1-1.0), fatty acid ethoxylate (5-15) and anionic surfactant (0.5-5) with water(30-50);
b. adding pigments (10-30) (pigments used can be any of the following but not limited to PY110, PR122, PG7, PY138) with extender pigment (0 – 5);
c. sand milling the material to a finish of 7;
d. adjusting viscosity (60-90 KU) and pH (6-10) using HASE thickener (0.5-2) and pH neutralizer (amino-alkyl-alcohols; alkali metal hydroxidess); and
e. anionic surfactant may include polyelectrolyte salts, sulphosuccinate derivatives, sulphonates, alkyl aryl ether sulphates, phosphate esters and carboxylic acid derivatives.

15. Method of producing solvent borne paint comprising the steps of:
i. mixing resin (20-50), solvent (10-30), fatty acid (1.0-3.0) (if used) thoroughly;
ii. wetting and dispersing pigment (1.0 - 3.0) (if added) by sand-milling;
iii. adding remaining solvents, driers (0.1-1.0) and other additives along with mixing.

16. Method of tinting involving solvent borne formulations comprising:
a. weighing the required base;
b. dosing the compatibilizer;
c. dosing the material with colorant through dispenser;
d. mixing for 6 minutes in gyro-shaker at ambient temperature.

Dated this the 2nd day of April, 2019 Anjan Sen
Of Anjan Sen and Associates
(Applicants Agent)
IN/PA-199
, Description:Field of invention
The proportion of tinting of solvent borne (SB) paints is going down. The formulation cost of machine colorants goes up to ensure tint-ability in enamels. Moreover, if the colorants are for exclusive tinting of waterborne (WB) paints the shade offering in SB paints gets compromised which leads to drop in number of shades available for offering in the enamel paint. Use of compatibilizer would help to increase the opportunities for alternate raw materials without compromising on the shade offering in SB paints and bring down the RMC of machine colorants as well as reduction of inventory load. No similar solution is available for the stated problem. All the existing options require addition of compatibility imparting surfactant at the formulation stage making the design costly and over-formulated for water based paints. Addition of a liquid blend comprising volatile cyclic amine and ethoxylated alkyl benzenesulfonate derivative to solventborne long oil alkyd paint composition provides homogeneously colored dispersion even when mixed with resin free pigment concentrates meant for exclusive tinting of WB paints.

Background
A solvent-borne coating is a liquid protective layer that is primarily composed of organic compounds and applied to a material's surface for corrosion resistance or beautification. Although solvent-borne coatings are considered less environmentally friendly than water-borne coatings due to the presence of solvent i.e. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in solvent-borne coatings they often deliver better performance in terms of properties viz. gloss, chemical resistance etc.
WO2006102011A1 elaborates organic solvent-based (alkyd) paint or coating is a uniformly dispersed mixture ranging in viscosity from a thin liquid to a semi- solid paste and includes a film-forming polymeric binder, an organic solvent, pigment and other additives. The polymeric binder can be a drying oil, natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic resin such as polyacrylates, polyurethane, modified alkyd resin or other film-forming polymer. The binder and the solvent collectively make what is known as the "vehicle."
Pigments are ordinarily organic or inorganic dry powders that incorporate a mixture of primary particles, aggregates and agglomerates. Aggregates are primary pigment particles joined face-to-face, and agglomerates are primary pigment particles joined at an edge or a corner. For proper dispersion, pigments are usually wetted, deaggregated and deagglomerated in a vehicle.
The wetting process may be accomplished through the use of wetting agents, which typically are a type of surface-active agent or "surfactant." Surfactants facilitate bringing pigments into a dispersed state as a result of surface activity at the pigment-solution interface.
When water based colorant is added to solvent borne paints it undergoes polarity shock making it difficult to tint in solvent based paint. As a solution the composition of the water-based colorants must be such that the stabilization of the pigment particles is assured when the colorants are added to solvent-based (SB) paints.
Steric stabilization is the usual way to provide repulsive forces between the solid particles for homogeneous dispersion. The dispersant molecules (surfactant) must contain water insoluble tails of sufficient length to assure steric stabilization in systems that have an organic continuous phase. In the water based colorant itself, the pigment particles repel each other because of steric stabilization provided by water insoluble tails, possibly combined with electrostatic repulsion.
WO2011085520A1 Deals with a coating formulation including (a) at least one hydrophilic surfactant; (b) at least one hydrophobic surfactant; (c) water; (d) at least one solvent; (e) at least one solvent borne air drying alkyd resin coating; and (f) optionally, at least one aminomethyl propanol co-dispersant. The coating formulation is useful for making topcoats and primer coats
Claim 8 therein states a coating formulation wherein the hydrophilic surfactant comprises an ethylene oxide propylene oxide copolymer surfactant; and wherein the hydrophobic surfactant comprises an alkyl phenol ethoxylate surfactant.
If a pigmented coating formulation for a primer coating is desired, the pigmented coating formulation may comprise, in addition to components (a)-(e), and/or (f) at least one amino-methyl propanol co-dispersant,; and (j) at least one pigment with a concentration about 1 wt% to about 40 wt%, and preferably between about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, based on the weight of the total formulation.
US20080148995 relates to a tinting scheme for making low volatile organic solvent-containing waterborne paints whereas the tinting scheme comprises: a plurality of tinting dosage units, each tinting dosage unit comprising a predetermined quantity of a water dispersible particulate tinter comprising a pigment or mixture of pigments in a water soluble envelope; one or more base paints whose volatile organic solvents content is less than about 150 g/l; such that in use the one or more tinting dosage units is added to the one or more base paints to produce a tinted paint whose volatile organic solvents content is less than about 150 g/l. Paint compositions and methods of tinting waterborne paints are also disclosed.
Para [0022] of the same advancement reveals that in addition, the particulate tinters can have at least one nonionic surface-active additive based on polyethers such as unmixed polyalkylene oxides, like polyethylene oxides and polypropylene oxides, or alkylene oxide block copolymers. Also, copolymers comprising polypropylene oxide and polyethylene oxide blocks are suitable.
Further para [0067] therein states that additional examples of suitable solvents can also include low molecular weight alcohols, polyols, alcohol ethoxylates and the like. In addition, hydrotropes such as sodium toluene sulphonate, sodium butyrate, sodium cumenesulphonate, sodium xylene sulphonate, and other hydrotropic materials can also be used to improve the cold water solubility of the film composition.
US4218218 relates to an aqueous disperse dye or optical brightener formulation which comprises
(a) from 5 to 55 percent by weight, based on (a+c), of one or more finely divided dyes, optical brighteners or mixtures of these,
(b) from 10 to 200 percent by weight, based on (a), of a water-soluble surfactant of the formula

where X is from 0 to a mean value of 125, Y is from a mean value of 37 to a mean value of 250, but if X is >37, Y:X is at least 1:1, Z is 0 or 1 and Me+ is an alkali metal ion, or mixtures of such surfactants,
(c) from 45 to 95 percent by weight, based on (a+c) of water or of a mixture of water and a water retaining agent, with or without
(d) further additives conventionally present in aqueous formulations.

The patent talks about stability of finely dispersed aqueous formulations predominantly for dyeing. The patent does not mandate use of volatile amine.
In a literature report (Surface Coatings International, Part B: Coatings Transactions (2005), 88(B4), 269-275) Oyman et al. has disclosed the application of a dinuclear manganese complex (MnMeTACN) [TACN-1,4,7-Triazacyclononane] as a catalyst in the oxidative drying of alkyd coatings is described. Exptl. results on the film properties (drying time and film hardness) for various solvent- and water-borne alkyd coatings demonstrate that MnMeTACN is a potential alternative for commercially available Co- and Mn-based catalysts. MnMeTACN appears to be suitable for both water-borne and solvent-borne alkyd systems. Confocal Raman microscopy is used to study the depth profile of the drying of alkyd coatings catalyzed by different catalysts, and it has been found that slow surface drying is somewhat compensated by relatively fast deep layer drying.
US2878135A Relates to a tinting base for use in decorative coating which comprises in combination from 36% to 60% by weight of a water insoluble pigment, from 5 to 30% by weight of a nonionic surface active agent selected from the class consisting of alkyl polyoxyalylene ethanols and alkyl phenoxypolyoxyalylene ethanols wherein the alkyl group is a C4 to C10 hydrocarbon, the polyoxyalylene groups number from 8 to 50 and are in turn selected from the group consisting of ethylene and propylene oxide adducts, and from 15 to 50% by weight of a coupling alcohol selected from the group consisting of hexylene glycol and 3-methoxy butanol.
It states therein that it is possible to replace a portion,-but not all, of the nonionic surface active agent described above with a specific class of anionic agent, known broadly under the label of alkyl aryl sulfonates but that very broad class includes inoperative varieties for the purposes of this invention. The operative alkyl aryl sulfonates are limited to alkyl benzene and alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid amine salts wherein the alkyl substituents of the benzene and naphthalene number from 1'to 3' and contain from three to twelve carbon atoms in the case of benzene and from one to four carbon atoms in the case of naphthalene depending, of course, upon the number of substituents. The amine used to form the salt may be either an aliphatic or cyclic amine containing from one to six carbon atoms.
Illustrative products useful are Atlas G-3300 (a product of Atlas Powder Company) identified as the isopropyl amine salt of dodecyl benzene sulfonate and the cyclohexyl amine salt of isopropyl naphthalene sulfonate.”
US20070142502A1 provides for a color-change correction fluid that change from colored to substantially white (or to a color substantially matching the color of a substrate to which the correction fluid is to be applied) after application to a substrate.
Said color-change correction fluid is stated to comprise:
An opacifying pigment;
a film-forming polymer;
a solvent system comprising an aliphatic solvent and one of a volatile acid and a volatile base; and,
a color-change dye that becomes substantially colorless upon evaporation of the solvent system, as per the scope of claim 1 therein.
Claim 4 therein teaches the volatile base being selected from the group consisting of ammonia, tri-ethylamine (TEA), 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), derivatives of AMP, morpholine, derivatives of morpholine, N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine (DMEA), and mixtures thereof.
In addition para [0025] states that suitable color-change dyes can be synthetically modified by introduction of substituents such as aliphatic carbon chains, for example, t-butyl, n-heptyl, trimethylsilyl, or surfactant moieties, for example, amine alkylbenzene sulfonate, polyoxyethylene(1) lauryl sulfate, and olefin(C14-C16) sulfonate, and used as the color-change dye.
DE102012219422A1 deals with a method including contacting an alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant having an ammonium salt counterion, with a component to be emulsified or dispersed, wherein the alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant is substantially free of sodium salt counter-ion such that the sodium content of the alkyl benzene sulphonate surfactant less than about 5,000 parts per million by weight, and water to form a mixture; by using the alkyl benzene sulphonate surfactant to emulsify the component and to form an emulsion; or, using the alkyl benzene sulphonate surfactant for dispersing the component and to form a dispersion.
It is stated therein in para [0067] that the alkyl benzene sulfonate surfactants are more efficient and less sensitive to heat and mixing as well as other processing operations compared to previous surfactants, thereby providing improved emulsions are provided with less variation when the emulsions for the preparation of toners, pigment dispersions or wax dispersions.
US4362838A disclosed a high gloss sag resistant water-in-oil emulsion coating composition having water dispersed in an organic solvent soluble resin and a solvent blend having a boiling range and a progression of boiling points which allow a high gloss, sag-free coating to be formed from a water containing paint. The composition may include colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate to further assist in the evaporation of the dispersed water in the formation of the high gloss film.
The improved gloss coating composition comprises an emulsifier system which includes at least two emulsifying components, a first emulsifying component having an HLB value of from 1/2 to 5, a second emulsifying component having an HLB value of from 5 to 12, an HLB value for said emulsifier system being a weighted average of said respective HLB values of said first and said second emulsifying components, said emulsifier system having an HLB value of from 2 to about 6.
US6287377B1 reveals a universal tinting concentrate for both solvent- and water-based paints and coatings. The universal tinting concentrate is a composition which includes a colorant component, such as pigment, colorant, tinting agent and/or metal effect agent; a pigment dispersant including an organic acid containing no more than 70 carbon atoms; and a pH-neutralizing agent. In one embodiment of the invention, the pigment dispersant is represented by the following structure:

where r and s are integers and r+ s is 6 to 16; and x and y are integers and x+y is 0 to 19; and Z is H or COOH and Z' is H or COOH.
In the backdrop of present state of the arts it is evident that there is a need for suitable compatibilizing carrier liquid media which would be instrumental to provide freedom of blending the compatibilizer at different stages of manufacture (not only at the time of formulation), straight forward and increase in opportunities for alternate vendors resulting in bringing down the RMC of machine colorants without compromising on the shade offering in SB paints with concomitant reduction in inventory.

Objectives of invention
The prime objective of the present invention is to provide a compatibilizing carrier liquid media to compatibilize water-based pigment concentrates meant for exclusive tinting of water borne paints in solvent borne paint.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide compatibilizing carrier liquid media comprising single surfactant and volatile cyclic amine.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide compatibilizing carrier liquid media imparting compatibility with a compatibilizer dosage less than 40mL/Liter of tinted paint.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein the said blend can be added before tinting of the solvent borne paint with pigment concentrates or in-situ with the later at point of sale tinting but not after the colorant is added.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a compatibilizing carrier liquid media that can be used along with universal water based pigment concentrates with retention of gloss and unchanged drying time of the paint tinted with compatibilizing liquid blend and pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paint.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein said compatibilizing liquid blend can be used for Glossy as well as Matt product.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide compatibilizing carrier liquid media which would deliver shade in enamels for entire color gamut without any exclusion.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein the enamel when tinted with said carrier media and pigment concentrates, would retain mechanical properties viz. scratch hardness, flexibility.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a compatibilizing carrier liquid media which would be applicable for resin free pigment concentrates.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein said media would deliver compatibility in wide range of solvent based products such as alkyds, polyurethane, epoxy, aldehyde-ketonic resins etc.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein said media should not cause finish reversion of the colorant.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein final properties of paint tinted with said compatibilizer and WB colorant(s) viz. gloss, drying time and other mechanical properties should be within specification

Summary of the invention

Thus the present invention is basically directed to a compatibilizing carrier liquid media for compatible incorporation of water based pigment concentrate into solvent borne formulations comprising: ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio of 65:35 and 80:20 respectively.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein said ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative is a reaction product of ethoxylated secondary alcohol of chain length C12-C14 and C10-C16 alkylated benzene sulfonic acid neutralized with C3 secondary amine giving a pH of around 7.

A still further aspect of the present invention provides a compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein said volatile cyclic amine is cyclic amino ether with purity of minimum 99% and vapor pressure more than 6 mmHg.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a compatibilizing carrier liquid media wherein the said carrier media is compatible for selective incorporation with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints together as a composition or in in-situ mixing with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints prior to or while tinting of solvent borne paints.

A further aspect of the present invention provides compatibilizing carrier liquid media having to deliver compatibility at a dosage less than 40mL/Liter of tinted paint.

In another aspect the present invention provides a compatibilizing carrier liquid media favoring compatible mixing with universal/ WB pigment concentrates and retain gloss, drying time and other mechanical properties viz. scratch hardness, flexibility etc.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides compatibilizing carrier liquid media enabling selectively:
(i) tinting of Glossy as well as Matt product;
(ii) deliver shades in high gloss enamels, satin enamels for entire color gamut without any exclusion;
(iii) compatibility with resin free pigment concentrates;
(iv) wide range of solvent based products and all bases of different PVCs;
(v) deliver compatibility in wide range of solvent based products including alkyds, alkyd as well as acrylic based polyurethanes, epoxy, aldehyde-ketone etc.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a solvent borne formulation comprising water based pigment and a compatibilizing carrier liquid media including ethoxylated alkyl benzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio of 65:35 and 80:20 respectively.

A still further aspect of the present invention provides a kit for solvent based formulations comprising:
solvent borne paint;
compatibilizing carrier liquid media comprising: ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio of 65:35 and 80:20 respectively including a water based pigment concentrate.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a kit having compatibilizing carrier liquid media comprises ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulphonate derivative and volatile cyclic amine in the ratio of 65:35 and 80:20 respectively.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a Kit wherein the said compatibilizing carrier liquid media is compatible for selective incorporation with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints together as a composition or in in-situ mixing with pigment concentrates exclusive for water borne paints prior to or while tinting of solvent borne paints.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a Kit having compatibilizing carrier liquid media deliver compatibility with a dose of the said carrier <40 mL/L of the tinted coating.

In a further aspect the present invention provides a kit having compatibilizing carrier liquid media enabling selectively
(i) tinting of Glossy as well as Matt product;
(ii) deliver shades in high gloss enamels and satin enamels for entire color gamut without any exclusion;
(iii) compatibility with resin free pigment concentrates;
(iv) wide range of solvent based products with different TiO2 content;
(v) deliver compatibility in wide range of solvent based products including long and medium oil alkyds, alkyd as well as acrylic based, polyurethanes, epoxy aldehyde-ketone etc.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a Method of producing solvent borne formulation having water based pigment incorporated comprising( by wt%):
a) Glycol (2-10), Biocide (0.1-1.0), Fatty acid ethoxylate (5-15), anionic surfactant (0.5-5) and extender pigment (0-5) are mixed together with water (30-50).
b) Pigments (10-30)are added. (pigments used can be any of the following but not limited to PY110, PR122, PG7, PY138)
c) Material is sand milled; a finish of 7 is achieved.
d) Viscosity (60-90 KU)and pH (6-10) are adjusted using HASE thickener (0.5-2) and pH neutralizer (amino-alkyl-alcohols; alkali metal hydroxides)
e) Anionic surfactant may include polyelectrolyte salts, sulphosuccinate derivatives, sulphonates, Alkyl aryl ether sulphates, Phosphate esters and carboxylic acid derivatives.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides Method of producing solvent borne paint comprising the steps of (by wt%):
i. Resin (20-50), solvent (10-30), fatty acid (1.0-3.0) (if used) are mixed thoroughly.
ii. Pigment (1.0- 3.0) (if added) is wetted and dispersed by sand-milling.
iii. Remaining solvents, driers (0.1-1.0) and other additives are added and mixed.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method of tinting involving solvent borne formulations comprising:
i. weighing the required base;
ii. dosing the compatibilizer;
iii. dosing the material with colorant through dispenser;
iv. mixing for 6 minutes in gyro-shaker at ambient temperature.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Example-1 Method of producing water based pigmentconcentrate
Ingredient Parts (by weight)
Water 30-50
Glycol 2-10
Biocide 0.1-1.0
pH Neutralizer 0.1-1.0
Fatty acid Ethoxylate 5-15
Anionic Surfactant 0.5-5
Pigment 10-30
extender Pigment 0-5
HASE thickener 0.5-2
pH 6-10

• Glycol, Biocide, Fatty acid ethoxylated and anionic surfactant are mixed together with 10-20% water.
• Pigments are added. (pigments used can be any of the following but not limited to PY110, PR122, PG7, PY138) with extender pigment.
• Material is sand milled; a finish of 7 is achieved.
• Viscosity (60-90 KU) checked on Stormer viscometer and pH (6-10) are adjusted using HASE thickener and pH neutralizer followed by addition of remaining water.
• pH neutralizer may include amino-alkyl-alcohols, aqueous solutions of salts such as sodium or potassium hydroxide etc.
• Anionic surfactant may include polyelectrolyte salts, sulphosuccinate derivatives, sulphonates, alkylarylether sulphates, phosphate esters and carboxylic acid derivatives.

Example-2 Method of producing Solvent Borne Paint
Ingredient Parts (by weight)
Solvent 10-30
Resin 20-50
Fatty Acids 1.0-3.0
Drier 0.1-1.0
Titanium Dioxide Pigment 0-20

i. Resin, solvent, fatty acid (if used) are mixed thoroughly.
ii. Pigment (if added) is wetted and dispersed by sand-milling.
iii. Remaining solvents, driers and other additives are added and mixed.

Example-3
General method for tinting of glossy enamel with compatibilizing liquid blend and aqueous pigment concentrate meant for exclusive tinting of water based paint

50mL of long oil alkyd based paint with varying degree of Titanium dioxide content (SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE, PASTEL ALKYD BASE, DARK ALKYD BASE, DEEP ALKYD BASE, ACCENT ALKYD BASE) was tinted with compatibilizer followed by aqueous pigment concentrate meant for exclusive tinting of water based paint containing pigment such as but not limited to PY110, PR122, PG7, PY138. A drawdown was cast and rub-up was applied. The difference in coloristic values was calculated for all the bases and for white bases tinting strength was also calculated. The liquid blend giving DE less than 5 units or TS less than 120% was short-listed for optimization of dosage. The paint tinted with optimized dosage of compatibilizer was further evaluated for properties like drying time and Gloss.

Example-4
From the initial screening of surfactants and related combinations following possible solutions were short listed and tested.
Sr.
No. Surfactant Comment
1 2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL Works only for ACCENT ALKYD BASE clear glossy enamel.
2 SOFA + 2-AMINO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANOL Works for all bases of glossy alkyd based enamel.
Hampers drying time.
3 Ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulfonate derivative Works only in ACCENT ALKYD BASE and DEEP ALKYD BASE
4 Volatile cyclic amine + ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulfonate derivative Works in all bases of alkyd based glossy enamel.
5 SOFA + volatile cyclic amine High dosage is required.

Example-5
Compatibilizer composition
Ingredient Parts (by weight)
Alkyl benzenesulfonate derivative 60-80
Volatile Cyclic Amine 20-40

Compatibilizer dosage required (mL /Liter of base)
Base For PY110 concentrate For PR122 concentrate
SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 39 39
PASTEL ALKYD BASE 39 39
DARK ALKYD BASE 39 39
DEEP ALKYD BASE 39 19.5
ACCENT ALKYD BASE 39 19.5

The bases mentioned in the above table represent long oil alkyd based enamels with variation in TiO2 dosage. The TiO2 content varies as follows; Accent base has lowest while super pastel base has highest TiO2 content. TiO2 content may vary from 0 to 16%.
Example-6
Evaluation of high gloss long oil alkyd enamel tinted with aqueous pigment concentrates meant for exclusive tinting of water based paint using compatibilizing liquid blend.

Coloristic Values
The concentrates were tinted in 50 mL of bases at a dosage of 20 mL/L for SUPER PASTEL while 160 or 140 mL/L for ACCENT BASE of GLOSSY enamel along with the compatibilizer dosage as stated above. Upon mixing in gyro-shaker a drawdown was cast with 6MIL applicator; panels were dried and coloristic values were checked.

Base TS
Rub vs Un-Rub DE C.R. Exp C.R.
STD
PY110 concentrate SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 101.05 1.001 - -
ACCENT ALKYD BASE NA 0.985 53.339 51.043
PR122 concentrate SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 110 1.4 - -
ACCENT ALKYD BASE NA 0.821 62.884 64.248

DL gives lightness difference, Da gives redder greener value and Db gives yellower bluer values, CR is contrast ratio; an indicator of hiding, total colour difference is the numerical measurement of the colour shift between the exposed vs the unexposed area of the panel. A larger DE represents a greater change in shade

0 – 1 A normally invisible difference
1 - 2 Very small difference, only obvious to a trained eye
2 - 3.5 Medium difference, also obvious to an untrained eye
3.5 - 5 An obvious difference
> 6 A very obvious difference

Effect of ratio of alkylbenzene sulfonate and volatile cyclic amine ratio on coloristic values
The table below clearly indicates that when the ratio of ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulfonate and volatile cyclic amine is out of the specified ratio, there is obvious change in the change in colour difference before and after tinting.

Ratio ABSulfonate:VCAmine TS DL Da Db DE
90:10 139.41 -1.3 -0.6 3.3 3.6
40:60 116 -0.7 -2.4 1.2 2.85
80:20 101.05 -0.398 -0.896 -0.203 1.001
65:35 99.24 0.18 -0.715 0.148 0.752

Effect of compatibilizer on drying time of enamel tinted with individual colorant and compatibilizer
The concentrates were tinted in 50mL of bases at a dosage of 20mL/L for SUPER PASTEL while 160 mL/L for ACCENT BASE of GLOSSY enamel along with the compatibilizer dosage as stated above. Upon mixing in gyro-shaker, paint was applied on tin panels with the help of brush.
Base Dosage
mL /Lt Drying time in hrs.
For Surface Tack free Hard
PR 122 Concentrate SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE
20 mL
STD 3 4 O/N
EXP 3.5 5 O/N
ACCENT ALKYD BASE
160 mL
STD 3.75 5.5 O/N
EXP 4 5.75 O/N
PY 110 Concentrate SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE
20 mL
STD 3 5 O/N
EXP 5 5 O/N
ACCENT ALKYD BASE
160 mL
STD 3 5.75 O/N
EXP 3 5.75 O/N

From the above table, it can be seen that the drying time of enamel tinted with compatibilizer is comparable with standard.

Shades
For all the shades evaluated the base quantity is between 850 mL to 1040 mL more precisely 875 mL to 1020 mL even more precisely 900 mL to 1000 mL; whereas the quantity of aqueous color concentrate meant for exclusive tinting of water based paint containing PY110 varies from 1 mL to 20 mL more precisely 5 mL to 10 mL while 1 mL to 90 mL; more precisely 5 mL to 80 mL for PR122 concentrate.
Shade Code Base Comment
9425 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE Shade with highest PR122 amongst
7961 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE Shade with highest PY110
8165 ACCENT ALKYD BASE Shade with highest PY110 and second highest

Viscosity (in sec on B4 ford-cup @ 30deg C)
Shade Code Base STD EXP
9425 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 88 120
7961 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 89 120
8165 ACCENT ALKYD BASE 124 111

A pick-up in viscosity is observed due to compatibilizer, but the flow of tinted paint is acceptable. There is a rule of thumb in the paint industry that a viscosity of approximately 100 cps (1 P, 0.1 Pas) provides acceptable spraying, brushing, or roll coating. However, that viscosity is not measured under just any set of conditions or done with just any viscometer. All aspects of paint flow, including stirring, pumping, transferring, sagging, and application involve shearing actions. Viscosity is described as the internal resistance of a fluid to flow and may be considered as a measure of fluid friction.
The Ford viscosity cup is a simple gravity device that permits the timed flow of a known volume of liquid passing through an orifice located at the bottom. Under ideal conditions, this rate of flow would be proportional to the kinematic viscosity (expressed in stokes and centistokes) that is dependent upon the specific gravity of the draining liquid.

Impact Resistance
Procedure followed ASTM D2794 wherein the impact resistance was checked for paint applied on MS panels to achieve DFT of 20 micron; cured for 48 hours. The test was carried out in both direct and reverse impact mode and damage to paint film upon impact was compared for standard and experimental sample.
Shade Code Base Result
9425 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE Pass
7961 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE Pass
8165 ACCENT ALKYD BASE Pass

Scratch Hardness (gm of weight required to deform the film on MS panel)
This test was performed on Automatic scratch hardness tester.
Panels used – MS
Application method used – Brush.
Shade Code Base STD EXP
9425 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 900 1100
7961 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 1000 900
8165 ACCENT ALKYD BASE 1100 900

Cross-Cut adhesion (3mm)
(The test methods in D 3359 determine just how well the organic coating is bonded to the substrate. Method A of D 3359 involves using an “X” cut and tape test to measure adhesion. This is typically used in the field or for coatings having a film thickness greater than five mils (127 µm). Method B involves using a cutting tool to manually make a grid composed of up to 100 squares and then the tape test to evaluate adhesion. This is typically used in the laboratory and on thin films less than five mils thick (127 µm).
Shade Code Base Result
9425 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE Pass
7961 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE Pass
8165 ACCENT ALKYD BASE Pass

All the mechanical properties are retained even after addition of compatibilizer.

Gloss (Tin Panel 65% RH; 300 C)
Shade Code Base Degree Obs. STD EXP
9425 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 20 84.7 85.7
60 92.3 91.9
85 99.2 99.5
7961 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE 20 85.9 85
60 93.1 92.2
85 99.6 98.8
8165 ACCENT ALKYD BASE 20 85.1 84
60 90.8 89.6
85 99.1 99.1

Drying time for shades tinted with compatibilizer
For evaluation of drying time, the bases were tinted as stated above and applied on Tin panels by brush.

Shade Code Base Drying time in hrs.
For Surface Tack free Hard
9425 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE STD 3 4.5 O/N
EXP 3 4.5 O/N
7961 SUPER PASTEL ALKYD BASE STD 3 4.5 O/N
EXP 3 4.5 O/N
8165 ACCENT ALKYD BASE STD 3.5 5.5 O/N
EXP 3.75 5.75 O/N

Drying time and gloss are comparable to standard coatings. Thus ethoxylated alkylbenzene sulfonate derivative with volatile cyclic amine with a selected ratio successfully tints solvent borne paints with water based pigment concentrates meant for exclusive tinting of water borne paints.