Claims:1. A cyclonic separator for controlling exhaust emissions by selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT) from a diesel-run auto-rickshaw engine comprising: a catalyst using zeolite and lanthanum ion salt.

2. The cyclonic separator as claimed in claim 1 is attached to the rear end of the auto-rickshaw.

3. The cyclonic separator as claimed in claim 1 controls particulate material (PM) from the exhaust emissions of the diesel-run auto-rickshaw engine.

4. The cyclonic separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein a provision for selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT) is provided for controlling Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the exhaust emissions of the diesel-run auto-rickshaw engine.

5. The cyclonic separator as claimed in claim 1, wherein PM emission from the exhaust of the diesel-run auto-rickshaw engine is reduced by 70%.

6. The cyclonic separator as claimed in claim 4, wherein NOx emission from the exhaust of the diesel-run auto-rickshaw engine is reduced by 60%.

7. A method of producing a catalyst including zeolite and lanthanum ion salt for use in a cyclonic separator for controlling exhaust emissions by selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT) from a diesel-run auto-rickshaw engine comprising:

 conducting ion exchange by stirring 500 grams of zeolite in a 2N solution of lanthanum sulphate for 5-6 hours at 70-80°C to create an ion exchanged zeolite;
 recovering the ion exchanged zeolite by filtration; and
 activating the zeolite by calcination in an oven at 400°C for 3 hours; and cooling the zeolite in the furnace to retain mechanical properties.
, Description:FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention relates to controlling exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engine, more particularly the invention relates to controlling particulate matter (PM) exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines by means of cyclonic separator, and controlling NOx emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines by selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
Diesel engines are being adopted in wide variety of sectors which include transport and agricultural sector, and also high powered engines like marine engines. Auto rickshaws are used in cities and towns for short distance. They are less suited for long distances because they are slow and also the carriages are open to air pollution. This is one of the means of livelihood for many people. There are nearly 75,000 auto rickshaws available in the city of Hyderabad in India. Out of them, many run with a diesel-powered engine. Though initial cost of the vehicle is high compared to petrol engines, but running cost is less with these engines. The exhaust emissions from diesel engine are particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. If they are inhaled in, they cause health disorders like respiratory problems, loss of hemoglobin in the blood, eye irritation, dizziness, vomiting sensation, nerve disorder, severe headache etc. Acid rain is possible with nitrogen oxide levels, which needs to be controlled. Previous experiments conducted on a diesel engine with fuel additive of dimethyl carbonate to reduce particulate matter in diesel engine, which reduced PM, but increased NOx levels. Researchers have suggested that exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) method can reduce nitrogen oxide levels, however, EGR increased specific fuel consumption. Fuel additives were added to control PM and NOx levels, however these fuel additives are very expensive and not affordable.

US6675780B1 discloses a fuel saving and pollution emission reduction system that utilizes an air ionizer that is easily attached inline between a vehicle air-intake hose and a fuel injection throttle body or a carburetor air-intake structure. The air ionizer, which functions with either gasoline or diesel fuel engines is operated by an electronic ionizer control unit. The unit is located within the confines of the vehicle's engine compartment and is operated by a 12-volt d-c power source derived from the vehicle's battery. When air from the vehicle air-intake hose Passes through the air ionizer the air is ionized and is mixed with the non-ionized air to produce an oxygen-enriched fuel-air mixture. The oxygen-enriched mixture allows a fuel saving and produces a cleaner burning fuel which reduces hydro-carbon exhaust emission levels.

US6447437B1 discloses a method for reducing the emissions such as CO2, CO, NOx, and SOx of industrial combustion facilities into fertilizers by reacting said emissions to form at least carbonate-containing fertilizers, wherein said emissions are reacted to produce NH4HCO3 fertilizer according to the formula:
2CO2+N2+3H2+2H2O→2NH4HCO3; and applying at least a portion of said fertilizer to soil and plants.

EP2494172A2 discloses a diesel fuel composition, as well as a method for reducing NOx and smoke emissions from a diesel engine at minimum fuel consumption which comprises adding to the diesel engine at least one diesel fuel or blending component for a diesel fuel which has a combination of a low T50 in the range of from 190°C to 28O°C, a high cetane number in the range of from 31 to 60, and optionally a high distillation curve slope in the range of from 58°C to 140°C, which combination is effective to afford a combination of the lowest NOx and smoke emissions.

US7264785B2 discloses a method of selectively catalysing the reduction of NOx in an exhaust gas flowing in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine comprising a filter for particulate matter comprising a catalyst capable of selectively catalysing the reduction of NOx with a reducing agent, which method comprising introducing a reducing agent, or a precursor thereof, into the exhaust gas and contacting the resulting gas with the filter.

DE112007000814B4 discloses a method of making a selective reducing catalyst for flue gas denitration, the method comprising a step of coating 0.5-10 wt% vanadium oxide on a titania support consisting of anatase: rutile at a weight ratio of 0: 100-100 Wherein the titanium dioxide support contains 0.1-10% by weight of tungsten, and wherein the titania support with vanadium oxide applied thereto before or after its calcination is subjected to a ball milling step carried out on a BPMR (ball-powder mass ratio, Ball powder mass ratio) of 10: 1-100: 1.

CN205340537U discloses an integrative tower accident of SOx/NOx control degree of depth dust removal thick liquid recycling system, it includes that integrative tower (1), filtrating circulation system (2), the water of giving a dinner of welcome spray circulation system (3), the defogging sprays liquid feed system (4) and accident thick liquid recycling system (8) its characterized in that, accident thick liquid recycling system (8) is including accident thick liquid pond (8.1), be connected with accident thick liquid pond discharge pipe (8.2) between accident thick liquid pond (8.1) to integrative tower (1), accident thick liquid pond discharge pipe (8.2) goes up in the past and to have set gradually accident thick liquid pond siphon jar (8.2.1) and accident thick liquid pump (8.2.2) after to. The utility model discloses integrative tower accident of SOx/NOx control degree of depth dust removal thick liquid recycling system is used for assembling that flue gas desulfurization denitration degree of depth dust pelletizing system has the construction, the running cost is lower, and SOx/NOx control is effectual, uses the comparatively simple and convenient advantage of control.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION:
Some of the objects of the present invention, which at least one embodiment herein satisfies, are as follows.

An object of the present invention is to ameliorate one or more problems of the prior art or to at least provide a useful alternative.

The objective of the present invention is to control exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engine.

Another objective of the present invention is to control particulate matter (PM) exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines by means of cyclonic separator

Still another objective of the present invention is to control NOx emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines by selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT).

Other objectives, features and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description and the appended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention provides system and method for controlling exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engine. Especially, the present invention provides a cyclonic separator for controlling particulate matter (PM) exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines, and a selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT) for controlling NOx emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
Fig.1 shows line diagram of cyclonic separator along with the provision of SCRT.
Fig. 2 illustrates the operating parts of the cyclonic separator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:
The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with the following disclosure and examples. The foregoing general description and the following detailed description are provided to illustrate only some embodiments of the present invention and not to limit the scope of the present invention. The invention is capable of other embodiments and can be carried out or practiced in various other ways.

Unless otherwise specified, all the technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is generally understood by a person skilled in the art pertaining to the present invention.

Headings are used solely for organizational purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

In this specification, the following terms are generally intended to have the meaning as set forth below, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well. The use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise.

As used herein, the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” “having,” “has,” “with,” “composed,” “comprised” or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”

As used herein, ranges and amounts can be expressed as “about” a particular value or range. “About” is intended to also include the exact amount. Hence “about 5 percent” means “about 5 percent” and also “5 percent.” “About” means within typical experimental error for the application or purpose intended.

It is to be understood that wherein a numerical range is recited, it includes all values within that range, and all narrower ranges within that range, whether specifically recited or not.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “one example,” or “an example” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,” “in an embodiment,” “one example,” or “an example” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable combinations and/or sub-combinations in one or more embodiments or examples. In addition, it should be appreciated that if any figures are provided herewith, they are for explanation purposes to persons ordinarily skilled in the art and that the drawings of them are not necessarily drawn to scale.

In this specification, certain aspects of one embodiment include process steps and/or operations and/or instructions described herein for illustrative purposes in a particular order and/or grouping. However, the particular order and/or grouping shown and discussed herein are illustrative only and not limiting. Those of skill in the art will recognise that other orders and/or grouping of the process steps and/or operations and/or instructions are possible and, in some embodiments, one or more of the process steps and/or operations and/or instructions discussed above can be combined and/or deleted. In addition, portions of one or more of the process steps and/or operations and/or instructions can be re-grouped as portions of one or more other of the process steps and/or operations and/or instructions discussed herein. Consequently, the particular order and/or grouping of the process steps and/or operations and/or instructions discussed herein do not limit the scope of the disclosure.

The present invention provides system and method for controlling exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engine. Especially, the present invention provides a cyclonic separator for controlling particulate matter (PM) exhaust emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines, and a selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT) for controlling NOx emissions in diesel-run auto rickshaw engines.

Cyclonic separation is a method of removing PM from the exhaust of the engine without the use of filters, by the principle of vortex separation. A cyclone is a centrifugal separator in which PM, due to their mass, are pushed to the outer edges as a result of centrifugal force. The particles which are present in the exhaust gas are forced to the outer edges and leave the separator via a collection device fitted to the bottom of the separator.

Particle density is one of the most deciding factors affecting a cyclone’s ability to remove entrained particles. Dense particulates such as PM can be separated with a 99% or greater efficiency, irrespective of particle size. When the particle density decreases, the efficiency decreases (assuming no other system changes occur).Particles smaller than five microns (the size of the smoke particles is 0.1-0.2 µm) are difficult to separate without using very small separators.

Fig.1 shows the schematic diagram of cyclonic separator along with provision of SCRT method.
a - height of inlet
b – width of inlet
d – diameter of vortex finder
D – diameter of cyclone barrel
S – insert depth of cyclone outlet
H1 – cyclone barrel height
H2 – cyclone cone height
dc – diameter of dust exit

Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation devices (dry scrubbers) that use the principle of inertia to remove particulate matter from flue gases. Since these larger particles have difficulty following the high-speed spiral motion of the gas and the vortex, the particles hit the inside walls of the container and drop down into a collection hopper. These chambers are shaped like an upside-down cone to promote the collection of these particles at the bottom of the container. The cleaned flue gas escapes out the top of the chamber.

Selective catalytic reduction technique was applied to reduce nitrogen oxide levels. The catalyst was prepared by using zeolite and lanthanum ion salt. The ion exchange was done by stirring 500 grams of zeolite in a 2N solution of lanthanum sulphate for 5-6 hours at 70-80°C. The ion exchanged zeolite was recovered by filtration and activated by calcination in an oven at 400°C for 3 hours and was furnace cooled to retain mechanical properties. The prepared zeolite was placed in cyclonic separator which got perforated plate at its top portion. The cyclonic separator was attached to the auto rickshaw at its rear end.

Examples:
The present disclosure will now be explained in further detail by the following examples. These examples are illustrative of certain embodiments of the invention without limiting the scope of the present invention.

Example 1
Table.1 gives the specifications of auto rickshaw engine. A cyclonic separator was designed, fabricated and tested in the Applied Thermodynamics Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Department (MED) of Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (CBIT), Hyderabad, to suit to auto rickshaw engine run with diesel fuel, to reduce PM.

The design parameters such as dimensions of the cyclone separator, operating temperature, particle density, pressure drop affects the cyclone collection efficiency. Operating parameter such as inlet velocity of cyclone separator also affects the collection efficiency of cyclone separator.

The discharge from the engine was calculated from the fundamental principles of Thermodynamics. The velocity of the exhaust gas was determined by knowing the area of the inlet of the cyclonic separator. All other parameters of cyclonic separator were given in terms of the diameter of the separator.

Selective catalytic reduction technique was applied to reduce nitrogen oxide levels. The catalyst was prepared by using zeolite and lanthanum ion salt. The ion exchange was done by stirring 500 grams of zeolite in a 2N solution of lanthanum sulphate for 5-6 hours at 70-80°C. The ion exchanged zeolite was recovered by filtration and activated by calcination in an oven at 400°C for 3 hours and was furnace cooled to retain mechanical properties. The prepared zeolite was placed in cyclonic separator which got perforated plate at its top portion. The cyclonic separator was attached to the auto rickshaw at its rear end.

Table.1
Description Specification
Make Kirloskar
Number of cylinders 01
Number of Strokes 04
Cylinder Volume 435 CC
Power 5.4 kW (7.4HP) at the rated speed of 3600 rpm or 60 rps
Compression Ratio 19:1
Type of cooling Arrangement Water cooling

The pollutants of PM were measured with AVL Smokemeter, while NOx were measured with Sophisticated Chromatograph analyzer at peak load operation of the engine. The range of PM is 0-100 (HSU, Hartridge Smoke Units) while NOx emissions, it is 0-5000 ppm. The accuracy of particulate analyzer is ±1 HSU, for NOx analyzer, it is ± 5 ppm

Advantages:
The system and method of the present invention has the following major advantages.
• These cyclonic separators”
i. require low cost to fabricate,
ii. low maintenance,
iii. suitable for high temperatures,
iv. suitable for liquid mists,
v. do not require filters, and
vi. do not require much space.

• PM was reduced by 70%., while nitrogen oxide levels were controlled by 60% with the provision of cyclonic separator, employed with selective catalytic reduction technique (SCRT), in comparison with the engine without cyclonic separator.

Industrial Applicability:
The system and method of the present invention has the following non-limiting applications.
• Reduction of PM and NOx levels in diesel-run auto-rickshaw engine

Although the present disclosure is described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. Thus, the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.