COMPRESSOR SURGE DETECTION
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] Benefit is claimed of US Patent Application Ser. No. 61/503,196, filed June 30, 201 1,
and entitled "Compressor Surge Detection", the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference
herein in its entirety as if set forth at length.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The disclosure relates to compressors. More particularly, the disclosure relates to
electric motor-driven magnetic bearing compressors.
[0003] One particular use of electric motor-driven compressors is liquid chillers. An
exemplary liquid chiller uses a hermetic centrifugal compressor. The exemplary unit comprises a
standalone combination of the compressor, the cooler unit, the chiller unit, the expansion device,
and various additional components.
[0004] Some compressors include a transmission intervening between the motor rotor and
the impeller to drive the impeller at a faster speed than the motor. In other compressors, the
impeller is directly driven by the rotor (e.g., they are on the same shaft).
[0005] Various bearing systems have been used to support compressor shafts. One particular
class of compressors uses magnetic bearings (more specifically, electro-magnetic bearings). To
provide radial support of a shaft, a pair of radial magnetic bearings may be used. Each of these
may be backed up by a mechanical bearing (a so-called "touchdown" bearing). Additionally, one
or more other magnetic bearings may be configured to resist loads that draw the shaft upstream
(and, also, opposite loads). Upstream movement tightens the clearance between the impeller and
its shroud and, thereby, risks damage. Opposite movement opens clearance and reduces
efficiency.
[0006] Magnetic bearings use position sensors for adjusting the associated magnetic fields to
maintain radial and axial positioning against the associated radial and axial static loads of a given
operating condition and further control synchronous vibrations.
[0007] Centrifugal compressors have a limitation for operating at high head due to flow
instability called "surge". The effect of surge is high vibrations and damage to the impeller and
bearings. Hence, it is preferable to avoid surge in a compressor. At a given speed, a compressor
has an associated maximum head limitation dictated by surge. For a compressor having inlet
guide vanes for capacity control, at a constant suction pressure the discharge pressure at which
surge occurs reduces with load. Surge may be triggered by something which increases saturation
temperature at the condenser or decreases saturation temperature at the evaporator. For example,
if condenser water temperature increases, surge may occur.
SUMMARY
[0008] Typically, surge is preceded by rotating stall. The typical frequency of rotating stall is
less than 25Hz (e.g., 20-25Hz). Surge may follow at a slightly lower frequency (e.g., less than
20Hz or 3-10Hz). The particular configuration of the compressor, the nature of the refrigerant,
and the operating conditions may influence the exact frequencies at which surge and rotating
stall occur. Both surge and rotating stall cause subsynchronous shaft vibrations. By monitoring
the frequency and the content of the vibration spectrum (e.g., from the output of existing sensors
of the magnetic bearings), it is possible to detect rotating stall or surge. After detection, action
may be taken to prevent onset of surge or counter (terminate) surge. Exemplary actions include
one or both of increasing the compressor speed and opening a hot gas bypass valve.
[0009] Accordingly, one aspect of the disclosure involves a compressor having a housing
assembly with a suction port and a discharge port. A shaft is mounted for rotation about an axis
and an impeller is mounted to the shaft to be driven in at least a first condition so as to draw fluid
in through the suction port and discharge the fluid from the discharge port. A magnetic bearing
system supports the shaft. A controller is coupled to a sensor and configured to detect at least one
of surge and pre-surge rotating stall and, responsive to said detection, take action to prevent or
counter surge.
[0010] In various implementations, the housing may have a motor compartment and an
electric motor may have a stator within the motor compartment and a rotor within the stator.
[0011] The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings
and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the
description and drawings, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 is a partially schematic view of a chiller system.
[0013] FIG. 2 is a schematized longitudinal sectional view of a compressor of the chiller
system
[0014] FIG. 3 is a vibration spectrum of a compressor in normal operation.
[0015] FIG. 4 is a vibration spectrum of the compressor during surge.
[0016] FIG. 5 is a control flowchart.
[0017] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like
elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] FIG. 1 shows a vapor compression system 20. The exemplary vapor compression
system 20 is a chiller system. The system 20 includes a contrifugal compressor 22 having a
suction port (inlet) 24 and a discharge port (outlet) 26. The system further includes a first heat
exchanger 28 in a normal operating mode being a heat rejection heat exchanger (e.g., a gas
cooler or condenser). In an exemplary system based upon an existing chiller, the heat exchanger
28 is a refrigerant-water heat exchanger formed by tube bundles 29, 30 in a condenser unit 31
where the refrigerant is cooled by an external water flow. A float valve 32 controls flow through
the condenser outlet from a subcooler chamber surrounding the subcooler bundle 30.
[0019] The system further includes a second heat exchanger 34 (in the normal mode a heat
absorption heat exchanger or evaporator). In the exemplary system, the heat exchanger 34 is a
refrigerant-water heat exchanger formed by a tube bundle 35 for chilling a chilled water flow
within a chiller unit 36. The unit 36 includes a refrigerant distributor 37. An expansion device 38
is downstream of the compressor and upstream of the evaporator along the normal mode
refrigerant flowpath 40 (the flowpath being partially surrounded by associated piping, etc.).
[0020] A hot gas bypass valve 42 is positioned along a bypass flowpath branch 44 extending
between a first location downstream of the compressor outlet 26 and upstream of the isolation
valve 34 and a second location upstream of the inlet of the cooler and downstream of the
expansion device 38.
[0021] The compressor (FIG. 2) has a housing assembly (housing) 50. The exemplary
housing assembly contains an electric motor 52 and one or more working impellers 54 drivable
by the electric motor in the first mode to compress fluid (refrigerant) to draw fluid (refrigerant)
in through the suction port 24, compress the fluid, and discharge the fluid from the discharge port
26. The exemplary impeller is directly driven by the motor (i.e., without an intervening
transmission).
[0022] The housing defines a motor compartment 60 containing a stator 62 of the motor
within the compartment. A rotor 64 of the motor is partially within the stator and is mounted for
rotation about a rotor axis 500. The exemplary mounting is via one or more electromagnetic
bearing systems 66, 67, 68 mounting a shaft 70 of the rotor to the housing assembly. The
exemplary impeller 54 is mounted to the shaft (e.g., to an end portion 72) to rotate therewith as a
unit about an axis 500.
[0023] The exemplary bearing system 66 is a radial bearing and mounts an intermediate
portion of the shaft (i.e., between the impeller and the motor) to the housing assembly. The
exemplary bearing system 67 is also a radial bearing and mounts an opposite portion of the shaft
to the housing assembly. The exemplary bearing 68 is a thrust/counterthrust bearing. The radial
bearings radially retain the shaft while the thrust/counterthrust bearing has respective portions
axially retaining the shaft against thrust and counterthrust displacement. FIG. 2 further shows an
axial position sensor 80 and a radial position sensor 82. These may be coupled to a controller 84
which also controls the motor, the powering of the bearings, and other compressor and system
component functions. The controller may receive user inputs from an input device (e.g.,
switches, keyboard, or the like) and additional sensors (not shown). The controller may be
coupled to the controllable system components (e.g., valves, the bearings, the compressor motor,
vane actuators, and the like) via control lines (e.g., hardwired or wireless communication paths).
The controller may include one or more: processors; memory (e.g., for storing program
information for execution by the processor to perform the operational methods and for storing
data used or generated by the program(s)); and hardware interface devices (e.g., ports) for
interfacing with input/output devices and controllable system components.
[0024] The assignment of thrust versus counterthrust directions is somewhat arbitrary. For
purposes of description, the counterthrust bearing is identified as resisting the upstream
movement of the impeller caused by its cooperation with the fluid. The thrust bearing resists
opposite movement. The exemplary thrust/counterthrust bearing is an attractive bearing (working
via magnetic attraction rather than magnetic repulsion). The bearing 68 has a thrust collar 120
rigidly mounted to the shaft 72. Mounted to the housing on opposite sides of the thrust collar are
a counterthrust coil unit 122 and a thrust coil unit 124 whose electromagnetic forces act on the
thrust collar. There are gaps of respective heights Hi and H2 between the coil units 122 and 124
and the thrust collar 120.
[0025] FIG. 2 further shows mechanical bearings 74 and 76 respectively serving as radial
touchdown bearings so as to provide a mechanical backup to the magnetic radial bearings 66 and
67, respectively. The inner race has a shoulder that acts as an axial touchdown bearing.
[0026] As so far described, the system and compressor may be representative of any of
numerous system and compressor configurations. The sensors 80 and 82 may be existing sensors
used for control of the electromagnetic bearings. In an exemplary modification from a baseline
such system and compressor, the control routines of the controller 84 may be augmented with an
additional routine or module which uses the outputs of one or both of the sensors 80 and 82 to
anticipate surge and control the compressor and/or system components to avoid or mitigate such
surge. The hardware may otherwise be preserved relative to the baseline.
[0027] FIG. 3 shows the vibration spectrum of an exemplary compressor well prior to surge
(i.e., before significant pre-surge stall). A single prominent peak 90 is at a frequency
corresponding to shaft rotational speed (e.g., approximately 155Hz in this example). FIG. 4
shows a vibration spectrum at surge. Across the spectrum, there is greater data fluctuation than in
FIG. 3. However, the shaft speed peak is still present and is shown as 90'. However, there is
another peak 92 at much lower frequency and of greater magnitude. The development of the
peak 92 may be detected from the output of the radial sensors 80 and 82 (either directly or via
filtering). An exemplary implementation discussed below uses the output of the radial position
sensor 82.
[0028] If surge onset is determined, the controller may take either of several corrective
actions. One control action involves controlling the orientation of the inlet guide vanes 100. The
exemplary inlet guide vanes are arranged in a circumferential array in an inlet/suction
passageway just downstream of the inlet 24. They may be rotated about respective axes via an
actuator 102 so as to selectively constrict and free the inlet flow. Responsive to detected surge,
the controller 84 may cause the actuator 102 to close the vanes by an incremental angle.
[0029] Yet alternatively, or additionally, speed may be controlled.
[0030] Yet alternatively, or additionally, the controller 84 may actuate the hot gas bypass
valve 42 (FIG. 1).
[0031] Yet alternatively, or additionally, impeller clearance may be controlled.
[0032] FIG. 5 is an exemplary control flowchart of a control process 300. This exemplary
routine may be added to the existing control routine (e.g., of a baseline compressor). The process
includes receiving position sensor input 302. The position sensor input (e.g., accumulated) is
processed 304 to provide vibration data (e.g., amplitude and frequency information such as
reflected in FIGS. 3 and 4). It is then determined 306 whether there is surge or impending surge
(e.g., rotating stall). For example, this may be determined via the presence of more than a
specified amplitude of vibration in a specified frequency range. An exemplary threshold
amplitude is 0.002 inch (0.05mm) (more broadly, greater than 0.001 inch (0.025mm) or
0.0015-0.003 inch (0.04-0.08mm) as a threshold value). An exemplary frequency is 3-10Hz for
surge. In this exemplary implementation, the frequency range may be such as to miss pre-surge
rotating stall. Alternative implementations for detecting rotating stall may have a broader
frequency range and a lower threshold amplitude (at least lower than the higher foregoing
values). However, such detection may be somewhat more susceptible to false positives.
[0033] If no surge (or pre-surge stall) is detected, then no action is taken (e.g., the process
may return to the starting point at 302). If surge is detected, an action may be taken or the
appropriate one of several actions may be determined. For example, the exemplary flowchart
identifies two different actions to be taken depending upon measured clearance ¾ . It is
determined 308 whether the measured clearance is greater than a minimum. The measured
clearance may be reflected in the position sensor input which may be time averaged or otherwise
processed.
[0034] In an exemplary controller configuration, the minimum clearance may be determined
from a look-up table. This may be the case where a given nominal compressor model can be
ordered with any of a plurality of different impellers having different blade heights. Each
different impeller may have associated therewith a different minimum clearance. The controller
may have a look-up table for all available impellers/blade heights and the identity of the
particular impeller may be entered at manufacture. This may directly provide the lookup table
and/or the lookup table may be fully or partially provided via performing a calibration during
compressor assembly. If clearance is greater than minimum, then the clearance may be reduced
310 via controlling the magnetic bearing. For example, the current applied to one side of the
bearing (e.g., the counterthrust unit 122) may be reduced by an increment and the current applied
to the other side (e.g., the thrust unit 124) of the bearing may be increased by an increment (e.g.,
the same increment). The increment may be proportional to the difference between the actual
position sensor input voltage (either instantaneous or time average) and the position sensor input
voltage associated (e.g., in the lookup table) with the minimum clearance. The proportionality
constant (or other function) may be chosen to be large enough to be sufficiently responsive but to
be small enough to not risk over correction. This may be done experimentally. Alternatively, a
fixed reduction increment may be used. If, however, clearance has fallen to or below the
minimum value, one or more of several alternative corrective actions 312A-312C may be taken.
In a first alternative action 312A, the inlet guide vanes may be closed. Closure may be via a fixed
increment or via a proportionality constant similar to that discussed at step 310. In a second
alternative 312B, the IGV is similarly closed but speed is increased (increased via a fixed
increment or via a function such as a proportionality function identified at step 310). In a third
alternative, the hot gas bypass valve 42 may be opened 312C.
[0035] Although an embodiment is described above in detail, such description is not
intended for limiting the scope of the present disclosure. It will be understood that various
modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For
example, when applied to the reengineering of an existing compressor or a compressor in an
existing application, details of the existing compressor or application may influence details of
any particular implementation. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the
following claims.

CLAIMS
What is claimed is:
1. A compressor (22) comprising:
a housing assembly (40) having a suction port (24) and a discharge port (26);
a shaft (70) mounted for rotation about an axis (500);
an impeller (44) mounted to the shaft to be driven in at least a first condition so as to
draw fluid in through the suction port and discharge said fluid out from the discharge port;
a magnetic bearing system (66, 67, 68) supporting the shaft;
a sensor (80, 82); and
a controller (84) coupled to the sensor and configured to detect at least one of surge and
pre-surge rotating stall and, responsive to said detection, take action to prevent or counter surge
2. The compressor of claim 1 wherein:
the housing comprises a motor compartment (60);
an electric motor (42) has a stator (62) within the motor compartment and a rotor (64)
within the stator.
The compressor of claim 1 wherein the magnetic bearing system comprises
a first radial bearing (66);
a second radial bearing (67); and
a thrust bearing (68).
The compressor of claim 3 wherein:
the thrust bearing is a thrust/counterthrust bearing.
The compressor of claim 3 further comprising:
a counterthrust bearing axially spaced apart from the thrust bearing.
The compressor of claim 1 wherein:
the sensor comprises:
a radial position sensor (82); and
an axial position sensor (80); and
the controller is programmed to:
detect and limit synchronous vibration.
7. The compressor of claim 6 wherein:
the controller is programmed to detect said rotating stall via detecting vibration and,
responsive to the detected rotating stall take action distinct from the control of synchronous
vibration.
8. The compressor of claim 1 wherein:
the controller is programmed to detect said rotating stall by a detecting vibration.
9. The compressor of claim 8 wherein:
the controller is programmed to detect said vibration from one or more bearing position
sensors.
10. The compressor of claim 8 wherein:
the controller is programmed to detect said vibration in a frequency range of 3-10Hz.
11. The compressor of claim 1 wherein the controller is programmed to detect said rotating
stall by:
determining the presence of a vibration exceeding a threshold magnitude within a
frequency range.
12. The compressor of claim 1 wherein the controller is programmed to take said action to
prevent onset of surge by at least one of:
increasing the compressor speed; and
opening a hot gas bypass valve (42).
13. The compressor of claim 1 wherein:
the impeller is a single impeller mounted to the rotor by the shaft for direct coaxial
rotation with the rotor.
14. A vapor compression system comprising:
the compressor of claim 1;
a first heat exchanger (28) coupled to the discharge port to receive refrigerant driven in a
downstream direction in the first operational condition of the compressor;
an expansion device (32) downstream of the first heat exchanger; and
a second heat exchanger (30) downstream of the expansion device and coupled to the
suction port to return refrigerant in the first operating condition.
15. The system of claim 14 wherein:
a hot gas bypass valve is positioned to bypass the first heat exchanger and convey
refrigerant from the compressor to the second heat exchanger.
16. A method for operating the compressor of claim 1 comprising:
driving the motor to draw the fluid in through the suction port and discharge the fluid
from the discharge port;
detecting the rotating stall; and
responsive to the detected rotating stall, taking said action to prevent onset of surge.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said action comprises:
adjusting a clearance.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the clearance is adjusted while it exceeds a minimum value; and
when the clearance does not exceed the minimum value, the action comprises opening a
hot gas bypass valve.