CONTROL OF COOLING WATER SYSTEM USING RATE OF CONSUMPTION
OF FLUORESCENT POLYMER
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
5
The present invention relates to a method for controlling cooling water systems based on calculated information.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
10 A cooling water system comprises a cooling tower, heat exchangers, pumps and
all necessary piping to move water through the system. Control of a cooling water system is based on balancing the desire to run the cooling water system at the highest concentration cycles possible without incurring detrimental scaling, corrosion, fouling or microbiological control situations.
15 A concentration cycle is defined for a specific species as:
Specific Species Level in Cooling Water Tower Specific Species Level in Make-Up Water
For example, when the specific species is the calcium ion ( Ca+2) and a cooling 20 water system is running at 500 ppm Ca+2 with 150 ppm Ca+2 in the makeup water, the cooling water system is running at 3.3 concentration cycles. In operating a cooling water system it is desirable to achieve the maximum number of concentration cycles to avoid unnecessary loss of water in blowdown as well as unnecessary overfeeding of treatment chemicals including but not limited to, treatment polymers. The maximum 25 concentration cycles for a cooling water system are limited by the undesirable events, such as scaling and corrosion, which occur when the amount of specific species in the

2 cooling water tower reaches a certain level, such that the species contributes to these
problems.
There are several currently known ways used to control the concentration cycles in cooling water systems. Controlling the concentration cycles is typically done by 5 controlling the flow rate of "fresh" water (from one or more sources) known as make¬up water into the system and by controlling the main flow rate out of the system, referred to as blowdown. In order to control makeup water flow, a pump or valve controls the flow of make-up water into the cooling tower and a level controller is typically used in the cooling tower reservoir or "sump". The level controller is linked
10 to the make-up water pump or valve and when the water in the sump decreases to a point lower than the setpoint for the level controller the make-up water pump or valve is activated.
Conductivity is the typical method of blowdown control. For purposes of this patent application, conductivity is defined as fhe measurement of electrical
15 conductivity of water with electrical conductivity being present in the water due to ionic species being present in the water. Conductivity can be used to control bleed of blowdown because conductivity can readily be used to estimate the overall amount of ionic species present in the water and a simple controller can be set to"open a valve or pump and start blowdown when the conductivity of the reservoir water reaches above a
20 certain setpoint.
There are limits to how useful conductivity is for control of a cooling water system as conductivity is nothing more than an indirect measure of the scaling tendency of the water as indicated by the amount of ionic species present. Small amounts of scaling species such as phosphate ions do not add measurably to the

3 conductivity, but can result in significant scaling events. Similarly, if the ratio of
scaling species present in the water to the non-scaling species changes over time,
blowdown control based on conductivity is an inadequate means of controlling a
cooling tower. If the ratio increases, scaling can result. If the ratio decreases, the
5 cooling tower is operated at less than optimal cycles of concentration resulting in
wastage of water and chemicals used to treat the system and resulting in other
problems such as corrosion. Another concern with conductivity based control in
calcium carbonate systems is that above the scaling threshold, the cooling tower can
act as a "lime softener". In these situations, as calcium carbonate precipitates, the
10 system conductivity does not change proportionally to tower cycles resulting in sever scaling problems. It is understood in the art of cooling water that conductivity alone cannot be relied upon as the sole analytical based method for control of a cooling tower.
Alternatively, a timer can control bleed of blowdown without really measuring
15 any of the specific species in the water. In addition to or in place of the above control schemes, water flow meters on the make-up and blowdown can be used, in conjunction with a microprocessor controller to do an overall cooling water mass balance.
A problem with these known control schemes, is that when the blowdown is controlled by conductivity and the make-up is controlled by a level controller, if the
20 composition of the usual make-up water is variable, or if there are alternate sources of make-up water that are significantly different from the usual make-up water source, or if there are alternative sources of blowdown that are unaccounted for, level controllers and conductivity cannot account for all events that are occurring in the system. In these cases, the cooling water system is typically controlled by the operator being

4 conservative with the conductivity setpoint which thus causes extra undesirable
expense due to non-optimal use of treatment chemicals and water.
Many cooling water systems use treatment products to control undesirable
events such as scaling, corrosion, fouling and microbiological growth. These
5 treatment products comprise polymers and other materials and are known to people of
ordinary skill in the art of cooling water systems. A cooling water control system can
be set up to feed treatment product based on either a bleed/feed mechanism where the
action of blowdown triggers a chemical feed pump or valve that feeds treatment
product; or, in the alternative, the cooling water control system feeds treatment product
10 based on timers using a "feeding schedule" or flow meters on the make-up water line trigger the pumping of treatment product based on a certain amount of make-up water being pumped. A limitation of these control methods is that none of these systems measure the treatment product concentration directly online, so if there is a mechanical problem, for example, if a pump fails, a drum empties, or high, low or unknown
15 blowdown occurs, system volume changes or makeup water quality changes; the correct treatment product concentration is not maintained. Because this problem is common, typically cooling water systems are either overfed to ensure the level of treatment product in the system does not drop too low as a result of high variability in product dosage or the treatment product is unknowingly underfed. Both overfeeding
20 and underfeeding of treatment product are undesirable due to cost and performance drawbacks.
One aspect of known control schemes is an inert fluorescent chemical being added to the cooling water system in a known proportion to the active component of the treatment product feed and the use of a fluorometer to monitor the fluorescent

5 signal of the inert fluorescent chemical. This is commercially available as TRASAR®
' from Nalco Company, 1601 W. Diehl Road, Naperville IL 60563 (630) 305-1000.
When using TRASAR® the fluorescent signal of the inert fluorescent chemical is then
used to determine whether the desired amount of treatment product is present in the
5 cooling tower and the operating parameters, such as blowdown, can then optionally be
adjusted to ensure that the desired amount of treatment product is present.
Many current cooling towers use inert fluorescent tracers to control the
treatment product level in the system and also use a conductivity controller to measure
the conductivity in the water.
10 Cooling towers that use both inert fluorescent tracer(s) and conductivity
typically use the following types of information in order to control the tower. For
example, a cooling tower with typical makeup water having: 150 ppm Ca+2, 75 ppm
Mg+2, and 100 ppm "M alkalinity"; with a conductivity of 600 microsiemens per
centimeter (u.S/cm) is set to run at 500 ppm Ca+~. In order to operate within acceptable
15 levels, the cycles of concentration for this cooling water system are 3.3 (calculated by i
dividing 500 by 150). Running the system at 500 ppm Ca+2 corresponds to a
conductivity setpoint of 3.3 times 600 or 1980 uS/cm. When the conductivity exceeds
this setpoint the system is configured to automatically blowdown a portion of
"concentrated" cooling water ("concentrated" referring to system water with an
20 unacceptably high level of ions) which is replaced with "fresh" makeup water (where
"fresh" is defined as having a lower level of scaling ions than the "concentrated"
i cooling water). This decreases the conductivity and hardness (Ca+2 and Mg+2) ions via
dilution. Dilution also reduces the amount of inert fluorescent tracer chemical in the system. Decreasing the amount of inert fluorescent tracer in the system decreases the

6 fluorescent signal from the inert fluorescent tracer. When the fluorescent signal from
tracer decreases, the tracer control system is set up to feed a fresh mixture of treatment
product and inert fluorescent tracer chemical to makeup for the decrease in
fluorescence that was lost in the blowdown.
5 A known method of control the amount of water treatment product being added
to a cooling water system involves the use of another aspect of TRASAR®. This
involves using a treatment product containing a fluorescent polymer that is either
inherently fluorescent or a polymer that has been "tagged" with a fluorescent moiety.
These fluorescent polymers are not inert, rather, they are supposed to be consumed as
10 they function to treat whatever performance-related condition it is that they are
designed to treat. Thus, by measuring the fluorescent signal of the fluorescent polymer it is possible to determine the active polymer in the system and by knowing this to be able to determine the amount of consumption of the fluorescent polymer. By knowing the amount of consumption of the fluorescent polymer it is possible to use that
15 information to control the feeding of new treatment product containing fluorescent polymer.
A reference in this area is entitled "The Chemical Treatment of Cooling Water", Second Edition by James W. McCoy, © 1983 by Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., see Chapter 1, Principles of Open Recirculating Cooling Water Systems, pgs. 1-
20 20, Chapter HI, Scaling and Fouling, pgs. 48-81, Chapter VI, Operating Procedures, pgs. 198-226, and Appendix, Glossary, pgs. 268-273.
Another reference in this area is entitled "High Cycle Cooling Tower Operation: Hurdles and Solutions ", Hoots et al, pp. 388-397 which was presented at

7 the 60th Annual Meeting of the International Water Conference held on October 18-20,
1999.
U.S. Patent No. 6,280,635, is entitled Autocycle Control Of Cooling Water
Systems. This patent issued on August 28,2001 and it describes and claims an
5 autocycle method to control a cooling water system comprising the steps of:
a) adding a treatment product to said cooling water system, with said treatment product comprising inert fluorescent tracer and fluorescent polymer in a set proportion;
b) providing a sufficient number of fluorometers,
10 c) using said sufficient number of fluorometers to measure the fluorescent
signal of said inert fluorescent tracer and the fluorescent signal of said fluorescent polymer in the water from the cooling water system;
d) using these measured fluorescent signals from step c) to determine the
amount of said fluorescent polymer present in said cooling water system;
15 e) comparing the amount of said fluorescent polymer present to the amount of
fluorescent polymer being fed into the system to determine the consumption of said fluorescent polymer; and
f) using said consumption of said fluorescent polymer to control the concentration cycles of said cooling water system, with the proviso that said 20 control is implemented by linking any or all of the following parameters
i) the flowrate of the make-up water to the cooling water system;
ii) the flowrate of the treatment product comprising inert fluorescent
tracer and
tagged treatment polymer;

8
iii) frequency and amount of blowdown flowrate from the cooling water
system;
iv) overall water flowrate through the cooling tower;
v) overall volume of water in the cooling tower; and
5 vi) composition of makeup water;
to the consumption of said fluorescent polymer,
with the provisos that
a) the minimum flowrate of treatment product comprising inert
fluorescent tracer and tagged treatment polymer must be
1 o sufficient to supply the cooling water system with the requisite
amount of tagged treatment product; and
P) when control is implemented by linking flowrates the
flowrates are balanced.
New methods and techniques for control of cooling water systems are always
15 desirable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The first aspect of the instant claimed invention is a one-drum method to
control a cooling water system comprising the steps of:
(1) determining the rate of consumption of a fluorescent polymer in the water of a
20 cooling water system, wherein the rate of consumption is calculated at discrete
intervals during a learning time period, using a Fouling Index equation, or a Scale
Index equation or a Tower Scale Index equation, comprising the steps of
a) providing a cooling water system;
b) providing a water treatment product,

9
(i) wherein said water treatment product comprises at least one
fluorescent polymer, at least one inert fluorescent tracer and
optionally other water treatment chemicals,
(ii) wherein said fluorescent polymer is present in said water
5 treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other
ingredients in the water treatment product, (iii) wherein said inert fluorescent tracer is present in said water treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other ingredients in the water treatment product,
1 o (iv) wherein both said fluorescent polymer and said inert
fluorescent tracer have detectable fluorescent signals and said fluorescent polymer has a detectable fluorescent signal that is distinct as compared to the detectable fluorescent signal of said inert fluorescent tracer such that the fluorescent signals
15 of both the inert fluorescent tracer and the fluorescent
polymer can both be detected in the water of the same cooling water system;
c) adding said water treatment product to the water of said
cooling water system, /
20 (i) wherein said water treatment product is added to the
water in a discontinuous way, and (ii) wherein discrete intervals of time pass between the addition of each amount of water treatment product;
d) providing one or more fluorometers;

10
e) using said one or more fluorometers to measure the fluorescent
signal of said inert fluorescent tracer and the fluorescent signal of
said fluorescent polymer in the water from the cooling water system,
wherein said measurements used in the calculations of step g) take
5 place during the interval of time that occurs between each new
addition of water treatment product to the water of said cooling water system;
f) using the measured fluorescent signals from step e) to determine the
concentration of fluorescent polymer and concentration of inert
10 fluorescent tracer present in the water of said cooling water,
g) repeating steps e) and f) at discrete intervals in order to calculate
the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during intervals of a
learning time period by using an equation selected from the group
comprising the Fouling Index equation, the Scale Index equation,
15 and the Tower Scale Index equation as follows:
(i) FEL = [A / (tlf- tlO) ] x [In {LIT(f)/LIT(0)} - In (LTP(f)/LTP(0)}];
where FEL is the Fouling Index calculated for an interval of time during the
learning time period,
A is a constants 1,
20 tlf = Time at end of interval,
tlO = Time at start of interval,
LIT(O) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at start of the interval;
LIT(f) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at end of the interval;
LTP(O) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at start of the interval;

11
LTP(f) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at end of the interval; or
(ii) SIL = [ {B x LTP(O)} / interval time] x [LIT(t)/LIT(0) - LTP(t)/LTP(0)];
where SIL is the Scale Index calculated for an interval of time during the
5 learning
time period,
B is a constant =1,000,000 or 100,000;
interval time is the time, in units of minutes, of the discrete interval of time
when
10 measurements are being taken,
LTP(0) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the start of the interval,
LIT(0) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the start of the interval,
LTP(t) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the end of the interval, and
LIT(t) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the end of the interval;
15 or
(iii) TSIL=-Cx SL(t) x 60;
where TSEL is the Tower Scale Index calculated for an interval of time during
learning time period,
20 C is a constant =1,000,000 or 100,000,
SL(t) is the slope of ln[LTP(t) / LIT(t)] versus time curve, in units of (1/seconds), where the slope is calculated for an interval of time during the learning
time period;

12
(2) Calculating the average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the
learning time period by adding all the FELs or all the SELs or all the TSILs calculated in step 1 and dividing by the number of times the FILs or SILs or TSILs were calculated over the entire learning time period, wherein this calculation leads to an 5 FILa being calculated or to an SILa being calculated or to a TSILa being calculated, wherein FILa is the average Fouling Index during the learning time period and SILa is the average Scale Index during the learning time period and TSILa is the average Tower Scale Index during the learning time period;
(3) Calculating the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during an
10 evaluation time period, wherein measurements used in the calculations take place during the intervals of time that occur between each new addition of water treatment product to the water of said cooling water system, wherein said calculations are done by using an equation selected from the group comprising the Fouling Index equation for an evaluation time period, the Scale Index equation for an evaluation time period, 15 and the Tower Scale Index equation for an evaluation time period as follows:
(i) FEE = [A / (tef- teO) ] x [In {EIT(f)/EIT(0)} - In {ETP(f)/ETP(0)}]; where FEE refers to the Fouling Index calculated during the evaluation time
period,
20 A is a constant = 1, and is chosen to be the same during the learning time
period and the evaluation time period;
tef= Time at end of evaluation period, teO = Time at start of evaluation period,

13 EIT(O) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at start of evaluation
period;
EIT(i) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at end of evaluation
period;
5 ETP(0) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at start of evaluation
period;
ETP(f) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at end of evaluation
period;
10 (ii) SIE = [B x ETP(O)] / evaluation time x [EIT(t)/EIT(0) - ETP(t)/ETP(0)];
where SIE is the Scale Index for the Evaluation Time Period,
B is a constant = 1,000,000 or 100,000, and is chosen to be the same during the learning time period and the evaluation time period;
evaluation time is the time in units of minutes of the evaluation,
15 ETP(0) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the start of the
evaluation time,
EIT(0) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the start of the
evaluation time,
ETP(t) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the end of the
20 evaluation time,
and
EIT(t) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the end of the evaluation time;

14
(iii) TSIE= - C x SE(t) x 60;
where TSIE is Tower Scale Index for the Evaluation Period, C = constant = 1,000,000 or 100,000, and is chosen to be the same 5 during the learning time period and the evaluation time period;
SE(t) is the slope of ln[ETP(t)/EIT(t)] versus time curve in units of (1/seconds), where the slope is calculated throughout the evaluation time
period;
10 and
4) Comparing the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during an
evaluation time period to the previously determined, in step (2) average rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer during the learning time period for the
water in the cooling water system in the following ways;
15 . (i) wherein if FIE =ELLa, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the
learning period; if FIE > FILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is greater during- the evaluation period than it was during the
learning period; if FIE < FILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
20 polymer is less during the evaluation period than it was during the
learning period; (ii) wherein if SEE =SILa, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning period; if SEE > SILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent

15 polymer is greater during the evaluation period than it was during the
learning period; if SIE < SILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is less during the evaluation period than it was during the
learning period;
5 (iii) wherein if TSEE =TSILa, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the
learning period; if TSIE > TSILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is greater during the evaluation period than it was during the
learning period; if TSIE < TSILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
10 polymer is less during the evaluation period than it was during the
learning period;
(iv) calculating the NVincent Scale Index or NVincent Tower Scale Index
as follows:
NSI = D x [SIE - SIL] / SIL(SD),
15 -. NTSI = D x [TSIE - TSIL] / TSIL(SD);
where NSI is the NVincent Scale Index and NTSI is the NVincent
Tower Scale Index,
where D is a constant =10;
TSB3 and SEE and TSIL and SIL are as defined previously,
20 and
TSEL(SD) and SIL(SD) are the standard deviations of TSIL and SIL
values, respectively, as calculated during the learning time period;
wherein if NSI or NTSI=0, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer
is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning period; if NSI or

16 NTSI > 0, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is greater during the
evaluation period than it was during the learning period; if NSI or NTSI < 0, the rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the evaluation period than it was
during the learning period;
5 and optionally
5) adjusting the operating parameters of said cooling water system in order to
maintain the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer at the desired rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer for the water in the cooling water system.
The second aspect of the instant claimed invention is a two-drum method to
10 control a cooling water system comjprising the steps of:
(1) determining the rate of consumption of a fluorescent polymer in the water of a
cooling water system, wherein the rate of consumption is calculated at discrete
intervals during a learning time period, using a Fouling Index equation, or a Scale
Index or a Tower Scale Index equation, comprising the steps of
15 a) providing a cooling water system;
b) providing a corrosion inhibitor product,
(i) wherein said corrosion inhibitor product comprises one or
more compounds selected from the group of known corrosion
inhibitor chemicals and an inert fluorescent tracer, known as
20 iftcip,
(ii) wherein said iftcip, has been added to said corrosion inhibitor product in a known proportion,
c) providing a scale control product,

17 (i) wherein said scale control product comprises at least one
fluorescent polymer and optionally other scale control
chemicals;
(ii) wherein said fluorescent polymer is present in said scale
5 control product in a known proportion to all of the other
ingredients in the scale control product;
(iii) wherein both of said fluorescent polymer and said iftcip have
detectable fluorescent signals and said fluorescent polymer
has a detectable fluorescent signal that is distinct as
10 compared to the detectable fluorescent signal of iftcip, such
that the fluorescent signals of iftcip and that of the
fluorescent polymer can both be detected in the water of the
same cooling water system,
d) adding said scale control product and said corrosion inhibitor
15 product to the water of said cooling water system;
(i) wherein said scale control product is added to the
water in a discontinuous way, and
(ii) wherein said corrosion inhibitor product is added to
the water in a discontinuous way, and
20 (iii) wherein discrete intervals of time pass between the
addition of each amount of scale control product,
and

18 (iv) wherein discrete intervals of time pass between the
addition of each amount of corrosion inhibitor
product;
e) providing one or more fluorometers;
5 f) using said one or more fluorometers to measure the fluorescent signal of
said fluorescent polymer and to measure the fluorescent signal of iftcip
in the water from the cooling water system, wherein said measurements
used in the calculations of step h) take place during the interval of time
that occurs when no new scale control product is being added and also
10 when no new corrosion inhibitor product is being added to the water of
the industrial water system;
g) using these measured fluorescent signals from step f) to determine the
amount of fluorescent polymer and the amount of iftcip present in the
water of said cooling water system;
15 h) repeating steps f) and g) at discrete intervals in order to calculate the
rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during a learning time
period by using an equation selected from the group comprising the
Fouling Index equation, the Scale Index equation and the Tower Scale
Index equation as follows:
20 (i) FIL = [A / (tlf- tlO) ] x [In (LIT(f)/LIT(0)} - In
{LTP(f)/LTP(0)}];
where FIL is the Fouling Index calculated for an interval of time during
the learning time period,
A is a constant=l,

19 *tlf = Time at end of interval,
tlO = Time at start of interval,
LIT(O) = Concentration of iftcip at start of the interval;
LIT(f) = Concentration of iftcip at end of the interval;
5 LTP(O) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at start of the interval;
LTP(f) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at end of the interval; or
(ii) SIL = [{B x LTP(0)} / interval time] x [LIT(t)/LIT(0) -
LTP(t)/LTP(0)];
10 where SIL is the Scale Index calculated for an interval of time during
the learning time period,
B is a constant=1,000,000 or 100,000,
interval time is the time, in units of minutes, of the discrete interval of
time when measurements are being taken,
15 LTP(0) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the start of the
interval,
LIT(0) is the iftcip concentration at the start of the interval,
LTP(t) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the end of the
interval and
20 LIT(t) is the iftcip concentration at the end of the interval;
or
(iii) TSIL= - C x SL(t) x 60;
where TSIL is the Tower Scale Index calculated for an interval of time during the learning time period,

20 where C is a constant 1,000,000 or 100,000,
SL(t) is the slope of ln[LTP(t)/LIT(t)] versus time curve, in 1/seconds,
where
the slope is calculated for an interval of time during the learning time
5 period;
(2) Calculating the average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the
learning time period by adding all the FILs or all the SILs or all the TSILs
calculated in step 1 and dividing by the number of times the FILs or SILs or
10 TSILs were calculated over the entire learning time period, wherein this
calculation leads to a FILa being calculated or to a SILa being calculated or to a TSILa being calculated, wherein FILa is the average Fouling Index during the learning time period and SELa is the average Scale Index during the learning time period and TSILa is the average Tower Scale Index during the learning
15 time period;
(3) Calculating the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during an
evaluation time period, wherein measurements used in the calculations take
place during the intervals of time that occur between each new addition of
water treatment product to the water of said cooling water system, wherein said
20 calculations are done by using an equation selected from the group comprising
the Fouling Index equation for an evaluation time period, the Scale Index equation for an evaluation time period, or the Tower Scale Index equation for an evaluation time period as follows:

21 (i) FIE = [A / (tef- teO) ] x [In {EIT(f)/EIT(0)} - In {ETP(f)/ETP(0)}];
where FIE refers to the Fouling Index calculated, during the evaluation time period,
A is a constant = 1, and is chosen to be the same during the learning time 5 period and the evaluation time period;
tef = Time at end of evaluation period,
teO = Time at start of evaluation period,
EIT(O) = Concentration of iftcip at start of evaluation period;
EIT(f) = Concentration of iftcip at end of evaluation period;
1 o ETP(0) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at start of evaluation period;
ETP(f) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at end of evaluation period;
(ii) SEE = [B x ETP(0)] / evaluation time x [EIT(t)/EIT(0) - ETP(t)/ETP(0)];
where SIE is the Scale Index for the Evaluation Time Period,
B is a constant=l,000,000 or 100,000, and is chosen to be the same during the 15 learning time period and the evaluation time period;
evaluation time is the time in units of minutes of the evaluation;
ETP(0) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the start of the evaluation time;
EIT(0) is the iftcip concentration at the start of the evaluation time;
20 ETP(t) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the end of the evaluation
time and
EIT(t) is the iftcip concentration at the end of the evaluation time;

22 (iii) TSIE= - C x SE(t) x 60;
where TSIE is Tower Scale Index for the Evaluation Period,
C is a constant = 1,000,000 or 100,000, and is chosen to be the same during the
learning time period and the evaluation time period;
5 SE(t) is the slope of ln[ETP(t)/EIT(t)] versus time curve in units of 1/seconds,
where the slope is calculated throughout the evaluation time period;
4) Comparing the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during an evaluation time period to the previously determined, in step (2) average rate of 10 consumption of fluorescent polymer during the learning time period for the water in the cooling water system in the following ways:
(i) wherein if FIE =FILa, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning
period; if FIE > FILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is greater
15 during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period; if FIE <
FILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the
evaluation period than it was during the learning period;
(ii) wherein if SIE =SILa, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning
20 period; if SE6 > SILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is
greater during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period; if SEE < SILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period;

23 (iii) wherein if TSIE =TSILa, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning
period; if TSIE > TSILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is
greater during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period; if
5 TSIE < TSILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during
the evaluation period than it was during the learning period;
(iv) calculating the NVincent Scale Index or NVincent Tower Scale Index
as follows:
NSI = D x [SIE - SIL] / SIL(SD),
10 NTSI = D x [TSIE - TSIL] / TSIL(SD);
Where NSI is the NVincent Scale Index and NTSI is the NVincent
Tower
Scale Index;
where D is a constant = 10;
15 TSIE and SIE and TSIL and SIL are as defined previously,
and
TSIL(SD) and SIL(SD) are the standard deviations of TSIL and
SIL, respectively, as calculated during the learning time period;
wherein if NSI or NTSI =0, then the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is the
20 same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning period; if NSI or NTSI
> 0, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is greater during the evaluation
period than it was during the learning period; if NSI < 0, the rate of consumption of
fluorescent polymer is less during the evaluation period than it was during the learning
period;

24 and optionally
5) adjusting the operating parameters of said cooling water system in order to
maintain the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer at the desired rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer for the water in the cooling water system.
5
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
For purposes of this patent application, the following terms have
the indicated definitions:
10 "consumption" refers to the difference between the amount of fluorescent
polymer being added to the water of the cooling water system and the amount of
fluorescent polymer present in the water of the cooling water system;
"HEDP" refers to 1 hydroxyethylidene-l,l-diphosphonic acid;
"inert" refers to the fact that an inert fluorescent tracer is not appreciably or
15 significantly affected by any other chemistry in the cooling water system, or by the ,
other system parameters such as metallurgical composition, microbiological activity,
biocide concentration, heat changes or overall heat content. To quantify what is meant
by "not appreciably or significantly affected", this statement means that an inert
f
fluorescent compound has no more than a 10% change in its fluorescent signal, under 20 conditions normally encountered in cooling water systems. Conditions normally
encountered in cooling water systems are known to people of ordinary skill in the art of cooling water systems.
"one-drum" method: In the one-drum method, the fluorescent polymer and inert fluorescent tracer are mixed together, along with other optional scale control

25 chemicals and optional corrosion control chemicals, into a "water treatment product"
which water treatment product is added to the water of the cooling water system.
"PBTC" refers to 2-phosphonobutane-l,2,4-tricarbioxylic acid;
"PCT" refers to a Pilot Cooling Tower;
5 "scale control product" refers to a chemical that has the effect of
controlling the amount of scale that deposits onto the surfaces of the equipment
used in a cooling water system.
"fluorescent polymers" are defined as a polymer that either is
naturally fluorescent or a polymer that has been "tagged" with a fluorescent
10 moiety wherein said polymer is capable of functioning as a scale inhibitor in a
cooling water system.
"two-drum" method. In the "two-drum" method of the instant claimed
invention, the fluorescent polymer is added to the water of the cooling water system as
part of a "scale control product" comprising fluorescent polymer and other optional
15 scale control chemicals. A corrosion inhibitor product is added separately from the
scale control product. The corrosion inhibitor product comprises one or more
corrosion inhibitors and an inert fluorescent tracer, abbreviated "iftcip". The scale
control product and the corrosion inhibitor product are added separately to the water of
the cooling water system, hence the "two-drum" descriptor for this method.
20 The first aspect of the instant claimed invention is a one-drum method to
control a cooling water system by determining the rate of consumption of a fluorescent
polymer in the water of a cooling water system, wherein the rate of consumption is
calculated at discrete intervals during a learning time period, using a Fouling Index
equation, or a Scale Index equation or a Tower Scale Index equation.

26 The method of the instant claimed invention will work in all known cooling
water systems. These include open recirculating cooling water systems, closed cooling
water systems and once-through cooling water systems.
The water treatment product used in this aspect contains at least one
5 fluorescent polymer, at least one inert fluorescent tracer and optionally other water
treatment chemicals, but does not contain biocide, which is fed separately;
(v) wherein said fluorescent polymer is present in said water
treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other
ingredients in the water treatment product,
10 (vi) wherein said inert fluorescent tracer is present in said water
treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other
ingredients in the water treatment product,
(vii) wherein both said fluorescent polymer and said inert
fluorescent tracer have detectable fluorescent signals and said
15 fluorescent polymer has a detectable fluorescent signal that is
distinct as compared to the detectable fluorescent signal of
said inert fluorescent tracer such that the fluorescent signals
of both the inert fluorescent tracer and the fluorescent
polymer can both be detected in the water of the same
20 cooling water system.
For purposes of this patent application, fluorescent polymers are defined
either as a naturally fluorescent polymer or as a polymer that has been "tagged"
with a fluorescent moiety. To be useful in the method of the instant claimed
invention, the fluorescent polymer must be capable of functioning as a scale

27 inhibitor in a cooling water system and it must have a detectable fluorescent
signal that is different than the detectable fluorescent signal of the inert
fluorescent tracer(s) being used.
Fluorescent polymers suitable for use in the instant claimed invention are
5 selected from the group described and claimed in U.S. Patent No.'s 5,128,419;
1 5,171,450; 5,216,086; 5,260,386 and 5,986,030; U.S. Patent 6,344,531 entitled,
FLUORESCENT WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS; U.S. Patent 6,312,644 entitled,
"FLUORESCENT MONOMERS AND POLYMERS CONTAINING SAME FOR
USE IN COOLING WATER SYSTEMS"; and U.S. Patent 6,645,428 entitled,
10 FLUORESCENT MONOMERS AND FLUORESCENT POLYMERS CONTAINING
SAME FOR USE IN COOLING WATER SYSTEMS, where all patents described in
this paragraph are herein incorporated by reference, in their entirety.
Preferred fluorescent polymers are selected from the group comprising:
59.9. mole % acrylic acid/20 mole % acrylamide/ 20 mole % N-
15 (sulfomethyl)acrylamide/ 0.1 mole % 8-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)-l,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic
acid, trisodium salt;
39.9 mole % acrylic acid/30 mole % acrylamide/ 30 mole % N-
(sulfomethyl)acrylamide/0.1 mole % 8-(3-vinylbenzyloxy)-l,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic
acid, trisodium salt;
20 59.8 mole % acrylic acid/20 mole % acrylamide/ 20 mole % N-
(sulfomethyl)acrylamide/ 0.2 mole % 4-methoxy-N-(3-N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl)
naphthalimide vinylben2yl chloride quaternary salt;

28
39.8 mole % acrylic acid/30 mole % acrylamide/ 30 mole % N-
(sulfomethyl)acrylamide/ 0.2 mole % 4-methoxy-N-(3-N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl) naphthalimide vinylbenzyl chloride quaternary salt;
59.9 mole % acrylic acid/20 mole % acrylamide/ 20 mole % N-
5 (sulfomethyl)acrylamide/ 0.1 mole % 4-methoxy-N-(3-Nl,N'-dimetliylaminopropyl) naphthalimide 2-hydroxy-3-allyloxy propyl quaternary salt;
39.8 mole % acrylic acid/30 mole % acrylamide/ 30 mole % N-
(sulfomethyl)acrylamide/ 0.2 mole % 4-methoxy-N-(3-N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl)
naphthalimide 2-hydroxy-3-allyloxy propyl quaternary salt;
10 80.8 mole % acrylic acid/19 mole % sodium acrylamidomethylpropane
sulfonic acid/ 0.2 mole % 4-methoxy-N-(3-N',N'-dimethylaminopropyl) naphthalimide 2-hydroxy-3-allyloxy propyl quaternary salt;
These fluorescent polymer scale control products are either commercially 15 available from Nalco or are capable of being synthesized by a person of ordinary skill in the art of organic chemistry.
It is understood in the art of scale control chemicals that scale control chemicals are typically divided into two different types, based on the type of scale that they inhibit. There are scale control chemicals that control the 20 deposition of calcium phosphate and scale control chemicals that control the deposition of calcium carbonate.
Typically scale control products for calcium phosphate are the fluorescent polymers previously described. Preferred scale control products for calcium phosphate are tagged polymers. It is known that even though the fluorescent polymers previously

29 described are primarily effective as calcium phosphate scale inhibitors, when calcium
carbonate scale is inadequately inhibited by calcium carbonate scale inhibitors such as
HEDP and PBTC, consumption of the fluorescent polymer is observed, indicating at
least partial activity as a calcium carbonate dispersant on the part of the fluorescent
5 polymer.
Typically scale control products for calcium carbonate scale are selected from
the group comprising phosphonates such as l-hydroxyethylidene-l,l-diphosphonic
acid (abbreviated "HEDP"), 2-Phosphonobutane-l,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (abbreviated
"PBTC"), aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid (abbreviated "AMP"), hexamethylene
10 diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid (abbreviated "HMDTMP") and polyamino
poryether methylenephosphonic acid (abbreviated "PAPEMP"), organic polymers such
as polyacrylic acid, polyacrylates, polymaleic acid, maleic anhydride/ethyl
acrylate/vinyl acrylate terpolymer and alkyl epoxy carboxylate (abbreviated "AEC"),
phosphinocarboxylic acids, such as phosphinosuccinate oligomers (abbreviated as
15 "PSO"), and phosphonocarboxylic acids, such as phosphonocarboxylic (sulfonated)
copolymer (abbreviated "POCA", sold as Belclene 494), Preferred calcium carbonate
inhibitors include HEDP and PBTC.
Inert fluorescent tracers suitable for use in the instant claimed invention,
with either the water treatment product of the first aspect of the instant claimed
20 invention or with the corrosion inhibitor product of the second aspect of the
instant claimed invention include the following:
1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid, tetrasodium salt (CAS Registry No. 59572-10-
0),
monosulfonated anthracenes and salts thereof, including, but not limited to:

30 2-anthracenesulfonic acid sodium salt (CAS Registry No. 16106-40-4);
disulfonated anthracenes and salts thereof, see U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
10/631,606, filed July 31,2003, entitled "Use of Disulfonated Anthracenes as Inert
Fluorescent Tracers", now pending, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety,
5 including, but not limited to:
1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid (CAS Registry No. 61736-91-2),
2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid (CAS Registry No. 61736-95-6),
1,8-anthracenedisulfonic acid (CAS Registry No. 61736-92-3);
4-dibenzofuransulfonic acid (CAS Registry No. 42137-76-8),
10 3-dibenzofuransulfonic acid (CAS Registry No. 215189-98-3),
1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt (hydrate) (CAS Registry No.
1655-29-4), aka 1,5-NDSA hydrate,
sulfonated stilbene-triazole fluorescent brighteners and salts thereof, including, but not
limited to:
15 benzenesulfonic acid, 2,2'-(l,2-ethenediyl)bis[5-(4-phenyl-2H-l,2,3-triazol-2-
yl)-, dipotassium salt, (CAS Registry No. 52237-03-3), aka Phorwite BHC 766,
2,2'-stilbenedisulfonicacid,4,4'-bis(4-phenyl-2H-l,2,3-triazol-2-yl)-,
disodium salt,'
(CAS Registry No. 23743-28-4), aka Phorwite BHC.
20 All of these inert fluorescent tracers are either commercially available from
Nalco or may be synthesized using techniques known to persons of ordinary skill in
the art of organic chemistry.
In formulating the water treatment product the fluorescent polymer is present in
the water treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other ingredients in the

31 water treatment product and the inert fluorescent tracer is present in the water
treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other ingredients in the water treatment product.
In formulating the water treatment product used in the first aspect of the instant 5 claimed invention it is understood that there are no biocides present in the water treatment product. If biocides are added to the cooling water, they are added separately.
la selecting the fluorescent polymer and inert fluorescent tracer to be used
together it is necessary to select them such that the fluorescent polymer has a
10 detectable fluorescent signal that is separate from the detectable fluorescent signal of
the inert fluorescent tracer. People of ordinary skill in the art of fluorometry know
how to use a fraorometer to detect the fluorescent signal of a material such that they
can run the necessary tests to determine which inert fluorescent tracer should be
combined with which fluorescent polymer.
15 This is the "one-drum" method of the instant claimed invention. In the one-
drum method, the fluorescent polymer and inert fluorescent tracer are mixed together into a water treatment product, which water treatment product may contain additional water treatment chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors or microbiocides.
The next step in this method is to add the water treatment product comprising 20 fluorescent polymer and inert fluorescent tracer and optional other water treatment
chemicals to the water of the cooling water system. This can be done using equipment and techniques known to ordinary people of skill in the art.
The amount of fluorescent polymer, on an "active polymer" basis added to the water of a cooling water system is from about 0.1 ppm to about 1000 ppm, preferably

32 from about 0.1 ppm to about 100 ppm and most preferably from about 0.1 ppm to
about 20 ppm.
The amount of inert fluorescent tracer added to the water of a cooling water
system is from about 0.01 ppm to about 1000 ppm, preferably from about 0.03 ppm to
5 about 10 ppm and most preferably from about 0.05 ppm to about 1.0 ppm.
The overall amount of water treatment product added is based on the
"requirement" for this product in the water of the cooling water system. A person of
ordinary skill in the art of cooling water knows how to determine the requirement for
water treatment product in the water of the cooling water system.
10 The next step in the method is to provide one or more fluorometers. Suitable
fluorometers for use to detect the fluorescent signal of the fluorescent polymer are commercially available and are selected from the group consisting of the fiuorometer described and claimed in U.S. Patent No. 6,369,894 entitled, "MODULAR FLUOROMETER AND METHOD OF USING SAME TO DETECT ONE OR MORE
15 FLUOROPHORES", issued April 9,2002, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. This modular fiuorometer is available fromNalco.
Other fluorometers suitable for use in the method of the instant claimed invention are the modified TRASAR 8000 fiuorometer ("hand-held"); TRASAR 700 fiuorometer ("Bench-top"); modified TRASAR 3000; TRASAR Xe-2 Controller;
20 which are all available from Nalco; and the In-Line fiuorometer probe, known as the Cyclops 7 fiuorometer (optical filters would need to be chosen to match the tracer used) available from Turner Designs, 845 Maude Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94085 ((408) 749-0994). The preferred fiuorometer is the modular fiuorometer. In order to make

33 use of these fluorometers the excitation and emission optical filters will need to be
chosen to match up with the fluorescent signal properties of the fluorescent polymer.
Suitable fluorometers for use to detect the inert fluorescent tracer are
commercially available and are selected from the group consisting of the fluorometer
5 described and claimed in U.S. Patent No. 6,369,894 entitled, "MODULAR
FLUOROMETER AND METHOD OF USING SAME TO DETECT ONE OR MORE
FLUOROPHORES", issued April 9,2002, which is herein incorporated by reference
in its entirety. This modular fluorometer is available from Nalco.
Other fluorometers suitable for use to detect the inert fluorescent tracer in the
10 method of the instant claimed invention are the TRAS AR 8000 fluorometer ("hand¬held"); TRASAR 700 fluorometer ("Bench-top"); TRASAR 3000 (for pyrene tetrasulfonic acid); modified TRASAR 3000 (for anthracene disulfonic acid disodium salt tracer); TRASAR Xe-2 Controller; and the Interchangeable Tip—Open Cell Fluorometer, which is described and claimed in U.S. Patent Application No.
15 10/769,631, filed January 30, 2004, and is incorporated by reference in its entirety. All of the these fluorometers are available from Nalco. Additional fluorometers include the In-Line fluorometer probe, known as the Cyclops 7 fluorometer (optical filters would need to be chosen to match the tracer used) available from Turner Designs, 845 Maude Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94085 ((408) 749-0994). The preferred fluorometer is
20 the Modular Fluorometer.
In order to make use of these fluorometers, it is known to persons of ordinary skill in the art of fluorometry that the excitation and emission optical filters will need to be chosen to match up with the fluorescent signal properties of the inert fluorescent tracer and the fluorescent polymer.

34 The Trasar® Xe-Controller, Trasar 3000 and Modular Fluorometer all have
flow cells that permit on-line continuous monitoring of a liquid. The other
fluorometers are "grab sample" fluorometers that do not allow for continuous on-line
monitoring. In conducting the method of the instant claimed invention, it is preferred
5 to use a fluorometer that permits, on-line, continuous monitoring of fluorescent
signals.
The one or more suitable fluorometers are then set up and used to measure the
fluorescent signal of the inert fluorescent tracer and the fluorescent signal of the
fluorescent polymer in the water from the cooling water system.
10 It is critical to the workability of the method of the instant claimed invention
that the measurements that are used are only those measurements done during the interval of time between the addition of new water treatment product to the water of the cooling water system. Therefore, throughout the first aspect of the method of the instant claimed invention, it is assumed that all measurements that are used in the
15 calculations took place during an interval of time in which no water treatment product is being added to the water of the cooling water system. Also, this means that throughout the second aspect of the method of the instant claimed invention, it is assumed that all measurements that are used in the calculations took place during an interval of time in which no corrosion inhibitor product is being added and in which no
20 scale control product is being added to the water of the cooling water system.
After measuring the fluorescent signals, the measured fluorescent signals are use to calculate the amount of fluorescent polymer and the amount of inert fluorescent tracer present in the water of said cooling water system.

35 After these amounts are known it is possible to start the calculations for the rate
of consumption of fluorescent polymer. This calculation of rate of consumption of
scale control product is done during two different time periods. The first time period is
known as the "learning time period" and the measurements taken during intervals 5 within this time period are used to calculate the "normal" or "routine" rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer.
In the following equations the variables "tlf = Time at end of interval during
learning period" and "tlO = Time at start of interval during learning period" are used.
Thus, the interval during the learning time period itself is tlf— tlO. The amount of time 10 in the interval is the amount of time between the addition of more water treatment
chemical because in order for this method to be operable no measurements can be used
that are taken when more water treatment chemical is being added.
The total amount of time in the learning time period is based on the understood
"normal" operating conditions of the cooling water system. How long the total amount 15 of time in the learning time period is and how many intervals where measurements are
taken within the learning time period are required is a decision that can be made by a
person of ordinary skill in the art of operating a cooling water system.
The next step in the method of the instant claimed invention is to calculate the
rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during intervals of the learning time 20 period by using an equation selected from the group comprising the Fouling Index
equation, the Scale Index equation, and the Tower Scale Index equation as follows:

36 (i) FIL = [A / (tlf- tlO) ] x [In (LIT(f)/LIT(0)} - In {LTP(f)/LTP(0)}];
where FIL is the Fouling Index calculated for an interval of time during the
learning time period,
A is a constant=l,
5 tlf = Time at end of interval,
tlO = Time at start of interval,
LIT(0) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at start of the interval;
LIT(f) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at end of the interval;
LTP(O) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at start of the interval;
1 o LTP(f) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at end of the interval;
or
(ii) SIL = [{B x LTP(O)} / interval time] x [LIT(t)/LIT(0) - LTP(t)/LTP(0)];
where SIL is the Scale Index calculated for an interval of time during the
learning
15 time period,
B is a constant =1,000,000 or 100,000;
interval time is the time, in units of minutes, of the discrete interval of time
when
measurements are being taken,
20 LTP(0) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the start of the interval,
LIT(0) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the start of the interval,
LTP(t) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the end of the interval, and
LIT(t) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the end of the interval;
or

37 (iii) TSIL=-Cx SL(t)x 60;
where TSIL is the Tower Scale Index calculated for an interval of time
during
learning time period,
5 C is a constant =1,000,000 or 100,000,
SL(t) is the slope of ln[LTP(t) / LIT(t)] versus time curve, in units of
(1/seconds), where the slope is calculated for an interval of time during the
learning
time period;
10 The next step in the method of the first aspect of the instant claimed invention
is to calculate the average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the
learning time period by adding all the FILs or all the SILs or all the TSILs calculated
previously and divided by the number of times the FILs or SILs or TSILs were
calculated over the entire learning time period, wherein this calculation leads to an
15 FILa being calculated or to an SILa being calculated or to a TSILa being calculated,
wherein FILa is the average Fouling Index during the learning time period and SILa is
the average Scale Index during the learning time period and TSILa is the average
Tower Scale Index during the learning time period;
This average rate of consumption during the learning time period is then
20 compared to the rate of consumption during an "evaluation" time period. It is
understood that the measurements used in the calculations of this step take place
during the intervals of time that occur between each new addition of water treatment
product to the water of said cooling water system.

38 In the following equations the variables "tef= Time at end of evaluation
period" and "teO = Time at start of evaluation period" are used. Thus, the evaluation
time period itself is tef- teO. The amount of time in the evaluation time period is based
on desired operating conditions of the cooling water system. It is a decision that can be
5 made by a person of ordinary skill in the art of operating a cooling water system to
select how long the evaluation time period needs to be for their cooling water system.
The calculations of the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during an
evaluation time period are done by using an equation selected from the group
comprising the Fouling Index equation for an evaluation time period, the Scale Index
10 equation for an evaluation time period, and the Tower Scale Index equation for an
evaluation time period as follows:
(i) FIE = [A / (tef- teO) ] x [In (EIT(f)/EIT(0)} - In {ETP(f)/ETP(0)}];
where FIE refers to the Fouling Index calculated during the evaluation
time
15 period,
A is a constant = 1, and is chosen to be the same during the learning time
period and the evaluation time period;
tef = Time at end of evaluation period,
teO = Time at start of evaluation period,
20 EIT(0) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at start of evaluation
period;
EIT(f) = Concentration of inert fluorescent tracer at end of evaluation
period;

39 ETP(0) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at start of evaluation
period;
ETP(f) = Concentration of fluorescent polymer at end of evaluation
period;
5
(ii) SIE = [B x ETP(0)] / evaluation time x [EIT(t)/EIT(0) - ETP(t)/ETP(0)];
where SIE is the Scale Index for the Evaluation Time Period,
B is a constant = 1,000,000 or 100,000, and is chosen to be the same
during the learning time period and the evaluation time period;
10 evaluation time is the time in units of minutes of the evaluation,
ETP(0) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the start of the evaluation time,
EIT(0) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the start of the
evaluation time,
15 ETP(t) is the fluorescent polymer concentration at the end of the
evaluation time, and
EIT(t) is the inert fluorescent tracer concentration at the end of the evaluation time; 20
(iii) TSIE= - C x SE(t) x 60;
where TSIE is Tower Scale Index for the Evaluation Period, C = constant = 1,000,000 or 100,000, and is chosen to be the same during the learning time period and the evaluation time period;

40 SE(t) is the slope of ln[ETP(t)/EIT(t)] versus time curve in units of
(1/seconds), where the slope is calculated throughout the evaluation
time
period.
5 After the calculation has been done during the evaluation time period, the next
step is to compare the average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the
learning time period with the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the
evaluation time period. The comparison is done as follows:
When the fouling index equation is used, if FIE =FILa, then the rate of
10 . consumption of fluorescent polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was
during the learning period; if FIE > FILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is greater during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period;
if FEB < FILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the
evaluation period than it was during the learning period;
15 When the scaling index equation is used, if SEE =SILa, then the rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was
during the learning period; if SEE > SILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is greater during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period;
if SEE < SILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the
20 evaluation period than it was during the learning period;
When the scaling index equation is used, if TSEE =TSELa, then the rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was
during the learning period; if TSEE > TSILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer is greater during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period;

41 if TSIE < TSILa, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the
evaluation period than it was during the learning period;
Another type of comparison can be done by calculating what is known as the
NVincent Scale Index or NVincent Tower Scale Index as follows:
5 NSI = D x [SIE - SIL] / SIL(SD),
NTSI = D x [TSIE - TSIL] / TSIL(SD);
where NSI is the NVincent Scale Index and NTSI is the NVincent
Tower Scale Index,
where D is a constant = 10;
10 TSIE and SIE and TSIL and SIL are as defined previously,
and
TSIL(SD) and SIL(SD) are the standard deviations of TSIL and SDL
values, respectively, calculated during the learning time period;
wherein if NSI or NTSI =0, then the rate of consumption of
15 fluorescent polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the
learning period; if NSI or NTSI > 0, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is
greater during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period; if NSI < 0,
the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the evaluation period
than it was during the learning period.
20 If the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is higher or lower during the
evaluation time period than it is during the learning time period, then an optional step
in the method of the instant claimed invention is that the operator of the cooling water
system can adjust the operation of the cooling water system to adjust the rate of
consumption of fluorescent polymer to the value that it was during the learning period.

42 The second aspect of the instant claimed invention is a two-drum method to
control a cooling water system where a corrosion inhibitor product is provided and the
inert fluorescent tracer is mixed with the corrosion inhibitor product in a known
proportion before the corrosion inhibitor product is added to the water of the cooling
5 water system. In the "two-drum" method of the instant claimed invention, the
fluorescent polymer is added to the water of the cooling water system separately from
the inert fluorescent tracer, which is added simultaneously with a corrosion inhibitor
product, hence the "two-drum" identifier for this technique.
The corrosion inhibitor product is one or more compounds selected from the
10 group of known corrosion inhibitor chemicals. Corrosion inhibitor products suitable, for use in the instant claimed invention include the following orthophosphate, polyphosphates, pyrophosphate, zinc, phosphinosuccinate oligomers abbreviated as "PSO", molybdate, chromate, Belcor 575 available from Biolab Water Additives, P.O. Box 30002, Lawrenceville, GA 30049, (678) 502-4699, and Bricorr 288 available
15 from Rhodia, 259 Prospect Plains Rd CN 7500, Cranbury, NJ 08512 (609) 860-3926. The preferred corrosion inhibitor product is PSO, available from Nalco.
In formulating the corrosion inhibitor product used in the second aspect of the instant claimed invention it is understood that there are no biocides present in the water treatment product. If biocides are added to the cooling water, they are added
20 separately.
These corrosion inhibitor, products are either commercially available from Nalco or are capable of being synthesized by a person of ordinary skill in the art of organic chemistry.

43 The scale control product comprises fluorescent polymer as previously defined
and optional scale control chemicals. In formulating the scale control product used in
the second aspect of the instant claimed invention it is understood that there are no
biocides present in the water treatment product. If biocides are added to the cooling
5 water, they are added separately.
The scale control product and the corrosion inhibitor product are added to the
water of said cooling water system. The amount of scale control product and the
amount of corrosion inhibitor product added is based on the "requirement" for both of
these products in the water of the cooling water system and a person of ordinary skill
10 in the art of cooling water knows how to determine the requirement for corrosion
inhibitor product and scale control product in the water of the cooling water system.
After addition of the two products the method proceeds as previously described
in the first aspect of the instant claimed invention.
The use of a method of determine the rate of consumption is a valuable method
15 for controlling a cooling water system because it is independent of the initial
concentration of either fluorescent species, it can be used when the inert fluorescent
tracer and fluorescent polymer are in separate products, the "2-drum" method, and the
impact of background fluorescent signal(s) are minimized.
20

We Claim:
1. A one-drum method to control a cooling water system comprising the steps of:
(1) determining the rate of consumption of a fluorescent polymer in the water of a cooling water system, wherein the rate of consumption is determined at discrete intervals during a learning time period, comprising the steps of
a) providing a cooling water system;
b) providing a water treatment product;
(i) wherein said water treatment product comprises at
least one fluorescent polymer, at least one inert f fluorescent tracer and optionally other water treatment chemicals;
(ii) wherein said fluorescent polymer is present in said water treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other ingredients in the water treatment product;
(iii) wherein said inert fluorescent tracer is present in said water treatment product in a known proportion to all of the other ingredients in the water treatment product;
(iv) wherein both said fluorescent polymer and said inert fluorescent tracer have detectable fluorescent signal that is distinct as compared to the detectable fluorescent signal of said inert fluorescent tracer such
-44 -

that the fluorescent signals of both the inert fluorescent tracer and the fluorescent polymer can both be detected in the water of the same cooling water system;
c) adding said water treatment product to the water of said
cooling water system;
(i) wherein said water treatment product is added to the water in a discontinuous way; and
(ii) wherein discrete intervals of time pass between the addition of each amount of water treatment product;
d) providing one or more fluorometers;
e) using said one or more fluorometers to measure the fluorescent signal of said fluorescent polymer in the water from the cooling water system, wherein said measurements used in the calculations of step g) take place during the interval of time that occurs between each new addition of water treatment product to the water of said cooling water system;
f) using the measured fluorescent signals from step e) to determine the concentration of fluorescent polymer and concentration of inert fluorescent tracer present in the water of said cooling water,
g) repeating steps e) and f) at discrete intervals in order to determine the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during intervals of a learning time period;
-45-

(2) determining the average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the learning time period;
(3) determining the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during an evaluation time period, wherein measurements used in the calculations take place during the intervals of time that occur between each new addition of water treatment product to the water of said cooling water system, and
(4) comparing the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during an evaluation time period to the previously determined, in step (2) average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the learning time period for the water in the cooling water system to ascertain whether the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is the same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning period, the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is greater during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period or the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less during the evaluation period than it was during the learning period; and optionally
(5) adjusting the operating parameters of said cooling water system in order to maintain the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer at the desired rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer for the water in the cooling water system.
2. A two-drum method as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of:
(1) determining the rate of consumption of a fluorescent polymer in the water of a cooling water system; wherein the rate of consumption is determined at discrete intervals during a learning time period, comprising the steps of
-46-

a) providing a cooling water system;
b) providing a corrosion inhibitor product;
(i) wherein said corrosion inhibitor product comprises one or more compounds selected from the group of known corrosion inhibitor chemicals and an inert fluorescent tracer, known as iftcip,
(ii) wherein said iftcip, has been added to said corrosion inhibitor product in a known proportion;
c) providing a scale control product;
(i) wherein said scale control product comprises at least one fluorescent polymer and optionally other scale control chemicals;
(ii) wherein said fluorescent polymer is present in said scale control product in a known proportion to all of the other ingredients in the scale control product;
(iii) wherein both of said fluorescent polymer and said
iftcip have detectable fluorescent signal that is distinct as compared to the detectable fluorescent signal of iftcip, such that the fluorescent signals of iftcip and that of the fluorescent polymer can both be detected in the water of the same cooling water system;
d) adding one or more amounts of said scale control product
and said corrosion inhibitor product to the water of said
cooling water system;
- 47 -

(v) wherein said scale control product is added to the water in a discontinuous way; and
(vi) wherein said corrosion inhibitor product is added to the water in a discontinuous way; and
(vii) wherein discrete intervals of time pass between the addition of each amount of scale control product; and
(viii) wherein discrete intervals of time pass between the addition of each amount of corrosion inhibitor product;
e) providing one or more fluorometers;
f) using said one or more fluorometers to measure the fluorescent signal of said fluorescent polymer and to measure the fluorescent signal of iftcip in the water from the cooling water system, wherein the measurements used in the calculations of step h) take place during the interval of time that occurs when no new scale control product is being added to the water of the industrial water system;
g) using these measured fluorescent signals from step f) to determine the amount of fluorescent polymer and the amount of iftcip present in the water of said cooling water system;
h) repeating steps f) and g) at discrete intervals in order to determine the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during a learning time period;
(2) determining the average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during the learning time period;
-48-

(3) determining the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer
during an evaluation time period, wherein measurements used in
the calculations take place during the intervals of time that occur
between each new addition of water treatment product to the water
of said cooling water system,
(4) comparing the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer
during an evaluation time period to the previously determined, in
step (2) average rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer during
the learning time period for the water in the cooling water system
i.e. whether the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is the
same during the evaluation period as it was during the learning
period; the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is greater
during the evaluation period than it was during the learning
period; or the rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer is less
during the evaluation period than it was during the learning
period; and optionally
(5) adjusting the operating parameters of said cooling water
system in order to maintain the rate of consumption of fluorescent
polymer at the desired rate of consumption of fluorescent polymer
for the water in the cooling water system.

-49 -

ABSTRACT

TITLE: CONTROL OF COOLING WATER SYSTEM USING RATE OF CONSUMPTION
OF FLUORESCENT POLYMER
A method to control a cooling water system based on the rate of consumption of a fluorescent polymer is described and claimed.